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{"patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
2f0ce1de0f76a1441bea3dffa7e8eb006617087ad061b80afc6b89513670388c
| 0.007111 | 0.172852 | 0.054199 | 0.527344 | 0.042725 | 0.194336 |
null |
{"patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope ."}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
2f0ce1de0f76a1441bea3dffa7e8eb006617087ad061b80afc6b89513670388c
| 0.002716 | 0.007355 | 0.050293 | 0.004608 | 0.103516 | 0.126953 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope ."}
|
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
2f0ce1de0f76a1441bea3dffa7e8eb006617087ad061b80afc6b89513670388c
| 0.027222 | 0.046631 | 0.007813 | 0.041504 | 0.026733 | 0.015869 |
null |
{"patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"patent": "the message clip according to the invention is a distinctive product to accessorize hats , other articles of clothing , book bags , bracelets , etc . the unique design makes it easy to apply quickly to an assortment of things , the message clip gives people the opportunity to express themselves with a wide variety of messaging . the message clip can be removably attached to a band to be worn on the wrist of a user as a message displaying bracelet . the message clip can be made of spring steel , brass , plastic , precious metals , or other suitable material , in a shape similar to a basic money clip . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a message clip 10 has a body 11 with a clip portion 12 attached to one side and a message portion 13 attached to an opposite side . the body 11 has a generally planar rear surface 14 to which the generally u - shaped clip portion 12 is attached at a generally straight leg 15 thereof . the clip portion 12 can be attached to the surface 14 by a fastening means in any suitable manner such as by welding or with an adhesive material . the clip portion 12 is formed from a resilient material so that a free leg 16 can be bent away from the attached leg 15 to insert an item therebetween such as one or more layers of cloth at an edge of a cap , shirt pocket , pants belt loop , etc . when released , the free leg 16 will spring back toward the attached leg 15 to firmly and releasably hold the message clip 10 on the item . the body 11 has a front surface 17 at which the message portion 13 is mounted . the front surface 17 is surrounded at a periphery by an outwardly extending flange 18 to form a recessed area such that the message portion 13 is partially recessed ( fig2 ). an outwardly facing display surface 19 of the message portion 13 has a visible message applied thereto . as shown in fig1 , the message is an exclamation mark 20 , but can be any symbol , logo , words , picture , etc . the display surface 19 can be flat or curved ( as shown ), and the message can be raised from and / or recessed into the surface 19 . the message portion 13 can be attached to the front surface 17 by a fastening device 21 in any suitable manner such as by welding , or with an adhesive material , or by a mechanical fastener . for example , the fastening device 21 is shown in the form of a layer of adhesive material or a double - sided adhesive sheet . in a preferred embodiment , the body 11 , the clip portion and the message portion are formed from etched brass and the message 20 is offset printed on the display surface . other fastening devices can be used to attach the message portion to the body . as shown in fig3 , an alternate embodiment body 11 a can have a projections 22 formed on an inner surface of a flange 18 a . the projections 22 can be of any suitable shape and cooperate with a depression or groove 23 formed in a side of an alternate embodiment message portion 13 a . the message portion 13 can be permanently fixed relative to the clip portion 12 , as well as be variably fixed , which allows the user to \u201c turn \u201d the display surface 19 to the desired angle . in some cases , the attachment of the message clip 10 to an item may require reorientation of the message 20 for proper viewing . for example , if the message clip 10 shown in fig1 is rotated 90 \u00b0, it may be difficult to recognize the message 20 as an exclamation mark . as shown in fig5 , an alternate embodiment body 11 b can be attached to a clip potion 12 b by a rotation device such as a pivot pin 24 that permits rotation of the body 11 b relative to the clip portion 12 b . as shown in fig4 , a message clip body 11 c , similar to any of the bodies 11 , 11 a , 11 b , can have a clip portion 12 a formed integral therewith such that the body 11 c and the clip portion 12 a are a one - piece unit . a leg 16 a , similar to the leg 16 , extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the rear surface 14 . the leg 16 a has one end 16 b that is u - shaped and connects to a peripheral surface lid of the body 11 c . an opposite free end 16 c of the leg 16 a extends away from the body 11 c at the peripheral surface 11 d . similar to the message clip 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , the free end 16 c of the leg 16 a is positioned at an upper portion of the message 20 when the message clip is oriented for viewing . the message clip 10 also can be provided with the capability to light up and / or play sounds . as shown in fig6 , a light 25 and an audio player 26 , for playing stored music , words , miscellaneous sounds , etc ., are connected to a source of power such as a battery 27 by a switch 28 . the light 25 , the audio player 26 , the battery 27 and the switch 28 can be located in the recess formed in the body 11 by the front surface 17 and the flange 18 . a message portion 13 b is used to selectively actuate the switch 28 by mechanical action , or preferably by sensing contact of a human finger on the display surface 19 . although only the one switch 28 is shown , separate switches could be provided for the light 25 and the audio player 26 . the message clip 10 can come in a variety of shapes and sizes to compliment the message 20 being displayed . for example , the body 11 and the message portion 13 can be circular . this would permit the message portion 13 to be rotatably attached to the body 11 by the pivot pin 24 . the message 20 can be proprietary and non - proprietary verbiage , slogans , sayings , taglines , company names , brand names , logos , icons , licensed materials , and imagery to express any messages desired . as shown in fig7 and 8 , a message clip 30 has a body 31 , similar to the body 11 c shown in fig4 , with a clip portion 32 formed integral therewith such that the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are a one - piece unit . the message clip 30 includes the message portion 13 mounted in a recessed area at the front surface for displaying the message 20 . the clip portion 32 extends from an upper periphery 31 a of the outwardly extending flange 31 b that forms a side wall of the recess . a leg 33 of the clip portion 32 extends at an angle to and is spaced from the rear surface of the body 31 . the leg 33 has one end 33 a that is u - shaped and connects to the upper periphery 31 a of the body 31 . the leg 33 then angles toward the body 31 and terminates in a free end 33 b that curves away from the body 31 short of a lower periphery 31 c . the free end 33 b of the leg 33 has a raised portion 34 extending toward the back surface of the body 31 as shown in fig8 . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a plastic material , the raised portion can be a molded feature . if the body 31 and the clip portion 32 are formed of a metal material , the raised portion 34 can be formed by displacing material in the free end 33 b resulting in a corresponding depression 35 at the outer surface of the leg 33 as shown in fig9 . the message clip 30 is intended to be used in a message display bracelet 36 as shown in fig1 . the bracelet 36 includes a continuous band 37 of flexible , elastic material . for example , the band 37 can be formed from a silicone material that is latex free . the band 37 has a generally rectangular cross section with a width w and a thickness t . the band 37 will stretch in diameter to slide over a hand of the user and then return to the unstretched diameter or larger to accommodate the user &# 39 ; s wrist . the message clip 30 is shown removably attached to the band 37 by receiving the band between the rear surface of the body 31 and the clip portion 32 . the height of the body 31 between the upper periphery 31 a and the lower periphery 31 c is approximately equal to the width w of the band 37 . as shown in fig1 , the body 31 and the clip portion 32 slightly compress the band 37 to reduce the thickness from t to t \u2032. this compression and gripping by the raised portion 34 removably secure the clip 30 to the band 37 for wearing the bracelet 36 . of course , more than one of the message clip 30 can be removably attached to the band 37 for displaying different messages . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
2f0ce1de0f76a1441bea3dffa7e8eb006617087ad061b80afc6b89513670388c
| 0.002716 | 0.182617 | 0.050293 | 0.144531 | 0.103516 | 0.194336 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
| 0.006287 | 0.005219 | 0.02478 | 0.046143 | 0.060059 | 0.194336 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
| 0.035645 | 0.174805 | 0.003937 | 0.049561 | 0.037354 | 0.597656 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
| 0.042725 | 0.000999 | 0.00383 | 0.024414 | 0.015869 | 0.033203 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
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887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
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{"patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
| 0.007355 | 0.057373 | 0.011658 | 0.026367 | 0.063477 | 0.043945 |
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{"patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
| 0.023315 | 0.002258 | 0.033691 | 0.001068 | 0.040283 | 0.016357 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
| 0.038574 | 0.054932 | 0.003937 | 0.166016 | 0.037354 | 0.083984 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 provides an overview of the processing completed by the system for the collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs . in accordance with the present invention , an automated method of and system ( 100 ) for collaborative , on - line development and delivery of customized risk transfer programs is provided . processing starts in this system ( 100 ) with the specification of system settings and the initialization and activation of software data \u201c bots \u201d ( 200 ) that extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the internal data , external data , customer ( 20 ) input and a customer financial model required for completing system processing . the data from external databases is used to analyze generic event risks and prices on investments for the asset classes and contingent liabilities specified by the system operator ( 21 ). in the preferred embodiment , the customer financial model is created using the system described in the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 as required to identify the impact of the different elements of value , external factors and risks on customer financial performance and value . however , any other method or system for developing this data could be used to the same effect . all required data is extracted via a network ( 45 ) from a basic financial system database ( 5 ), an external database ( 25 ), an advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). these information extractions and aggregations may be influenced by a system operator ( 21 ) through interaction with a user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) that mediates the display , transmission and receipt of all information to and from browser software ( 800 ) such as the microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator in an access device ( 90 ) such as a phone or personal computer that the customer ( 20 ) or system operator interact with . while only one basic financial system database ( 5 ), external database ( 25 ), advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and customer database ( 35 ) is shown in fig1 , it is to be understood that the system ( 100 ) can extract data from an unlimited number of databases and customers via the network ( 45 ). it also to be understood that the customer ( 20 ) and the system operator ( 21 ) can operate separate access devices ( 90 ). it should also be understood that it is possible to complete a bulk extraction of data from each database ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ) via the network ( 45 ) using data extraction applications before initializing the data bots . the data extracted in bulk could be stored in a single datamart or data warehouse where the data bots could operate on the aggregated data . all extracted information is stored in a file or table ( hereinafter , table ) within an application database ( 50 ) as shown in fig2 . the application database ( 50 ) contains tables for storing input , extracted information and system calculations including an xml profile table ( 140 ), a bot date table ( 141 ), a customer table ( 142 ), a risk products table ( 143 ), a swaps table ( 144 ), a customer profile table ( 145 ), an exchange payout history table ( 146 ), an generic risk table ( 147 ), a liability scenario table ( 148 ), an asset position table ( 149 ), an external database table ( 150 ), an asset forecasts table ( 151 ), an asset correlation table ( 152 ), an scenario table ( 153 ), an exchange simulation table ( 154 ), a contingent capital table ( 155 ), an optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) and an exchange premium history table ( 157 ) a system settings table ( 158 ), a metadata mapping table ( 159 ), a conversion rules table ( 160 ), a basic financial system table ( 161 ) and an advanced finance system table ( 162 ). other combinations of tables and files can be used to the same effect . the application database ( 50 ) can optionally exist on a hard drive , a datamart , data warehouse or departmental warehouse . the system described herein has the ability to accept and store supplemental or primary data directly from user input , a data warehouse or other electronic files in addition to receiving data from the customer databases described previously . as shown in fig3 , the preferred embodiment described herein is a computer system ( 100 ) illustratively comprised of a user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) connected to an application - server personal computer ( 120 ) via a network ( 45 ). the application server personal computer ( 120 ) is in turn connected via the network ( 45 ) to a database - server personal computer ( 130 ). the user interface personal computer ( 110 ) is also connected via the network ( 45 ) to an internet browser appliance ( 90 ) that contains browser software ( 800 ) such as microsoft internet explorer or netscape navigator . the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 131 ), a hard drive ( 132 ) for storage of the application database ( 50 ), a keyboard ( 133 ), a communications bus card containing all required adapters and bridges ( 134 ), a display ( 135 ), a mouse ( 136 ) and a cpu ( 137 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 121 ), a hard drive ( 122 ) for storage of the non - user - interface portion of the enterprise portion of the application software ( 200 and 300 ) described herein , a keyboard ( 123 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 124 ), a display ( 125 ), a mouse ( 126 ), a cpu ( 127 ) and a printer ( 128 ). while only one client personal computer is shown in fig3 , it is to be understood that the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can be networked to fifty or more client personal computers ( 110 ) via the network ( 45 ). the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) can also be networked to fifty or more server , personal computers ( 130 ) via the network ( 45 ). it is to be understood that the diagram of fig3 is merely illustrative of one embodiment described herein as the system ( 100 ) and application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) could reside on a single computer or any number of computers that are linked together using a network . in a similar manner the system operator ( 21 ) and / or the customer ( 20 ) could interface directly with one or more of the computers in the system ( 100 ) instead of using an access device ( 90 ) with a browser ( 800 ) as described in the preferred embodiment . the user - interface personal computer ( 110 ) has a read / write random access memory ( 111 ), a hard drive ( 112 ) for storage of a client data - base ( 49 ) and the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ), a keyboard ( 113 ), a communications bus containing all required adapters and bridges ( 114 ), a display ( 115 ), a mouse ( 116 ), a cpu ( 117 ) and a printer ( 118 ). the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) controls the performance of the central processing unit ( 127 ) as it completes the calculations required to support the collaborative development and implementation of a risk transfer program . in the embodiment illustrated herein , the application software program ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) is written in a combination of c ++ and visual basic \u00ae although other languages can be used to the same effect . the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) can use structured query language ( sql ) for extracting data from the different databases ( 5 , 25 , 30 and 35 ). the customer ( 20 ) and system operator ( 21 ) can optionally interact with the user - interface portion of the application software ( 700 ) using the browser software ( 800 ) in the browser appliance ( 90 ) to provide information to the application software ( 200 , 300 and 700 ) for use in determining which data will be extracted and transferred to the application database ( 50 ) by the data bots . user input is initially saved to the client database ( 49 ) before being transmitted to the communication bus card ( 124 ) and on to the hard drive ( 122 ) of the application - server computer via the network ( 45 ). following the program instructions of the application software , the central processing unit ( 127 ) accesses the extracted data and user input by retrieving it from the hard drive ( 122 ) using the random access memory ( 121 ) as computation workspace in a manner that is well known . the computers ( 110 , 120 and 130 ) shown in fig3 illustratively are ibm pcs or clones or any of the more powerful computers ( such as mainframe computers ) or workstations that are widely available . typical memory configurations for client personal computers ( 110 ) used with the present invention should include at least 512 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 111 ) and at least a 100 gigabyte hard drive ( 112 ). typical memory configurations for the application - server personal computer ( 120 ) used with the present invention should include at least 2056 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 121 ) and at least a 250 gigabyte hard drive ( 122 ). typical memory configurations for the database - server personal computer ( 130 ) used with the present invention should include at least 4112 megabytes of semiconductor random access memory ( 131 ) and at least a 500 gigabyte hard drive ( 132 ). using the system described above , customer financial data is analyzed before a comprehensive risk management program is developed and implemented for each customer . the risk reduction program development is completed in two stages . as shown in fig5 the first stage of processing ( block 200 from fig1 ) programs bots to continually extract , aggregate , manipulate and store the data from user input , external databases ( 25 ) and customer databases ( 30 ) as required . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . as shown in fig6 the second stage of processing ( block 300 from fig1 ) analyzes customer risk profiles , determines the optimal risk transfer program for each customer , sets prices and communicates with each customer as required to complete risk reduction program development and implementation . the processing described in this application for identifying the optimal risk transfer program for each customer can optionally be completed at the enterprise level ( as shown in the cross referenced application ser . no . 09 / 688 , 983 ) before data is transmitted to the system of the present invention . the flow diagrams in fig5 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 200 ) that obtains systems settings from the system operator ( 21 ) before extracting , aggregating and storing the information required for system operation from a basic financial system database , an external database ( 25 ), and advanced finance system database ( 30 ) and a customer database ( 35 ). system processing starts in a block 201 , fig5 a , which immediately passes processing to a software block 202 . the software in block 202 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the system settings data window ( 701 ) to provide system setting information . the system setting information entered by the system operator ( 21 ) is transmitted via the network ( 45 ) back to the application server ( 120 ) where it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) in the application database ( 50 ) in a manner that is well known . the specific inputs the system operator ( 21 ) is asked to provide at this point in processing are shown in table 1 . the software in block 202 uses the current system date to determine the time periods ( months ) that require data to complete the development of risk transfer programs . after the date range is calculated , it is stored in the system settings table ( 158 ). in the preferred embodiment data is obtained for the three year period before and the three year forecast period after the current date . the system operator ( 21 ) also has the option of specifying the data periods that will be used for completing system calculations . after the storage of system setting data is complete , processing advances to a software block 203 . the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to map metadata using the standard previously specified by the system operator ( 21 ) ( xml , microsoft open information model or the metadata coalitions specification ) from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), the external database ( 25 ), the advanced financial system database ( 30 ) and the customer database ( 35 ) to the enterprise hierarchy stored in the system settings table ( 158 ) and to the pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). pre - specified fields in the metadata mapping table include , the revenue , expense and capital components and sub - components for the exchange and pre - specified fields for expected value drivers . because the bulk of the information being extracted is financial information , the metadata mapping often takes the form of specifying the account number ranges that correspond to the different fields in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ). table 2 shows the base account number structure that the account numbers in the other systems must align with . for example , using the structure shown below , the revenue component for the enterprise could be specified as enterprise 01 , any department number , accounts 400 to 499 ( the revenue account range ) with any sub - account . as part of the metadata mapping process , any database fields that are not mapped to pre - specified fields are defined by the system operator ( 21 ) as component of value , elements of value or non - relevant attributes and \u201c mapped \u201d in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) to the corresponding fields in each database in a manner identical to that described above for the pre - specified fields . after all fields have been mapped to the metadata mapping table ( 159 ), the software in block 203 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide conversion rules for each metadata field for each data source . conversion rules will include information regarding currency conversions and conversion for units of measure that may be required to accurately and consistently analyze the data . the inputs from the system operator ( 21 ) regarding conversion rules are stored in the conversion rules table ( 160 ) in the application database ( 50 ). when conversion rules have been stored for all fields from every data source , then processing advances to a software block 204 . the software in block 204 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any basic financial system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ), the asset position table ( 149 ) and the basic financial system table ( 161 ). the software in block 204 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the basic financial system database ( 5 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 204 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). every data acquisition bot for every data source contains the information shown in table 3 . after the software in block 204 initializes all the bots for the basic financial system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the basic financial system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the basic financial system table ( 161 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 221 . the software in block 221 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any external database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the generic risk table ( 147 ), external database table ( 150 ), system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ). the software in block 221 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the external database ( 25 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 221 will store its data in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or the external database table ( 150 ). after the software in block 221 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the external database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the generic risk table ( 147 ) or external database table ( 150 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 225 . the software in block 225 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any advanced finance system data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and advanced finance system table ( 162 ). the software in block 225 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the advanced finance system database ( 30 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 225 will store its data in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). after the software in block 225 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the basic financial system database ( 5 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in asset position table ( 149 ) or the advanced finance system table ( 162 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to a software block 226 . the software in block 226 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any customer database data bots with creation dates before the current system date and retrieves information from the system settings table ( 158 ), metadata mapping table ( 159 ), conversion rules table ( 160 ) and customer table ( 142 ). the software in block 226 then initializes data bots for each field in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) that mapped to the customer database ( 35 ) in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of data acquisition bots , their tasks are to extract and convert data from a specified source and then store it in a specified location . each data bot initialized by software block 226 will extract the model of customer financial performance by element of value , factor and risk and the confidence interval for risk reduction programs specified by the customer . the bot will then store this data in the customer profile table ( 145 ). after the software in block 226 initializes all the bots for the advanced finance system database , the bots extract and convert data in accordance with their preprogrammed instructions in accordance with the frequency specified by system operator ( 21 ) in the system settings table ( 158 ). as each bot extracts and converts data from the customer database ( 25 ), processing advances to a software block 209 before the bot completes data storage . the software in block 209 checks the advanced finance system metadata to see if all data for all fields have been extracted and that there are metadata assignments for all extracted data . if the software in block 209 finds no unmapped data fields , then the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). alternatively , if there are unmapped data fields , then processing advances to a block 211 . the software in block 211 prompts the system operator ( 21 ) via the metadata and conversion rules window ( 702 ) to provide metadata and conversion rules for each new field . the information regarding the new metadata and conversion rules is stored in the metadata mapping table ( 159 ) and conversion rules table ( 160 ) while the extracted , converted data are stored in the customer profile table ( 145 ). it is worth noting at this point that the activation and operation of bots where all the fields have been mapped to the application database ( 50 ) continues . only bots with unmapped fields \u201c wait \u201d for user input before completing data storage . the new metadata and conversion rule information will be used the next time bots are initialized in accordance with the frequency established by the system operator ( 21 ). in either event , system processing passes on to software block 301 . the flow diagram in fig6 details the processing that is completed by the portion of the application software ( 300 ) that analyzes information from a number of customers and arranges for risk \u201c swaps \u201d and / or the sale of risk transfer products to each customer at a price that meets the profit goals and reserve requirements of the company operating the risk exchange . the description below will follow the processing and activities of the system described herein when one new customer profile is transmitted to the exchange . system processing in this portion of the application software ( 300 ) begins in a block 302 . the software in block 302 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any transfer bots with creation dates before the current system date for the customer transmitting data to the exchange . the software in block 302 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) as required to initialize transfer bots for the customer transmitting a summary profile to the exchange . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of transfer bots , their primary tasks are to identify swaps , existing product and new products that can be used to satisfy the risk transfer needs of the customer transmitting data to the exchange . for example , if one customer has a significant risk from oil prices dropping ( a heating oil company , for example ) and another customer faces a significant risk when oil prices rise ( a trucking company , for example ), then the transfer bot will identify the offsetting risk factors and record a swap . if the risk transfer can be completed by both an existing risk transfer product and a swap , then preference is given to the swap . every transfer bot contains the information shown in table 4 . after the transfer bot identifies the swaps , existing products and new products that will satisfy the needs of the enterprise for risk transfer the results are saved to the application database ( 50 ). information on swaps is saved on the swaps table ( 144 ) and the customer profile table ( 145 ) and information on new products is saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) without a price . the price for new products will be established later in the processing . after data storage is complete , processing advances to a software block 305 . the software in block 305 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any liability scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 305 then retrieves the information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 156 ) as required to initialize new liability scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of liability scenario bots , their primary tasks are to create a series of scenarios estimating the net payout ( premiums minus payout = net payout ) associated the risks that may be transferred via swaps or insurance from all customers . there are two types of scenarios developed at this stage of processing , normal scenarios and extreme scenarios . the scenarios are developed by combining the information and statistics from summary profiles transmitted by the customers of the exchange with the exchange payout history , the exchange premium history and generic risk information obtained from the external database ( 25 ). every liability scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 5 . after the liability scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the basic financial system table ( 161 ), the advanced finance system table ( 162 ) and the exchange premium history ( 156 ) before generating a series of net payout scenarios that are appropriate for the type of analysis being completed \u2014 extreme or normal . the bot saves the scenarios in the liability scenario table ( 148 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 309 . the software in block 309 continually completes analyses similar to those completed by the analysis bots in the enterprise portion of the cross referenced application ser . no . 10 / 747 , 471 . the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each equity investment listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the results of the first three forecasts ( items 2 , 3 and 4 from table 6 ) are saved in the asset forecasts table ( 151 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the market value factors ( item 1 from table 6 ) are saved with the appropriate equity in the asset position table ( 149 ). the software in this block uses the publicly available information stored in the external database table ( 150 ) to complete the analyses shown in table 6 for each income generating investments ( i . e . bonds or real estate ) listed in the asset position table ( 149 ) and described in data obtained from the external database ( 25 ). the software in block 309 then analyzes the covariance between the causal factors for each of the assets to determine the covariance between these assets under both normal and extreme conditions . the results of these analyses are then stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) before processing advances to a block 310 . the software in block 310 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 310 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the asset correlation table ( 152 ) as required to initialize the scenario bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of scenario bots , their primary task is to identify likely scenarios for the evolution of the causal market value factors . the scenario bots use information from the external databases to obtain forecasts for individual causal factors before using the covariance information stored in the asset correlation table ( 152 ) to develop scenarios for the other causal factors under normal and extreme conditions . every scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 7 . after the scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and develop a variety of normal and extreme scenarios as described previously . after the scenario bots complete their calculations they save the resulting scenarios in the scenario table ( 153 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 311 . the software in block 311 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any net capital scenario bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 311 then retrieves the information from the liability scenario table ( 148 ), and the scenario table ( 153 ) as required to initialize net capital scenarios bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of net capital scenario bots , their primary task is to run four different types of simulations for the exchange . the net capital scenario bots run monte carlo simulations of the exchange financial performance using the two types of scenarios generated by the asset and liability scenario bots \u2014 normal and extreme . the net capital scenario bots also run an unconstrained genetic algorithm simulation that evolves to the most negative scenario and simulations specified by regulatory agencies . every net capital scenario bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 8 . after the net capital scenario bots are initialized , they retrieve the required information and simulate the financial performance of the risk exchange under the different scenarios . after the net capital scenarios complete their calculations , the resulting forecasts are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and processing advances to a block 312 . the software in block 312 checks the bot date table ( 141 ) and deactivates any asset optimization bots with creation dates before the current system date . the software in block 312 then retrieves the information from the asset position table ( 149 ), the external database table ( 150 ), the asset forecasts table ( 151 ), the asset correlation table ( 152 ), the scenario table ( 153 ), the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) and the advanced finance systems table ( 162 ) as required to initialize asset optimization bots . bots are independent components of the application that have specific tasks to perform . in the case of asset optimization bots , their primary task is to determine the optimal mix of assets and contingent capital purchases ( purchase reinsurance and / or other contingent capital purchases , etc .) for the exchange under each scenario using a linear programming optimization algorithm that is constrained by any limitations imposed by regulatory requirements . a multi - criteria optimization is also run at this stage to determine the best mix for maximizing value under combined normal and extreme scenarios . a penalty function for asset liability mismatch can be added as required to minimize the difference between asset and liability lives . other optimization algorithms can be used at this point to achieve the same result . every asset optimization bot activated in this block contains the information shown in table 9 . after the asset optimization bots complete their analyses , the resulting asset and contingent capital mix for each set of scenarios and the combined analysis is saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) and the revised simulations are saved in the exchange simulation table ( 154 ) before processing passes to a software block 313 . the software in block 313 prepares and displays the optimal mix of asset purchases , asset sales and contingent capital purchases for the normal , extreme and combined scenario analysis using the optimal mix review window ( 703 ). the optimal mix for the normal and extreme scenarios are determined by calculating the weighted average sum of the different scenarios where the weighting is determined by the relative likelihood of the scenario . the display identifies the optimal mix from the combined analysis as the recommended solution for exchange value maximization . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing ( adding or deleting products and activities ) from the recommended solution ; 3 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the normal scenarios ; 5 ) selecting and then editing the optimal mix from the extreme scenarios ; or after the system operator ( 21 ) has finished the review and the optional edit of the selected mix , any changes are saved in the optimal exchange mix table ( 156 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing advances to a software block 314 . the software in block 314 compares the new optimal mix to the existing asset position stored in the asset position table ( 149 ) and orders are generated to purchase assets , sell assets and / or purchase contingent capital as required to bring the current asset position in line with the new optimal mix . these orders are then transmitted via a network ( 45 ) to other institutions and exchanges on the internet ( 40 ). when the order confirmations are received , the asset position table ( 149 ) is updated with the new information and processing advances to a block 315 . it is worth noting at this point that the processing described for the previous blocks in this section ( 302 , 305 , 109 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 and 314 ) could also be used to manage an investment portfolio on a stand alone basis . the software in block 315 prepares and displays the proposed prices for the risk transfer products and the swaps that are going to be offered to the customer using the price review window ( 704 ). the list prices from the risk products table ( 143 ) are used for the existing risk products . pricing for swaps are calculated by marking up the cost of the swap by a standard percentage . the software in block 315 marks up the calculated breakeven price for any new risk transfer products that were proposed by the bots in block 302 . at this point , the system operator ( 21 ) is given the option of : 1 ) editing the recommended prices for any and all of the risk transfers \u2014 swaps , existing products and new products ; 3 ) removing some of swaps and / or risk transfer products from the list . after the system operator ( 21 ) completes the review , all price changes and the prices for any new risk transfer products are saved in the risk products table ( 143 ) before processing advances to a block 316 . the software in block 316 continually runs an analysis to define the optimal risk reduction strategy for the normal and extreme scenarios for each customer . it does this by first retrieving data from the xml profile table ( 140 ), the customer table ( 142 ), the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ), the exchange payout history table ( 146 ), the generic risk table ( 147 ), the external database table ( 150 ) and the scenario table ( 153 )\u2014 the information required to initialize the optimization algorithm . the software in the block uses a linear program that uses the financial model for each customer under the range of conditions expected for each scenario to determine the optimal risk transfer program ( swaps , derivative purchases , insurance purchases , etc .) within the specified confidence interval ( the confidence interval specified by the system operator ( 21 ) is used if the customer has not specified a confidence interval ). a multi criteria optimization determines the best mix for reducing the risk under a combined normal and extreme scenario . other optimization algorithms and simulations can be used at this point to the same effect . the optimizations consider the effect of changes in the cost of capital on the optimal risk transfer solution . the resulting mix of product purchases and swaps for each scenario ( normal and extreme ) and the combined analysis is saved in the customer profile table ( 145 ) in the application database ( 50 ) before processing passes to a software block 317 . the shadow prices from these optimizations are also stored in the risk products table ( 143 ) for use in identifying new risk reduction products that the system operator ( 21 ) may choose to offer at a later date . this information can also be used to modify pricing by customer . the software in block 317 uses the customer interface window ( 705 ) to display the information regarding the optimal risk transfer program for the customer and the pricing for the products and swaps that will be used to transfer the risks identified in the optimal risk transfer program . this information could optionally be transmitted to the customer in a summary xml format that is similar to the one initially transmitted to the exchange by the customer . the customer ( 20 ) can reject , edit and / or accept the proposed mix of products and swaps that are displayed . the software in block 317 accepts and confirms orders , updates the information contained in the risk products table ( 143 ), the swaps table ( 144 ), the customer profile table ( 145 ) and the exchange premium history table ( 157 ) to reflect the accepted and confirmed orders . the software in block 317 also accepts input from the customer ( 20 ) regarding any new losses that the customer may have experienced . the software in block 317 verifies the loss is for an insured risk , updates the customer profile table ( 145 ), updates the exchange payout history table ( 146 ) and arranges for payment of the claim in a manner that is well known . this processing is continues until the customer ( 20 ) indicates that the session is complete . system processing advances to a software block 318 . the software in block 318 checks the system settings table ( 158 ) to determine if the system ( 100 ) is operating in continuous mode . if the system is operating in a continuous mode , then processing returns to block 205 and the processing described above is repeated . alternatively , if the system is not operating in continuous mode , then processing advances to a software block 320 and stops . thus , the reader will see that the system and method described above transforms extracted transaction data , corporate information , information from external databases and information from the internet into detailed risk analyses and risk transfer programs specifically tailored to each customer using the system . the level of detail , breadth and speed of the risk analysis allows customers and managers of the system to manage their risks in a fashion that is superior to the method currently available to users of existing risk analysis systems and traditional insurance products . because the profiles used in the system ( 100 ) provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of the companies transferring risk through the exchange , the system and method described herein can be used with essentially no modifications to provide an on - line transfer system for : the system described herein could be used to manage transfers of ownership rights alone or in combination with foreign exchange , liquidity and risk . while the above description contains many specificity &# 39 ; s , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
887e11899d01ca845199e67b88c4aaf4092b7693e85c28a3cf4f742129756918
| 0.02124 | 0.182617 | 0.002319 | 0.027222 | 0.016357 | 0.091309 |
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{"patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
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8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.769531 | 0.878906 | 0.902344 | 0.902344 | 0.785156 | 0.894531 |
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{"patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.550781 | 0.667969 | 0.574219 | 0.585938 | 0.421875 | 0.435547 |
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{"patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
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8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.785156 | 0.679688 | 0.902344 | 0.78125 | 0.789063 | 0.546875 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.914063 | 0.570313 | 0.597656 | 0.542969 | 0.855469 | 0.671875 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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{"patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.96875 | 0.761719 | 0.925781 | 0.867188 | 0.984375 | 0.726563 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.921875 | 0.081543 | 0.597656 | 0.018799 | 0.855469 | 0.617188 |
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{"patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.306641 | 0.816406 | 0.605469 | 0.621094 | 0.453125 | 0.804688 |
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{"patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "light actuated optical switches are used to construct and , or , and nor logic gates . light signals coming into the logic gates are processed so that the output of the logic gates conforms to the needed specification for each kind of gate . the light signals are all that are used to operate the logic gates , and no external battery is required using light actuated optical switches , the logic gates will have dimensions that will fit within semiconductor logic design dimensions . computers will be able to be made that function on light signals instead of electrical signals . transistors of transistor based logic gates switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds , and this limits the speed of transistor based logic gates . light can travel three microns in 10e \u2212 14 seconds . logic gates based on light actuated switches can be much faster than transistor based logic gates . an optical switch includes a signal channel and a piezoelectric element that is adjacent to the signal channel . the piezoelectric element changes shape in response to an activation light and the piezoelectric element is configured relative to the signal channel such that the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a change in a dimension of the signal channel . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element causes a dimension of the signal channel to be reduced far enough that a signal light is no longer able to pass through the signal channel . using this phenomenon , the state of the optical switch is controlled by controlling the application of the activation light to the piezoelectric element . in an embodiment , the optical switch allows a signal light to pass through the signal channel when the activation light is not applied to the piezoelectric element and blocks the signal light from passing through the signal channel when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . because the shape of the piezoelectric element determines whether or not light passes through the signal channel , the function of the optical switch depends on the ability of the piezoelectric element to change shape . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the piezoelectric element has at least two layers of piezoelectric material with each layer having different piezoelectric characteristics . the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers are selected to produce a piezoelectric element that exhibits sufficient shape change in response to an activation light to block a signal light from passing through a signal channel . fig1 a depicts an optical switch 100 that includes a signal channel 102 and a piezoelectric element 104 and that is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel is formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric element 104 is formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titanate . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 104 has at least two layers 106 and 108 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . in an embodiment , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 100 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 1b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 110 to pass through the signal channel 104 as indicated by the signal light entering and exiting the signal channel . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 104 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element by directing the activation light into the signal channel 102 in parallel with the signal light 110 . the activation light supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element changes shape enough that the signal light is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the blocking of the signal light is indicated by the lack of the signal light exiting the signal channel . once the activation light is removed from the signal channel , the piezoelectric element returns to its normal shape and the signal light is able once again to pass through the signal channel . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric element 104 in response to the activation light 112 causes the shape of the piezoelectric element to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 102 to change . fig2 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element is in a non - activated state . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel and the piezoelectric element of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element extends into the signal channel and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel . as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel is smaller in the activated state ( fig2 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig2 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 2b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 102 even when the piezoelectric element 104 is in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel is small enough that the signal light 110 is blocked from passing through the signal channel . the ability of a signal light to pass through the signal channel is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel and of the wavelength of the signal light . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel with a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . fig3 depicts a graph of optical signal attenuation vs . a dimension of a signal channel . as illustrated in fig3 , the optical signal attenuation changes rapidly once the signal channel dimension reaches a certain dimension , referred to herein as the cutoff dimension . for example , at a dimension smaller than the cutoff dimension ( e . g ., about 5 angstroms ), the attenuation rapidly rises and at a dimension larger than the cutoff dimension , the attenuation rapidly falls . the sharp response to a change in the signal channel dimension around the cutoff dimension , as indicated in fig3 , enables fast on / off switching by toggling the activation light such that a dimension of the signal channel switches between being larger or smaller than the cutoff dimension . as described above , the state of the optical switch 100 is activated by applying an activation light 112 to the piezoelectric element 104 . activation light can be applied to the piezoelectric element using different techniques . some exemplary techniques for applying activation light to the piezoelectric element are described with reference to fig4 a - 5b . fig4 a and 4b illustrate a technique for changing the state of optical switch 100 that involves applying an activation light 112 having a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . referring to fig4 a , the optical switch 100 is in an on state when no activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 and the signal light 110 passes through the signal channel 102 . as illustrated in fig4 b , activation light 112 is applied to the piezoelectric element 104 to change the state of the optical switch 100 from on to off . in the off state , the activation light 112 causes the piezoelectric element 104 to change shape and block the passage of the signal light 110 through the signal channel 102 . in this example , the activation light 112 has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 . in particular , the wavelength of the activation light 112 is short enough that the activation light 112 is still able to pass through the signal channel even when the optical switch 100 is in an off state . fig4 b illustrates the case in which the activation light 112 , which has a shorter wavelength than the signal light 110 , is able to pass through the signal channel 102 even when the optical switch 100 is in the off state . fig5 a and 5b illustrate a technique for changing the state of an optical switch 100 in which applying the activation light involves providing two light signals 112 a and 112 b , which are out of phase with each other , to the piezoelectric element 104 and then removing one of the light signals , light signal 112 a in the illustrated embodiment , leaving the remaining light signal , light signal 112 b in the illustrated embodiment , as the activation light . in this embodiment , the two signals 112 a and 112 b are out of phase with each other such that their electrical fields effectively cancel each other out ( e . g ., 180 degrees out of phase ). because the two out of phase signals cancel each other out , while the two out of phase signals are simultaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 104 , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated . once one of the light signals is removed , the electrical field of the remaining light signal is no longer canceled out and the remaining light signal activates the piezoelectric element . fig5 a illustrates the signal light 110 and both components of the out of phase light signals 112 a and 112 b passing through the signal channel 102 . as described above , the piezoelectric element 104 is not activated in this case because the two out of phase light signals cancel each other out . in fig5 b , one of the out of phase light signals 112 a is removed , leaving the remaining light signal 112 b as the activation light . the activation light activates the piezoelectric element 104 and blocks the passage of the signal light 110 ( and the activation light in this case ) through the signal channel . in another embodiment , the power of one of the two light signals can be increased above the other light signal to overcome the canceling effect thereby providing the activation light . another technique for optimizing the performance of a light activated optical switch is to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , at least one conductive layer is located adjacent to the piezoelectric element of a light activated optical switch to enhance the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the conductive layer has free electrons or electron holes that are drawn to and collect at a surface adjacent to the piezoelectric element when the activation light is applied to the piezoelectric element . the collection of free electrons near the piezoelectric element enhances the electrical field that is applied to the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light . the enhanced electrical field can be used to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric element and ultimately to enhance the performance of the optical switch . for example , the enhanced electrical field contributed from the adjacent conductive layer enables the piezoelectric element to be activated with lower power and / or quicker than is possible when there is not a conductive layer adjacent to the piezoelectric element . without the conductive layer the electric field of the activation light alone activates the piezoelectric element . when a conductive layer is used , the conductive layer supplies charges that are gathered or dispersed by the electric field of the activation light . the electric field of the gathered charges adds to the electric field of the activation light . in this case , the piezoelectric element is acted upon by the electric field of the activation light and the electric field of the gathered charges . in the case of dispersed charges , matter is composed of positive and negative charges so when one is dispersed the other is expressed . in this case the electric field of the expressed charges adds to the electric field of the activation light and the effect on the piezoelectric element is enhanced . electrons move in metal conductors , but positive holes can move in a semiconductor . fig6 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 120 that includes a signal channel 122 , a piezoelectric element 124 , and a conductive layer 126 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the signal channel 122 and piezoelectric element 124 are similar to those described above , although the piezoelectric element 124 does not necessarily include different layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the conductive layer 126 is a highly conductive material such as lead , tungsten , other metals , silicon doped with boron , silicon doped with arsenic , doped gallium arsenide , and / or other semiconductor materials . in an embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is adhered to a surface of the piezoelectric element 124 . for example , the conductive layer 126 may be deposited on a major surface of the piezoelectric element 124 using a metal deposition technique . in an alternative embodiment , the conductive layer 126 is formed of a semiconductor material with positive or negative charges that move instead of only negative charges . operation of the optical switch 120 depicted in fig6 a is now described with reference to fig6 a and 6b . fig6 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 124 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig6 a , the piezoelectric element 124 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element allows a signal light 128 to pass through the signal channel 122 as indicated by the signal light 128 entering and exiting the signal channel 122 . fig6 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 124 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 129 to the piezoelectric element 124 . in the embodiment of fig6 b , the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element 124 by directing the activation light 129 into the signal channel 122 in parallel with the signal light 128 . when the activation light 129 is applied to the piezoelectric element , free electrons are drawn to the surface of the conductive layer 126 that is nearest the piezoelectric element 124 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape enough that the signal light 128 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 122 . the blocking of the signal light 128 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 128 exiting the signal channel 122 . the additional electrons near the piezoelectric material , which are associated with the conductive layer 126 , cause an increase in the electric field that is applied to the piezoelectric material of piezoelectric element 124 . the increase in the electrical field that is associated with the conductive layer 126 provides benefits that include , for example , increasing the magnitude of the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 124 , increasing the speed at which the piezoelectric element 124 changes shape , and / or reducing the amount of activation light required to achieve the desired shape change . fig7 illustrates the action of an electrical field 130 of the activation light 129 on the electrons of the conductive layer 126 of fig6 a and 6b . in fig7 , surface 132 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 nearest the activation light 129 and the surface 134 is the surface of the conductive layer 126 farthest from the activation light 129 . the comb - like structure in fig7 represents the electrical field under the influence of the conductive layer 126 . each tooth 136 of the comb - like structure represents a portion of the electrical field and some of the teeth have wide extensions 138 at their ends . these wide extensions 138 represent the larger field that is contributed by the charges that move in the conductive layer 126 that is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 124 . the charges that move in response to the electric field of the activation light 129 are represented by dashed lines 140 . when the electric field is negative the charges in the conductive layer 126 are driven away from the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the negative field . when the electric field is positive the charges in the conductive layer come to the near surface 132 of the conductive layer and enhance the electric field . if the conductive layer 126 is not present , no charges would move because piezoelectric materials are not conductors but dielectric materials . referring to fig7 , if the conductive layer 126 was removed leaving only a piezoelectric element ( not shown ), the teeth 136 on the comb like structure would have no extensions 138 on them . fig8 depicts an optical switch system 150 that includes a light activated optical switch 152 as described above with reference to fig1 a - 7 . the optical switch system 150 of fig8 also includes an activation light system 154 , which includes an activation light source 156 and an activation light controller 158 . the optical switch system 150 is optically connected to a signal light source 160 to receive a signal light 161 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via a signal light path 162 and an activation light 163 is provided to the optical switch 152 via an activation light path 164 and the signal light path 162 . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are combined at a coupler 166 . the output of the optical switch 152 goes through an output path 168 . the activation light system 154 controls the application of activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element ( not shown ) of the optical switch 152 . in the embodiment of fig8 , the activation light source 156 is a light source such as a light emitting diode ( led ) or a laser that generates an activation light with the desired characteristics , e . g ., the desired wavelength , intensity , phase of the activation light in relation to the other light in the signal channel , and polarization , and the activation light controller 158 controls the transmission of the activation light 163 from the activation light system . in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 must be great enough to sufficiently change the shape of the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 and in an embodiment , the intensity of the activation light 163 is greater than the intensity of the signal light 161 . the wavelength of the activation light 163 can be shorter or longer than the wavelength of the signal light 161 . as described above , if the wavelength of the activation light 163 is short enough , the activation light 163 may pass through the signal channel even when the piezoelectric element is activated and the signal light 163 is blocked . the activation light system 154 can be configured to provide the activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 in many different ways . for example , in one embodiment , the activation light 163 is switched on and off by a second light activated optical switch , in another embodiment the angle of a mirror is changed to provide the activation light 163 , in another embodiment , an led or laser is turned on / off , and in other embodiments , other switches may be employed to control the activation light 163 . the signal light source 160 generates the signal light 161 that is switched on and off by the optical switch 152 ( i . e ., allowed to pass through the optical switch 152 and blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 ). in an embodiment , the signal light source 160 is an optical transmitter that transmits digital data by modulating an optical signal ( e . g ., frequency or amplitude modulation ). in an embodiment , the signal light 161 that is output by the signal light source 160 is an optical signal that communicates digital data in some way ( e . g ., amplitude or frequency modulation , logic , etc .) while the activation light 163 that is output by the activation light source 156 does not communicate digital data . for example , the signal light 161 may carry digital data in a modulated light format while the activation light 163 is not modulated to carry digital data . in operation , the signal light 161 is provided to the optical switch 152 via the signal light source 160 and the application of the activation light 163 to the piezoelectric element of the optical switch 152 is controlled by the activation light system 154 . in one embodiment , the signal light 161 passes through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does not provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 and is blocked from passing through the optical switch 152 when the activation light system 154 does provide an activation light 163 to the optical switch 152 . in the optical switches described with reference to fig1 a - 6b , the signal light and activation light are transmitted in the same signal channel . various techniques can be used to combine the signal light and the activation light into the same signal channel . fig9 depicts an embodiment of an optical switch 152 and an optical coupler 166 that is used to couple the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 . in the embodiment of fig9 , the signal light 161 travels in signal light path 162 , such as a signal fiber , and the activation light 163 travels in activation light path 164 , such as an activation fiber . the signal light 161 and activation light 163 are coupled into the signal channel 122 by the optical coupler 166 . it is appreciated that , although in the illustrated embodiment of fig9 an optical coupler is shown , other suitable techniques for coupling the signal light 161 and the activation light 163 into the same signal channel 122 can be used . fig1 a - 10e depict different embodiments of the light activated optical switches described above with reference to fig1 a - 9 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 170 in which the piezoelectric element 172 has more than two layers 174 of piezoelectric material with different piezoelectric characteristics . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the piezoelectric element 172 has four layers 174 of piezoelectric material . in one embodiment , the different layers 174 of piezoelectric material each have a different piezoelectric characteristic and in another embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material have alternating piezoelectric characteristics . it should be understood that the number and arrangement of piezoelectric layers 174 can include many different variations . fig1 b depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 176 in which a conductive layer 178 is sandwiched between two layers 180 of a piezoelectric element 182 . this embodiment allows the piezoelectric element 182 to be oriented by placing charges on the conductive layer 178 and causes the change in shape of each layer 180 of the piezoelectric element 182 to be enhanced because of the proximity of the piezoelectric layers 180 to the conductive layer 178 . fig1 c depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 184 in which multiple conductive layers 185 are sandwiched between multiple different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . in this example , the conductive layers 185 are alternately adhered between different layers 186 of the piezoelectric element 187 . the multiple layers 185 of conductive material between the piezoelectric layers 186 allow each layer 186 of piezoelectric material to be polarized individually to different orientations by applying a charge to the conductive layers 185 . this enables the action of the piezoelectric layers 186 working against each other to accentuate the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 187 . in general , the multiple conductive layers allow the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element to be managed . the multiple conductive layers allow a reduction in the temperature that the piezoelectric element must be raised to in order to change the orientation of the piezoelectric material . the multiple conductive layers allow the change in shape of the piezoelectric element to be enhanced . the multiple conductive layers allow the management of many mechanical , electrical , thermal , and other physical characteristics of the optical switch to be managed to make the optical switch easier to be constructed , maintained , and used . in an embodiment , the different layers of piezoelectric material and the conductive layers are formed in a monolithic stack structure . the monolithic stack structure can be formed , for example , using known semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , metal deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in some cases , the hysteresis of a piezoelectric element can limit how quickly a light activated optical switch , which is made with a piezoelectric element , can be changed from one state to another . in an embodiment , a 3000 angstroms thick layer of lead zirconate titonate ( pzt ) is deposited on a substrate . the layer of pzt has a given percentage of lead and a given percentage of zirconium and titanium . next , a 3000 angstrom layer of pzt is deposited on the first layer , with this layer having more lead and zirconium while reducing the percentage of titanium on top of that . using these layers , the hysteresis that the resulting piezoelectric element displays is reduced in comparison to a piezoelectric element that does not include similar layers . if more alternating layers are deposited to build up a piezoelectric element , a quickly responding piezoelectric element can be fabricated . if all of this is deposited upon a conductive layer , the electric field of the activation light is enhanced to make a light activated optical switch that responds even faster . fig1 d depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 188 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 189 on one side of the signal channel 190 and conductive layers 191 on two sides of signal channel 190 . the response of the switch is enhanced by a multiplicity of conductive layers 191 . fig1 e depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 192 that includes a multilayer piezoelectric element 194 and a conductive layer 196 on two sides of a signal channel 198 . in an embodiment , fig1 e represents a cross - sectional view of an optical fiber that includes a piezoelectric element and a conductive layer formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . in this embodiment , the fiber is a compressible material . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 200 that includes a signal channel 202 , a piezoelectric element 204 , and a conductive layer 206 , where a portion of the signal channel includes a chamber 208 that is filled with a compressible material . the compressible material may be , for example , a gas such as argon or nitrogen or a material such as a petroleum distillate or a silicon rubber . the chamber 208 filled with the compressible material is adjacent to the piezoelectric element 204 such that the piezoelectric element 204 can expand into the chamber 208 when activated by an activation light . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element 204 forms a portion of the chamber 208 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the chamber 204 is formed by a transparent material . operation of the optical switch 200 depicted in fig1 a is now described with reference to fig1 a and 11b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 204 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 204 is basically flat in the non - activated state and does not protrude into the chamber 208 . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 204 allows a signal light 210 to pass through the signal channel 202 ( including the chamber 208 ) as indicated by the signal light 210 entering and exiting the signal channel 202 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 204 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 212 to the piezoelectric element 204 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 by directing the activation light 212 into the signal channel 202 in parallel with the signal light 210 . when the activation light 212 is applied to the piezoelectric element 204 , the piezoelectric element 204 protrudes into the chamber 208 , thereby compressing the compressible material within the chamber . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 204 changes enough that the signal light 210 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 202 . the blocking of the signal light 210 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 210 exiting the signal channel 202 . when the activation light 212 is removed from the signal channel 202 , the piezoelectric element 204 returns to its normal state allowing the signal light 210 to pass . in the absence of the activation light 212 , the pressure of the compressed material within the chamber 208 helps to return the piezoelectric element 204 to its normal state . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 220 that includes a signal channel 222 , a piezoelectric element 224 , and a conductive layer 226 adjacent to the piezoelectric element in which the signal channel 222 is an optical fiber and the piezoelectric element 224 and conductive layer 226 are formed in a band entirely around the circumference of the optical fiber . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 224 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 224 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 224 allows a signal light 230 to pass through the signal channel 222 as indicated by the signal light 230 entering and exiting the signal channel 222 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 224 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 232 to the piezoelectric element 224 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 232 is applied to the piezoelectric element 224 by directing the activation light 232 into the signal channel 222 in parallel with the signal light 230 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 224 changes enough that the signal light 230 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 222 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 224 has the effect of squeezing the optical fiber like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 230 . the blocking of the signal light 230 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 230 exiting the signal channel 222 . once the activation light 232 is removed from the signal channel 222 , the piezoelectric element 224 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 230 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 222 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a light activated optical switch 240 that includes a signal channel 242 , a piezoelectric element 244 , and a conductive layer 246 adjacent to the piezoelectric element 244 in which the piezoelectric element 244 is made of a transparent material and forms at least a portion of the signal channel 242 . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric element 244 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric element 244 is basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric element 244 allows a signal light 250 to pass through the signal channel 242 as indicated by the signal light 250 entering and exiting the signal channel 242 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric element 244 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 252 to the piezoelectric element . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 252 is applied to the piezoelectric element 244 by directing the activation light 252 into the signal channel 242 in parallel with the signal light 250 . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric element 244 changes enough that the signal light 250 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 242 . for example , the change in shape of the piezoelectric element 244 has the effect of squeezing the signal channel 242 like a belt to choke the passage of the signal light 250 . the blocking of the signal light 250 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 250 exiting the signal channel 242 . once the activation light 252 is removed from the signal channel 242 , the piezoelectric element 244 returns to its normal shape and the signal light 250 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 242 . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element and the signal channel are configured relative to each other such that application of the activation light changes the state of the optical switch from off ( light is blocked ) to on ( light passes through the signal channel ) instead of from on to off . some piezoelectric materials have a crystal orientation that must be aligned with the electric field that will cause it to change shape . other piezoelectric materials can be heated up in a magnetic field and oriented to respond in the desired direction to the electric field that will be applied . in constructing a light activated optical switch , the orientation of the crystal or the magnetic orientation of the piezoelectric material should be directed to have the maximum shape change at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the direction of the signal light in the signal channel . in an embodiment , the electric field that triggers the switching is at right angles ( that is perpendicular ) to the path of the light in the light channel . a description of a desired interaction follows . the electric field in volts needed to activate a light activated optical switch is calculated using the power in watts of the light in the channel . the poynting vector equation which is written e =( 2\u03bc o c p ) 1 / 2 is used to make this calculation . where \u03bc o is 4 pi \u00d7 10e \u2212 7 weber / amp - meter , c is 3 \u00d7 10e + 8 meters / second , e is the electric field in volts , and p is power in watts . using this relation , it is found that the voltage developed by a 150 - milliwatt signal in a fourth of a micron channel is 10 volts . in an embodiment , this voltage is employed to activate a light triggered optical switch to turn on or off the switch ( e . g ., allow the signal light to pass through the signal channel or to block the signal light from passing through the signal channel ). an example of the size change that 10 volts could cause is as follows : in a channel that is 2065 angstroms in height , 10 volts will change that size by 40 angstroms when lead zicronate titonate is used . lead zicronate titonate has a piezoelectric strain coefficient of 3 . 90 times 10e \u2212 10 meters / volt . 818 nm light ( 8180 angstroms ), commonly used for fiber optics , will be able to travel in a channel just bigger than 2045 angstroms and will not travel down a channel smaller . when the 2065 angstroms channel changes to 2014 angstroms , the signal light will be blocked . light of 8056 angstroms wavelength or shorter could still pass through the signal channel . the light activated optical switch can be turned on or off at a rate in 10e \u2212 11 seconds or faster . it makes use of effects that the electric and magnet fields of the light have on the medium through which the light travels . the equation for the attenuation ( a ) of the signal inside a wave - guide , which will give the decibels of attenuation per mile of travel for the signal is as follows : a =( k / a 3 / 2 )(( 1 / 2 )( f / f o ) 3 / 2 +( f / f o ) \u2212 1 / 2 )/(( f / f o ) 2 \u2212 1 ) \u2212 1 / 2 eq . ( 1 ) the k is a constant for the material that the walls of the channel are made of ; the value of k is 821 . 3 for lead . since in an embodiment , only one wall of the optical switch is mostly lead , the optical switch may not follow exactly the graph of fig3 , but the graph is given for illustrative purposes . the lower case \u201c a \u201d in the equation is the length of a side of the wave - guide . the frequency ( f ) of the signal being considered is in ratio against the cutoff frequency ( f o ) in the channel . this equation is for the te 0 , 1 mode of wave propagation . in an embodiment , the sizes of the waveguides are chosen so that this is the only mode possible . as this relation is studied for shrinking waveguide dimensions for a given signal , the attenuation increases as the size of the signal channel shrinks and proceeds to infinity as the cutoff frequency is reached . this equation is on page 263 of radio engineers &# 39 ; handbook written by frederick terman , and published by mcgraw - hill book company , inc , 1943 . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 300 that includes a signal channel 302 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 302 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally rectangular piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 302 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 302 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 302 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 302 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric elements include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 preferably each include at least two layers 307 and 308 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 307 and 308 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 300 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 allows a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 as indicated by the signal light 310 entering and exiting the signal channel 302 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 312 to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 312 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 by directing the activation light 312 into the signal channel 302 in parallel with the signal light 310 . the activation light 312 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 changes enough so that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the blocking of the signal light 310 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 310 exiting the signal channel 302 . once the activation light 312 is removed from the signal channel 302 , the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 return to normal shape and the signal light 310 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 302 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 in response to the activation light 312 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 305 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 302 and the piezoelectric element 305 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 305 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 305 extends into the signal channel 302 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 302 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 15b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 302 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 15b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 302 even when the piezoelectric elements 304 , 305 and 306 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 302 is small enough that the signal light 310 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 302 . the ability of a signal light 310 to pass through the signal channel 302 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 302 and of the wavelength of the signal light 310 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel 302 having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a which illustrates an optical switch 400 that includes a signal channel 402 and a plurality of piezoelectric elements which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 402 . in the illustrated embodiment , four generally circular cylindrical piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 402 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 402 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 402 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 preferably each include at least two layers 408 and 409 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . operation of the optical switch 400 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 allows a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 as indicated by the signal light 410 entering and exiting the signal channel 402 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 412 to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 412 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 by directing the activation light 412 into the signal channel 402 in parallel with the signal light 410 . the activation light 412 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 changes enough so that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the blocking of the signal light 410 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 410 exiting the signal channel 402 . once the activation light 412 is removed from the signal channel 402 , the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 return to normal shape and the signal light 410 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 402 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 in response to the activation light 412 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 406 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 402 and the piezoelectric element 406 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 406 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 406 extends into the signal channel 402 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 402 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 17b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 402 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 17b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 402 even when the piezoelectric elements 404 , 405 , 406 and 407 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 402 is small enough that the signal light 410 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 402 . the ability of a signal light 410 to pass through the signal channel 402 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 402 and of the wavelength of the signal light 410 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . reference is now made to fig1 a , which illustrates an optical switch 500 that includes a signal channel 502 and a plurality of piezoelectric element which are preferably unevenly spaced along the length of the signal channel 502 . in the illustrated embodiment three generally oval cylindrical piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are distributed along the length of the signal channel 502 with non - uniform spacing therebetween . the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is controlled by an activation light . the signal channel 502 guides the transmission of light within a confined area along a defined path . the signal channel 502 is formed by a light guiding structure , or combination of structures , which can guide light within a confined area along a defined path . structures that can form the signal channel include , for example , an optical fiber , substrates such as lithium niobate or other transparent piezoelectric materials that include a signal channel , an optical waveguide , and a chamber for holding a compressible material . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the signal channel 502 is preferably formed by a monolithic light guiding element . the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are preferably formed of piezoelectric material . examples of piezoelectric material that can be used to form the piezoelectric element include crystalline piezoelectric material such as quartz ( sio 2 ), lithium niobate ( linbo 3 ), lead zirconate ( pbzro 3 ), lead titanate ( pbtio 3 ), and lead zirconate titanate . examples of piezoelectric materials that can be oriented in a magnetic field are lead zirconate and lead titanate or lead zicronate titantae . quartz and lithium niobate are examples of transparent piezoelectric materials . the piezoelectric element 504 , 505 and 506 preferably each include at least two layers 507 and 508 of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics . the different piezoelectric characteristics of the different layers 507 and 508 may include , for example : 1 ) different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field ; 2 ) different responses to the same electrical field , for example , one of the layers expands in response to an electrical field having a first orientation and the other layer expands in response to an electrical field having a second orientation that is perpendicular to the first orientation ; 3 ) different polarities ; 4 ) different strains ; 5 ) different hysteresis ; 6 ) different capacitances ; 7 ) different impedances ; 8 ) different resistivities ; 9 ) different thermal histories ; and 10 ) different electromagnetic histories . the piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric material are a function of , for example : 1 ) the type of piezoelectric material ; 2 ) the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric material ; 3 ) doping levels within the piezoelectric material ; 4 ) the density of the piezoelectric material ; 5 ) the void density of the piezoelectric material ; 6 ) the chemical constituency of the piezoelectric material ; 7 ) the thermal history of the piezoelectric material ; 8 ) the electromagnetic history of the piezoelectric material . the desired piezoelectric characteristic of each layer of piezoelectric material can be achieved by , for example , manipulating one or more of the above - identified parameters . preferably , layers of piezoelectric material that exhibit different degrees of expansion and / or shrinkage in response to the same electrical field are integrated into a piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to change shape or bend in response to the activation light . for example , if two adjacent layers of a piezoelectric element , which are adhered to each other into a monolithic element , expand different amounts in response to the same activation light , the piezoelectric element will bend . in an embodiment , the piezoelectric element includes at least two layers of piezoelectric material , having different piezoelectric characteristics , which are formed as a monolithic element . for example , the piezoelectric element is formed by building layers of piezoelectric material on top of each other using semiconductor processing techniques , e . g ., crystal growth , deposition , sputtering , ion implantation , etc . in an embodiment , the layers of the piezoelectric element have different crystal orientations so that the two layers respond differently to the same electrical field . for example , the two layers have crystal orientations that are perpendicular to each other . in another embodiment , at least one of the layers of the piezoelectric element is made of an organic material . by using a piezoelectric element with layers of piezoelectric material having different piezoelectric characteristics , the response of the piezoelectric element can be selected to optimize on / off switching . for example , the piezoelectric characteristics of the layers can be selected to : 1 ) maximize the shape change of the piezoelectric element in response to the activation light ; 2 ) minimize hysteresis ; 3 ) reduce the amount of power required to change the shape of the piezoelectric element ; and 4 ) reduce the amount of heat generated by the switching technique . operation of the optical switch 500 depicted in fig1 a is now described with additional reference to fig1 b . fig1 a illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in a non - activated state . in the non - activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is unchanged from its normal state , where the normal state of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 is the state of the element in the absence of an activation light . in the embodiment of fig1 a , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are basically flat in the non - activated state . the flat shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 allows a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 as indicated by the signal light 510 entering and exiting the signal channel 502 . fig1 b illustrates the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in an activated state that results from the application of an activation light 512 to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the activation light 512 is applied to the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 by directing the activation light 512 into the signal channel 502 in parallel with the signal light 510 . the activation light 512 supplies an electrical field that effects the piezoelectric material . in the activated state , the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 change enough so that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the blocking of the signal light 510 is indicated by the lack of the signal light 510 exiting the signal channel 502 . once the activation light 512 is removed from the signal channel 502 , the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 return to normal shape and the signal light 510 is able once again to pass through the signal channel 502 . as described above , activation of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 in response to the activation light 512 causes the shape of the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 to change , thereby causing at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 to change . fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 a when the piezoelectric element 505 is in a non - activated state . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the signal channel 502 and the piezoelectric element 505 of fig1 b when the piezoelectric element 505 is in an activated state . in the activated state , the piezoelectric element 505 extends into the signal channel 502 and reduces at least one dimension of the signal channel 502 . as illustrated in fig1 a and 19b , the cross - sectional area of the signal channel 502 is smaller in the activated state ( fig1 b ) than it is in the non - activated state ( fig1 a ). as seen in the embodiment of fig1 a - 19b , there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state . although there is still an opening in the signal channel 502 even when the piezoelectric elements 504 , 505 and 506 are in the activated state , the opening in the signal channel 502 is small enough that the signal light 510 is blocked from passing through the signal channel 502 . the ability of a signal light 510 to pass through the signal channel 502 is a function of the dimensions of the signal channel 502 and of the wavelength of the signal light 510 . in general , light having a shorter wavelength is able to pass through a signal channel having a smaller dimension than light having a longer wavelength . it is appreciated that all computer logic can be done with three logic gates . these are the and , or , and nor logic gates . these handle digital signals in specific ways that are described using a truth table . the truth table gives the signal that will be output from the gate when specified signals are input into the gate . table 1 is a truth table for the logical and gate . the ones in the a and b input columns indicate that a digital signal pulse is entering the gate . the inputs can come in on the a input or the b input . only when an input signal is found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the and gate . table 2 is a truth table for the logical or gate . when an input signal is found on either the a input and b input or both an output pulse results from the or gate . table 3 is a truth table for the logical nor gate . only when an input signal is not found on both the a input and b input does an output pulse result from the nor gate . a nor gate is often explained as an or gate with a not gate on its output . the logical not gate takes a signal and transforms it into its opposite . when there is a signal coming in , no signal is sent out , and when no signal is coming in , then a signal is sent out . in present computer circuits , three transistors may be used to make a logical and or a logical or gate for electrical digital signals . in present computer circuits , four transistors may be used to make a logical nor gate . transistors switch in 10e \u2212 9 seconds . this determines how fast a computer can be made to function . present computers function on the flow of electronic digital signals not light signals . light signals are also called optical or photonic signals . the present invention includes and , or and nor logic gates based upon fiber optical switches that are actuated by light and not actuated by an electrical signal or transistor circuit . they require no battery , and if the correct switch is chosen , the gates can be made small enough for semiconductor size constraints . one example of a light activated optical switch is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 072 , 536 , which incorporated by reference herein . although one example of a light activated optical switch is identified , the logic gates can be formed using other type of light actuated optical switches . in an embodiment of the present invention , the light that carries the digital information for the logic is a 1500 nm wavelength signal as in commonly used in present fiber optic channels . this signal can be changed into a 750 nm signal by using a periodically poled lithium niobate ( ppln ) crystal that will double the frequency of the input signal . this frequency doubling makes the wavelength of the signal half of the original wavelength . the change to half of the wavelength is merely an example , as is ppln . other wave lengths and means could be used . with a different configuration ppln crystals can also produce 1500 nm wavelength light out of 750 nm light . generally a ppln element functions only for specific wavelengths and not for others at the same time . during these conversions , power is lost , but optical amplifiers can be used to boost the signal back up to necessary levels . for the present disclosure , the power boosting that is needed , will be included in the frequency doubling function . light can be in a fiber optic channel with light that is 180 degrees out of phase , and the electric field of the light will not be expressed . the light that is 180 degrees out of phase with it cancels the power of the light . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical not gate 600 for fiber optic systems . in fig2 , an optical channel 601 , such as an optical fiber , brings in a 1500 nm signal that is needed by the logic gate 600 . an optical channel 603 , such as an optical fiber , that brings in the 1500 nm signal that will be changed by the logical not gate 600 . a wavelength reducer 605 doubles the frequency of the incoming signal so that it will be converted to a 750 nm signal , and it has incorporated in it any optical amplification function needed to prepare the signal to be useful after the frequency conversion is accomplished . optical channel 601 joins with the output of wavelength reducer 605 and enters optical switch 607 . optical switch 607 is a light activated optical switch as described above . optical switch 607 will allow the 1500 nm signal to be output until a 750 nm signal comes from the wavelength reducer 605 . when a 750 nm signal comes from wavelength reducer 605 , no signal is output from optical switch 607 . optical channel 609 provides the output signal from the logical not gate 600 . an output signal is only provided when no signal is input on optical channel 603 , thus providing a logical not gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical and gate 610 . an optical channel 611 , such as an optical fiber , supplies a higher frequency wave length signal to an optical switch 612 to actuate switch 612 . optical channel 611 joins with the other fiber optic channels to enter optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 611 is matched to the light entering a first logical input provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 614 , by phase matcher 616 . optical channel 614 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 618 , then to phase matcher 616 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . a second logical input is provided to the logical and gate 610 along an optical channel 620 . optical channel 620 divides , with half of the light going into a wavelength reducer 622 , then to phase matcher 624 and then joins with other optical channels to provide inputs to the optical switch 612 . the other half of the light in optical channel 614 is input directly into optical switch 612 . an optical channel 626 joins with the other fiber optic channels to provide inputs to optical switch 612 after the phase of the light in optical channel 626 is matched to the light of second logical input on optical channel 620 by phase matcher 624 . the output of the logical and gate 610 is provided along optical channel 628 , and provides and functionality as shown in table 1 . a phase shifter 629 is provided so that inputs from optical channels 614 and 620 will be mutually out of phase by 180 degrees . thus , optical switch 612 will open and provide an output signal when light is input along both optical channels 614 and 620 and will be closed and no output signal will be provided when light is only input on one of channels 614 and 620 . it is appreciated that no output signal will be provided when there is no light input on either of channels 614 and 620 . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein digital signal lights coming into the first and second data inputs are divided into two channels one of which the wavelength is shortened and the phase is matched to switch activation signals . additionally , a logical and gate is provided where in the activation light that is phase matched to the shortened wavelength signal that goes into the optical switch and only opens to let a data signal out of the gate when a data signal is received into both inputs thereby satisfying the requirements of a logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical and gate 630 that uses two light activated optical switches 632 and 634 to handle the digital light signal data . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 636 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 630 along an optical channel 638 . a first optical channel 640 , such as an optical fiber , supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 632 and a second optical channel 642 supplies an actuation signal of 1500 nm light to optical switch 634 . a first and second wavelength reducer 642 and 646 double the frequency of the 1500 nm light so that it becomes 750 nm light . the power is also boosted up to the level needed to activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . optical switches have been designed to activate with an activation light power of 150 milliwatts . one half of the digital light signal output by wavelength reducers 642 and 646 along an optical channel 647 is provided to a light absorber 648 the other half of the light signal output from wavelength reducers 642 and 646 joins with the optical signal input on optical channel 640 , which is needed to make the logical and gate 630 work . optical switch 632 will allow the 1500 nm signal on optical channel 640 to pass through it until a 750 nm signal strong enough to close it is input to an optical channel 650 . this will occur when a 1500 nm signal comes in to the gate on optical channels 636 and 638 . an optical channel 652 provides the output signal from switch 632 to a wavelength reducer 654 . wavelength reducer 654 doubles the frequency of the 1500 min signal output by optical switch 632 along optical channel 652 . optical channel 642 provides a 1500 nm signal into the logical and gate 630 and joins it with the output of wavelength reducer 654 . optical switch 634 will allow the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 642 to exit the switch as long as no signal is output from optical switch 632 via wavelength reducer 654 . when there is only a signal entering on one of optical channels 636 and 638 , the 750 nm signal input into optical switch 632 is not sufficient to make switch 632 close and stop the flow of 1500 nm light from optical channel 640 . when a signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 , the signal is sufficient to turn off the 1500 nm signal from optical channel 640 . as long as the signal from optical channel 640 is output from switch 632 there will be no signal provided from optical switch 634 . only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 does the source light from optical channel 640 get turned off by optical switch 632 and only then is the input provided by optical channel 642 output from switch 634 , thus providing a logical and gate , with an output of 1500 nm light only when a 1500 nm signal is provided on both optical channels 636 and 638 . this logical and gate operates as in table 1 . it is appreciated that the change to half of the wavelength is provided merely as an example . other wave lengths and means could be used . thus , the present invention provides a logical and gate wherein the wavelength of the two input signals are immediately shortened and divided to provide light for the activation of optical switches . also provided is a logical and gate wherein light with the wavelength shortened actuates a switch once a data signal enter both inputs of the gate that sends a data wavelength signal that is supplied to a second optical switch . the wavelength of the output signal is increased to be an actuating signal for second optical switch assuring that a data signal only leaves the logical and gate when two inputs come into the two data ports of the gate there by satisfying the requirements of an logical and gate . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic illustration of a logical or gate 700 . a first logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical or gate 700 along an optical channel 702 and a second logical input signal of 1500 nm light is provided to the logical and gate 700 along an optical channel 704 . an optical channel 706 provides a source of 750 nm light that feeds an optical switch 708 . optical switch 708 will remain closed and no output 1500 nm signal will be provided unless the 750 nm signal from optical channel 706 is canceled . a first and second wavelength reducer 710 and 712 double the frequency of the 1500 mm signals provided along optical channels 702 and 704 so they become 750 nm signals . an optical amplifier integrated into the device boosts the power lost in the change of the frequency up again to a useful level . optical channel 714 carries the 750 nm signal output from wavelength reducer 710 to a phase matcher 716 . the phase matcher 716 makes the phase of the 750 nm signal from along optical channel 714 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . an optical channel 718 provides the output from wavelength reducer 712 to a phase matcher 720 . the phase matcher 720 makes the phase of the signal along optical channel 718 to be in phase with the source signal of 750 nm light along optical channel 706 . optical channels 722 and 724 provide half of the light from the phase matchers 716 and 720 , respectively , to light absorbers 726 and 728 . phase shifters 730 are half wave length paths that put the signals from optical channels 702 and 704 180 degrees out of phase with the light along optical channel ; 706 that they have been specifically phase matched with . when they mix with the light along optical channel 706 they will cancel half of it out . an optical channel 732 carries the 750 nm source light from phase matcher 720 , and joins it with the signals from phase shifters 730 and an optical channel 740 , which is a source of 1500 nm light that will flow out of switch 708 until a signal of sufficient power comes from optical channel 706 to shut it off . the signal is output from switch 708 along an optical channel 742 , thus providing a logical or gate . as long as the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 is fed into switch 708 no signal from source of 1500 nm light from optical channel 740 will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate , but if a signal comes into either optical channel 702 or 704 then the light from optical channel 706 will be canceled to half power and a 1500 nm signal will be allowed to come out of the logical or gate . in addition , if a signal is provided on both optical channels 702 and 704 they will be of sufficient power together to totally cancel the source of 750 nm light from optical channel 706 , resulting in an output signal being provided by the logical or gate 700 . the last paragraph explained how the logical or gate disclosed herein fulfills the requirements of the logical or gate truth table seen in table 2 . when a signal is provided along optical channel 702 or 704 or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate 700 . by providing a logical not gate , as described in fig2 , on the output of a logical or gate , described in fig2 , a logical nor gate is made , which will function as the truth table shone in table 3 . reference is now made to fig2 , which is an alternative logical or gate 800 . lines 802 and 804 are optical channels or fibers that provide the optical digital signals a and b coming into the gate . these are 1500 nm light signals . lines 806 and 807 are sources of 1500 nm light for the function of the logical or gate . wavelength reducers 808 and 810 are frequency doublers that also boost the power of the light to levels that can activate a light activated optical switch after the frequency is doubled . line 812 is a network of optical channels or fibers that carry the signals a and b from wavelength reducers 808 and 810 and combine with the signal from line 806 and carry all this into power limiter 814 . power limiter 814 allows power levels to pass on that are below a certain maximum . lines numbered 818 are optical channels or fibers that carry signals from power limiter 814 to switch 816 to wavelength reducer 820 . switch 816 is a light activated optical switch . wavelength reducer 820 doubles the frequency of the signal coming out of switch 816 . switch 830 is a light activated optical switch . line 807 is an optical channel or fiber that brings a 1500 nm signal to combine with the output of wavelength reducer 820 and carry it on to switch 830 . as long as there is a signal from wavelength reducer 820 no signal will come out of switch 830 . when a 1500 nm signal enters from line 802 ( the a signal ) it is converted to 750 nm light in reducer 808 and passes through power limiter 814 unchanged and turns off the 1500 nm signal from line 806 in switch 816 . so , no signal goes on to turn off the signal from line 807 and the or gate sends out a signal . when a signal comes from line 804 ( the b signal ) passing through reducer 810 ( doubling the frequency ), power limiter 814 to switch 816 , and no signal from 806 goes on to turn off switch 830 . this allows a signal to go from line 807 out of the gate through switch 830 . if signals come from both lines 802 and 804 , then the double output of the reducers 808 and 810 is limited by limiter 814 to be appropriate for shutting off the signal from line 806 in switch 816 . this will allow the signal from line 807 to exit the logical or gate . when a signal comes in to a or b or both then a 1500 nm signal comes out of the logical or gate . this then functions as truth table in table 2 proscribes , which describes the function of a logical , or gate . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes first and second optical switches and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light inputs , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the first light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light input to the wavelength of the activation light ; first and second light conduits supplying wavelength modified light from the first and second wavelength modifiers ; a power limiter receiving light from the first wavelength modifier and second wavelength modifier via the respective first and second light conduits and being operative to maintain light output therefrom at a predetermined power level ; a third light conduit supplying power limited light from the power limiter to the first optical switch ; a third wavelength modifier receiving signal light from the first optical switch and being operative to decrease the wavelength of the light to the wavelength of the activation light ; and a fourth light conduit supplying light from the third wavelength modifier to the second optical switch . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a schematic of a logical or gate 900 . optical channel 902 provides a first input to the logical gate 900 . optical channel is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken to a frequency increasing device numbered 905 . from frequency increasing device 905 the light proceeds through a half wave path numbered 906 that makes the light from 905 out of phase with the light it will meet from frequency increasing device 908 . the light from the half wave path 906 then combines with the light of the logic gate to inter optical switch 910 . the other half of the light from line 902 , which is logical input a joins with the other light of the logic gate to enter optical switch 910 . line 904 is input b to the logic gate . line 904 is a fiber optic channel that carries the light signal into the logic gate where it is divided in half . half of the light is taken into a frequency increasing device numbered 908 . the light from frequency increasing device numbered 908 then combines with the other light in the logic gate to inter the optical switch numbered 910 . the other half of the light from line 904 joins with the other light of the logic device to inter optical switch 910 . line 912 is the output of the logical or device . a logic gate providing or functionality and wherein the at least one optical switch includes a single optical switch and wherein the signal light has a wavelength greater than that of the activation light , the logic gate also including first and second logic inputs receiving signal light , a first light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a second light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the first logic input , a third light conduit receiving a first portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a fourth light conduit receiving a second portion of the signal light received at the second logic input , a first wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the second light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light , a second wavelength modifier operative to decrease the wavelength of the light along the fourth light conduit to the wavelength of the activation light and a phase shifter operative to cause wavelength modified light from the first wavelength modifier to be out of phase by 180 degrees with respect to the light from the second wavelength modifier , the optical switch receiving light from the first and third light conduits , the second wavelength modifier and the phase shifter . a logical nor gate that functions as the truth table in table 3 shows is made by putting the logical not gate of fig2 on the output of the logical or gate of fig2 or 25 . although some examples of logic gates , which utilize light activated optical switches , are described , other embodiments of and , or , nor and not logic gates can be produced using light activated optical switches . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
8d793bb6aa1a27b7f80424a06dd563ce519b28823c2604176b5017f1b45f7473
| 0.769531 | 0.785156 | 0.902344 | 0.886719 | 0.785156 | 0.917969 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.002625 | 0.012451 | 0.005219 | 0.018799 | 0.092773 | 0.064453 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims ."}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.050293 | 0.211914 | 0.042725 | 0.59375 | 0.099609 | 0.527344 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.0065 | 0.012451 | 0.024414 | 0.022583 | 0.087402 | 0.048096 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims ."}
|
Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.07373 | 0.269531 | 0.08252 | 0.009399 | 0.148438 | 0.324219 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.009705 | 0.103516 | 0.022339 | 0.163086 | 0.181641 | 0.357422 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Physics"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.013611 | 0.095215 | 0.005371 | 0.102539 | 0.128906 | 0.3125 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Electricity"}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.008057 | 0.00592 | 0.043945 | 0.022339 | 0.079102 | 0.048096 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a diagrammatic view of an eddy pump for purposes of illustration , the invention has embodied a shaft sealing system or apparatus 10 for a pump 12 that comprises a pump housing or casing 14 having a pump inlet 16 and a pump outlet 18 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view taken along the lines 2 - 2 of fig1 . within the pump housing or casing 14 is a chamber 20 containing a rotating impeller or rotor 22 . the rotor is affixed to a drive shaft 24 that extends through an opening 26 in the pump casing . the drive shaft is journaled for rotation within a bearing housing which is bolted to the pump casing at one end thereof . a drive means such as a motor 29 has a rotatable output shaft 27 coupled by a shaft coupling device to the drive shaft . within the bearing housing are radial and thrust bearings that locate and permit the drive shaft to rotate . it is desirable that liquid and foreign material , such as dirt or sand , be prevented from traveling along the shaft 24 from the pump casing opening 26 into the bearings to prevent contamination . the eddy pump vacuum pump apparatus 10 creates vacuum from the suction inlet side 16 of the pump 12 due to the physical characteristics of the eddy effect centered inside a liquid tornado feeding the eddy effect , located inside the pump volute and with the bgreen13 - vse attached to the suction inlet 16 of the pump 12 . this effect creates a tremendous liquid lift / draw to the volutes suction inlet . when the eddy pumps suction feed to the pump volute is properly manipulated by a special pump suction piping connector attached to the face of the pump called the bgreen13 - vse and the volute suction is flooded , vacuum pressure is efficiently and effectively created with without the need for any external hardware , chopping mechanisms and ejector nozzles . due to the vacuum being created at the suction of the eddy pump by the bgreen - vse , recirculation back to a tank 38 , as shown in fig3 , is not needed to create vacuum while discharging from the pump 12 and empting a tank 38 filled with liquid 44 . fig3 shows a pictorial schematic of the ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction using an eddy pump and fig4 is a cross sectional view of the bgreen13 - vse showing the flow of media through the bgreen13 - vse . a 1200 rpm 10 horsepower motor 29 drives the 3 \u2033 eddy pump bgreen13 - vse 33 . while specific size , diameter , output and or dimension may be provided in this detailed description , the values are given for reference to a preferred embodiment . these values can be altered based upon the design installation or criteria . the valves provide a testing , calculation and experimentally achieved embodiment . some variation for these factors and ratios provide equivalent or superior functionality and are represented in the appended claims . a 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander 39 is connected between the output of the eddy pump 34 and a 4 \u2033 isolation valve 30 . the 3 \u2033\u00d7 4 \u2033 pipe expander causes a reduction in the pressure as media flows into 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 to discharge media 45 from the pump 34 to the vacuum collection , holding and transfer tank ( vcht ) 38 . the 4 \u2033 discharge pipe 41 is oriented above the eddy pimp 34 to create a head pressure within the eddy pump 34 to provide more stable flow through the eddy pump 34 . the length ( or height ) of the discharge pipe 41 establishes the back pressure on the discharge of the eddy pump 34 . in this figure , the discharge pipe 41 , is located above the fluid level 44 in the vcht tank 38 but the level 44 within the vcht tank 38 can vary and a vent / overflow 43 is shown to prevent pressure variation within the vcht tank 38 and prevent bursting from an overfill condition . media from within the vcht tank 38 is drawn into a 3 \u2033 pipe 31 that is in the existing ship that is connected to the vcht tank 38 . this 3 \u2033 pipe is connected to a 3 \u2033 isolation valve 32 . the isolation valve 32 is connected to a bgreen13 - vse 33 where fluid is drawn into 52 the bgreen13 - vse 33 . the bgreen13 - vse 33 is a 3 \u2033 pipe fabricated with a 2 \u2033 tee . the cross sectional area of the side tee to the through pipe is approximately 50 % but a range of between 25 % and 75 % will generally provide the desired result . the eddy pump 34 suction 51 velocity is increased by the bgreen13 - vse 33 , increasing the suction pull 51 of the eddy pump 34 which increases the velocity of the fluid passing 53 by a 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection . this draws the air in the area of the vacuum piping system attached to the 2 \u2033 vacuum pipe connection into the pump creating the negative pressure needed to maintain liquid fluid flow which is typically 14 to 18 \u2033 hg . using the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the eddy pump 34 can create a vacuum pressure of up to 29 \u2033 hg . the 3 \u2033 eddy pump 34 and bgreen13 - vse 33 can pump and pass - through the suction and discharge of the pump up to a 2 \u2033 solid spherical object while creating vacuum with a vacuum recovery efficient enough to operate in a vcht vacuum collection system . a 2 \u2033 connecting pipe 35 that connects between the bgreen13 - vse 33 to an output of the vacuum flapper check valve 36 . the vacuum flapper check valve 36 is connected to a vacuum distribution manifold 37 where it can be connected 42 to secondary vacuum pump ( s ). solid objects with a mass of up to 1 \u2033 less in suction feed pipe size can pass thru the eddy pump without any blockage or harm to the inside of the volute . vacuum is still created while pumping the solid objects . traditional , connecting a vacuum flapper check valve to the suction piping of the eddy pump allows for collection of the vacuum . due to the natural eddy pump effect created , vacuum can be produced in a continuous duty application . this preferred embodiment provides the ability to create vacuum pressure in waste and liquid collection systems without the use of an ejector and mechanical macerating type pump . instead by using the eddy pump 3 \u2033 pump with a 1200 rpm motor and the bgreen13 - vse 33 attached to the suction inlet 51 of the eddy pump 34 , vacuum pressure is created with an tremendous amount of vacuum recovery per flush while at the same time being able to pass solid objects thru the suction and discharge piping . the eddy pump vacuum pump is the creation of vacuum while discharging without needing to loop - back into a holding tank . this novel method of vacuum creation from the suction / feed inlet of the pump can be used for land - based systems and shipboard systems , while avoiding any clogging in the pump due to not using an ejector , allowing solids objects to pass thru while making vacuum . the eddy effect that is created by the eddy pump draws the fluid through the suction inlet 51 with such a tremendous amount of pull that vacuum is created while discharging the fluid at the same time . choking / reducing the size of the suction piping of the eddy pump in comparison with the pumps suction inlet size , and keeping a flooded suction increases the pulling effectiveness of the pump , creating a vacuum while maintaining discharge and flow specifications . connecting a flapper check valve from the suction of the pump to the vacuum manifold holds the vacuum created , so vacuum toilet flushing can occur , sustaining 7 - 9 flushes per minute at 2 cubic feet per flush . this embodiment is non - clogging , without an ejector , maintenance free , major increase in efficiency of vacuum creation , solid objects pass thru , creation of vacuum while discharging without the need of recirculation back to a holding tank , continuous duty operation with extremely low heat transfer to the fluid being pumped . the media that is being transported range from clear and clean water to heavy liquid slurries within a specific gravity of 1 . 0 or less and objects of 2 \u2033 spherical size and shape suspended in liquid , vacuum pressure is created by utilizing the suction pull and lift abilities of a fluid tornado physically feeding into an liquid eddy effect mechanical device without cavitations and manipulating the devices suction pull and lift abilities to increase tremendously the vacuum creation effect and recovery of vacuum loss while vacuum pressure is being created or within a holding chamber . a key to transporting this media is the ability to remove the air with a volume of space quick enough to not only create absolute vacuum at 29 hg , but recover lost vacuum that has been created within a certain amount of time in conjunction with the volume area , without creating mechanical cavitations by the air being removed while being able to keep creating vacuum while solid objects within 2 \u2033 size are being collected , passed forward or re - circulated and while creating a layer of air removal separate from the fluid in the liquid suction , only to be mixed together in the discharge . this allows for an increase in vacuum fluid or object collection and the removal of cavitations as air is introduced to the eddy effect device . using a fluid tornado feeding into an eddy effect mechanical device connection to a recirculation tank was not enough to create the vacuum recovery within a set area of volume space . a balance of liquid fed into the device along with the removal of air , eddy effect device liquid discharge pressure ( psi ) range , limitations in power requirements of the eddy effect device , flooded suction pipe diameter in relation to the devices suction diameter , the location with the flooded suction that the air must be removed from and the removal of greater than minor cavitations of the eddy effect device being used . bgreen13 - vse 33 was created to provide the desired result . the diameter of the suction pipe is reduced by \u00bd \u2033 of the eddy effect devices suction diameter while pulling the air directly above at a minimum of 1 \u2033 or greater and in front of the pipe diameter reduction with the suction piping . the location of the air removal device must be 0 \u2033- 12 \u2033 within connection of the eddy effect device suction connection . the suction piping distance after the air removal device is irrelevant if continuously flooded with liquid . thus , specific embodiments of an ejector - less vacuum creation pump using suction have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
428d9047af44c104af62aac681bced7776a2b99be57fd2b5cc608fe3402b81be
| 0.006287 | 0.091309 | 0.025146 | 0.361328 | 0.087402 | 0.21582 |
null |
{"patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.067383 | 0.05835 | 0.078125 | 0.00885 | 0.171875 | 0.211914 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.277344 | 0.144531 | 0.084961 | 0.078125 | 0.214844 | 0.585938 |
null |
{"patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.12793 | 0.000062 | 0.068359 | 0.003937 | 0.061768 | 0.035645 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.40625 | 0.042725 | 0.332031 | 0.002045 | 0.5 | 0.130859 |
null |
{"patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.103516 | 0.013611 | 0.328125 | 0.722656 | 0.198242 | 0.248047 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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{"patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.550781 | 0.010681 | 0.710938 | 0.016968 | 0.5 | 0.117676 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.470703 | 0.574219 | 0.601563 | 0.851563 | 0.679688 | 0.660156 |
null |
{"patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "a keeper for coiled items in accordance with the present invention comprises an elongated strap 2 of flexible material having a plurality of fibrous loop elements 4 throughout one surface 6 of the strap 2 and a plurality of fibrous hook elements 8 throughout the opposite surface 10 of the strap 2 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention may be used with any item that is gathered up into a coil or bundle when not in use , such as an electrical cord , a garden hose or the like . the construction may be the same for all , differing only in size . for purposes of description , reference in this specification will be made to use of the coil keeper with an electrical cord 12 . the coil keeper in accordance with this invention is secured to the electrical cord 12 by a two part interlock 14 comprising a longitudinally extending slot 16 and a laterally extending opposed pair of notches 18 and 20 extending inwardly from opposite side edges 22 and 24 of the strap 2 at a pre - determined spaced apart distance from the intermediate point 26 of the longitudinally extending slot 16 . such pre - determined spaced apart distance is substantially equal to the outer circumference of the electrical cord 12 which is to be received within a loop 28 to be formed in the strap 2 between the longitudinal slot 16 and the laterally extending notches 18 and 20 . when the loop 28 is formed , it fits snugly against and around the electrical cord 12 to keep the strap 2 secured thereto when the cord 12 is uncoiled and in use . the longitudinally extending slot 16 has a longitudinal dimension somewhat greater than the cross - sectional dimension of the strap 2 . a pair of relatively short laterally extending opposed slots 30 and 32 extend outwardly from longitudinal slot 16 at its intermediate point 26 for the respective opposed notches 18 and 20 to intermesh with when loop 28 is formed . when the opposed notches 18 and 20 are intermeshed with the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 , the loop 28 is locked in place and can be neither loosened nor tightened until the strap 2 is twisted in such a way as to release the opposed notches 18 and 20 from the opposed laterally extending slots 30 and 32 . after use of the electrical cord 12 has been completed , it is rolled into a coil 34 as shown in fig5 partially in section , and the strap 2 is wrapped around the coil . the free end 36 of the strap 2 is brought far enough around to overlap a portion of the opposite end region 38 of the strap 2 . at such time , one of the surfaces 6 having the loops 4 or 10 having the hooks 8 of the overlapped free end portion 36 is facing the opposite surface of strap 2 of the overlapped portion of the opposite end region 38 . thus , as shown in fig5 when strap 2 is wrapped around the coil 34 with surface 6 having fibrous loops 4 facing outwardly , the overlapping portion of free end 36 has surface 10 with fibrous hooks 8 facing inwardly to releasably interconnect with fibrous loops 4 on surface 6 which are facing outwardly along the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 . the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 releasably interconnect when pressed into contact with each other to hold the opposite end regions of strap 2 together . when free end 36 of strap 2 is pulled away from the overlapped portion of opposite end region 38 , the fibrous loops 4 and hooks 8 release , thereby opening the large loop 40 formed by strap 2 which extends laterally around the gathered loops 42 of the electrical cord 12 that make up the coil 34 . the electrical cord 12 can then be uncoiled for use . when electrical cord 12 is uncoiled for use , the strap 2 remains attached to electrical cord 12 by means of the interlocked loop 28 . it is thereby available on the electrical cord 12 for use in forming the releasably interconnected large loop 40 to extend around the gathered loops 42 when cord 12 is coiled up for storage and to hold such coil 34 together until the electrical cord 12 is again put in use . as stated above , the coil keeper in accordance with this invention can be used with any item that is rolled up into a coil when not in use and uncoiled when put to use . the strap 2 may be any desired length . the interlockable loop 28 may be any desired size to fit snugly around whatever item the coil keeper is to be used with , by appropriate spacing of the notches 18 and 20 from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . the strap 2 may have more than one pair of notches 18 and 20 , each pair spaced at different distances from the intermediate point 26 at which lateral slots 30 and 32 intersect longitudinal slot 16 . fig6 illustrates a modification of that kind , in which strap 2 has a first pair of opposed notches 18 and 20 spaced apart a first predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 , and a second pair of opposed notches 180 and 200 spaced apart a second and farther predetermined distance from intermediate point 26 to fit snugly around a larger diameter item when interlockable loop 28 is formed by intermeshing opposed notches 180 and 200 in lateral slots 30 and 32 . another modified form of the keeper in accordance with this invention is shown in fig7 . the strap 2 has fibrous loops 4 on and extending throughout its surface 6 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 , and fibrous hooks 8 on and extending throughout its opposite surface 10 from its end 36 to its opposite end 38 . the fibrous loops 4 are releasably interconnectable with fibrous hooks 8 when brought into facing relationship and pressed together . by providing such loops 4 and hooks 8 throughout the entire length of the strap 2 on opposite sides from end to end , the strap 2 can be twisted at any intermediate portion to bring loops 4 on surface 6 into facing relationship with hooks 8 on surface 10 to form a small loop 28 having a peripheral circumference corresponding to that of an electrical cord 12 or other item such as a garden hose and the like , to hold the strap snugly in place thereon . the elongated portions of strap 2 which extend outwardly from the twisted portion that forms the small loop 28 can then be brought around to form a larger loop 40 to laterally surround the gathered loops of a coil of electrical cord 12 or other coiled item . the end 38 of strap 2 is brought around to overlap a portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly from its end 36 . at such time as shown in fig7 surface 6 having loops 4 extending inwardly from end 36 is in facing relationship with surface 10 having hooks 8 on the overlapping portion of strap 2 which extends inwardly thereof from end 38 . the overlapped portions are pressed together whereby the hooks 8 and loops 4 releasably interconnect to hold the large loop in place to keep a coil of electrical cord or other item together in the coil until it is desired to release . when the large loop 40 is released by separating the overlapped portions extending inwardly from ends 36 and 38 of the strap 2 , the small loop 28 remains intact to retain the strap 2 on a portion of the electrical cord or other item until it is desired to use again to form large loop 40 to keep the electrical cord together in a coil .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
21d3e0e49f2d4e4113424356424e1d01a1c92c7d267269adf94828cc121e205f
| 0.067383 | 0.289063 | 0.078125 | 0.241211 | 0.171875 | 0.5625 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated ."}
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.031738 | 0.000587 | 0.007355 | 0.031982 | 0.423828 | 0.041504 |
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.005554 | 0.0065 | 0.019165 | 0.027954 | 0.202148 | 0.108398 |
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.002319 | 0.000179 | 0.014526 | 0.005066 | 0.178711 | 0.019165 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.009399 | 0.020386 | 0.000969 | 0.000345 | 0.122559 | 0.005371 |
null |
{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.002884 | 0.042725 | 0.013611 | 0.07373 | 0.130859 | 0.074707 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated ."}
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Physics"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.031738 | 0.028442 | 0.007355 | 0.067383 | 0.423828 | 0.236328 |
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.002884 | 0.15332 | 0.013611 | 0.139648 | 0.130859 | 0.404297 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated ."}
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{"patent": "it is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention described herein have been simplified to illustrate the elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention , while eliminating , for purposes of clarity many other elements found in illuminating headsets . however , because these elements are well - known in the art , and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , a discussion of such element is not provided herein . the disclosure herein is directed to also variations and modifications known to those skilled in the art . fig1 represents an illuminating headset assembly . headband assembly 10 includes generally two light emitting units , or illumination devices , 100 , 200 within housing 300 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are supported relative to one another with housing 300 , which is attached to assembly 10 by bar 400 . illumination devices 100 , 200 are adapted to emit light in relatively narrow beams that intersect and entirely or substantially overlap at a selected distance from the illumination devices . headband 500 supports housing 300 including illumination devices 100 , 200 . although headband assembly 10 is shown to include two light - emitting devices , it would be appreciated that assembly 10 may also be constructed to include only a single light - emitting device . as the principles of operation of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 are generally identical ; a description of only one of the devices will be described in detail herein . fig2 a represents a single one of the light - emitting devices 100 , 200 of an illuminated headset in accordance with the principles of the invention . fig2 b represents an exploded view of the device 100 ( or 200 ) shown in fig2 a . referring to fig2 a , device 100 is an illuminating device having an opaque housing 105 having a distal end 106 and a proximal end 107 , an opening 110 at the distal end 106 and a tapering portion 112 intermediate the distal end 106 and the proximal end 107 . referring to fig2 b , a light emitting diode 120 is mounted within a mounting 150 that is positioned in housing 105 near the proximal end 107 . the light emitting diode is positioned to emit light toward opening 110 . lenses 131 , 132 are positioned in housing 105 distally from the light emitting diode 120 to receive and retransmit through opening 110 a portion of the emitted light . lenses 131 , 132 allow the focusing or defocusing of light emitted from light emitting diode 120 . lenses 131 , 132 may be adjusted to provide a zone of substantially uniform illumination at a known distance from the distal end of device 100 . referring to fig2 b , lenses 131 , 132 may be held in place by sleeve 133 , o - ring 134 and closing - ring 135 . lenses 131 , 132 may be spherical or aspherical and may be of a glass composition with or without a plastic coating . epoxy may be employed to fix lenses 131 , 132 to sleeve 133 . although only two lenses are illustrated , it would be recognized that the number and selection of lenses may be varied without altering the scope of the invention . mounting bracket 140 is attached to housing 105 near the proximal end of assembly 100 . mounting bracket 140 is an example of a bracket adapted to be attached to a headband 500 ( fig1 ) so that device 100 may be mounted on the head of a user . mounting bracket 140 is shown having a body with an opening therethrough to receive the proximal end 107 of housing 105 . mounting pin 142 may be inserted into bore 146 and into corresponding bores in housing 110 and a bore 144 in led mount 150 ( see fig8 ) to secure housing 105 , mounting bracket 140 and led mount 150 relative to one another . led mount 150 may be in physical contact with housing 105 or otherwise configured to provide good heat conduction from mount 150 to housing 105 . led mount 150 may be selected from a material that is a good heat conductor . for example , mount 150 may be a copper or a tellurium copper alloy . housing 105 may be made of a similarly good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or aluminum . in one aspect , an uneven outer surface of housing 105 may be provided , as illustrated . such uneven surface may be represented as grooves defined in the outer surface of housing 105 . the uneven surface increases the surface area and , hence , the spread the heat over a greater surface area . in any event , the surface can also be smooth . although device 100 shown in fig2 a and 2b is shown having a conical shape , it would be recognized by those skilled in the art that this illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other shapes , e . g ., cylindrical , are currently contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig3 a - 3c represent simplified exemplary ray diagrams associated with the device shown in fig2 a and 2b . it will be appreciated that lenses associated with lens 130 are merely schematic and may include a plurality of lenses and / or reflectors . emitter 120 represents a plurality of light emitting diodes arranged in an array 605 . array 605 may have a pattern as shown in , and described in further detail with regard to a discussion of , fig4 . referring to fig3 a , lens 130 is positioned relative to array 605 with its focal point on array 605 so as to project a focused image of array 605 on an incident or target area 330 . because of the placement of array 605 at the focal point of lens 130 , details of the array may be seen in within the target image . this focused image is undesirable as it fails to provide a substantially uniform illumination within the target area . referring to fig3 b , lens 130 is configured so that its focal point , identified as 332 is behind array 605 . in this case , the defocusing of the light generated by array 605 causes a defocused image 331 to be projected on a target area at the same distance as shown in fig3 a . the defocused image provides a distinct zone of substantially uniform illumination without displaying the pattern of array 605 . the illuminated area of image 331 is larger than the focused image 330 shown in fig3 a and has a higher intensity of illumination . image 331 has a generally rectangular form , as array 605 is generally rectangular , in this illustrated example . examples of a focused image of an array and a defocused image of an array projected on a target area are shown in fig6 a and 6b , respectively . fig3 c illustrates a configuration wherein the focal point 332 of lens 130 is positioned in front of array 605 . this arrangement provides a blurred image of the array with indistinct edges and great variation in intensity . the image provides less uniformity and lower intensity than the defocused image shown in fig3 b . as shown in fig3 a - 3c and fig6 a and 6b , a defocused image has a larger area , a more even illumination and a higher intensity of illumination when compared to a focused image of emitter array 605 . it will be appreciated that superposition of defocused images of multiple arrays results in both higher illumination intensity and better uniformity of illumination across the illuminated area . in an exemplary embodiment shown , an intensity of about 7 , 000 foot - candles may be obtained across a field . devices for providing such intensity are manufactured by cree with headquarters located in durham , n . c . the device is sold as the cree p3 led : p / n xrewhtl1 - 0000 - 07 - 01 which provides intensity of 7 , 000 fc at 13 \u2033 working distance . the intensity is measured with a gossen panlux light meter . p / n 3b14095 ( gossen is located in germany ). fig4 represents an exemplary led emitter assembly 600 incorporated into the optical device shown in fig2 a . individual leds maybe a cree xlamp high - power led , available from arrow electronics , manalapan , n . j . array 605 is a two - dimensional array having an overall generally rectangular shape . the array 605 may be on a single die or on more than one die . generally rectangular sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 and elongated sub - array 616 , 618 emit light . these sub - arrays may include individual diode elements that are relatively closely spaced together . for example , the diodes may be spaces at 400 dots per inch ( dpi ) or 1200 dpi . relatively narrow areas 620 , which may contain controllers and other devices , for example do not emit light . as discussed with regard to fig3 a , a focused projection of array 605 will result in an image with projections of sub - arrays 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 and 618 being bright with dark lines corresponding to areas 620 . furthermore , variations in light output intensity within sub - array areas may occur . such variation may occur as a result of errors in manufacturing of the led sub - arrays . as a result of the pattern of variations in intensity , when a focused image of array 605 is projected onto an incident or target area , noticeable variations in illumination intensity occur ( see fig6 a ). however , when a defocused image , as discussed with regard to fig3 b , is projected onto a target area , variations in illumination intensity are reduced so as to create a zone of substantially uniform illumination as seen in fig6 b . fig5 illustrates a method for providing a zone of substantially uniform illumination utilizing the optical devices as shown in fig2 a when incorporated into the illuminated headset shown in fig1 . in this exemplary process , an incident plane , such as an opaque sheet , is placed at a desired distance from the illuminated headset 10 . the illumination device 100 ( 200 ) is activated and an image projected onto the incident place is paced into focus . the projected image of the emitting array may appear to include at least one distinct illuminated area and may have relatively sharp edges . ( block 705 ). the lens or lenses ( 130 , 132 ) are then adjusted until a defocused image is obtained , as indicated by block 710 and fixed at block 715 . lens adjustment may include changing the distance between the lens 130 ( fig2 a ) and the array 605 , changing the distance between lenses 131 and 132 , substituting different lenses or adding or removing lenses . as shown n fig3 b , the adjustment causes the focal point of the lenses to be behind the array 605 ( defocused ). in one aspect , a light meter may be positioned at the desired distance and the lenses may be adjusted until the illumination intensity detected by the light meter is substantially at a maximum . with each lens adjustment , the area of illumination at the selected distance may also be checked to determine when the area is a minimum desired size . it will also be appreciated that different leds may be selected . fig6 a illustrates the projection 900 of a focused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , narrow , non - light emitting regions 910 of array 605 are discernable from the illuminated area 905 . in addition , the edges of the illuminated area are less intense than that of the center region . fig6 b illustrates the projection 920 of a defocused image of array 605 onto a target area at a desired distance from optical device 100 . as discussed previously , the illumination across the target area is substantially uniform as denoted by the intensity at the center point 922 and edge point 924 . fig7 a illustrates a front view of the exemplary optical device 100 shown in fig2 a . in this exemplary illustration , the orientation of emitter array 605 is preferably selected be to at an angle of substantially 45 degrees to a transverse axis ( not shown ) of the devices . the angle of 45 degrees is selected to illuminate an area at a selected distance from the assembly to project an image that is substantially square . otherwise , the projected illumination may have a wider range in one direction ( e . g ., horizontal ) as opposed to another direction ( e . g ., vertical ). if the angle is changed , then other geometric configurations can be accommodated . for example , at an angle of 90 degrees , the configuration would be a square . fig7 b illustrates a front view of the incorporation of the optical device shown in fig2 a in an assembly 300 shown in fig1 . in this embodiment , the optical devices 100 , 200 are oriented along a horizontal axis of assembly 300 . in this illustrated embodiment , the diode arrays 605 , 606 are shown having the same orientation to the horizontal axis of assembly 300 . the preferred orientation of the array 605 with regard to an axis of assembly 300 is selected for the reasons similar to that discussed above . although , the arrays 605 , 606 are shown in the same orientation , it would be understand that the orientation of the arrays 605 , 606 may be independently selected and that other orientations , as well as other emitter array shapes , within the optical device have been contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention . fig8 illustrates an exemplary mount 150 in accordance with the principles of the invention . mount 150 is preferable selected from materials that act as a good heat conductor , e . g ., copper or tellurium copper alloy . mount 150 is generally a cylindrical hollow body , closed at one end by wall 1108 , which provides a platform for emitter array 605 , and open at the other end . major cylindrical wall 123 has a bore 144 through a central axis and a corresponding opposite bore ( not shown ) along an axis through the central axis of end cylindrical wall 124 . end cylindrical wall 124 is coaxial with , and of lesser diameter than major cylindrical wall 123 and the two walls are joined by a shoulder . end wall 1108 has upstanding members 1105 , 1106 at opposite sides , positioned to retain a led array 605 at a selected orientation relative to bore 144 . end wall 1108 lies in a plane substantially parallel to the axis of bore 144 . bore 125 provides for wiring that allows connection of array 605 ( not shown ) to a power source . upstanding members 1105 , 1106 on surface 1108 are positioned to provide a selected orientation of a led array ( not shown ) having a rectangular base and a generally rectangular shape , so that the sides of the led array are parallel to the sides of the base and that the sides of the array are at an angle substantially 45 degrees relative to the central axis of bore 144 and the bore opposite thereto through major wall 123 . as a result of the orientation of pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ) in bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) of emitter mount 150 , the angle between the axis of bore 144 ( and corresponding not shown opposite bore hole ) and the sides of array 605 ( not shown ) when mounted on emitter mount 150 , is fixed at a substantially 45 degree angle relative to a horizontal axis . fig9 a - 9c illustrate views of the attachment of mount 150 within the optical device 100 shown in fig2 a and an exemplary orientation of the array 605 with regard to the vertical axis of optical device 100 . pins 321 , 322 provide means for attaching mount 150 to device 100 and setting the orientation of array 605 . fig9 a illustrates the insertion of mounting 150 in a distal end of the device 100 and is attachment by pins 321 , 322 . fig9 b illustrates a front view of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 ( fig8 ) at a preferred angle of substantially 45 degrees to the axis of pins 321 , 322 . fig9 c illustrates a front view of a blueprint representation of the positioning of array 605 on surface 1108 . fig9 c further illustrates a preferred tolerance for the orientation angle of array 605 . fig1 a - 10d illustrate an alternative emitter mounting 1222 . emitter mount 1222 , similar to mount 150 ( fig8 ) is a good heat conductor . in this alterative embodiment , emitter mount 1222 is generally in the form of a hollow body , open at one end and closed at the other . emitter mount 1222 has a major cylindrical wall 1223 at its open end and a bore hole 1244 through outer wall 1223 . bore 1244 may be adapted to receive pins 321 , 322 ( fig9 a ). emitter mount 1222 has a generally rectangular hollow body 1232 defining the closed end of emitter mount 1222 . hollow body 1232 is narrower than major cylindrical wall 1223 and the two are joined by a shoulder 1234 . hollow body 1232 is centered on the axis of major cylindrical wall 1223 . a bore hole 1238 through rectangular hollow body 1232 accommodates wiring to an emitter array ( not shown ) positioned on surface 1236 . end wall 1236 is so oriented as to accommodate an emitter at a specified orientation relative to bore hole 1244 . in the illustrated example , as may be particularly shown in fig1 d , the sides of end wall 1236 are at angle of substantially 45 degrees relative to bore 1244 . similarly , bore 1238 in rectangular body 1236 is at an angle , which in the illustrated embodiment is oriented substantially 45 degrees from bore 1244 in main cylindrical wall 1223 . while there has been shown , described , and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described , in the form and details of the devices disclosed , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
74ae1ed01f2afd9087ad182fa93017e59ad47b19cb5feaa8fb30549f26b81f07
| 0.026367 | 0.018799 | 0.004333 | 0.050293 | 0.394531 | 0.088867 |
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
|
{"patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.460938 | 0.106934 | 0.839844 | 0.466797 | 0.777344 | 0.378906 |
null |
{"patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.00103 | 0.007813 | 0.063477 | 0.00592 | 0.120117 | 0.002319 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
|
{"patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.214844 | 0.000473 | 0.535156 | 0.002548 | 0.683594 | 0.006104 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
|
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.15332 | 0.019775 | 0.324219 | 0.255859 | 0.613281 | 0.229492 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.214844 | 0.025513 | 0.535156 | 0.013611 | 0.683594 | 0.15625 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
|
{"patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.214844 | 0.025513 | 0.535156 | 0.226563 | 0.683594 | 0.197266 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
|
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.460938 | 0.008057 | 0.84375 | 0.008301 | 0.777344 | 0.005066 |
null |
{"patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a \u2018 four - bar \u2019 ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the \u2212 x direction ). the +/\u2212 y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where \u03bb = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term \u201c about .\u201d accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms \u201c a ,\u201d \u201c an ,\u201d \u201c the \u201d and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., \u201c such as \u201d) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term \u201c consisting of \u201d excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term \u201c consisting essentially of \u201d limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
c41df34b859c0dd93e2673631899afd76b005a6c11f316383d404ba312e28977
| 0.00103 | 0.030273 | 0.063477 | 0.219727 | 0.120117 | 0.098145 |
null |
{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.001205 | 0.001137 | 0.0065 | 0.004608 | 0.041992 | 0.006287 |
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{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.001205 | 0.002884 | 0.0065 | 0.02063 | 0.041992 | 0.025146 |
null |
{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.003281 | 0.000626 | 0.002716 | 0.000345 | 0.067383 | 0.006104 |
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use ."}
|
{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.408203 | 0.001701 | 0.867188 | 0.004761 | 0.523438 | 0.012024 |
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{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.001205 | 0.023682 | 0.0065 | 0.005371 | 0.041992 | 0.212891 |
null |
{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.001137 | 0.007813 | 0.00383 | 0.004059 | 0.044678 | 0.033203 |
null |
{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
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901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.005066 | 0.000357 | 0.006683 | 0.000488 | 0.059326 | 0.000488 |
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use ."}
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{"patent": "30 . an effective hbv dna vaccine provides advantages over a protein subunit vaccine because dna is stable under a variety of conditions . this allows for ease in storage and shipping , especially in lesser developed countries . because the vaccine need not contain an adjuvant ( see example i below ), raw material costs and manufacturing costs are lower . like hbv subunit vaccines , hbv dna vaccines are safer than vaccines based on live vectors such as viruses or bacteria . additional advantages include the production of a more native antigen conformation , ease of modifying the amino acid sequence of the antigen , and ability to co - deliver nucleic acids that can express other antigens or polypeptide adjuvants ( e . g ., cytokines ). 31 . the nucleic acid vaccines of the invention can be used as prophylactic vaccines in naive individuals , or as therapeutic vaccines in individuals already infected with hbv . 33 . an hbcag polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid used in the methods or compositions of the invention is any protein or polypeptide sharing an epitope with a naturally occurring hbcag . such functionally related hbcag polypeptides can differ from the wild type hbcag sequence by additions or substitutions within the hbcag amino acid sequence . amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity , charge , solubility , hydrophobicity , hydrophilicity , and / or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved . 34 . nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids include alanine , leucine , isoleucine , valine , proline , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and methionine . polar neutral amino acids include glycine , serine , threonine , cysteine , tyrosine , asparagine , and glutamine . positively charged ( basic ) amino acids include arginine , lysine , and histidine . negatively charged ( acidic ) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid . 35 . hbcag variants with altered amino acid sequences can be obtained by random mutations to hbcag dna ( see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). this can be achieved by random mutagenesis techniques known in the art . following expression of the mutagenized dna , the encoded polypeptide can be isolated to yield highly antigenic hbcag . alternatively , site - directed mutations of the hbcag coding sequence can be engineered using techniques also well - known to those skilled in the art . 36 . in designing variant hbcag polypeptides , it is useful to distinguish between conserved positions and variable positions . to produce variants with increased antigenicity , conserved residues preferably are not altered . alteration of non - conserved residues are preferably conservative alterations , e . g ., a basic amino acid is replaced by a different basic amino acid . similar mutations to the hbcag coding sequence can be made to generate hbcag polypeptides that are better suited for expression in vivo . 37 . the nucleic acids useful in the methods and compositions of the invention include at least three components : ( 1 ) a hbcag coding sequence beginning with a start codon , ( 2 ) a mammalian transcriptional promoter operatively linked to the coding sequence for expression of the hbcag , and ( 3 ) a mammalian polyadenylation signal operably linked to the coding sequence to terminate transcription driven by the promoter . in this context , a \u201c mammalian \u201d promoter or polyadenylation signal is not necessarily a nucleic acid sequence derived from a mammal . for example , it is known that mammalian promoters and polyadenylation signals can be derived from viruses . 38 . in addition , complete hbcag nucleic acid sequences are known . see , e . g ., pasek et al ., nature 282 : 575 - 579 ( 1979 ), which discloses a sequence available under genbank accession no . j02202 . 39 . the nucleic acid vector can optionally include additional sequences such as enhancer elements , splicing signals , termination and polyadenylation signals , viral replicons , and bacterial plasmid sequences . such vectors can be produced by methods known in the art . for example , nucleic acid encoding the desired hbcag can be inserted into various commercially available expression vectors . see , e . g ., invitrogen catalog , 1998 . in addition , vectors specifically constructed for nucleic acid vaccines are described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). 41 . the nucleic acids of the invention can be administered to an individual , or inoculated , in the presence of substances that have the capability of promoting nucleic acid uptake or recruiting immune system cells to the site of the inoculation . for example , nucleic acid encapsulated in microparticles have been shown to promote expression of rotaviral proteins from nucleic acid vectors in viva ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 620 , 896 ). 42 . a mammal can be inoculated with nucleic acid through any parenteral route , e . g ., intravenous , intraperitoneal , intradermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary , or intramuscular routes . it can also be administered , orally , or by particle bombardment using a gene gun . muscle is a useful tissue for the delivery and expression of hbcag - encoding nucleic acid because mammals have a proportionately large muscle mass which is conveniently accessed by direct injection through the skin . a comparatively large dose of nucleic acid can be deposited into muscle by multiple and / or repetitive injections . multiple injections can be used for therapy over extended periods of time . 43 . administration of nucleic acids by conventional particle bombardment can be used to deliver nucleic acid for expression of hbcag in skin or on an mucosal surface . particle bombardment can be carried out using commercial devices . for example , the accell ii\u03c5 ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) particle bombardment device , one of several commercially available \u201c gene guns \u201d, can be employed to deliver nucleic acid - coated gold beads . a helios gene gun ( bio - rad ) can also be used to administer the dna particles . information on particle bombardment devices and methods can be found in sources including the following : yang et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 9568 [ 1990 ]; yang , crc crit rev biotechnol 12 : 335 [ 1992 ]; richmond et al ., virology 230 : 265 - 274 [ 1997 ]; mustafa et al ., virology 229 : 269 - 278 ( 1997 ); livingston et al ., infect immun 66 : 322 - 329 ( 1998 ) and cheng et al ., proc natl acad sci usa 90 : 4455 [ 1993 ]. 44 . in some embodiments of the invention , an individual is inoculated by a mucosal route . the hbcag - encoding nucleic acid can be administered to a mucosal surface by a variety of methods including nucleic acid - containing nose - drops , inhalants , suppositories , or microspheres . alternatively , a nucleic acid vector containing the hbcag gene can be encapsulated in poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plg ) microparticles by a solvent extraction technique , such as the ones described in jones et al ., infect immun 64 : 489 ( 1996 ); and jones et al ., vaccine 15 : 814 ( 1997 ). for example , the nucleic acid is emulsified with plg dissolved in dichloromethane , and this water - in - oil emulsion is emulsified with aqueous polyvinyl alcohol ( an emulsion stabilizer ) to form a ( water - in - oil )- in - water double emulsion . this double emulsion is added to a large quantity of water to dissipate the dichloromethane , which results in the microdroplets hardening to form microparticles . these microdroplets or microparticles are harvested by centrifugation , washed several times to remove the polyvinyl alcohol and residual solvent , and finally lyophilized . the microparticles containing nucleic acid have a mean diameter of 0 . 5 \u03bcm . to test for nucleic acid content , the microparticles are dissolved in 0 . 1 m naoh at 100 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes . the a 260 is measured , and the amount of nucleic acid calculated from a standard curve . incorporation of nucleic acid into microparticles is in the range of 1 . 76 g to 2 . 7 g nucleic acid per milligram plg . 45 . microparticles containing about 1 to 100 \u03bcg of nucleic acid are suspended in about 0 . 1 to 1 ml of 0 . 1 m sodium bicarbonate , ph 8 . 5 , and orally administered to mice or humans , e . g ., by gavage . 46 . regardless of the route of administration , an adjuvant can be administered before , during , or after administration of the nucleic acid . an adjuvant can increase the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells , increase the expression of the antigen from the nucleic acid within the cell , induce antigen presenting cells to infiltrate the region of tissue where the antigen is being expressed , or increase the antigen - specific response provided by lymphocytes . 48 . before administering the vaccines of this invention to humans , efficacy testing can be conducted using animals . in an example of efficacy testing , mice are vaccinated by intramuscular injection . after the initial vaccination or after optional booster vaccinations , the mice ( and negative controls ) are monitored for indications of vaccine - induced , hbcag - specific immune responses . methods of measuring hbcag - specific immune responses are described in the examples below and also in townsend et al ., j virol 71 : 3365 - 3374 ( 1997 ); kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 ( 1996 ); kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 ( 1997 ); geissler et al ., gastroenterology 112 : 1307 - 1320 ( 1997 ); and sallberg et al ., j virol 71 : 5295 - 5303 ( 1997 ). 49 . anti - hbcag serum antibody levels in vaccinated animals can be determined using the core anti - hbc kit ( cat . no . 2259 - 20 , abbott gmbh , weisbaden , germany ). the concentrations of anti - hbcag antibodies are standardized against a readily available reference standard of the paul - ehrlich institute ( langen , germany ). 50 . cytotoxicity assays can be performed as follows . spleen cells from immunized mice are suspended in complete mem with 10 % fetal calf serum and 5 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 m 2 - mercapto - ethanol . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations are harvested after 5 days of culture , and a 5 - hour 51 cr release assay is performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using target cells . the effector to target cell ratio is varied . percent lysis is defined as ( experimental release minus spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release minus spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 51 . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples . the examples are provided for illustration only , and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way . example 1 : administration of hbcag nucleic acid by intramuscular injection into mice 52 . to construct an expression vector for use as the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine , two plasmids were used ( fig2 ). the pjw4303 plasmid containing a cytomegalovirus immediate - early promoter with intron a and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal was described in yasutomi et al ., j virol 70 : 678 - 681 ( 1996 ). the fragment containing the hbcag - coding sequence was derived from plasmid pyta1 , which was described in yie et al ., chinese j virol 4 : 312 - 318 ( 1988 ). the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 included the full coding sequence of hbcag without any precore viral sequences upstream of the hbcag start codon . the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine vector was generated by inserting the hindiii - bamhi fragment of pyta1 into the hindiii and bamhi sites in the polylinker of pjw4303 , the polylinker being just downstream of the cytomegalovirus intron a in pjw4303 . the new vector was designated pjw4303 / hbc . 53 . to test for expression of hbcag from the new plasmid , pjw4303 / hbc was used to transfect 293t cells . 48 hours after transfection , the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to elisa and western blotting . transient expression of hbcag in 293t cells was clearly demonstrated by both methods . 54 . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular injection . a total of 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 / hbc in saline was bilaterally injected into the quadriceps muscles of a balb / c mouse and a c57bl / 6 mouse . a second balb / c mouse and c57bl / 6 mouse received 100 \u03bcg of pjw4303 in like fashion as controls . the mice were supplied by taconic farms , inc . and maintained in the animal colony facility of the university of massachusetts medical center . all mice were 6 - 8 weeks old females at the time of the first inoculation . the injections were repeated at 4 and 8 weeks after the first inoculation . 55 . at 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after the initial immunization ( bleedings 1 - 4 , respectively ), serum samples were taken from all four mice . end - point titration of anti - hbc antibodies was performed by elisa using a microtiter plate coated with recombinant hbcag protein ( 0 . 1 \u03bcg / well ). three - fold serially diluted serum samples were incubated in the coated wells for 30 minutes . the liquid was then removed , and the wells washed . the wells were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti - mouse igg for 30 minutes , followed by washing . streptavidin - linked horseradish peroxidase ( hrp , vector laboratories , inc .) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes , followed by washing . hrp substrate 3 , 3 \u2032, 5 , 5 \u2032- tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) was then added to the wells to develop color , and the amount of converted substrate was read in a microplate reader . 56 . as shown in fig3 a , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the balb / c mouse receiving pjw4303 / hbc ( hatched bars ) was above that of the balb / c mouse receiving the control plasmid ( solid bars ) by the third bleeding . as shown in fig3 b , the anti - hbcag antibody levels in the c57 / bl6 mouse receiving the pjw4303 / hbc plasmid was above that of the control mouse by the second bleeding . the titers determined by elisa were confirmed using the corezyme kit ( abbott ), which was standardized against the serum standard available from the paul - ehrlich institute . it was determined that the titer of about 150 , 000 by the fourth bleeding in hbcag immunized mice represented an unexpected titer of at least about 500 pei units / ml . previous publications have described anti - hbcag antibody responses of no more than 10 pei units / ml in animals receiving a hbcag nucleic acid vaccine ( kuhober et al ., j immunol 156 : 3687 - 3695 [ 1996 ] and kuhrober et al ., int immunol 9 : 1203 - 1212 [ 1997 ]). 57 . to determine if any cytotoxic t cell response against hbcag was generated in immunized mice , the mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks after the third inoculation . single spleen cell suspensions were prepared . cytotoxic effector lymphocyte populations were harvested after 6 days of culture and resuspended at 1 \u00d7 10 6 cells / ml . a 4 - hour 51 cr release assay was performed in a 96 - well round - bottom plate using p815 cells ( h - 2 d - restrictive , for balb / c mice ) or el - 4 cells ( h - 2 b restrictive , for c57 / bl6 mice ) as the target cells . the synthesized h - 2 d - restricted peptide syvntnmgl , ( seq id no : 2 ) was added to the balb / c spleen cell reaction at 10 \u03bcg / ml , and the synthesized h - 2 b - restricted peptide ( mglkfrql ; seq id no : 3 ) was added to the c57 / bl6 spleen cell reaction , also at 10 \u03bcg / ml . the effector cell to target cell ( e : t ) ratios used were 12 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 3 : 1 , 1 : 1 , and 0 . 5 : 1 . percent lysis was defined as ( experimental release - spontaneous release ) / ( maximum release - spontaneous release )\u00d7 100 . 58 . as shown in fig4 a , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of above 6 : 1 in balb / c mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . a similar immune response was observed in the c57 / bl6 mice . as shown in fig4 b , at least 50 % specific lysis could be achieved by an e : t ratio of 12 : 1 in mice vaccinated with pjw4303 / hbc . thus , the pjw4303 / hbc nucleic acid vaccine , without adjuvants , elicited both significant antibody and cell - mediated immune responses in animals . 59 . to test another route of administration , the pjw4303 / hbc and the pjw4303 control dna was delivered intradermally by particle bombardment . the accell ii \u2122 particle bombardment device ( powderject vaccines , inc ., middleton , wis .) was employed to deliver dna - coated gold beads to the epidermis of two balb / c and two c57 / bl6 mice , one of each pair receiving the hbcag plasmid and the other of each pair receiving the control dna . 60 . for delivery by particle bombardment , dna was precipitated onto 0 . 95 or 1 - to 3 - \u03bcm gold beads ( degussa , south plainfield , n . j .) with 100 mm spermidine and 2 . 5 m cacl 2 at 1 \u03bcg of dna per 0 . 5 mg gold shot ( eisenbraun et al ., dna cell biol 12 : 791 - 797 [ 1993 ]). 61 . mice were anesthetized with 30 \u03bcl of ketaset / rompun ( 10 : 2 ). abdominal target areas were shaved and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to gene delivery . nucleic acid - coated gold particles were delivered into abdominal skin with the accell ii \u2122 gene gun , which employed a helium discharge as the motive force . each animal received six nonoverlapping deliveries per immunization , each delivery at 300 - 400 pounds per square inch . the immunization was repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the first immunization . 62 . antibody and cytotoxic t cell responses were determined as described in example 1 above . as shown in fig5 a , the immunization elicited an antibody titer of over 300 , 000 ( corresponding to at least about 1000 pei units / ml ) in a balb / c mouse by the third bleeding . again , like the intramuscular results in example 1 , this antibody response was unexpectedly high as compared to previous studies . the antibody response elicited in the c57 / bl6 mouse was comparable to that for the balb / c mice ( fig5 b ). as shown in fig6 a and 6b , the cytotoxic responses in the two strains of mice receiving pjw4303 / hbc were similar to that for the intramuscular results described in example 1 above . greater than 50 % specific lysis was observed at an e : t ratio of 12 for both strains of mice . 63 . these results indicated that the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine described herein produced humoral and cell - mediated immune responses by a variety administration methods . 64 . the expression vector ( pjw4303 / hbc ) described in examples 1 and 2 was also used as an hbcag nucleic acid vaccine to vaccinate monkeys . after confirming that the pjw4303 / hbc vector drove expression of hbcag in vitro , the plasmid was used to vaccinate monkeys by intramuscular injection . 65 . monkeys in group i ( animals # 1 and # 2 ) were immunized with hbcag nucleic acid vaccine while the other two monkeys in group ii (# 3 and # 4 ) received control plasmid dna vector without the hbc insert . each animal received 2 . 0 mg of dna plasmids intramuscularly ( im ) at each inoculation ( delivered equally as 500 \u03bcg shots at four muscle sites ). the dna inoculations were given every two months . animal sera were collected prior to each inoculation and elisa was done to detect anti - hbv antibody responses . 66 . table 1 below shows antibody responses induced by the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine in monkeys . monkeys immunized with the hbcag nucleic vaccine (# 1 and # 2 ) clearly had hepatitis b core specific antibody responses after one immunization ( animal # 1 ) or two immunizations ( animal # 2 ), respectively . two negative control monkeys ( animal # 3 and # 4 ) had no antibody responses against the hepatitis b core antigen . in table 1 (+) indicates a positive antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen , while (\u2212) means a negative antibody response for hepatitis b core antigen . n / d indicates a test was not done . animal # 1 died of unrelated diseases before sample collection at the 4th month . 67 . because it is more difficult to induce immune response by im dna immunization in primates , the hbcag nucleic acid vaccine demonstrated its highly efficient potential to be developed as a clinical vaccine for human use .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
901eab0d3d01bea73b69ac89940a03beaf415383fab19e98d3dbe61889b22cf6
| 0.410156 | 0.031128 | 0.449219 | 0.023682 | 0.589844 | 0.054932 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.439453 | 0.044678 | 0.886719 | 0.016968 | 0.902344 | 0.086426 |
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{"patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.041504 | 0.06543 | 0.15625 | 0.030273 | 0.585938 | 0.441406 |
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{"patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.041504 | 0.009155 | 0.15625 | 0.006287 | 0.585938 | 0.092773 |
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{"patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.041504 | 0.10498 | 0.15625 | 0.002472 | 0.585938 | 0.141602 |
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{"patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.015869 | 0.055908 | 0.138672 | 0.161133 | 0.228516 | 0.285156 |
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{"patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
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f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.08252 | 0.066406 | 0.617188 | 0.245117 | 0.566406 | 0.111328 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.628906 | 0.255859 | 0.957031 | 0.625 | 0.980469 | 0.306641 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "in accordance with the foregoing summary , the following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention that is currently considered to be the best mode . the capacitance measurements of the present invention are based on a device and method to study high shear rate viscosity in relatively thick lubricant films , such as films 50 - 150 nm thick . using this base method , the thickness of a lubricant film sheared between a commercial slider and disk may be determined by measuring the capacitance between the slider and disk . friction force , the force required to shear the film , may be simultaneously measured . this base method , however , is only moderately successful on films less then 10 nm thick since slider curvature and surface roughness prevent complete wetting of the slider rails with lubricant . to alleviate this problem , a liquid dielectric capacitor is presented . in this capacitor , capacitance may be measured between the disk substrate and a small - diameter metal pin in near contact with the lubricant . the space between the pin and disk may be flooded with a liquid having a high dielectric constant . using this or a similar type of capacitor , variations in lubricant film thickness on the order of 0 . 1 nm or smaller can be measured with a lateral resolution of about 100 microns . the present invention discloses a capacitance technique using a slider as well as a technique using a liquid dielectric capacitor . in the slider measurements , a correlation may be sought between the film thickness calculated from capacitance measurements and film thickness calculated from friction force measurements . in the liquid dielectric capacitor measurements , ellipsometer measurements may be used as a means to both calibrate the capacitance measurement and compare the accuracy of the capacitance model used to calculate film thickness with actual film thickness . to map the lubricant film thickness on a disk , the capacitance may be measured between a conductor in near contact with the disk and the substrate of the disk . the lubricant and carbon overcoat between the conductor and disk substrate may act as dielectrics and the measured capacitance may be a function of the thickness of these two layers . one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . major components of the device 1 are a variable speed platform 2 , a triaxial stage 3 for positioning a slider 4 or probe on the disk , a bi - axial force transducer 5 , a capacitance meter 6 , and a computer 7 to control the apparatus and acquire data . the platform 2 may be belt - driven by a device such as a pancake - type dc servomotor 8 with an integral tachometer and used with an analog servo or similar amplifier 9 and transformer . the platform 2 may be driven at speeds ranging from 0 . 1 to 500 rpm with an accuracy of 3 %. a disk 10 attached to or placed on the platform 2 may be electrically isolated from the platform by an acetyl washer . an aluminum clamp that may be used to hold the disk to the platform may contain a mercury - filled cup 11 . a pin dipped in this cup 11 may provide a low noise electrical contact between the disk 10 , which acts as one plate of a capacitor , and the capacitance meter 6 . the other plate for the capacitor may be provided by a commercial slider 4 or by a metal pin immersed within a liquid dielectric , possibly confined by a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or similar slider . the slider or liquid dielectric capacitor ( described later ) may be mounted on an acetyl arm , which may in turn be mounted on a biaxial force transducer 5 . the force transducer 5 may use semiconductor strain gages to measure friction and normal forces . the force transducer 5 may be mounted on a triaxial stage 3 , which may be positioned by a stepper motor 12 . an encoder 13 attached to the platform 2 may be used to measure disk velocity and position and also to trigger the capacitance and strain gage measurements . capacitance measurements may be made with an hp 4278a or similar capacitance meter . this type of meter can measure from 100 pf to 100 pf with a 1 khz oscillator frequency and from 1 pf to 1024 pf with a 1 mhz oscillator frequency . the oscillator voltage may be set from 0 . 1 v to 1 . 0 v . a sample rate of up to 50 hz may be possible . an hpib interface may be used for data acquisition . for the oscillator frequency and voltage used , such as 0 . 1 v and 1 khz respectively , resolution may be \u00b1 0 . 05 % of the full scale reading . in liquid dielectric capacitance measurements of a lubricant film with a mean thickness of 3 . 2 nm , a variation of 2 nm in film thickness produced a variation in measured capacitance of 40 % of the full scale reading , indicating a resolution of better than 0 . 1 nm . the dimension of the slider or pin used may determine lateral resolution of the measurement . a 1 . 0 mm diameter pin is preferably used for the lubricant film thickness maps while a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin may be used for profiling wear tracks produced as a result of drag tests . in one embodiment , disks may be measured from an outer radius of 46 mm to an inner radius of 18 mm . one thousand measurements may be made per disk revolution and once per revolution the slider may be moved inward by the stepper motor 0 . 9 mm . the measurement process may be continued until the inner disk radius is reached . to produce a lubricant film thickness map , a 92 \u00d7 92 array may be first constructed . each element in the array preferably corresponds to one square millimeter . every measurement may then be mapped into the element of the array corresponding to the position of the slider on the disk at the time of measurement . in measurements with commercial sliders , friction force and capacitance between the slider and disk may be measured simultaneously . in fig2 a , an illustration of a slider - disk interface 14 is given along with an equivalent capacitance model . fig2 a shows a slider 15 in contact with the surface of a lubricant layer 16 . the lubricant layer covers a carbon overcoat 17 on a magnetic substrate 18 . the capacitance between the slider 15 and substrate 18 due to the area of the slider wetted by the lubricant , c , is defined as c w = q \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v where q is the charge on the slider and \u03b4v is the potential difference between the substrate and slider . by assuming that the width and length of the wetted portion of the slider are both much greater then the spacing between the slider and substrate , edge effects may be neglected and a parallel plate capacitor model may be valid . in this model the displacement field , d , between the plates is constant . the magnitude of d is given by \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 = q a w where a w , is the wetted area of the slider . the relationship between d and electric field e in a material with dielectric constant \u03b5 is defined by d = \u03b5\u03b5 o e where e is the permittivity of free space . the difference in potential , \u03b4v , in terms of the electric field is \u03b4v =\u2212\u222b e \u00b7 dl . combining these equations and using a path of integration , i , normal to the disk substrate gives \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = q a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue8a0 [ h carbon \u025b carbon + h lubricant \u025b lubricant ] , \ue89e \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v = \u222b 0 h carbon \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b carbon \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z + \u222b h carbon h carbon + h lubricant \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \ue89e d \ue89e \uf603 \uf604 \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z where h carbon , \u03b5 carbon and h lubricant , \u03b5 lubricant are the film thickness and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant respectively . by dividing this equation by q it can be seen that the capacitance between the slider and disk substrate can be modeled as two parallel plate capacitors in series 1 c w = \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e v q = h carbon a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b carbon + h lubricant a w \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e \u025b lubricant = 1 c carbon + 1 c lubricant in addition to c carbon and c lubricant , the measured capacitance , c m , between the slider and substrate also contains a term c p . this capacitance is due to areas of the slider that are not wetted by lubricant . c p can be modeled as lying in parallel with c lubricant and c carbon , shown in fig2 a . using this capacitance model and equation the above equation c m is shown to be inversely proportional to h lubricant c m = c w + c p = a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e c carbon a w \ue89e \u025b lubricant \ue89e \u025b o + h lubricant \ue89e c carbon + c p the measured friction force , f , is also inversely proportional to h lubricant and given as f = \u03b7 o \ue89e a w \ue89e v h lubricant where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant and v is the relative velocity of the disk . for thin lubricant films , h lubricant & lt ; 10 nm , c p dominates the capacitance measurement ; surface roughness and curvature prevent complete wetting of the slider rails and a w is much less than the total area of the slider . for thick films , h & gt ; 50 nm , the lubricant dominates the measured capacitance , and the second equation above may be simplified to allow a calculation of absolute film thickness based solely on the properties of the lubricant . the second capacitance embodiment developed to map lubricant films preferably uses a metal pin suspended in a hollow ptfe slider filled with a liquid with a high dielectric constant . by using this technique , the surface of the pin may be completely wetted and the parallel capacitance term in the above equations may be removed . a liquid dielectric capacitor is illustrated in fig3 ( a ). a ptfe slider 25 may be attached to a flexure 27 and load arm 26 from a full size commercial slider with a methyl cyanoacrylate adhesive . the overall dimension of the ptfe slider may be 3 mm \u00d7 3 mm \u00d7 10 mm . the dimension of the chamber holding the liquid may be 1 . 5 mm \u00d7 2 . 25 mm \u00d7 8 . 5 mm . an arrangement of three pads on the base of the slider may provide stable orientation of the pin relative to the disk . as depicted in fig3 ( b ), the pin 30 , which may be made from platinum or stainless steel , may be surrounded by a glass tube 28 to isolate the pin 30 from the slider suspension 29 . typical pin - disk separation is preferably about 10 \u03bcm . a variety of pin diameters may be used ranging between 0 . 1 mm and 1 . 0 mm . the liquid dielectrics may displace nonpolar lubricants while polar lubricants are unaffected by the liquid . therefore , this technique may be preferable for polar lubricants while the slider based technique works for any lubricant . the reason for using a liquid dielectric can best be illustrated by modeling the interface as a parallel plate capacitor 19 , as shown in fig2 b . the capacitance measured between the conducting pin 20 and disk substrate 24 , c m , is equivalent to three capacitors in series : one of these capacitances is due to the liquid , c water ; one is due to the lubricant , c lubricant ; and one is due to the carbon overcoat , c carbon 1 c m = 1 c water + 1 c lubricant + 1 c carbon = 1 a \ue89e \ue89e \u025b o \ue89e ( h water \u025b water + h lubricant \u025b lubricant + h carbon \u025b carbon ) where a is the area of the pin 20 , h water , h lubricant , and h carbon are the thicknesses of the respective liquid 21 , lubricant 22 and carbon 23 layers , and \u03b5 water , \u03b5 lubricant , and \u03b5 carbon are the dielectric constants corresponding to these layers . if \u03b5 water is sufficiently large , the term due to the liquid will be small in comparison to the other terms and the capacitance measurement will be dominated by properties of the lubricant and carbon overcoat . both water and ethylene glycol , with reported dielectric constants of 78 and 40 at 25 \u00b0 c . respectively , gave good resolution of the lubricant film . the effective dielectric constants of these liquids proved to be substantially higher during the measurements , due most likely to contamination . test materials . the disks used were 95 mm in diameter and had an amorphous carbon overcoat approximately 10 nm thick . these disks had three different surface textures : smooth , mechanically textured and laser textured . atomic force microscope ( afm ) profiles of all three types of disks are given in fig4 a along with values for rms surface roughness , peak - to - valley distance , p - v , and correlation length , \u03b2 *. the laser - textured disks have a smooth data zone from the outside radius to the contact - start - stop ( css ) zone at the inside radius of 19 . 5 mm . the slider is parked in the css zone and this region is textured with donut shaped bumps to reduce stiction during slider take off . straight rail al 2 o 3 \u2014 tic microsliders were used in all of the drag tests and some of the capacitance measurements . an afm image of the slider air - bearing surface ( abs ) is given in fig4 b along with surface roughness values . three types of perfluoropolyether ( pfpe ) lubricants were used : a straight chain lubricant with intermediate viscosity , fornblin z - 15 ; a lubricant with side groups and high viscosity , fomblin yr ; and a lubricant with polar end groups and low viscosity , forriblin z - dol . ausimont manufactures all three lubricants . the two non - polar lubricants were used in capacitance measurements with the microslider while the polar lubricant was used in all measurements with the liquid dielectric capacitor . two methods were used to lubricate the disks , dip coating and drain coating . in dip coating the disk may be dipped into a solvent bath , such as fluorinert fc - 72 , ( 3m ) containing a small volume fraction of lubricant , 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 %. after the disk is raised from the bath and the solvent evaporates , a thin film of lubricant remains . the thickness of the deposited lubricant depends on the rate of withdrawal and lubricant concentration in the solvent , increasing with increasing withdrawal rate and lubricant concentration . for the 0 . 1 % solution , withdrawal rates ranging between 4 mm / s and 16 mm / s produced films ranging between 2 and 10 nm thick , respectively . with a 1 . 0 % solution , a withdrawal rate of 1 mm / s produced a 75 nm thick film . in the drain coating process , withdrawal of the disk from the bath may be achieved by draining the container at a constant rate . the advantage of this process over drain coating is that no mechanical noise is transmitted to the bath during withdrawal . mechanical vibrations produce small waves in the solvent bath , resulting in an inconsistent lubricant film thickness . some of the disks coated with the polar lubricant were given a thermal treatment to bond the lubricant to the carbon overcoat . the thermal treatment consisted of baking the disk at 150 \u00b0 c . for 1 hour . after thermal treatment the lubricant is partially bonded : there is a 1 - 2 nm thick film of lubricant fully bonded to the carbon overcoat while on top of this lubricant there is a layer of unbonded lubricant . washing the disk with fc - 72 solvent after the thermal treatment may remove the unbonded fraction of lubricant and leave a disk with fully bonded lubricant . straight rail microslider measurements . in the first effort to profile thin lubricant films , a method which had been used successfully to make high shear rate viscosity measurements was adapted . in high shear rate viscosity measurements a thin lubricant film is sheared between a commercial slider and a polished disk . the friction force is measured and the film thickness is calculated from a capacitance measurement between the slider and the disk . measurements of friction force and capacitance made on a smooth disk coated with 4 nm of the pfpe z - 15 are shown in fig5 . in this measurement the slider was started at an outside radius of 46 mm and moved radially inward 1 mm per disk revolution to an inside radius of 18 mm . in fig5 the inverse of the capacitance and friction force measurements are plotted , both of which should be proportional to the film thickness . as can be seen , there is some correlation between the two measurements . this is further exemplified in fig6 a which directly compares these measurements across the diameter of the disk . unfortunately , the correlation is too poor to declare this particular type of measurement an adequate means of characterizing thin lubricant films . this is shown in fig6 b where the capacitance values of fig6 a are plotted as a function of the friction force . the scatter in this plot indicates that the first and second equations above do not adequately describe the friction and capacitance at the slider - disk interface for thin films . the reason for this is most likely due to the crown and surface roughness of the slider used . the surface roughness of the slider , rms = 1 . 5 nm , is of the order of the film thickness while the slider crown , 40 nm , is much greater than the film thickness . as a result of this , only a small fraction of the slider is wetted by the lubricant and the capacitance c p dominates the measurement . while there is some relation between the capacitance , friction force , and film thickness , the relationship is too weak to give a good film thickness measurement . in cases of thick lubricant films , where the surface roughness and crown of the slider are less then the film thickness , the first two equations are valid . this is indicated by fig6 c where friction force is plotted against capacitance for a 60 nm thick yr lubricant film . liquid dielectric capacitor measurements . in most of the measurements a capacitance map of the disk surface was generated from an outside radius of 46 mm to an inside radius of 18 mm . while the slider design used has good stability in the direction of sliding , stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding is poor due to the narrow width of the slider . poor slider stability perpendicular to the direction of sliding can produce erroneous capacitance measurements during and shortly after radial positioning of the slider due to the extreme sensitivity of the capacitance measurement to pin - disk orientation . for this reason the radial position of the slider is kept constant during measurement . once per revolution the slider is moved radially inward 0 . 9 mm , resulting in the measurement of 31 tracks between the outside and inside radius . while the slider is moving inward , no capacitance measurement is made . this , along with the misalignment of the pin relative to the disk immediately after radial positioning , causes the radial line to be visible in many of the lubricant maps . a plot of a raw capacitance measurement is shown in fig7 . in this capacitance measurement , the slider was tracked from the outside radius to the inside radius . in measurements where the slider moved from the inside radius to the outside radius , the minimum capacitance occurred at the inside , indicating that the radial dependence in the capacitance may be due to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the liquid and is dependent on the history of the dielectric . the rate of change in dielectric constant is independent of pin size or material and most likely can be attributed to absorption of impurities from the disk surface . if a single track is measured continuously , the capacitance at a point on the disk with a given angular position drifts by a few tenths of a percent per disk revolution . an averaging technique may be used to eliminate the drift in capacitance . for each track an average value of the capacitance may be determined , { overscore ( c )}. every measured capacitance , c m , for that track is then divided by the average value , producing the normalized capacitance c m /{ overscore ( c )}. using this method on the raw capacitance measurement shown in fig7 a produces the result shown in fig7 b . this averaging technique works well in cases where the average lubricant film thickness is the same for every track . an independent measurement of film thickness using some other method such as ellipsometry must be made to calibrate the capacitance measurement . in most cases , a single point measurement is sufficient for calibration because of the nature of the lubrication process : a radial variation in film thickness is not expected and mean film thickness is constant for each track . however , if this is not true , a point measurement of film thickness may be required for each track . from calibration measurements made with an ellipsometer , the inverse of the normalized capacitance , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , was found to be proportional to the film thickness , consistent with the parallel plate capacitor model given . in fig8 a a map is shown for a disk with the lubricant film thickness increasing across the diameter . the variation in film thickness was produced by linearly increasing the withdrawal rate as a function of time during the dip coating process . ellipsometer measurements made along the line indicated in fig8 a are shown in fig8 b as open squares . the solid line in fig8 b is a fit of the inverse of the capacitance measurement , { overscore ( c )}/ c m , to the ellipsometer measurement using a linear function h = h _ \ue8a0 [ a s \ue8a0 ( c _ c m - 1 ) + 1 ] where h is the film thickness and { overscore ( h )} and a s , are scaling constants . the constant a s depends on the geometric and dielectric properties of the interface : namely , carbon overcoat thickness , pin - disk spacing , and dielectric constants of the carbon and lubricant . in this fit a s = 0 . 9 and { overscore ( h )}= 3 . 1 nm ; the fitted { overscore ( h )} is very close to the measured mean lubricant thickness of 3 . 2 nm . these values indicate that in cases where there are several nm of lubricant on the disk , the above equation can be approximated by h = h _ \ue89e c _ c m with { overscore ( h )} taken as the mean film thickness . with this approximation , no independent measurement is necessary to determine the percent variation in h and in cases where there is only a small variation in film thickness , an ellipsometer measurement at a single point is sufficient to determine { overscore ( h )}. the carbon overcoats on the disks proved to be extremely uniform , and any variation in the overcoat thickness on the disks had negligible effect on film thickness measurements . this is shown in fig9 a by { overscore ( c )}/ c m for an unlubricated disk . the greatest variation of the capacitance from the mean was less then 5 % for this disk . in fig9 b a lubricant thickness map is given for a disk half coated with 1 . 8 nm of fully bonded lubricant . this figure allows a direct comparison between the bare carbon and a lubricant film and indicates that the slight variation in carbon thickness is negligible in comparison to variations in lubricant thickness as small as 0 . 1 nm . in fig1 a comparison is made between dip coated and drain coated disks . both disks are coated with partially bonded lubricant and have an average film thickness of approximately 4 nm . the direction of draining for the drain coated disk is from left to right in the figure . the film thickness increases from 4 nm at the left of the disk to 4 . 4 nm at the right . this increase can be attributed to a decreasing evaporation rate of solvent at the disk - solvent bath - air interface as the solvent level drops in the container and the air in the container becomes increasingly saturated with evaporated solvent . decreasing the evaporation rate is equivalent to increasing the drain rate . the dip coated disk in fig1 , with { overscore ( h )}= 4 . 3 nm , was withdrawn from the solvent bath from top to bottom in the figure . the most striking feature in this lubricant map is the 5 nm ridge of lubricant at the top of the disk . this ridge is due to poor control of the withdrawal rate . the series of horizontal striations are due to small waves in the bath produced by mechanical vibrations during withdrawal . the lubricant map at the bottom of fig1 is of the drain coated disk after washing with solvent , resulting in the film thickness { overscore ( h )}= 1 . 2 nm . one of the greatest strengths of the liquid dielectric capacitance measurement is that it allows a declaration of the quality of the combined lubricant / carbon overcoat layer with no knowledge of the dielectric constant or thickness of either layer . this is illustrated in fig1 where maps of { overscore ( c )}/ c m for a mechanically textured disk and a laser textured disk lubricated by the vendor are given . the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the mechanically textured disk is a approximately 10 % while the variation in { overscore ( c )}/ c m for the laser textured disk is approximately 3 %, indicating a variation of at least 10 % and 3 % in the lubricant / carbon thickness for these disks , respectively . lubricant depletion / displacement measurements . a series of capacitance measurements were performed to characterize lubricant depletion due to sliding contact and subsequent recovery . drag tests were conducted using straight rail microsliders on mechanically textured disks . the disks were coated with either 2 . 7 nm of partially bonded z - dol or 1 . 3 nm of fully bonded z - dol . relative slider - disk velocity was fixed at 1 m / s with a normal load of 15 g . a drag test was run until the friction force was twice its initial value , at which point a capacitance measurement was made of the wear track . additional capacitance measurements were made after the initial measurement to document lubricant recovery . the drag tests produced no noticeable wear in the carbon overcoat . a 0 . 1 mm diameter pin was used in the capacitor and the radial step size was set at 0 . 1 mm . film thickness profiles across the wear tracks are shown in fig1 . fig1 shows a film thickness profile in a fully bonded lubricant after a drag test was run for 23 , 000 cycles . wear tracks are clearly visible at the points of contact between the slider rails and disk . the width of these tracks , 0 . 5 mm , is approximately the width of the slider rails , 0 . 33 mm . the difference in the wear depth at the two tracks is most likely due to unequal loading of the slider . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 20 hours show negligible recovery of the lubricant film . fig1 also shows a film thickness profile in a partially bonded lubricant film . this test required 120 , 000 cycles to produce lubricant depletion comparable to that in the fully bonded lubricant . the higher number of cycles can be attributed to the mobile fraction of lubricant : lubricant flows back into the rail region nearly as fast as it is displaced or depleted . the initial film thickness measurement , plotted as empty circles in fig1 , indicates that lubricant has been displaced at the outside rail as evidenced by the two bumps on either side of the rail region . subsequent measurements at 1 hour and 10 hours show lubricant recovery as the mobile fraction of lubricant flows back into the rail region . a drag test was also conducted on a partially bonded lubricant film 4 nm thick . no substantial increase in friction had occurred when the test was discontinued at 500 , 000 cycles and no measurable wear track was generated . drain coater design . in the design of the drain coater , the shape of the chamber was chosen to match the flow characteristics of the outlet so that the rate at which the solvent level fell in the chamber was constant . an illustration of the design is given in fig1 . the type of outlet used was a smooth walled pipe . for a liquid filling the chamber to a height z , the pressure at the outlet , \u03b4p is \u03b4p = \u03c1gz where \u03c1 is the mass density of the solvent and g is the acceleration due to gravity . using the blasius friction equation , the pressure drop across the pipe for turbulent flow ( 4000 \u2266 re \u2266 10 5 ) is described by \u03b4p = 0 . 1582\u03b7 o \u00bc \u03c1 \u00be ld \u2212{ fraction ( 5 / 4 )} { overscore ( \u03bd )} { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} , where \u03b7 o is the absolute viscosity of the solvent , l and d are the length and diameter of the pipe , { overscore ( \u03bd )} is the mean flow velocity in the pipe , and re is reynolds number , re = \u03c1 { overscore ( \u03bd )} d / \u03b7 o . the volume flow rate , , through a surface located at z is equal to the flow rate through the piper v o u = 2 \ue89e w \ue8a0 ( z ) \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t = \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e d 2 4 \ue89e v _ , where w ( z ) is the width of the chamber at z , a is the thickness of the chamber , and dz / dt , the rate at which the surface level falls , is constant . by combining the previous three equations , the width of the chamber as a function of z can be determined w \ue8a0 ( z ) = z 4 / 7 \ue8a0 [ 1 . 13 \ue89e \ue89e d 19 / 7 \ue89e g 4 / 7 \ue89e \u03c1 1 / 7 \u03b7 o 1 / 7 \ue89e l 4 / 7 \ue89e a \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t ] . the term in brackets can be used as a scaling constant to produce a chamber with convenient dimensions to fit the disk . the depth and cross sectional area of the chamber at the bottom of the disk should be set so that the turbulent flow requirement is met . the pipe length and diameter can be adjusted to produce a specific dz / dt , subject also to the constraint on re . the surface velocity dz / dt was measured by immersing a concentric cylinder capacitor in the solvent and measuring its capacitance as a function of time . the capacitor consists of two concentric cylinders separated by nylon spacers . holes drilled through the outer cylinder permits liquid to flow in to and out of the volume between the two cylinders . the solvent fills the volume between the cylinders and the measured capacitance between the cylinders is proportional to the volume filled . as the chamber is drained the time rate of change of the capacitance is proportional to the surface velocity \uf74c c \uf74c t = [ c e - c f l c ] \ue89e \uf74c z \uf74c t , where c e is the capacitance when the capacitor is empty , c f is the capacitance when the volume between the cylinders is completely filled with solvent , and l c is the length of the capacitor when filled with solvent . a plot of the capacitance as a function of time as the chamber is drained is given in fig1 . the surface velocity is constant within the measurement accuracy of the capacitance meter ( 0 . 2 %) as shown in fig1 where surface velocity is plotted as \uf74c z \uf74c t = c t \ue89e l c ( c e - c f ) . the preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention . having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention , such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements , or through the use of equivalent process steps , so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims , the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein . it is the intention , therefore , to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof . 1 . b . bhushan , tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices , second ed ., springerverlag , new york . 2 . v . j . novotny and m . a . baldwinson , j . appl . phys . 70 , 5647 ( 1991 ). 3 . w . c . leung , w . crooks , h . rosen and t . strand , ieee trans . magn . 25 , 3659 ( 1989 ). 4 . s . w . meeks , w . e . weresin and h . j . rosen , trans . asme 117 , 112 ( 1995 ). 5 . u . jonsson and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 78 , 3107 ( 1995 ). 6 . c . d . hahm and b . bhushan , j . appl . phys . 81 , 5384 ( 1997 ). 7 . y . hu and f . e . talke , asle sp - 25 , 43 ( 1988 ). 8 . v . j . novotny , t . e . karis and n . w . johnson , asme j . tribology 114 , 61 ( 1992 ). 9 . f . w . white , viscous fluid flow , second ed ., mcgraw - hill , new york ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
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f8b80faecc63e498ab72da17a77153c26fae7aff27f00ef73706d0437237ad8a
| 0.628906 | 0.326172 | 0.957031 | 0.488281 | 0.980469 | 0.273438 |
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{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.016357 | 0.00038 | 0.051758 | 0.011353 | 0.15625 | 0.016357 |
null |
{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.021973 | 0.009155 | 0.040283 | 0.061768 | 0.088867 | 0.161133 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.451172 | 0.004761 | 0.953125 | 0.008606 | 0.890625 | 0.010681 |
null |
{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.062988 | 0.300781 | 0.038574 | 0.554688 | 0.062988 | 0.092773 |
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.302734 | 0.036133 | 0.914063 | 0.05835 | 0.734375 | 0.072754 |
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{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.021973 | 0.007355 | 0.036865 | 0.001869 | 0.088867 | 0.024414 |
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{"patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.016357 | 0.003082 | 0.048096 | 0.001503 | 0.15625 | 0.000645 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "examples 1 - 4 of the inventive imaging optical system are given below . fig1 , 5 and 7 are illustrative in lens arrangement section of examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused on an object point at infinity . in these drawings , an aperture stop is indicated by s , a first lens by l 1 , a second lens by l 2 , a plane - parallel plate for an electronic image pickup device &# 39 ; s cover glass or the like by cg , and an image plane by i . it is noted that the plane - parallel plate cg could be provided on its surface with a wavelength band limiting multilayer film or , alternatively , it could be designed to have a low - pass filter function . as shown in fig1 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 1 are : as shown in fig2 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative ,\u00a5 first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 2 are : as shown in fig3 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a positive first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 3 are : as shown in fig4 , this example is directed to an imaging optical system comprising , in order from its object side , an aperture stop s , a negative first lens l 1 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and weak power , a second lens l 2 that is convex on its object side and has both its surfaces defined by aspheric surfaces and positive power , and a cover glass cg . the specifications for the wide angle - of - view optical system according to example 4 are : numerical data on each example will be enumerated later . it is noted that the symbols used hereinafter but not hereinbefore mean : r 1 , r 2 , . . . : radius of curvature of each lens , n d1 , n d2 , . . . : d - line refractive index of each lens , and [ heading - 0172 ] here let x represent an optical axis with the proviso that the direction of propagation of light is taken as positive , and y represent a direction orthogonal with respect to the optical axis . then , aspheric configuration is given by x =( y 2 / r )/[ 1 +{ 1 \u2212( k + 1 ) ( y / r ) 2 } 1 / 2 ]+ a 4 y 4 + a 6 y 6 + a 8 y 8 + a 10 y 10 where r is an axial radius of curvature , k is a conical coefficient , and a 4 , a 6 , a 8 and a 10 are the 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th aspheric coefficients . fig2 , 6 and 8 are aberration diagrams for examples 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively , upon focused at infinity , wherein \u201c \u03c9 \u201d stands for a half angle of view . the values of conditions ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) in examples 1 - 4 are tabulated below . condition example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 ( 1 ) \u2212 0 . 001 \u2212 0 . 001 0 . 034 \u2212 0 . 058 ( 2 ) \u2212 0 . 059 0 . 000 \u2212 0 . 064 \u2212 0 . 031 ( 3 ) 0 . 66 0 . 81 0 . 66 0 . 78 ( 4 ) 0 . 62 0 . 59 0 . 61 0 . 59 ( 5 ) 0 . 10 0 . 11 0 . 09 0 . 14 ( 6 ) \u2212 0 . 96 \u2212 0 . 93 \u2212 0 . 91 \u2212 1 . 00 ( 7 ) \u2212 1 . 15 \u2212 1 . 27 \u2212 1 . 13 \u2212 1 . 24 while the aspheric lenses in examples 1 - 4 are all formed of plastics , it is understood that the plastic lenses could be replaced by glass lenses . for instance , much higher performance could be achieved by use of glass having a refractive index higher than that of the plastic material used in any of the above examples . likewise , the use of special low - dispersion glass could be more effective at correction of chromatic aberrations . the use of a plastic material of low hygroscopicity is particularly preferable because degradation of performance due to environmental changes is substantially reduced ( for instance , zeonex made by nippon zeon co ., ltd .). with a view to cutting off unnecessary light such as ghosts and flares , it is acceptable to rely upon a flare stop in addition to the aperture stop s . in examples 1 - 4 , that flare stop could be located at any desired position between the aperture stop s and the first lens l 1 , the first lens l 1 and the second lens l 2 , and the second lens l 2 and the image plane i . alternatively , the lens frame could be used to cut off flare light rays or another member may be used as the flare stop . such flare stops could be obtained by direct printing , coating , seal bonding on the optical system , etc ., and configured in any desired form such as circular , oval , rectangular , polygonal forms or forms surrounded with functional curves . the flare stop used could be designed to cut off not only harmful light beams but also light beams such as coma flare around the screen . each lens could have been provided with an antireflection coating for the purpose of reducing ghosts and flares . multicoatings are preferred because of having the ability to reduce ghosts and flares effectively . alternatively , infrared cut coatings may have been applied on lens surfaces , cover glass surfaces or the like . focus adjustment could be carried out by focusing . focusing could be performed by moving the whole lenses or extending or retracting some lenses . a drop , if any , of brightness of the peripheral area of an image could be reduced by the shifting of the ccd microlenses . for instance , the design of ccd microlenses could be changed in association with the angle of incidence of light rays at each image height , or decreases in the quantity of light at the peripheral area of the image could be corrected by image processing . throughout examples 1 - 4 , the first lens l 1 is formed of any material capable of absorbing near infrared radiation , and the plane - parallel plate is thinned without use of an ir cut filter or coating . in the plane - parallel plate cg shown in fig1 , 5 , and 7 , a low - pass filter is integral with a ccd cover glass . for further compactness , it is not always necessary to use a focusing mechanism . to secure focusing precision in a frequently used object point distance range in this case , the receiving plane of the ccd could be located at an image - formation position having a finite object point distance ( of , e . g ., 2 m to 0 . 3 m ). the imaging system according to the invention constructed as described above may be applied to phototaking systems where object images formed through image - formation optical systems are received at image pickup devices such as ccds , in particular , digital cameras or video cameras as well as pcs and telephone sets that are typical information processors , in particular , easy - to - carry cellular phones . given below are some such embodiments . fig9 - 11 are conceptual illustrations of a phototaking optical system 41 for digital cameras , in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is incorporated . fig9 is a front perspective view of the external appearance of a digital camera 40 , and fig1 is a rear perspective view of the same . fig1 is a sectional view of the construction of the digital camera 40 . in this embodiment , the digital camera 40 comprises a phototaking optical system 41 including a phototaking optical path 42 , a finder optical system 43 including a finder optical path 44 , a shutter 45 , a flash 46 , a liquid crystal display monitor 47 and so on . as the shutter 45 mounted on the upper portion of the camera 40 is pressed down , phototaking takes place through the phototaking optical system 41 , for instance , the imaging optical system according to example 1 . an object image formed by the phototaking optical system 41 is formed . on the image pickup plane of a ccd 49 via a cover glass cg provided with a near - infrared cut coating and having a low - pass filter function . an object image received at ccd 49 is shown as an electronic image on the liquid crystal display monitor 47 via processing means 51 , which monitor is mounted on the back of the camera . this processing means 51 is connected with recording means 52 in which the phototaken electronic image may be recorded . it is here noted that the recording means 52 may be provided separately from the processing means 51 or , alternatively , it may be constructed in such a way that images are electronically recorded and written thereon by means of floppy discs , memory cards , mos or the like . this camera may also be constructed in the form of a silver - halide camera using a silver - halide film in place of ccd 49 . moreover , a finder objective optical system 53 is located on the finder optical path 44 . an object image formed by the finder objective optical system 53 is in turn formed on the field frame 57 of a porro prism 55 that is an image - erecting member . in the rear of the porro prism 55 there is located an eyepiece optical system 59 for guiding an erected image into the eyeball e of an observer . it is here noted that cover members 50 are provided on the entrance sides of the phototaking optical system 41 and finder objective optical system 53 as well as on the exit side of the eyepiece optical system 59 . with the thus constructed digital camera 40 , it is possible to achieve high performance and compactness , because the phototaking optical system 41 is of high performance and compactness . in the embodiment of fig1 , plane - parallel plates are used as the cover members 50 ; however , it is acceptable to use powered lenses . fig1 , 13 and 14 are illustrative of a personal computer that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built as an objective optical system . fig1 is a front perspective view of a personal computer 300 in use , fig1 is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 303 in the personal computer 300 , and fig1 is a side view of the state of fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 and 14 , the personal computer 300 comprises a keyboard 301 via which an operator enters information therein from outside , information processing or recording means ( not shown ), a monitor 302 on which the information is shown for the operator , and a phototaking optical system 303 for taking an image of the operator and surrounding images . for the monitor 302 , use may be made of a transmission type liquid crystal display device illuminated by backlight ( not shown ) from the back surface , a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which light from the front is reflected to show images , or a crt display device . while the phototaking optical system 303 is shown as being built in the upper right portion of the monitor 302 , it may be located somewhere around the monitor 302 or keyboard 301 . this phototaking optical system 303 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 304 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 of the invention ( roughly shown ) and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an image . these are built in the personal computer 300 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in the processing means of the personal computer 300 , and shown as an electronic image on the monitor 302 . as an example , an image 305 taken of the operator is shown in fig1 . this image 305 may be shown on a personal computer on the other end via suitable processing means and the internet or telephone line . fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ) are illustrative of a telephone set that is one example of the information processor in which the imaging optical system according to the invention is built , especially a convenient - to - carry cellular phone . fig1 ( a ) and fig1 ( b ) are a front and a side view of a cellular phone 400 , respectively , and fig1 ( c ) is a sectional view of a phototaking optical system 405 . as shown in fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) and 15 ( c ), the cellular phone 400 comprises a microphone 401 for entering the voice of an operator therein as information , a speaker 402 for producing the voice of the person on the other end , an input dial 403 via which the operator enters information therein , a monitor 404 for displaying an image taken of the operator or the person on the other end and indicating information such as telephone numbers , a phototaking optical system 405 , an antenna 406 for transmitting and receiving communication waves , and processing means ( not shown ) for processing image information , communication information , input signals , etc . here the monitor 404 is a liquid crystal display device . it is noted that the components are not necessarily arranged as shown . the phototaking optical system 405 comprises , on a phototaking optical path 407 , an objective lens 112 comprising , for instance , the imaging optical system of example 1 and an image pickup device chip 162 for receiving an object image . these are built in the cellular phone 400 . here a cover glass cg having a low - pass filter function is additionally applied onto the image pickup device chip 162 to form an integral imaging unit 160 , which can be fitted into the rear end of the lens barrel 113 of the objective lens 112 in one - touch operation . thus , the assembly of the objective lens 112 and image pickup device chip 162 is facilitated because of no need of alignment or control of surface - to - surface spacing . the lens barrel 113 is provided at its end with a cover glass 114 for protection of the objective lens 112 . an object image received at the image . pickup device chip 162 is entered via a terminal 166 in processing means ( not shown ), so that the object image can be displayed as an electronic image on the monitor 404 and / or a monitor on the other end . the processing means also include a signal processing function for converting information about the object image received at the image pickup device chip 162 into transmittable signals , thereby sending the image to the person on the other end . many modifications could be made to the examples and embodiments as described above according to what is recited in the claims ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
f19248b74453fff80a6b59725b7d1e6e60f18e4de80ea376ac5fa7580af720cb
| 0.193359 | 0.222656 | 0.147461 | 0.148438 | 0.636719 | 0.179688 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.07373 | 0.060059 | 0.163086 | 0.029785 | 0.171875 | 0.149414 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.152344 | 0.102539 | 0.335938 | 0.328125 | 0.3125 | 0.527344 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
|
{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.219727 | 0.002625 | 0.081543 | 0.017456 | 0.21875 | 0.035156 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.072754 | 0.015442 | 0.158203 | 0.001503 | 0.171875 | 0.027954 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.179688 | 0.131836 | 0.103516 | 0.375 | 0.188477 | 0.128906 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
|
{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.330078 | 0.001869 | 0.496094 | 0.009399 | 0.535156 | 0.012024 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.451172 | 0.255859 | 0.480469 | 0.378906 | 0.425781 | 0.298828 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "referring to the drawings and particularly fig1 and 2 , there is illustrated a tower packing element generally designated by the numeral 10 . packing element 10 may be formed of a variety of strip materials including , but not limited to , metal , plastic and ceramic . the details regarding the differences in forming the packing element 10 of different strip materials are beyond the scope of the present invention and are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 200 , 119 which is incorporated herein by reference . packing element 10 is formed in the combination of an arcuate portion 12 and a straight leg portion 14 . arcuate portion 12 has been chosen by example to be in the shape of a parabola having a free end 16 and a connection point 18 . straight leg portion 14 is tangentially attached to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . this wide open shape of packing element 10 provides ready accessibility to liquids , gases , and contact with neighboring packing elements . further the shape of the packing element 10 provides an optimum number of packing element pieces per cubic foot of mass transfer tower , thereby optimizing performance . referring to fig4 there is diagrammatically illustrated the enhanced open features of the shape of packing element 10 . the length of straight leg portion 14 shown in fig4 is substantially equal to the length of cord 19 . however , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention the length of the leg portion may vary in a range between about one half to one and a half times the length of the cord 19 . cord 19 is an imaginary line formed between connection point 18 and free end 16 of the arcuate portion 12 . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , a plurality of slots generally designated by the numeral 20 are provided in packing element 10 for promoting uniform flow of liquids and gases through the packing element . slots 22 and 24 are located in arcuate portion 12 , and slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 are located in straight leg portion 14 . slots 22 , 26 , 30 and 34 are of different lengths . a plurality of tongues generally designated by the numeral 38 depend from slots 20 of the packing element 10 to increase and enhance the effectiveness of the surface area . this construction provides ready accessibility to liquid - gas traffic passing through the packed bed as well as to promote increased direct contact between adjacent packing elements . tongues 40 and 42 depend from the confines of slots 22 and 24 , respectively , in the arcuate portion 12 . tongues 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 and 54 depend from the confines of slots 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 , respectively , in the straight leg portion 14 . the lengths of tongues 38 shown in fig1 are substantially equal to the lengths of the respective slots 20 from which they depend . in other embodiments , the tongues 38 are longer or shorter than the slots 20 . additionally , the tongues can be straight or curved or a combination of a straight section and a curved section . although , tongues 38 are shown as depending into the center of packing element 10 , it should be understood that in accordance with the present invention selected tongues may extend upwardly away from the straight leg portion 14 . referring to fig3 there is illustrated angle a formed by the intersection of imaginary normal lines 56 and 58 . normal line 56 is perpendicular to tangent line 60 . line 60 is a line tangent to arcuate portion 12 at free end 16 . likewise , normal line 58 is perpendicular to tangent line 62 . line 62 is tangent to arcuate portion 12 at connection point 18 . the angle a is a critical parameter in the performance of the packing element to enhance the mass transfer properties of the packing element 10 . preferably the angle a is in the range between about 70 \u00b0 to 90 \u00b0 and most preferably in the range between about 75 \u00b0 to 85 \u00b0. the operation of the above described packing element 10 of the present invention constitutes a substantial improvement over known tongue - bearing packing elements , as for example slotted ring packings and variations thereof , some of which embody various diameter - height aspect ratios . with the prior art slotted rings , the tongues are confined to the inside of the rings and do not make significant contact with the neighboring pieces . the undesirable feature of positioning the tongues inside the slotted rings adversely affects the pressure drop and mass transfer . with the novel open ended randomly dumped packing elements 10 of the present invention , these adverse effects are overcome . as illustrated in fig2 the packing element 10 has two distinct rows of slots 20 and tongues 38 . the number of rows is selective and is based on the overall size of the packing element 10 . preferably , the width of slots 20 , for the largest to the smallest embodiment of the packing elements 10 , is substantially within the range of 1 . 00 to 0 . 10 inch . to ensure that the packing element 10 has both sufficient strength to withstand the long term pressure built up in a mass transfer tower , as well as , sufficient accessibility to liquid - gas flow , the surface area of the slots relative to the total surface area of the packing element 10 is preferably within the range between about 15 to 90 percent and most preferably within the range between 25 to 75 percent . referring to fig5 in order to provide added strength to the packing element 10 , there is illustrated stiffening grooves 72 in the surfaces 74 separating rows 64 , 66 , and 68 of slots 20 . the number of stiffening grooves 72 is dependent on the size and application of the packing element 10 . in order to promote the quality of irrigation by the liquid and thereby increase the mass transfer efficiency , a plurality of drip points 76 are provided on packing element 10 , as shown in fig5 . one method of forming drip points 76 is to serrate terminal free ends 78 of packing element 10 , as illustrated in fig5 . according to the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle , preferred construction , and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what i now consider to represent its best embodiments . however , it should be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described ."}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
2264e6261cd75447993716bd04b71346e7b9f02c5b57abd1633a75fa09c19002
| 0.072754 | 0.004761 | 0.163086 | 0.002319 | 0.171875 | 0.001328 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.460938 | 0.029297 | 0.061768 | 0.0065 | 0.062988 | 0.008301 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.135742 | 0.255859 | 0.010681 | 0.232422 | 0.012024 | 0.208008 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.135742 | 0.000026 | 0.010681 | 0.000296 | 0.014038 | 0.000345 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.091309 | 0.006104 | 0.011353 | 0.000393 | 0.016357 | 0.025513 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.051025 | 0.040771 | 0.010315 | 0.017456 | 0.043457 | 0.042725 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.109863 | 0.011353 | 0.015869 | 0.001755 | 0.025513 | 0.003708 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.090332 | 0.083984 | 0.019165 | 0.043945 | 0.011658 | 0.048828 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 illustrates an ip network in comprising a user equipment ue , a subscriber database 120 comprising policy related subscriber data 121 , policy rules pr , an anchor policy decision point apdp , serving policy decision points spdp1 , spdp2 , an anchor policy enforcement point apep , serving policy enforcement points spep1 , spep2 , an application function af , an aaa server aaa , an aaa proxy 131 and a home agent ha . the address of the serving policy decision point spdp1 is aspdp1 . a user equipment ue is attached to the network . the aaa server can be integrated with the hss server . a policy enforcement point ( pep ) is a function that requests for access to a resource or execution of a service . the pep requests evaluation of these access / service execution requests to a policy decision point ( pdp ). the pdp returns its decision to the pep and the pep enforces / carries out the decision that is returned by the pdp . the pep could e . g . block certain types of traffic according to the decision of the pdp or grant access to specific services . the main task of a policy decision point ( pdp ) is to evaluate requests addressed to the pep . it evaluates the request against a policy . the outcome of the policy evaluation is the \u2018 decision \u2019 of the pdp . the pdp and the pep may be implemented as two distinct entities that intercommunicate by means of a protocol . an example of a pep and the pdp is the policy and charging rules enforcement function ( pcef ) and the policy and charging rules function ( pcrf ) in 3gpp pcc r7 . critical traffic , e . g . voice , will be controlled by the pcrf . an anchor pdp controls the pep from a policy management point of view and has access to policy rules pr and specific policy information for the mobile terminal , the policy related subscriber data 121 . a serving pdp is the one that controls the pep that the mobile terminal is connected to . these pdps could be situated everywhere in the network , e . g . in the access network , core network or service network . the policy rules could be stored everywhere , e . g . in the different pdps or in a separate policy database . in this particular embodiment they are stored in the anchor pdp . policy related subscriber data 121 , e . g . subscriber class or subscriber services , for a particular user / subscriber 110 are stored in the subscriber database 120 . the subscriber database is normally located in the home network h . protocol used between the subscriber database and a pdp could be e . g . ldap . an example of a subscriber database is the subscription profile repository in 3gpp r7 . the application function af is an element offering applications that require the control of ip bearer resources . the application function is capable of communicating with the pdp to transfer dynamic service information , which can then be used for selecting the appropriate charging rule and service based local policy by the pdp . one example of an application function is the p - cscf of the im cn subsystem . the home agent ha keeps among other things information about lo the current ip address of the user equipment . a mobile user equipment that attaches to the network will be assigned a local ip address . this address will be registered at the home agent . in mipv6 this is done in the message binding update from the user equipment to the home agent . in mipv4 the corresponding message is called registration request . the aaa function refers to protocols and supporting infrastructure for authentication , authorization and accounting ( aaa ) in ip networks . the purpose of aaa is to verify the identity of the user ( authentication ), to verify what types of service the user is entitled to ( authorization ) and to collect data necessary for billing the user for the service ( accounting ). if a mobile user accesses the network via another pep than the anchor pep , e . g . a serving pep , spep1 in a visiting network , the user is going to be associated to serving pdp spdp1 , that controls the spep1 . in this example he attaches to spep1 and the spdp1 assigned . to be able to enforce the proper policy decisions the spdp1 and the apdp must communicate with each other . preferably the apdp discover the spdp1 and initiate the pdp - pdp interaction . this could be done via the interface s9 mentioned in 3gpp ts 23 . 203 and tr 23 . 882 . to be able to set up a connection the invention proposes that one of the policy decision points , spdp1 or apdp , receives the address of the other one . to be able to do this , the invention introduces a method to deliver the address ( aspdp1 ) of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point . the method comprises the feature of including this address in the communication in the ip mobility procedure of the user equipment . a first embodiment describes a roaming scenario according to fig1 . in a first embodiment the anchor pdp is situated in the home operator network h and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a visited network v . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 , in the visiting network v . an aaa server is integrated with the hss server . there is an aaa proxy in the visited network . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to the visited network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , via the aaa proxy , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp . the nodes and functions can be situated in all kind of constellations concerning the home network and the visited network . in e . g . a handover scenario , all the nodes and functions will be situated in the home network . in the handover case there is no need for an aaa proxy 131 . a second embodiment describes a handover scenario according to fig2 . both the anchor pdp , apdp , and the serving pdp , spdp1 , is situated in a home network h . the anchor pdp is also connected to an application function ( af ) situated in the home network h . the home agent ha is situated in the home network h and the user equipment is connecting to a policy enforcement point , spep1 also situated in the home network . there is no aaa proxy needed in this case . the method comprises the following steps . the user equipment ue attaches to a new access in the home network . run an access authentication procedure . assign an home agent ( ha ) run dhcp discovery for assignment of the local ip address to the ue . configure the ue with the address ( aspdp1 ) of the spdp depending on the assigned ip address . ip session request is send to s - pdp run ip security between ue and the aaa server , assign an home agent pop ( ha ) and include the ha in the successful response of the ip security . ha assigns a home ip - address of the ue and an anchor policy decision point apdp . apep , including the ha , sends ip session setup to the apdp . ue starts mip binding update or registration request to the ha including the s - pdp address . ha sends update request to a - pdp including the s - pdp address . the apdp creates a default pcc rule after interaction with the subscriber database 120 , initiates a pdp - pdp interface to push rules to the spdp1 . the spdp1 push rules after possible modification to the spep1 . the session id can be used to bind local ip address and the home ip address in apdp fig3 illustrates an user equipment ( ue ) used in the methods described above . it comprises means 330 for receiving the address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point spdp1 associated to the user equipment ue , means 340 for storing an address aspdp1 of the serving policy decision point and means 350 for sending the address of the serving policy decision point to the home agent so that the home agent can forward the address of the serving policy decision point to the anchor policy decision point ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
bfecb4f5251ffe8cc019f52c4fa8a1f0ad39886cc2916fd4acebb0970415e59e
| 0.108398 | 0.232422 | 0.014526 | 0.527344 | 0.023682 | 0.21875 |
null |
{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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{"patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.992188 | 0.835938 | 0.972656 | 0.734375 | 0.996094 | 0.828125 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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{"patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.960938 | 0.640625 | 0.785156 | 0.5625 | 0.953125 | 0.425781 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.992188 | 0.996094 | 0.972656 | 0.941406 | 0.996094 | 1 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.960938 | 0.972656 | 0.785156 | 0.875 | 0.953125 | 0.988281 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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{"patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.960938 | 0.710938 | 0.785156 | 0.5625 | 0.953125 | 0.447266 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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{"patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.960938 | 0.660156 | 0.785156 | 0.582031 | 0.953125 | 0.466797 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.945313 | 0.609375 | 0.601563 | 0.07373 | 0.988281 | 0.988281 |
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{"patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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{"patent": "the present invention will now be described more specifically with the experiment results of the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . concretely speaking , the method for manufacturing the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivative includes cyclization and condensation reactions . 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in 30 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide , and chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after ten hours of mixing and reacting by a reverse flow , the mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound no . 2 . the compound no . 2 has the following characterstics : mw 262 . 0724 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 79 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1667 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 262 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 2 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), 7 . 75 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), 8 . 19 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), 11 . 01 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 23 . 89 , 120 . 23 , 121 . 22 , 125 . 29 , 126 . 19 , 126 . 75 , 127 . 19 , 128 . 17 , 128 . 87 , 132 . 98 , 134 . 18 , 134 . 42 , 148 . 22 , 158 . 09 , 182 . 43 ( c o ), 185 . 13 ( c o ). except controlling the reacting temperature in 50 - 60 \u00b0 c ., all steps are identical with the steps for manufacturing the compound no . 2 , and the yellowish brown compound no . 3 can be obtained . the compound no . 3 has the following characterstics : mw 296 . 0353 ( c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 cl ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3359 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 10 n 2 o 2 cl + [ m + h ] + : 297 . 0425 . found : 297 . 0426 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 4 . 92 ( 2h , s , \u2014 ch 2 cl ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 8 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), 8 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 26 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 37 . 80 , 119 . 35 , 121 . 27 , 125 . 95 , 126 . 83 , 127 . 40 , 129 . 06 , 132 . 35 , 133 . 47 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 88 , 135 . 10 , 148 . 89 , 156 . 93 , 183 . 04 ( c o ), 183 . 83 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and propionaldehyde ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto for catalyzation . after mixing and reacting at room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water and is extracted by using dichloromethane . the extract is dried , and crystallized by using alcohol , so as to obtain the brown compound no . 4 . the compound no . 4 has the following characterstics : mw 276 . 0899 ( c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 75 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 277 . 0971 . found : 277 . 0975 calcd for c 17 h 12 n 2 o 2 na + [ m + na ] + : 299 . 0971 . found : 299 . 0794 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 1 . 51 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), 3 . 05 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), 7 . 73 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), 7 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 21 - 8 . 23 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 31 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b410 . 85 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 87 , 22 . 89 , 117 . 74 , 121 . 50 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 47 , 127 . 55 , 128 . 21 , 132 . 72 , 133 . 24 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 90 , 161 . 64 , 182 . 81 ( c o ), 185 . 15 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 5 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by isobutyraldehyde ( 0 . 41 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 5 has the following characterstics : mw 290 . 1055 ( c 18 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 7 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3445 ( nh ), 1662 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 291 . 1120 . found : 291 . 1123 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 56 ( 6h , d , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b43 . 40 ( 1h , sp , j = 6 . 6 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 78 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 88 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 15 , 29 . 21 , 117 . 66 , 121 . 36 , 125 . 21 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 05 , 132 . 49 , 133 . 10 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 134 . 24 , 148 . 71 , 165 . 35 , 181 . 05 ( c o ), 182 . 73 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 6 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by pentanal ( 0 . 45 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 6 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1669 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1282 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1135 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 50 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b41 . 93 ( 2h , qt , j = 7 . 8 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 , 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 12 . 98 , 21 . 78 , 28 . 60 , 29 . 27 , 117 . 32 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 64 , 125 . 98 , 127 . 08 , 127 . 83 , 132 . 17 , 132 . 84 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 61 , 133 . 86 , 148 . 25 , 160 . 29 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 78 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 7 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by methylbutyraldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 7 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1280 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ]: 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1137 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 00 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 52 ( 3h , d , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 82 - 2 . 02 ( 2h , m , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b43 . 04 ( 1h , sx , j = 7 . 2 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 62 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 20 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 11 . 09 , 18 . 09 , 28 . 40 , 35 . 71 , 117 . 39 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 148 . 06 , 164 . 30 , 182 . 31 ( c o ), 184 . 82 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellow compound no . 8 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trimethylacetaldehyde ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 8 has the following characterstics : mw 304 . 1212 ( c 19 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3568 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 19 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 305 . 1276 . found : 305 . 1283 calcd for c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 303 . 1131 . found : 303 . 1136 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 58 ( 9h , s , \u2014 c ( ch 3 ) 3 ), \u03b47 . 77 - 7 . 84 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 - 8 . 28 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 - 8 . 36 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 83 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 29 . 24 , 117 . 79 , 121 . 47 , 125 . 41 , 126 . 39 , 127 . 56 , 128 . 17 , 132 . 70 , 133 . 23 , 133 . 74 , 133 . 96 , 134 . 37 , 148 . 73 , 168 . 00 , 182 . 77 ( c o ), 185 . 26 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 9 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by octanal ( 0 . 29 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 9 has the following characterstics : mw 346 . 1681 ( c 22 h 22 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 85 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3447 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 23 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 347 . 1754 . found : 347 . 1752 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 87 - 0 . 91 ( 3h , m , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 26 - 1 . 35 ( 6h , m , \u03b41 . 56 ( 2h , sx , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 36 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b42 . 71 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 0 hz , \u2014 ch 2 \u2014), \u03b47 . 75 - 7 . 81 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 17 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 25 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 31 - 8 . 33 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b410 . 93 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 08 , 22 . 63 , 27 . 99 , 28 . 79 , 29 . 24 , 29 . 46 , 31 . 79 , 117 . 49 , 121 . 66 , 125 . 28 , 126 . 37 , 127 . 54 , 130 . 56 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 67 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 31 , 137 . 37 , 149 . 40 , 158 . 89 , 182 . 69 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the brown compound no . 10 are identical with the steps of embodiment 3 , except that propionaldehyde is substituted by trans - 2 - pentenal ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 10 has the following characterstics : mw 302 . 1055 ( c 19 h 15 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 57 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 302 ( m + , 100 %); 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b40 . 98 ( 3h , t , j = 6 . 9 hz , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b41 . 94 - 1 . 98 ( 2h , m \u03b46 . 16 - 6 . 29 ( 1h , m , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b46 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 18 hz , \u2014 ch \u2014), \u03b47 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 35 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b410 . 74 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 39 , 27 . 40 , 117 . 37 , 120 . 03 , 121 . 07 , 124 . 75 , 125 . 95 , 127 . 09 , 127 . 84 , 131 . 92 , 132 . 83 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 59 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 90 , 135 . 37 , 149 . 06 , 182 . 73 ( c o ), 185 . 18 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto after carbon disulfide ( 0 . 4 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing in room temperature and performing reverse flow for ten hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain reddle compound no . 23 with melting point of 407 - 409 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 80 %. the compound no . 23 has the following characterstics : mw 280 . 0306 ( c 15 h 8 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 80 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3221 ( nh ), 3192 ( nh ), 1665 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 15 h 9 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 281 . 0379 . found : 281 . 0389 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 73 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b413 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 113 . 89 , 115 . 27 , 122 . 41 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 76 , 126 . 88 , 130 . 95 , 132 . 89 , 133 . 06 , 134 . 25 , 134 . 47 , 138 . 19 , 172 . 89 , 181 . 79 ( c o ), 182 . 46 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after benzaldehyde ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellowish brown compound no . 11 . the compound no . 11 has the following characterstics : mw 324 . 0899 ( c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 55 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3296 ( nh ), 1660 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 324 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 325 ( 19 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 325 . 0971 . found : 325 . 0973 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b4 7 . 57 ( 3h , t , j = 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 4 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 89 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 40 ( 2h , dd , j = 6 . 3 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 119 . 62 , 121 . 72 , 125 . 06 , 126 . 85 , 127 . 42 , 128 . 79 , 128 . 86 , 129 . 41 , 129 . 50 , 131 . 72 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 92 , 135 . 07 , 149 . 26 , 158 . 25 , 183 . 06 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 12 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 12 has the following characterstics : mw 367 . 1321 ( c 23 h 17 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3404 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 366 ( 27 %), 367 ( m + , 100 . 00 %), 368 ( 20 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 18 n 3 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 368 . 1393 . found : 368 . 1393 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 09 ( 6h , s , \u2014 n ( ch 3 ) 2 ), \u03b46 . 81 ( 2h , d , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 03 - 8 . 22 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h ), \u03b411 . 10 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 39 . 95 , 111 . 65 , 115 . 23 , 117 . 13 , 121 . 83 , 124 . 24 , 126 . 33 , 127 . 37 , 127 . 44 , 128 . 27 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 45 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 12 , 150 . 11 , 152 . 10 , 157 . 59 , 182 . 47 ( c o ), 185 . 09 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the deep brown compound no . 13 are identical with the steps of embodiment 11 , except that benzaldehyde is substituted by 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 78 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 13 has the following characterstics : mw 369 . 0750 ( c 21 h 11 n 3 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3460 ( nh ), 1657 ( co ), 1517 , 1345 ( no 2 ); ei - ms m / z : 249 ( 100 %), 369 ( m + , 35 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 3 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 0822 . found : 370 . 0823 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b47 . 14 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 23 - 8 . 32 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 39 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 58 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b410 . 15 ( 1h , br , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 117 . 81 , 122 . 43 , 123 . 62 , 125 . 24 , 125 . 88 , 126 . 10 , 127 . 92 , 133 . 22 , 133 . 36 , 134 . 53 , 143 . 08 , 146 . 39 , 146 . 77 , 155 . 89 , 172 . 18 , 178 . 35 , 179 . 40 , 183 . 20 ( c o ), 185 . 56 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after vanillin ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol , so as to obtain brown compound no . 14 . the compound no . 14 has the following characterstics : mw 370 . 0954 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 2 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3411 ( oh ), 3411 ( nh ), 1664 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 369 ( 57 %), 370 ( m + , 100 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 370 . 1026 , found : 370 . 1025 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 91 ( 3h , s , \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b46 . 90 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 81 - 7 . 88 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 ), \u03b47 . 92 - 7 . 96 ( 3h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 5 , ar \u2032\u2014 h 6 ), \u03b47 . 99 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ), \u03b48 . 11 ( 2h , td , j = hz , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b49 . 78 ( 1h , br , \u2014 oh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 57 , 112 . 72 , 116 . 37 , 119 . 21 , 119 . 65 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 95 , 123 . 88 , 126 . 81 , 127 . 41 , 128 . 42 , 133 . 50 , 133 . 64 , 134 . 87 , 135 . 09 , 148 . 48 , 150 . 87 , 158 . 33 , 182 . 85 ( c o ), 183 . 79 ( co ). all steps for manufacturing the twany compound no . 15 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by p - tolualdehyde ( 0 . 7 ml , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 15 has the following characterstics : mw 338 . 1055 ( c 22 h 14 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3397 ( nh ), 1659 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 338 ( m + , 100 %), 339 ( 24 %) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 15 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 339 . 1128 . found : 339 . 1128 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 46 ( 3h , s , ar \u2032\u2212 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 79 ( 2h , t , j = 3 . 6 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 03 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 24 - 8 . 34 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 21 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 21 . 58 , 117 . 89 , 121 . 96 , 125 . 44 , 125 . 75 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 00 , 127 . 58 , 128 . 43 , 130 . 00 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 26 , 133 . 72 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 38 , 142 . 05 , 149 . 50 , 156 . 86 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 185 . 16 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 16 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - bromobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 93 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 16 has the following characterstics : mw 402 . 0004 ( c 21 h 11 n 2 o 2 br ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3391 ( nh ), 1658 ( co ); ei - ms m / z 402 ( m + , 100 %), 404 ( 97 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 21 h 12 n 2 o 2 br + [ m + h ] + : 403 . 0085 . found : 403 . 0073 calcd for c 21 h 10 n 2 o 2 br \u2212 [ m \u2212 h ] \u2212 : 400 . 9939 . found : 400 . 9923 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 72 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 83 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2032\u2014 h 2 , 6 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , \u03b411 . 29 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 122 . 18 , 125 . 86 , 126 . 11 , 126 . 57 , 127 . 64 , 127 . 69 , 128 . 50 , 128 . 89 , 132 . 61 , 133 . 20 , 133 . 35 , 133 . 87 , 134 . 01 , 134 . 57 , 149 . 40 , 155 . 62 , 182 . 63 ( c o ), 185 . 25 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the yellowish brown compound no . 17 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 4 - cyanobenzaldehyde ( 0 . 67 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 17 has the following characterstics : mw 349 . 0851 ( c 22 h 11 n 3 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 65 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3341 ( nh ), 2229 ( cn ), 1667 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 12 n 3 o 2 +[ m + h ] + : 350 . 0924 . found : 350 . 0925 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 80 - 7 . 85 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 5 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 18 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 27 - 8 . 32 ( 4h , m , ar \u2014 h 4 , 8 , 2 \u2032, 6 \u2032 ) \u03b48 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( 1h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b411 . 46 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 114 . 71 , 118 . 04 , 118 . 52 , 122 . 39 , 126 . 39 , 126 . 63 , 127 . 57 , 127 . 75 , 129 . 45 , 132 . 76 , 133 . 04 , 133 . 11 , 133 . 34 , 133 . 93 , 133 . 99 , 134 . 70 , 149 . 17 , 154 . 25 , 182 . 56 ( c o ), 185 . 21 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 18 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by 2 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 0 . 89 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 18 has the following characterstics : mw 384 . 1110 ( c 23 h 16 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 4 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3417 ( nh ), 1660 ( c \u2550 o ), 1226 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 23 h 17 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 385 . 1183 . found : 385 . 1181 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b43 . 93 ( 3h , s , ar 2 \u2032 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b44 . 21 ( h , s , ar 2 \u2014 och 3 ), \u03b47 . 09 ( 2h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 3 \u2032, 4 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b412 . 37 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 56 . 08 , 56 . 69 , 113 . 13 , 113 . 36 , 116 . 86 , 118 . 14 , 119 . 98 , 121 . 92 , 124 . 92 , 126 . 46 , 127 . 54 , 129 . 92 , 132 . 57 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 70 , 134 . 06 , 134 . 24 , 135 . 39 , 152 . 20 , 154 . 23 , 155 . 18 , 182 . 82 ( c o ), 184 . 88 ( c o ). all steps for manufacturing the red brown compound no . 19 are identical with the steps of embodiment 14 , except that vanillin is substituted by piperonal ( 0 . 77 g , 5 mmol ). the compound no . 19 has the following characterstics : mw 368 . 0797 ( c 22 h 12 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3444 ( nh ), 1670 ( c \u2550 o ), 1257 ( c \u2014 o ), 1210 ( c \u2014 o ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 13 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 369 . 0867 . found : 369 . 0887 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ) \u03b46 . 11 ( 2h , s , \u2014 och 2 o \u2014), \u03b47 . 00 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 \u2032 \u2014), \u03b47 . 67 ( 1h , s , ar \u2014 h 2 \u2032 ), \u03b47 . 79 - 7 . 82 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 13 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 \u2032 ), \u03b48 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b411 . 18 ( 1h , s , \u2014 nh ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 101 . 93 , 107 . 37 , 108 . 96 , 117 . 86 , 121 . 83 , 122 . 05 , 122 . 78 , 125 . 35 , 126 . 52 , 127 . 62 , 128 . 40 , 133 . 27 , 133 . 43 , 133 . 76 , 134 . 08 , 134 . 44 , 148 . 71 , 149 . 62 , 150 . 56 , 156 . 55 , 182 . 66 ( c o ), 185 . 27 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in thf ( 30 ml ), and triethylamine ( 3 ml ) is further added thereinto for catalyzation after thionyl chloride ( 0 . 15 g , 20 mmol ) is dripped thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for one hour , the reacted mixture is transferred into 200 ml of icy water . after filtering , the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain yellow compound no . 22 with melting point of 227 - 228 \u00b0 c ., and the production rate is 74 %. the compound no . 22 has the following characterstics : mw 266 . 0150 ( c 14 h 6 n 2 o 2 s ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 1671 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 210 ( 57 %), 238 ( 64 %), 266 ( m + , 100 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 14 h 7 n 2 o 2 s + [ m + h ] + : 267 . 0223 . found : 267 . 0226 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 84 ( 1h , dd , j = 12 . 15 , 6 . 9 hz , ar \u2014 h 7 ), \u03b47 . 85 ( 1h , dd , j = 13 . 2 , 7 . 5 hz , ar \u2014 h 10 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 8 ), \u03b48 . 33 ( 1h , dd , j = 22 . 5 , 7 . 2 hz , ar \u2014 h 9 ), \u03b48 . 41 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 3 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) ( ppm ): 125 . 07 , 126 . 35 , 126 . 99 , 127 . 34 , 127 . 61 , 132 . 08 , 133 . 47 , 134 . 15 , 134 . 75 , 135 . 16 , 150 . 93 , 157 . 99 , 181 . 97 ( c o ), 183 . 31 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in dry acetone ( 100 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 48 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into a potassium carbonate column . the product is collected and recrystallized by methanol , so as to obtain the purple compound 20 , and the production rate is 31 %. in the purification steps of the embodiment 21 , regular extraction method will reduce the production rate , and thus the basic column is used to remove the acid in the rough extract , so as to increase the production rate . the compound no . 20 has the following characterstics : melting point : 235 - 237 \u25a1, mw 278 . 1055 ( c 17 h 14 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 5 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 3419 ( nh ), 3239 ( nh ), 1639 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 263 ( 100 %), 278 ( m + , 8 . 6 %), hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 17 h 15 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 279 . 1128 . found : 279 . 1133 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 48 ( 6h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b46 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b47 . 37 ( 1h , d , j = 7 . 8 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 73 - 7 . 76 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 05 ( s , 1h , \u2014 nhc \u2014), \u03b48 . 08 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ), \u03b48 . 79 ( s , 1h , \u2014 cnh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 30 . 18 , 81 . 70 , 104 . 02 , 108 . 04 , 120 . 99 , 123 . 54 , 126 . 32 , 127 . 07 , 133 . 41 , 133 . 54 , 134 . 79 , 135 . 46 , 143 . 05 , 148 . 12 , 179 . 89 ( c o ), 182 . 47 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after acetophenone ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 21 , and the production rate is 28 %. the compound no . 21 has the following characterstics : melting point : 368 - 371 \u25a1, mw 340 . 1212 ( c 22 h 16 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 8 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3348 ( nh ), 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 22 h 17 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 341 . 1284 . found : 341 . 1033 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b41 . 22 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 56 - 7 . 62 ( 3h , m , \u03b47 . 90 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 7 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 22 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 1 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 18 - 8 . 22 ( 2h , m , ar \u2032\u2014 h 3 , 5 ), \u03b48 . 40 - 8 . 42 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 9 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 28 . 79 , 83 . 56 , 103 . 62 , 109 . 74 , 119 . 13 , 121 . 35 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 20 , 1267 . 76 , 128 . 32 , 128 . 77 , 131 . 31 , 132 . 99 , 134 . 30 , 134 . 45 , 143 . 05 , 157 . 25 , 182 . 60 ( c o ), 182 . 89 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is further added thereinto after methyl vinyl ketone ( 0 . 36 g , 5 mmol ) is added thereinto . after mixing and reacting in room temperature for 72 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and recrystallized by hot alcohol , so as to obtain the black compound 24 , and the production rate is 25 %. the compound no . 24 has the following characterstics : melting point & gt ; 400 \u25a1, mw 288 . 0899 ( c 18 h 12 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 6 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1671 ( co ); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 18 h 13 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 289 . 0988 . found : 289 . 0970 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b42 . 72 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b42 . 88 ( 3h , s , \u2014 ch 3 ), \u03b47 . 91 - 7 . 94 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 07 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 16 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 4 hz , ar \u2014 h 4 ), \u03b48 . 19 - 8 . 21 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 14 . 91 , 30 . 74 , 120 . 19 , 125 . 46 , 126 . 21 , 126 . 26 , 127 . 16 , 128 . 18 , 128 . 87 , 133 . 01 , 133 . 10 , 134 . 19 , 134 . 27 , 134 . 42 , 158 . 87 , 162 . 28 , 182 . 49 ( c o ), 183 . 37 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and 40 % glyoxal ( 0 . 8 g , 5 mml ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the water is evaporated out , and the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and dichloromethane repeatedly , so as to obtain the black compound 25 , and the production rate is 23 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 270 - 272 \u25a1, mw 260 . 0586 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 2 ); r f : 0 . 45 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) 3413 ( nh ), 3365 ( nh ), 1626 ( co ); ei - ms m / z : 150 ( 54 %), 238 ( 73 %), 260 ( m + , 100 %); hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 2 + [ m + h ] + : 261 . 0659 . found : 261 . 0663 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 82 - 7 . 87 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 29 - 8 . 36 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b48 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 n \u2550 ch \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 ch \u2550 n \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , cdcl 3 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): 126 . 72 , 127 . 05 , 127 . 46 , 130 . 05 , 131 . 98 , 133 . 77 , 134 . 76 , 135 . 18 , 135 . 88 , 135 . 93 , 136 . 03 , 145 . 42 , 146 . 40 , 147 . 77 , 183 . 21 ( c o ), 183 . 61 ( c o ). 1 , 2 - diaminoanthraquinone ( 1 . 19 g , 5 mmol ) is dissolved in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ), and oxalic acid ( 0 . 46 g , 5 mmol ) and concentrated sulfuric acid ( 0 . 1 ml ) is added thereinto . after reverse flow for 16 hours , the reacted mixture is transferred into icy water ( 200 ml ) for precipitation . the precipitate is collected and washed by hot alcohol and , so as to obtain the black compound 26 , and the production rate is 30 %. the compound no . 25 has the following characterstics : melting point : 245 - 246 \u25a1, mw 292 . 0484 ( c 16 h 8 n 2 o 4 ); r f : 0 . 25 ( ethyl acetate : dichloromethane = 1 : 4 ); ir ( kbr ) cm \u2212 1 : 1710 ( co ), 1671 ( conh ); ei - ms m / z : 248 ( 100 %), 292 ( m + ) hrms ( esi - tof ) m / z : calcd for c 16 h 9 n 2 o 4 + [ m + h ] + : 293 . 0557 . found : 293 . 0568 ; 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ): \u03b47 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 5 ), \u03b47 . 93 - 7 . 98 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 8 , 11 ), \u03b48 . 04 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 0 hz , ar \u2014 h 6 ), \u03b48 . 17 - 8 . 24 ( 2h , m , ar \u2014 h 9 , 10 ), \u03b48 . 99 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014), \u03b49 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 5 hz , \u2014 nh \u2014); and 13 c - nmr ( 75 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) \u03b4 ( ppm ); 118 . 08 , 120 . 52 , 122 . 87 , 126 . 26 , 126 . 34 , 126 . 78 , 127 . 71 , 128 . 17 , 129 . 58 , 134 . 48 , 134 . 55 , 135 . 07 , 154 . 64 ( nh c o ), 154 . 73 ( nh c o ), 180 . 08 ( c o ), 181 . 07 ( c o ). the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series a are illustrated in table 1 , and the chemical formula , production rates and melting points of the above - mentioned heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives of series b , c and d are described in the embodiments , respectively . telomeric repeat amplification protocol ( trap ) is employed to detect the effect of the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention for inhibiting the telomerase activity . in the first stage of this method , the telemerase is used to prolong the oligonucleotide with telomere sequence in the conditions of 90 \u00b0 c . for 10 minutes , 72 \u00b0 c . for 3 minutes , 50 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds and 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds ( tsg4 primer : 5 \u2032- ggg att ggg att ggg att ggg tt - 3 \u2032) in the second stage , different compounds are added into the telomerase reacted product to further replicate the telomere product by pcr ( cx primer : 5 \u2032- ccctta ccctta ccctta ccctaa - 3 \u2032). when the compound inhibits the telomerase activity , the replication reaction can not be resumed . the pcr conditions includes 39 cycles of pcr reaction in 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 60 seconds for 39 pcr cycles , followed by one cycle of reaction in 94 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 50 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds , 72 \u00b0 c . for 30 seconds and 72 \u00b0 c . for 1 minute , and the reaction is ended in 4 \u00b0 c . the pcr product is analyzed by electrophoresis using 10 % acrylamide gel . in the electrophoresis results , the positive control ( p ) is sterile water ( dddh 2 o ), and the negative control ( n ) is 5 \u03bcl 0 . 1 mg / ml rnase a ( clontech ). the positive control ( p ) produces lots of telomere fragment , while the negative control ( n ) does not . the compounds provided by the present invention inhibit the telomerase activity by stabilizing g - quadruplex structures and blocking the interaction between telomerase and telomere , or directly inhibit the telomerase activity , so as to inhibit the prolongation of telomere . it is found in the present experiments that the embodiments a4 and a5 have better inhibition effects . in addition , it is found in the in vitro experiments performed by the development therapeutics program of us cancer research center that the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention have various inhibition effects on different cancer cell lines at 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 \u2212 5 molal concentration ( m ) as shown in table 2 . for example , the embodiment a2 of the present invention inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell hs578t , and the embodiment b1 has overall and the most obvious inhibition on different cancer cells . therefore , the heteroannelated anthraquinone derivatives synthesized in the present invention are potential drugs for inhibiting cancer cells . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 22 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 3 - 1 to 3 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 4 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 4 - 1 to 4 - 9 . the detailed in - vitro testing results of dose response of the compound no . 25 obtained from national cancer institute developmental therapeutics program are shown in tables 5 - 1 to 5 - 9 . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . 1 . bestilny , l . j . ; brown , c . b . ; miura , y . ; robertson , l . d . ; riabowol , k . t . selective inhibition of telomerase activity during terminal differentiation of immortal cell lines . cancer res . 1996 , 56 , 3796 - 802 . 2 . bodnar , a . g . ; ouellette , m . ; frolkis , m . ; holt , s . e . ; chiu , c . p . ; morin , g . b . ; harley , c . b . ; shay , j . w . ; lichtsteiner , s . ; wright , w . e . extension of life - span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells . science . 1998 , 279 , 349 - 52 . 3 . urquidi , v . ; tarin , d . ; goodison , s . role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis . annu . rev . med . 2000 , 51 , 65 - 79 . 4 . smogorzewska , a . ; de lange , t . regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins . annu . rev . biochem . 2004 , 73 , 177 - 208 . 5 . peng , x . ; wu , y . ; fan , j . ; tian , m . ; han , k . colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of fluoride : tuning selectivity in proton transfer . j . org . chem . 2005 , 70 , 10524 - 31 .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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| 0.25 |
e441d5c4b06b4fdde7127806816343f9f62654c8232076fa12632b9c9a7d5acd
| 0.855469 | 0.792969 | 0.78125 | 0.660156 | 0.851563 | 0.644531 |
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