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withpi
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patent_classification_question_preference

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input null	response stringlengths 1.55k 216k	chosen_question stringclasses 36 values	rejected_question stringclasses 36 values	margin float64 0.25 0.25	pi_key stringlengths 64 64	pi_score_chosen float64 0 0.97	pi_score_rejected float64 0 0.96	pi_score_chosen_sfc_q_30750 float64 0 0.95	pi_score_rejected_sfc_q_30750 float64 0 0.96	pi_score_chosen_sfc_o_33000 float64 0 0.97	pi_score_rejected_sfc_o_33000 float64 0 0.95
null	referring to fig1 showing an automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention in combination with a portion of a chopper - type folding device pertinent to the present invention , a driven gear 51 interlocked with a chopper blade 41 is in engagement with one of the helical gears 52a and 52b , i . e ., the helical gear 52a in fig1 of a double helical gear 52 supported for rotation and axial movement . a driving gear 53 is in engagement with the other helical gear 52b of the double helical gear 52 . the chopper blade 41 is operated by the driving gear 53 through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 . the double helical gear 52 is moved axially to change the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 to change the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . a threaded portion 54 formed in the shaft of the double helical gear 52 is in engagement with an internally threaded member 55 journaled on a frame 56 so that the internally threaded member 55 is unable to move axially . a gear 55a is formed integrally with the internally threaded member 55 . the gear 55a is in engagement with a pinion 58 mounted on the output shaft of a stepping motor 57 . the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the pinion 58 and the gear 55a to move the double helical gear 52 axially by the screw jack action of the internally threaded member 55 and the threaded portion 54 of the shaft of the double helical gear 52 . a slit disk 57a is mounted on the output shaft of the stepping motor 57 , and a pulse generator 59 is associated with the slit disk 57a to detect the phase of the slit disk 57a . a timing regulating mechanism comprises , as principal components , the driven gear 51 , the double helical gear 52 having the threaded portion 54 , the internally threaded member 55 integrally provided with the gear 55a , the pinion 58 and the stepping motor 57 . a piezoelectric acceleration sensor 60 , i . e ., impulsive force detecting means , is provided on a locating plate 34 to detect an impulsive force applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . detection signals provided by the acceleration sensor 60 are applied to a charge amplifier 61 , the charge amplifier 61 provides an acceleration signal stream . a signal processing unit 62 receives the acceleration signal stream , averages the acceleration signal stream to obtain an average acceleration signal and gives the average acceleration signal to a comparator 63 . a desired acceleration setting unit 64 , i . e ., desired impulsive force setting means , for setting an optimum acceleration according to the condition of the signature gives a signal to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting unit 64 is provided with a set acceleration calculating circuit 67 which sets a desired acceleration on the basis of data given thereto from an impulsive force setting device 65 and a signature mass calculating circuit 66 for calculating the mass of a signature , and gives a signal representing the desired acceleration to the comparator 63 . the impulsive force setting device 65 gives a signal representing an optimum impulsive force f to the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 . a sheet width w ( mm ), a basis weight s ( g / mm 2 ) and a web number n , i . e ., the number of webs to be used , are given to the signature mass calculating circuit 66 respectively from a sheet width setting device 68 , a signature mass setting device 68 and a web number setting device 70 . then , the sheet weight calculating circuit 66 calculates the mass m of the signature by operating those data given thereto by using : the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 receives the mass m of the signature and the desired impulsive force f , and gives a desired acceleration a ( a = f / m ) to the comparator 63 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal received from the signal processing unit 62 and the desired acceleration a received from the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 , and gives a signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through an amplifier 71 to a control unit 72 . then , the control unit 72 gives a driving signal through a pulse oscillator 73 and a driver 74 to the stepping motor 57 . the pulse oscillator 73 provides a clockwise driving pulse signal cw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a clockwise direction or a counterclockwise driving pulse signal ccw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a counterclockwise direction . when the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than a reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to delay the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . when the deviation is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to advance the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . the location of the double helical gear 52 at a zero - position is detected by a zero - position switch 75 , an upper limit switch 76 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the upper limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 , and a lower limit switch 77 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the lower limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 . the signal generated by the pulse generator 59 is applied also to the control unit 72 . a chopper blade operating timing regulating method to be carried out by the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator will be described hereinafter . the chopper blade 41 is driven through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 by the driving gear 53 . the acceleration sensor 60 detects an impulsive force ( acceleration ) applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . an acceleration signal representing the impulsive force , provided by the acceleration sensor 60 is transferred through the charge amplifier 61 and the signal processing unit 62 to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting device 64 sets the desired acceleration a on the basis of data provided by the impulsive force setting device 65 and the signature mass calculating circuit 66 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal and the desired acceleration a , and then the comparator 63 gives a deviation signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through the amplifier 71 to the control unit 72 . the control unit 72 gives a drive command signal corresponding to the deviation to the driver 74 , and then driver 74 applies a drive signal to the stepping motor 57 to drive the stepping motor 57 . then , the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the driving gear 58 and the gear 55a to shift the double helical gear 52 axially according to the drive command signal so that the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 is changed accordingly to change the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is changed accordingly . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be delayed to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to delay the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is given to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for delaying the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be advanced to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to advance the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is give to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for advancing the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . thus , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is regulated automatically so that the acceleration of the signature at the impact of the same on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the signature conveying speed corresponding to the printing speed . the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator is capable of automatically regulating the chopper blade operating timing so that the impact of the signature on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the printing speed and , consequently , the signature can satisfactorily be folded by the chopper blade 41 in an accurate quarto sheet in an accurate squareness . since the operator is required only to enter data of the signature , the quality of the folded sheet is not dependent on the degree of skill of the operator . although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity , obviously many changes and variations are possible therein . it is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein without departing from the scope and spirit thereof .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	5942255a4ae20591dcb746ed50dc76b2df6279822d74f6b82074d65babf9a3b2	0.002472	0.014038	0.000534	0.006287	0.006287	0.038574
null	referring to fig1 showing an automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention in combination with a portion of a chopper - type folding device pertinent to the present invention , a driven gear 51 interlocked with a chopper blade 41 is in engagement with one of the helical gears 52a and 52b , i . e ., the helical gear 52a in fig1 of a double helical gear 52 supported for rotation and axial movement . a driving gear 53 is in engagement with the other helical gear 52b of the double helical gear 52 . the chopper blade 41 is operated by the driving gear 53 through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 . the double helical gear 52 is moved axially to change the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 to change the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . a threaded portion 54 formed in the shaft of the double helical gear 52 is in engagement with an internally threaded member 55 journaled on a frame 56 so that the internally threaded member 55 is unable to move axially . a gear 55a is formed integrally with the internally threaded member 55 . the gear 55a is in engagement with a pinion 58 mounted on the output shaft of a stepping motor 57 . the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the pinion 58 and the gear 55a to move the double helical gear 52 axially by the screw jack action of the internally threaded member 55 and the threaded portion 54 of the shaft of the double helical gear 52 . a slit disk 57a is mounted on the output shaft of the stepping motor 57 , and a pulse generator 59 is associated with the slit disk 57a to detect the phase of the slit disk 57a . a timing regulating mechanism comprises , as principal components , the driven gear 51 , the double helical gear 52 having the threaded portion 54 , the internally threaded member 55 integrally provided with the gear 55a , the pinion 58 and the stepping motor 57 . a piezoelectric acceleration sensor 60 , i . e ., impulsive force detecting means , is provided on a locating plate 34 to detect an impulsive force applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . detection signals provided by the acceleration sensor 60 are applied to a charge amplifier 61 , the charge amplifier 61 provides an acceleration signal stream . a signal processing unit 62 receives the acceleration signal stream , averages the acceleration signal stream to obtain an average acceleration signal and gives the average acceleration signal to a comparator 63 . a desired acceleration setting unit 64 , i . e ., desired impulsive force setting means , for setting an optimum acceleration according to the condition of the signature gives a signal to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting unit 64 is provided with a set acceleration calculating circuit 67 which sets a desired acceleration on the basis of data given thereto from an impulsive force setting device 65 and a signature mass calculating circuit 66 for calculating the mass of a signature , and gives a signal representing the desired acceleration to the comparator 63 . the impulsive force setting device 65 gives a signal representing an optimum impulsive force f to the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 . a sheet width w ( mm ), a basis weight s ( g / mm 2 ) and a web number n , i . e ., the number of webs to be used , are given to the signature mass calculating circuit 66 respectively from a sheet width setting device 68 , a signature mass setting device 68 and a web number setting device 70 . then , the sheet weight calculating circuit 66 calculates the mass m of the signature by operating those data given thereto by using : the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 receives the mass m of the signature and the desired impulsive force f , and gives a desired acceleration a ( a = f / m ) to the comparator 63 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal received from the signal processing unit 62 and the desired acceleration a received from the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 , and gives a signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through an amplifier 71 to a control unit 72 . then , the control unit 72 gives a driving signal through a pulse oscillator 73 and a driver 74 to the stepping motor 57 . the pulse oscillator 73 provides a clockwise driving pulse signal cw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a clockwise direction or a counterclockwise driving pulse signal ccw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a counterclockwise direction . when the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than a reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to delay the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . when the deviation is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to advance the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . the location of the double helical gear 52 at a zero - position is detected by a zero - position switch 75 , an upper limit switch 76 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the upper limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 , and a lower limit switch 77 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the lower limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 . the signal generated by the pulse generator 59 is applied also to the control unit 72 . a chopper blade operating timing regulating method to be carried out by the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator will be described hereinafter . the chopper blade 41 is driven through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 by the driving gear 53 . the acceleration sensor 60 detects an impulsive force ( acceleration ) applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . an acceleration signal representing the impulsive force , provided by the acceleration sensor 60 is transferred through the charge amplifier 61 and the signal processing unit 62 to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting device 64 sets the desired acceleration a on the basis of data provided by the impulsive force setting device 65 and the signature mass calculating circuit 66 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal and the desired acceleration a , and then the comparator 63 gives a deviation signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through the amplifier 71 to the control unit 72 . the control unit 72 gives a drive command signal corresponding to the deviation to the driver 74 , and then driver 74 applies a drive signal to the stepping motor 57 to drive the stepping motor 57 . then , the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the driving gear 58 and the gear 55a to shift the double helical gear 52 axially according to the drive command signal so that the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 is changed accordingly to change the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is changed accordingly . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be delayed to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to delay the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is given to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for delaying the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be advanced to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to advance the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is give to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for advancing the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . thus , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is regulated automatically so that the acceleration of the signature at the impact of the same on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the signature conveying speed corresponding to the printing speed . the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator is capable of automatically regulating the chopper blade operating timing so that the impact of the signature on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the printing speed and , consequently , the signature can satisfactorily be folded by the chopper blade 41 in an accurate quarto sheet in an accurate squareness . since the operator is required only to enter data of the signature , the quality of the folded sheet is not dependent on the degree of skill of the operator . although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity , obviously many changes and variations are possible therein . it is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein without departing from the scope and spirit thereof .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is 'Physics' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	5942255a4ae20591dcb746ed50dc76b2df6279822d74f6b82074d65babf9a3b2	0.008301	0.161133	0.002808	0.068359	0.016357	0.077148
null	referring to fig1 showing an automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention in combination with a portion of a chopper - type folding device pertinent to the present invention , a driven gear 51 interlocked with a chopper blade 41 is in engagement with one of the helical gears 52a and 52b , i . e ., the helical gear 52a in fig1 of a double helical gear 52 supported for rotation and axial movement . a driving gear 53 is in engagement with the other helical gear 52b of the double helical gear 52 . the chopper blade 41 is operated by the driving gear 53 through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 . the double helical gear 52 is moved axially to change the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 to change the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . a threaded portion 54 formed in the shaft of the double helical gear 52 is in engagement with an internally threaded member 55 journaled on a frame 56 so that the internally threaded member 55 is unable to move axially . a gear 55a is formed integrally with the internally threaded member 55 . the gear 55a is in engagement with a pinion 58 mounted on the output shaft of a stepping motor 57 . the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the pinion 58 and the gear 55a to move the double helical gear 52 axially by the screw jack action of the internally threaded member 55 and the threaded portion 54 of the shaft of the double helical gear 52 . a slit disk 57a is mounted on the output shaft of the stepping motor 57 , and a pulse generator 59 is associated with the slit disk 57a to detect the phase of the slit disk 57a . a timing regulating mechanism comprises , as principal components , the driven gear 51 , the double helical gear 52 having the threaded portion 54 , the internally threaded member 55 integrally provided with the gear 55a , the pinion 58 and the stepping motor 57 . a piezoelectric acceleration sensor 60 , i . e ., impulsive force detecting means , is provided on a locating plate 34 to detect an impulsive force applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . detection signals provided by the acceleration sensor 60 are applied to a charge amplifier 61 , the charge amplifier 61 provides an acceleration signal stream . a signal processing unit 62 receives the acceleration signal stream , averages the acceleration signal stream to obtain an average acceleration signal and gives the average acceleration signal to a comparator 63 . a desired acceleration setting unit 64 , i . e ., desired impulsive force setting means , for setting an optimum acceleration according to the condition of the signature gives a signal to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting unit 64 is provided with a set acceleration calculating circuit 67 which sets a desired acceleration on the basis of data given thereto from an impulsive force setting device 65 and a signature mass calculating circuit 66 for calculating the mass of a signature , and gives a signal representing the desired acceleration to the comparator 63 . the impulsive force setting device 65 gives a signal representing an optimum impulsive force f to the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 . a sheet width w ( mm ), a basis weight s ( g / mm 2 ) and a web number n , i . e ., the number of webs to be used , are given to the signature mass calculating circuit 66 respectively from a sheet width setting device 68 , a signature mass setting device 68 and a web number setting device 70 . then , the sheet weight calculating circuit 66 calculates the mass m of the signature by operating those data given thereto by using : the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 receives the mass m of the signature and the desired impulsive force f , and gives a desired acceleration a ( a = f / m ) to the comparator 63 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal received from the signal processing unit 62 and the desired acceleration a received from the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 , and gives a signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through an amplifier 71 to a control unit 72 . then , the control unit 72 gives a driving signal through a pulse oscillator 73 and a driver 74 to the stepping motor 57 . the pulse oscillator 73 provides a clockwise driving pulse signal cw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a clockwise direction or a counterclockwise driving pulse signal ccw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a counterclockwise direction . when the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than a reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to delay the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . when the deviation is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to advance the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . the location of the double helical gear 52 at a zero - position is detected by a zero - position switch 75 , an upper limit switch 76 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the upper limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 , and a lower limit switch 77 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the lower limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 . the signal generated by the pulse generator 59 is applied also to the control unit 72 . a chopper blade operating timing regulating method to be carried out by the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator will be described hereinafter . the chopper blade 41 is driven through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 by the driving gear 53 . the acceleration sensor 60 detects an impulsive force ( acceleration ) applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . an acceleration signal representing the impulsive force , provided by the acceleration sensor 60 is transferred through the charge amplifier 61 and the signal processing unit 62 to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting device 64 sets the desired acceleration a on the basis of data provided by the impulsive force setting device 65 and the signature mass calculating circuit 66 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal and the desired acceleration a , and then the comparator 63 gives a deviation signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through the amplifier 71 to the control unit 72 . the control unit 72 gives a drive command signal corresponding to the deviation to the driver 74 , and then driver 74 applies a drive signal to the stepping motor 57 to drive the stepping motor 57 . then , the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the driving gear 58 and the gear 55a to shift the double helical gear 52 axially according to the drive command signal so that the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 is changed accordingly to change the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is changed accordingly . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be delayed to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to delay the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is given to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for delaying the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be advanced to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to advance the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is give to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for advancing the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . thus , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is regulated automatically so that the acceleration of the signature at the impact of the same on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the signature conveying speed corresponding to the printing speed . the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator is capable of automatically regulating the chopper blade operating timing so that the impact of the signature on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the printing speed and , consequently , the signature can satisfactorily be folded by the chopper blade 41 in an accurate quarto sheet in an accurate squareness . since the operator is required only to enter data of the signature , the quality of the folded sheet is not dependent on the degree of skill of the operator . although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity , obviously many changes and variations are possible therein . it is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein without departing from the scope and spirit thereof .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Electricity'?	0.25	5942255a4ae20591dcb746ed50dc76b2df6279822d74f6b82074d65babf9a3b2	0.002472	0.181641	0.000534	0.038574	0.006287	0.009155
null	referring to fig1 showing an automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention in combination with a portion of a chopper - type folding device pertinent to the present invention , a driven gear 51 interlocked with a chopper blade 41 is in engagement with one of the helical gears 52a and 52b , i . e ., the helical gear 52a in fig1 of a double helical gear 52 supported for rotation and axial movement . a driving gear 53 is in engagement with the other helical gear 52b of the double helical gear 52 . the chopper blade 41 is operated by the driving gear 53 through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 . the double helical gear 52 is moved axially to change the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 to change the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . a threaded portion 54 formed in the shaft of the double helical gear 52 is in engagement with an internally threaded member 55 journaled on a frame 56 so that the internally threaded member 55 is unable to move axially . a gear 55a is formed integrally with the internally threaded member 55 . the gear 55a is in engagement with a pinion 58 mounted on the output shaft of a stepping motor 57 . the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the pinion 58 and the gear 55a to move the double helical gear 52 axially by the screw jack action of the internally threaded member 55 and the threaded portion 54 of the shaft of the double helical gear 52 . a slit disk 57a is mounted on the output shaft of the stepping motor 57 , and a pulse generator 59 is associated with the slit disk 57a to detect the phase of the slit disk 57a . a timing regulating mechanism comprises , as principal components , the driven gear 51 , the double helical gear 52 having the threaded portion 54 , the internally threaded member 55 integrally provided with the gear 55a , the pinion 58 and the stepping motor 57 . a piezoelectric acceleration sensor 60 , i . e ., impulsive force detecting means , is provided on a locating plate 34 to detect an impulsive force applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . detection signals provided by the acceleration sensor 60 are applied to a charge amplifier 61 , the charge amplifier 61 provides an acceleration signal stream . a signal processing unit 62 receives the acceleration signal stream , averages the acceleration signal stream to obtain an average acceleration signal and gives the average acceleration signal to a comparator 63 . a desired acceleration setting unit 64 , i . e ., desired impulsive force setting means , for setting an optimum acceleration according to the condition of the signature gives a signal to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting unit 64 is provided with a set acceleration calculating circuit 67 which sets a desired acceleration on the basis of data given thereto from an impulsive force setting device 65 and a signature mass calculating circuit 66 for calculating the mass of a signature , and gives a signal representing the desired acceleration to the comparator 63 . the impulsive force setting device 65 gives a signal representing an optimum impulsive force f to the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 . a sheet width w ( mm ), a basis weight s ( g / mm 2 ) and a web number n , i . e ., the number of webs to be used , are given to the signature mass calculating circuit 66 respectively from a sheet width setting device 68 , a signature mass setting device 68 and a web number setting device 70 . then , the sheet weight calculating circuit 66 calculates the mass m of the signature by operating those data given thereto by using : the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 receives the mass m of the signature and the desired impulsive force f , and gives a desired acceleration a ( a = f / m ) to the comparator 63 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal received from the signal processing unit 62 and the desired acceleration a received from the set acceleration calculating circuit 67 , and gives a signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through an amplifier 71 to a control unit 72 . then , the control unit 72 gives a driving signal through a pulse oscillator 73 and a driver 74 to the stepping motor 57 . the pulse oscillator 73 provides a clockwise driving pulse signal cw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a clockwise direction or a counterclockwise driving pulse signal ccw for driving the stepping motor 57 for rotation in a counterclockwise direction . when the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than a reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to delay the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . when the deviation is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the stepping motor 57 is driven so as to advance the timing of operation of the chopper blade 41 . the location of the double helical gear 52 at a zero - position is detected by a zero - position switch 75 , an upper limit switch 76 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the upper limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 , and a lower limit switch 77 gives a signal to the control unit 72 at the lower limit of travel of the double helical gear 52 . the signal generated by the pulse generator 59 is applied also to the control unit 72 . a chopper blade operating timing regulating method to be carried out by the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator will be described hereinafter . the chopper blade 41 is driven through the double helical gear 52 and the driven gear 51 by the driving gear 53 . the acceleration sensor 60 detects an impulsive force ( acceleration ) applied by a signature to the locating plate 34 . an acceleration signal representing the impulsive force , provided by the acceleration sensor 60 is transferred through the charge amplifier 61 and the signal processing unit 62 to the comparator 63 . the desired acceleration setting device 64 sets the desired acceleration a on the basis of data provided by the impulsive force setting device 65 and the signature mass calculating circuit 66 . the comparator 63 compares the acceleration signal and the desired acceleration a , and then the comparator 63 gives a deviation signal representing the deviation of the acceleration signal from the desired acceleration a through the amplifier 71 to the control unit 72 . the control unit 72 gives a drive command signal corresponding to the deviation to the driver 74 , and then driver 74 applies a drive signal to the stepping motor 57 to drive the stepping motor 57 . then , the stepping motor 57 rotates the internally threaded member 55 through the driving gear 58 and the gear 55a to shift the double helical gear 52 axially according to the drive command signal so that the phase of the driven gear 51 relative to the driving gear 53 is changed accordingly to change the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is changed accordingly . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a positive value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is lower than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be delayed to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to delay the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is given to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for delaying the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . if the deviation determined by the comparator 63 is a negative value , namely , when the actual acceleration of the signature is higher than the reference acceleration , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 must be advanced to reduce the deviation to zero . therefore , a drive command signal to advance the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is give to the driver 74 so that the stepping motor 57 rotates the driven gear 51 in a direction for advancing the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 . thus , the operating timing of the chopper blade 41 is regulated automatically so that the acceleration of the signature at the impact of the same on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the signature conveying speed corresponding to the printing speed . the automatic chopper blade operating timing regulator is capable of automatically regulating the chopper blade operating timing so that the impact of the signature on the locating plate 34 is constant regardless of the printing speed and , consequently , the signature can satisfactorily be folded by the chopper blade 41 in an accurate quarto sheet in an accurate squareness . since the operator is required only to enter data of the signature , the quality of the folded sheet is not dependent on the degree of skill of the operator . although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity , obviously many changes and variations are possible therein . it is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein without departing from the scope and spirit thereof .	Is 'Performing Operations; Transporting' the correct technical category for the patent?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	0.25	5942255a4ae20591dcb746ed50dc76b2df6279822d74f6b82074d65babf9a3b2	0.010986	0.023315	0.007111	0.005219	0.025513	0.042725
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	Should this patent be classified under 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.1875	0.115723	0.020996	0.004211	0.195313	0.07373
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Should this patent be classified under 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.167969	0.012024	0.044678	0.000357	0.114258	0.009155
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Textiles; Paper' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.1875	0.003479	0.020996	0.000116	0.195313	0.01001
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.233398	0.072754	0.08252	0.114258	0.177734	0.101074
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.233398	0.001411	0.081543	0.000048	0.177734	0.004059
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Should this patent be classified under 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Is 'Physics' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.167969	0.140625	0.044678	0.013611	0.114258	0.128906
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Electricity' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.176758	0.002258	0.020996	0.000179	0.195313	0.001328
null	a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is broadly defined as a compound which an ordinary person in the art reasonably believes agonizes a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor according to any one or more of numerous assays for determination of the ep 4 activity that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art . while not intending to be limiting , one such assay is given in the example below . in one embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is selective for a prostaglandin ep 4 receptor relative to other prostaglandin receptor subtypes . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 10 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 100 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . in another embodiment , the prostaglandin ep 4 agonist is at least 1000 times more active at the ep 4 receptor than at any other prostaglandin receptor subtype . while not intending to be limiting , typical assays for the other receptor subtypes are also given in examples below . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are examples prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o ; e is c 1 - 12 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in these structures , a dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond . thus , a structure such as the one below , in relation to the identity of a disclosed in the chemical structures presented herein , in the broadest sense , a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . while not intending to be limiting , a may be —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —. alternatively , a may be a group which is related to one of these three moieties in that any carbon is substituted with s and / or o . for example , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an s substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may be an o substituted moiety such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , a may have both an o and an s substituted into the chain , such as one of the following or the like . alternatively , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) n — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interarylene or heterointerarylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 4 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in other words , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in one embodiment a comprises from 1 to 4 ch 2 moieties and ar , e . g . — ch 2 — ar —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar —, — ch 2 — arch 2 —, — ch 2 ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — ar ( ch 2 ) 2 —, and the like ; or a comprises o , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — o — ar —, ar — ch 2 — o —, — o — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — o — ch 2 — ar —, — o — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like ; or a comprises s , from 0 to 3 ch 2 moieties , and ar , e . g ., — s — ar —, ar — ch 2 — s —, — s — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 —, — s — ch 2 — ar —, — s — ch 2 — ar —( ch 2 ) 2 , and the like . interarylene or heterointerarylene refers to an aryl ring or ring system or a heteroaryl ring or ring system which connects two other parts of a molecule , i . e . the two parts are bonded to the ring in two distinct ring positions . interarylene or heterointerarylene may be substituted or unsubstituted . thus , an unsubstituted interarylene has 4 potential positions where a substituent could be attached . in one embodiment , ar is substituted or unsubstituted interphenylene , interthienylene , interfurylene , or interpyridinylene . in another embodiment ar is interphenylene ( ph ). in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. while not intending to limit scope of the invention in any way , substituents may have 4 or less heavy atoms , or in other words , non hydrogen atoms . any number of hydrogen atoms required for a particular substituent will also be included . thus , the substituent may be hydrocarbyl having up to 4 carbon atoms , including alkyl up to c 4 , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like ; hydrocarbyloxy up to c 3 ; cf 3 ; halo , such as f , cl , or br ; hydroxyl ; nh 2 and alkylamine functional groups up to c 3 ; other n or s containing substituents ; and the like . in one embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) m — ar —( ch 2 ) o — wherein ar is interphenylene , the sum of m and o is from 1 to 3 , and wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 —. in another embodiment a is — ch 2 — ar — och 2 — and ar is interphenylene . in another embodiment , ar is attached at the 1 and 3 positions , such as when a has the structure shown below . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph - wherein one ch 2 may be substituted with s or o . in another embodiment a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; or a is —( ch 2 ) 2 - ph -. j is c ═ o , choh , or ch 2 choh . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way . compounds such as the ones below are useful as the prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . c 1 - 12 alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms , including : cyclic alkyl , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclohexyl , etc . ; including substituted cycloalkyl , such as methylcyclohexyl , ethylcyclopropyl , dimethylcycloheptyl , etc , and including moieties such as ch 2 - cyclohexyl , where the cyclic group is not the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule ; and any combination of the other types of alkyl groups listed above . thus , e may be any of these groups . in particular , linear alkyl of c 1 - 6 is contemplated herein , especially butyl . other particularly useful groups are cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl , and substituted cyclohexyl and cyclobutyl having less than 9 carbon atoms . e may also be r 2 or y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s or o and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . thus , e may be aryl , heteroaryl , — ch 2 - aryl , — s - aryl , — o - aryl , — ch 2 - heteroaryl , — s - heteroaryl , or — o - heteroaryl . aryl is defined as an aromatic ring or ring system as well as a substituted derivative thereof , wherein one or more substituents are substituted for hydrogen . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , terphenyl , and the like are examples of aryl . heteroaryl is defined as aryl having at least one non - carbon atom in an aromatic ring or ring system . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , in many cases one or more oxygen , sulfur , and / or nitrogen atoms are present . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , examples of heteroaryl are furyl , thienyl , pyridinyl , benzofuryl , benzothienyl , indolyl , and the like . the substituents of aryl or heteroaryl may have up to 12 non - hydrogen atoms each and as many hydrogens as necessary . thus , while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , the substituents may be : hydrocarbyl , such as alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , and the like , and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbyloxy , meaning o - hydrocarbyl such as och 3 , och 2 ch 3 , o - cyclohexyl , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; hydroxyhydrocarbyl , meaning hydrocarbyl - oh such as ch 2 oh , c ( ch 3 ) 2 oh , etc , up to 11 carbon atoms ; nitrogen substituents such as no 2 , cn , and the like , including amino , such as nh 2 , nh ( ch 2 ch 3 oh ), nhch 3 , and the like up to 11 carbon atoms ; carbonyl substituents , such as co 2 h , ester , amide , and the like ; phosphorous substituents , such as po 3 2 − , and the like ; sulfur substituents , including s - hydrocarbyl , sh , so 3 h , so 2 - hydrocarbyl , so 3 - hydrocarbyl , and the like . in certain embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 6 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms is 3 or less in a substituent . in other embodiments , the number of non - hydrogen atoms on a substituent is 1 . in certain embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , halo , nitrogen , and sulfur . in other embodiments , the substituents contain only hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , and halo . in certain embodiments a is —( ch 2 ) 6 —, cis — ch 2 ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 3 —, or — ch 2 c ≡ c —( ch 2 ) 3 —, wherein 1 or 2 carbon atoms may be substituted with s or o ; and e is c 1 - 6 alkyl , r 2 , or — y — r 2 wherein y is ch 2 , s , or o , and r 2 is aryl or heteroaryl . in one embodiment r 1 is h , chloro , or fluoro . in another embodiment r 1 is h . in another embodiment , r 1 is chloro . in other embodiments r 2 is phenyl , naphthyl , biphenyl , thienyl , or benzothienyl having from 0 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of f , cl , br , methyl , methoxy , and cf 3 . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 - naphthyl , ch 2 - biphenyl , ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), naphthyl , biphenyl , 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . in other embodiments r 2 is ch 2 -( 2 - thienyl ), ch 2 -( 3 - thienyl ), 2 - thienyl , 3 - thienyl , ch 2 -( 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl )), ch 2 -( 3 - benzothienyl ), 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzothienyl ), or 3 - benzothienyl . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below , wherein x is 0 or 1 and r 1 is h , chloro , fluoro , bromo , methyl , methoxy , or cf 3 , are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , compounds according to the structures below are also examples of prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . furthermore , the following united states patent applications or patents , all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein , disclose compounds which are prostaglandin ep 4 agonists : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 552 , 067 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 054 ; united states patent application publication no . 20030120079 ; and united states patent application publication no . 20030207925 ; united states patent application publication no . 20040157901 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 117 , 014 ; united states patent application publication no . 2004 / 0142969 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 719 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 375 ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 931 , 297 ; u . s . patent application ser . no . 821 , 705 , filed apr . 9 , 2004 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 670 , 485 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 410 , 591 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 538 , 018 . methods and prodrugs related to all of these prostaglandin ep4 agonists are specifically contemplated herein . wherein r 4 is h , halo or c 1 - 6 alkyl . halo is a group 7 atom such as fluoro , chloro , bromo , iodo , and the like . c 1 - 6 alkyl is linear , branched , or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbons including , but not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl isomers , butyl isomers , pentyl isomers , hexyl isomers , cyclopropyl , cylobutyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . prodrugs of prostaglandin ep4 agonists according to the structures below are also contemplated . the esters , ethers , or amide prodrugs herein may incorporate either a direct bond to the amino acid , or may alternatively incorporate a spacer group including , but not limited to , polyols such as ethylene glycol , glycerine , and the like , or oligomers or polymers thereof ; dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid , maleic acid , malonic acid , azelaic acid , and the like ; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid , hydroxyacetic acid , citric acid , and the like ; esters , amides , or ethers to form combinations of any of the above . the amino acid used may be a natural or an unnatural amino acid . the structures shown below exemplify amino acid prodrugs for natural amino acids , where r represents the side chain characteristic of a natural amino acid , and where r and the amide nitrogen may be connected as per proline . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in certain embodiments , r is selected from the group consisting of h , methyl , iso - propyl , sec - butyl , benzyl , indol - 3 - ylmethyl , hydroxymethyl , chohch 3 , ch 2 conh 2 , p - hydroxybenzyl , ch 2 sh , ( ch 2 ) 4 nh 2 , ( ch 2 ) 3 nhc ( nh 2 ) 2 + , methylimidizol - 5 - yl , ch 2 co 2 h , or ( ch 2 ) 2 co 2 h . of course analogous prodrugs of unnatural amino acids may also be made . if the unnatural amino acids are also α - amino acids , the structure would be the same except that r would represent a side chain from a natural amino acid . for a natural amino acid , any stereoisomer may be used . in fact , the enantiomers of the natural amino acids are specifically contemplated herein as unnatural amino acids . examples of useful types of unnatural amino acids include , but are not limited to : phenylalanine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted , such as l - dopa ; or those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; tyrosine derivatives , particularly those where the ring is substituted with an additional ring substituent ; those where the phenyl is replaced with another aromatic group such as naphthyl or a heterocylic ring ; or ethers at the phenolic oxygen ; specifically , the following unnatural amino acids are contemplated herein : l - dopa , d - penicillamine , d - 2 - naphthylanaline , d - 4 - hydroxyphenylglycine , l - homophenylalanine , ( 2r , 3s )- phenylisoserine , thienylalanine , allylglycine , 3 - methylphenylalanine , 3 - pyridylalanine , 4 - thiazolylalanine , 4 , 4 ′ biphenylalanine , 4 - aminomethylphenylalanine , 4 - fluorophenylalanine , 3 , 4 - dichlorophenylalanine , pipecolic acid , β - homolysine , β - homophenylalanine , β - homoserine , β - homotryptophan , 3 - amino - 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl propionic acid , 3 - amino - 3 -( 6 - methoxy - pyridin - 3 - yl ) propionic acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) butyric acid , 3 - amino - 5 - hexenoic acid , 2 - tetrahydroisoquinolineacetic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - phenylpentanoic acid , and azetidine - 3 - carboxylic acid . ester prodrugs of ep 4 agonists may also be based upon amino acids , as demonstrated by the examples shown below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . since amino acids such as serine , threonine , and tyrosine , and many unnatural amino acids have hydroxyl functional groups in their side chains , ether prodrugs of ep 4 agonists based upon amino acids are also possible , as demonstrated in the examples below . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of these structures , whether anionic , cationic , or zwitterionic , are also useful . in addition , the spacers illustrated herein may be applied to amino acids to further increase the number kinds of amino acid prodrugs available . these amino acids with hydroxyl functional groups may also be used to formed c1 amino acid ester prodrugs . for the purposes herein , c1 amino acid ester prodrug is a prodrug which is an ester at what is traditionally thought of as “ c1 ” in a prostaglandin . for prostaglandins not having the same carbon skeleton as a natural prostaglandin , a “ c1 ” ester is an ester at the carboxylic acid attached to a herein . prodrugs of the compounds shown below , and use of the compounds , or salts or prodrugs thereof , for any method , composition , or treatment disclosed herein , are specifically contemplated herein . unless indicated by a wedge or a dash , a carbon which has a chiral center can be construed to include the s isomer , the r isomer , or any mixture of isomers including a 50 : 50 r / s mixture . in particular , the pure isomers of each of the structures above , and any possible isomeric mixtures , including the 50 : 50 r / s mixtures , are contemplated . methods of preparing these compounds are in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 747 , 037 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 875 , 787 . amino acid prodrugs are readily obtained by many methods . for example , while not intending to be limiting , one of several procedures used for the coupling of salicylic acid to a methyl ester of alanine , glycine , methionine , or tyrosine ( nakamura et . al . j . pharm . pharmacol . 1992 , 44 , 295 - 299 , and nakamura et . al . int . j . pharm . 1992 , 87 , 59 - 66 ) can be adapted for use with prostaglandin ep 4 agonists . in this procedure , an equimolar amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is added at or below 0 ° c . to a prostaglandin ep 4 agonist carboxylic acid and stirred about 30 minutes . an equimolar amount of the methyl ester of the amino acid is then added and stirred overnight at room temperature to form the amide . deprotection of any hydroxyl group can then be carried out by using dilute aqueous acid or another method , depending on the protecting group . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is commonly believed by those skilled in the art that the colonic mucosal barrier is central to protecting the inner layers of the colon from irritants such as foods , oxidizing agents , bacterial metabolites , and intestinal flora . while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , it is believed that impaired and / or leaky epithelial layers lead to various inflammations of the colon including immunogenic inflammatory bowel diseases and subsequent secondary inflammations . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that prostaglandin ep 4 receptors mediate two cellular signaling pathways using either the 2 nd messenger camp or the phosphorylation of erk or activation of phosphoinositide 3 - kinases and early growth response factor - 1 . it is believed that the latter pathways are particularly prominent in epithelial cells . while not intending to be bound by theory , it is believed that activation of the signaling pathways promotes cell proliferation , cell growth , cell metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis . thus , while not intending to be bound in any way by theory , ep 4 agonists applied to the colon should recognize the prostaglandin ep 4 receptor and thus activate one or more of these signaling pathways . this should thus promote epithelial cell growth , proliferation , inhibition of apoptosis , and increases in mucus secretion , reducing permeability to intestinal antigens and irritants . thus , while not intending to be bound by theory , this enhancement and maintenance of the colonic mucosal barrier by prostaglandin ep 4 agonists should be prophylactic and therapeutic for colitis , amebic colitis , collagenous colitis , colitis cystica profunda , colitis cystica superficialis , granulomatous colitis , hemorrhagic colitis , mucous colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , and ulcerative colitis . a number of methods of delivering a drug to the colon via oral dosage forms are known in the art , and are reviewed by chourasia and jain in j pharm pharmaceut sci 6 ( 1 ): 33 - 66 , 2003 . these include 1 ) administration of a prodrug , including an azo or a carbohydrate based prodrug ; 2 ) coating the drug with , or encapsulating or impregnating the drug into a polymer designed for delivery to the colon , 3 ) time released delivery of the drug , 4 ) use of a bioadhesive system ; and the like . intestinal microflora are capable of reductive cleavage of an azo bond leaving the two nitrogen atoms as amine functional groups . bacteria of the lower gi also have enzymes which can digest glycosides , glucuronides , cyclodextrins , dextrans , and other carbohydrates , and ester prodrugs formed from these carbohydrates have been shown to deliver the parent active drugs selectively to the colon . this prodrug approach has been used to deliver 5 - aminosalicylic acid to humans . in vivo and in vitro studies on rats and guinea pigs with prodrugs of dexamethasone , prednisolone , hydrocortisone , and fludrocortisone , suggest that glycoside conjugates may be useful for the delivery of steroids to the human colon . other in vivo studies have suggested that glucouronide , cyclodextrin , and dextran prodrugs of steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are useful for delivery of these drugs to the lower gi tract . similarly , carbohydrate polymers such as amylase , arabinogalactan , chitosan , chondroiton sulfate , dextran , guar gum , pectin , xylin , and the like , can be used to coat a drug compound , or a drug may be impregnated or encapsulated in the polymer . an amide of salicylic acid and glutamic acid has been shown to be useful for the delivery of salicylic acid to the colon of rabbit and dog . after oral administration , the polymers remain stable in the upper gi tract , but are digested by the microflora of the lower gi thus releasing the drug for treatment . polymers which are sensitive to ph may also be used since the colon has a higher ph than the upper gi tract . such polymers are commercially available . for example , rohm pharmaceuticals , darmstadt , germany , markets ph dependent methacrylate based polymers and copolymers which have varying solubilities over different ph ranges based upon the number of free carboxylate groups in the polymer under the tradename eudragit ®. several eudragit ® dosage forms are currently used to deliver salsalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn &# 39 ; s disease . time release systems , bioadhesive systems , and other delivery systems have also been studied . coadministration of prostaglandin ep4 agonists , either in a single composition or in separate dosage forms , is also contemplated . while not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way , drugs which may be included in combination therapies with ep4 agonists and their prodrugs include , but are not limited to : 1 . anti - inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and their prodrugs , sulfasalazine , and the like ; 4 . humanized monoclonal antibodies against pro - inflammatory cytokines such as infliximab , etanercept , onercept , adalimumab , cdp571 , cdp870 , natalizumab , mln - 02 , isis 2302 , cm - t412 , bf - 5 , vasilizumab , daclizumab , basiliximab , anti - cd40l , and the like . one useful assay for determining prostaglandin ep 4 activity and selectivity of compounds is described below . human recombinant ep 2 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors : stable transfectants . plasmids encoding the human ep 1 , ep 2 , ep 3 , ep 4 , fp , tp , ip and dp receptors are prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pcep 4 ( invitrogen ). the pcep 4 vector contains an epstein barr virus ( ebv ) origin of replication , which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing ebv nuclear antigen ( ebna - 1 ). it also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection . the cells employed for stable transfection are human embryonic kidney cells ( hek - 293 ) that are transfected with and express the ebna - 1 protein . these hek - 293 - ebna cells ( invitrogen ) are grown in medium containing geneticin ( g418 ) to maintain expression of the ebna - 1 protein . hek - 293 cells are grown in dmem with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ), 250 μg ml − 1 g418 ( life technologies ) and 200 μg ml − 1 gentamicin or penicillin / streptomycin . selection of stable transfectants is achieved with 200 μg ml − 1 hygromycin , the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies . for transfection , the cells are grown to 50 - 60 % confluency on 10 cm plates . the plasmid pcep 4 incorporating cdna inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor ( 20 μg ) is added to 500 μl of 250 mm cacl 2 . hepes buffered saline × 2 ( 2 × hbs , 280 mm nacl , 20 mm hepes acid , 1 . 5 mm na z hpo 4 , ph 7 . 05 - 7 . 12 ) is then added dropwise to a total of 500 μl , with continuous vortexing at room temperature . after 30 min , 9 ml dmem are added to the mixture . the dna / dmem / calcium phosphate mixture is then added to the cells , which is previously rinsed with 10 ml pbs . the cells are then incubated for 5 hr at 37 ° c . in humidified 95 % air / 5 % co 2 . the calcium phosphate solution is then removed and the cells are treated with 10 % glycerol in dmem for 2 min . the glycerol solution is then replaced by dmem with 10 % fbs . the cells are incubated overnight and the medium is replaced by dmem / 10 % fbs containing 250 μg ml − 1 g418 and penicillin / streptomycin . the following day hygromycin b is added to a final concentration of 200 μg ml − 1 . ten days after transfection , hygromycin b resistant clones are individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate . at confluence each clone is transferred to one well of a 6 well plate , and then expanded in a 10 cm dish . cells are maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use . radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared from cells are performed as follows . cells washed with tme buffer are scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a brinkman pt 10 / 35 polytron . tme buffer is added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes . tme is comprised of 50 mm tris base , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm edta ; ph 7 . 4 is achieved by adding 1 n hcl . the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 19 , 000 rpm for 20 - 25 min at 4 ° c . using a beckman ti - 60 or - 70 rotor . the pellet is then resuspended in tme buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg / ml , as determined by bio - rad assay . radioligand binding assays are performed in a 100 μl or 200 μl volume . the binding of [ 3 h ] pge 2 ( specific activity 165 ci / mmol ) is determined in duplicate and in at least 3 separate experiments . incubations are for 60 min at 25 ° c . and are terminated by the addition of 4 ml of ice - cold 50 mm tris - hcl followed by rapid filtration through whatman gf / b filters and three additional 4 ml washes in a cell harvester ( brandel ). competition studies are performed using a final concentration of 2 . 5 or 5 nm [ 3 h ] pge 2 and non - specific binding is determined with 10 − 5 m unlabelled pge 2 . for all radioligand binding studies , the criteria for inclusion are & gt ; 50 % specific binding and between 500 and 1000 displaceable counts or better .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	0.25	6adf1b556dbff4af8fedb9b9bc5b1be67264e74b1fd35d9cdc219b77f9891144	0.233398	0.183594	0.081543	0.241211	0.177734	0.098145
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.199219	0.010315	0.064453	0.000519	0.171875	0.006287
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Should this patent be classified under 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.112793	0.013245	0.040771	0.004456	0.114258	0.022949
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Textiles; Paper' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.098145	0.002121	0.027954	0.000203	0.139648	0.025146
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.158203	0.027588	0.036133	0.005737	0.160156	0.088867
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.098145	0.002625	0.027954	0.000296	0.139648	0.01001
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Should this patent be classified under 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Physics'?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.112793	0.052734	0.040771	0.021973	0.114258	0.047363
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Electricity'?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.199219	0.000553	0.064453	0.000075	0.178711	0.000938
null	a major factor in determining the effectiveness of an immobilized enzyme process is the length of time the enzyme charge remains active . as mentioned above , the enzyme naturally decays as the process proceeds . although not wishing to be bound by a particular theory of how the enzymes decay , it is believed that thermal as well as chemical denaturation are contributors to the decay . one response to this problem has been simply to reduce the flow of reactants through the immobilized system as the efficiency of the system drops . however , since flow rates can vary by a factor of 10 or more , it is necessary to establish a series of columns in order to provide for a continuous output . other responses have been to suspend operations of the system periodically , remove the spent enzyme and recharge with fresh enzyme ; or as described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 663 , add fresh enzyme periodically as the spent enzyme is leeched into the eluent . the invention provides an approach which is superior to those discussed above in that fresh enzyme may be added to the system without suspending operation , the output can be maintained at a constant level or , if desired , can be increased and the eluent is substantially free of spent enzyme . this invention provides a method wherein during the initial preparation of an immobilized system the enzyme is added to the support in an amount which is less than the maximum carrying capacity of the adsorbent , i . e ., the support is underloaded , thus a constant output is maintained by introducing fresh enzyme as necessary until such time as the maximum carrying capacity of the support is reached . since adsorption based immobilization techniques reflect the charge interactions of the enzyme with the support , hydrophobic interactions between enzyme and support , etc ., the choice of a particular enzyme - support combinations must be determined empirically . useful supports include : 1 . weak base polystyrene resins such as : amberlite ira - 93 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), diaion wa - 30 ( mitsubishi ), diaion wa - 11 ( mitsubishi ), amberlite ir - 45 ( rohm & amp ; haas ); 2 . weak base (- n ( r ) 2 ) phenol - formaldehyde resins such as : duolite ea - 561 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 562 ( diamond shamrock ), duolite es - 568 ( diamond shamrock ); 3 . strong base (- n ( r ) 3 ) polystyrene resins such as : xe - 352 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 900 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 904 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), amberlite ira - 938 ( rohm & amp ; haas ), gia - 01 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 308 ( mitsubishi ), diaion pa - 304 ( mitsubishi ), diaion sa - 21a ( mitsubishi ), sumitomo resin ( sumitomo co . ltd ., japan ); 4 . miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as : deae - sephadex ( derivatized crosslinked dextran -- pharmacia ), deae - glycophase ( controlled pore glass coated with carbohydrate and derivatized -- pierce chemical co . ), qae - glycophase ( strong base counterpoint to above ), deae - biogel a ( derivatized crosslinked agarose gel beads -- bio - rad ), selectacel deae - cellulose granular . brown co ., vistec d2 & amp ; d3 ( granular deae - cellulose from viscose -- viscose group ltd . ), deae sephacel ( bead deae - cellulose -- pharmacia ), deae - cellulose beads ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 090 , 022 ), deae - cellulose beads ( polytechna , czechoslovakia ), controlled pore glass ( corning glass ) and controlled pore aluminia , titania , zirconia ( corning glass ). it is preferred to use those supports which are weakly basic anion exchange supports . most preferred being deae sephadex or deae - cellulose type supports . the preferred supports also have a capacity for the enzyme adsorbed thereon of at least about 684 igiu / gram of support , or at least about 222 igiu / ml of support , on a dry basis . a wide variety of enzymes may be adsorbed to the above supports ; the particular support may be easily selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation . it is preferred to employ such enzymes as glucose isomerase , glucoamylase , aminoacylase , invertase , β - glucanase , glucose - 1 - oxidase and glucose - 2 - oxidase . if the immobilization is based solely on electrostatic attraction there is a possibility for the conjugates to dissociate when the ionic strength , ph , or temperature of the reaction is varied . it is preferred to select an enzyme which binds with high avidity to the support to minimize these effects . alternatively , it is possible to increase the charge on the protein by chemical modification , such as was done with amyloglucosidase by solomon and levine ( biotechn . bioeng . 16 : 1161 [ 1974 ]). a particularly useful enzyme for practicing the subject invention is glucose isomerase . although not intended to limit the scope of the invention , the following examples provide specific details relative to one particular enzyme / support combination . this example describes periodic addition of a partially purified , soluble glucose isomerase to an isomerization reactor containing a partially loaded carrier 5 in a manner such that essentially a constant rate of isomerization was maintained for 8 weeks . the activity was thereafter doubled and maintained at the elevated level for an additional 19 weeks . a 1460 ml batch of streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was filtered , and the cells were resuspended in 730 ml deionized water and refiltered twice . the cells were reslurried in 1460 ml of deionized water . the ph of the slurry was adjusted to 6 . 5 with dilute hcl , and 10 mg of lysozyme and 1700 ppm variquat ( a dimethylalkylbenzylammonium chloride ) were added . the mixture was incubated at 40 ° c . for 3 . 6 hours with gentle overhead stirring to extract soluble isomerase from the cells . the soluble enzyme was removed from cellular debris by filtration and assayed at 18 igiu / ml . see lloyd , n . e . , khaleeluddin , k . and lamm , w . r . ( 1972 ), cereal chem . 49 , 544 for a description of the assay method . the international glucose isomerase unit is defined as that amount of enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of d - glucose to d - fructionse at the rate of 1 μmole / minute under the specified conditions ( ph 7 . 0 , 60 ° c ., 2 . 0m glucose , 0 . 02m mg ++, 0 . 001m co ++ , 0 . 2m sodium maleate buffer ). the weak - base carrier used to immobilize soluble glucose isomerase was a granular deae - cellulose ( gdc ). the general method of preparation whereby ground cellulose and a weighting agent are agglomerated with plastic and then the cellulose is derivatized with diethylaminoethyl chloride to impart weak base properties thereto is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 355 , 117 assigned to nabisco brands , inc . specifically a mixture of 36 lb . c - 100 ground cellulose ( international filler corp .) and 24 lb . calcined alumina ( reynolds rc - 20 ) was compounded with 60 lbs . of high - impact polystyrene ( hammond plastics ) on a 200 ° c . roll mill until the plastic was molten and the mixture was homogeneous . the granular cellulose composite was cooled , ground by multiple passes through a hammer mill and screened to yield a 40 to 80 u . s . standard mesh fraction . the screened material ( 36 lbs .) was slurried in an alkaline sulfate solution comprised of 37 lbs . sodium sulfate , 4 . 8 lbs . sodium hydroxide and 14 . 1 gallons water . the slurry was heated to 40 ° c . and 14 . 15 lb . of a 50 % water solution of diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered into the slurry with stirring at a rate of 115 ml / minute ( about 1 hour addition time ). the slurry was stirred an additional 30 minutes , 7 . 2 lbs . of 50 % naoh was added and another 14 . 15 lbs . of 50 % diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride was metered in as above . the slurry was heated to 60 ° c ., diluted with 15 gallons water , ph adjusted to 4 . 5 with hcl and washed over a 60 mesh shaker screen . the gdc was reslurried , ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 and dewatered on a 60 mesh screen . the adsorption capacity of the carrier was measured as follows . to 100 ml soluble enzyme was added 2 . 63 g dry basis carrier . the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 and the slurry was agitated gently for 5 hours . adsorption was followed by filtering aliquots at timed intervals and measuring soluble isomerase activity . ______________________________________time soluble activityhours igiu / ml % adsorbed______________________________________0 18 . 0 0 . 25 12 . 7 29 . 41 5 . 8 67 . 82 2 . 5 86 . 13 1 . 2 93 . 34 0 . 4 97 . 85 0 100______________________________________ the measured capacity of the carrier for soluble isomerase was therefore about 684 igiu / g dry basis . gdc carrier was partially loaded with soluble isomerase to about 25 % of capacity as follows . gdc ( 14 . 8 g dry basis ) was slurried in deionized water and the ph adjusted to 7 . 0 - 7 . 1 . the slurry was deaerated under water - aspirator vacuum at room temperature for 60 minutes and was poured into a one inch diameter by 12 inch long ace glass ajustachrom ® jacketed glass column fitted with a fritted glass bottom . the bed was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches . glass beads were placed on top of the bed ( 4 inches ) to distribute flow . the gdc was loaded by pumping 145 ml ( 2600 igiu ) of soluble isomerase downflow through the bed at 1 ml / minute and room temperature . no measurable soluble activity passed through the bed . since the column has a one inch diameter and the bed of partially loaded carrier therein was packed to a depth of 3 . 54 inches , the volume of the bed in the column was 45 . 56 ml or cm 3 , based on the equation ## equ1 ## then since the column contained 14 . 8 grams of the carrier , and the enzyme capacity of the carrier was 684 igiu / gram of carrier , the capacity of the carrier in the column was 222 igiu / ml of carrier , based on the equation ## equ2 ## thus the carrier had a capacity of at least 222 igiu / ml or 684 igiu / gram on a dry basis . the water jacket on the column was attemperated at 61 ° c . a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose at ph 7 . 8 containing 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at a flow rate of 0 . 4 ml / minute . the column was run 16 hours . a sample of effluent was taken for analysis and the immobilized activity was determined according to the following equation : ## equ3 ## where e t = total immobilized activity in igiu k f = reaction rate constant at 61 ° c . ( 0 . 019 g / igiu / hour ) ## equ4 ## io = i of influent = 0 for crystalline dextrose i e = i at equilibrium = 0 . 510 at 61 ° c . degree of isomerization , i , was measured polarimetrically as follows : samples of column influent and effluent were diluted 20 fold with deionized water and held 1 hour to allow rotation equilibrium to be reached . rotation measurements were made on a perkin elmer model 241 polarimeter at 25 ° c . with a mercury source wavelength of 576 nm . the instrument was zeroed with water in the cell and rotation readings in degrees of the diluted influent and effluent were taken . ## equ5 ## where i = i o ## equ6 ## d = dilution factor ( 5 ml - 100 ml ) = 20 l = polarimeter cell length = 1 dm [ α d ]-[ α f ]= change in specific rotation for converting pure dextrose to pure fructose : measured with mercury light = 167 . 33 . the immobilized activity determined by the assay method was 1548 igiu indicating that of the 2600 igiu soluble activity loaded on the carrier , 60 % was expressed as immobilized activity . a 50 % solution of cornstarch hydrolyzate containing dextrose on a dry solids basis , 5 mm mgso 4 and 5 mm nahso 3 was adjusted in ph to 7 . 8 , and started downflow through the bed of immobilized isomerase at 61 ° c . initial flow through the column was calculated from equation 1 and was set to provide a fructose conversion of about 44 %. this flow of about 17 ml / hour was held constant except during assay of immobilized activity . fructose content of the effluent was measured essentially by the method as for determining degree of isomerization . fructose level dropped gradually over a period of 16 days to about 40 % whereupon the first addition of soluble enzyme was made . an assay of immobilized activity indicated that about 800 igiu was required to replenish lost activity and increase fructose conversion to 44 %. accordingly , 40 ml of enzyme ( 720 igiu ) was added to 126 ml of 50 % crystalline dextrose solution containing salts as above . feed to the column was switched to the enzyme - containing dextrose solution and was allowed to flow at 0 . 3 ml / minute until depletion . effluent taken from the column during the enzyme - adsorption process was found to contain no soluble isomerase ( determined by incubating effluent 16 hours at 61 ° c . and measuring for increased fructose content ). crystalline dextrose solution was then continued as feed to assay the additional immobilized activity . feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolysate and the effluent fructose level was restored to 44 %. this sequence of allowing the fructose level in the effluent to gradually decrease to about 40 %, switching to a crystalline dextrose feed solution for assay of immobilized activity , addition of soluble enzyme through the dextrose feed stream , reassay for added immobilized activity and switching back to cornstarch hydrolyzate feed was continued for 17 weeks . for the remaining 10 weeks of the trial , the sequence was modified to eliminate assay of immobilized activity before and after enzyme addition . a constant amount of soluble enzyme was periodically added thereafter . fructose during this time was allowed to vary only between the arbitrarily set limits of 40 - 44 % with flow rate being held constant . of course , tighter limits could be set necessitating more frequent additions of soluble enzyme . after 7 . 5 weeks of operation enzyme activity in the column was double with no significant effect on the operations other than allowing a faster flow rate to achieve 40 %- 44 % fructose . after 13 weeks of operation , the level of salts in the cornstarch hydrolyzate feed were dropped to 1 mm mgso 4 ( from 5 mm ) and 2 mm nahs ) 3 ( from 5 mm ). at 20 weeks assay of effluent taken during enzyme loading indicated some leakage of soluble activity . the last enzyme addition made before leakage occurred brought the total enzyme adsorbed to a value of 649 igiu / g or close to the capacity measured initially of 684 igiu / g . leakage increased during subsequent loading operations although sufficient fresh enzyme was adsorbed to maintain fructose conversion of over 40 %. the fact that enzyme was still adsorbed after the initially measured capacity had been exceeded indicated that some inactive enzyme may be desorbed . table i summarizes fructose production and enzyme additions over the 27 week trial . the amount of fructose produced is expressed as grams of 43 % fructose syrup on a dry basis . weekly actual fructose production data was normalized to 43 % fructose production . table i______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________ 1 2600 2600 43 . 7 2059 1 . 26 2 42 . 5 3606 0 . 72 3 720 3320 39 . 1 4851 0 . 68 4 42 . 3 6533 0 . 51 5 43 . 1 8292 0 . 40 6 41 . 6 9891 0 . 34 7 39 . 8 11298 0 . 29 8 3200 6520 39 . 5 12379 0 . 53 9 44 . 7 15293 0 . 4310 44 . 6 18302 0 . 3611 43 . 5 20476 0 . 3212 43 . 6 22789 0 . 2913 470 6990 41 . 1 24856 0 . 2814 940 7930 41 . 4 26764 0 . 3015 44 . 3 29322 0 . 2716 40 . 4 31298 0 . 2517 940 8670 43 . 4 33733 0 . 2618 40 . 7 35433 0 . 2419 940 9610 43 . 2 37949 0 . 2520 940 10550 42 . 7 40162 0 . 2621 42 . 0 42264 0 . 2522 940 11490 43 . 3 44497 0 . 2623 41 . 9 46730 0 . 2524 940 12430 41 . 9 48811 0 . 2525 44 . 5 51011 0 . 2426 43 . 0 52737 0 . 2427 770 13200 41 . 1 54528 0 . 24______________________________________ this example described on - column loading whereby the soluble glucose isomerase used to partially load the carrier initially and for subsequent additions is of high purity . column operations were the same as for example i in that the flow rate of cornstarch - hydrolyzate feed was held constant and periodic additions of soluble enzyme in a solution of crystalline dextrose were made through the feed line . fructose conversion was thus maintained between 40 - 44 % for 14 weeks . the 45 % solids refined cornstarch hydrolyzate feed contained about 95 % dextrose , 1 . 5 mm mgso 4 , and 2 . 0 mm nahso 3 . the ph of the influent was controlled around ph 7 . 8 to provide an effluent ph of 7 . 5 ; temperature of the immobilized enzyme bed was controlled at 60 ° c . streptomyces rubiginosus fermentation broth was extracted to release soluble glucose isomerase from the cells as in example 1 except that the cells were not separated from the broth and washed before extraction . a 2350 ml portion of the filtered extract was purified by fractionation on a granular deae - cellulose column . the granular deae - cellulose column was the same material as the carrier for immobilized enzyme in example 1 . to prepare the column 300 g dry basis gdc was equilibrated in 10 mm tris buffer and the suspension poured into a 2 inch chromatography column to form a uniform bed . the column was washed with 2 liters of 10 mm tris buffer at a flow of 10 ml / minute or until the effluent ph was about 7 . the enzyme solution containing 29 . 3 igiu / ml was applied to the column downflow at a flow of 5 ml / minute . after the enzyme had been applied , the column was washed with 3 . 5 liters of 0 . 1m nacl in 10 mm tris buffer ph 7 at a flow of 10 ml / minute . enzyme content of effluent fractions was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance and enzyme assay . fractions containing greater than 20 igiu / ml were pooled ( 900 ml ) for additional purification by ultrafiltration . the pooled fractions were ultrafiltered with amicon xm - 100 membrane in an amicon 407 stirred cell under 10 psig n 2 . the ultrafilter retentate contained 800 igiu / ml of about 50 % pure enzyme . gdc carrier ( 7 . 75 g dry basis ) was added to a glass column as described in example 1 . the carrier was loaded with purified enzyme to about 25 % of its capacity by pumping downflow a 50 % crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 4 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) containing 136 ml of the purified enzyme diluted 1 to 40 ( 2720 igiu ) at a flow rate of 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 ml / minute . no soluble enzyme was detected in the effluent . flow of crystalline dextrose solution ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) was continued for assay and the column jacket attemperated with water such that the temperature of the column bed was 60 ° c . immobilized activity determined by the assay method of example 1 was 1686 igiu for an expression of activity based upon that adsorbed of 62 %. cornstarch hydrolyzate was started through the bed of immobilized enzyme and the flow was adjusted to provide a fructose conversion of 40 - 44 %. the flow rate was held constant at about 0 . 35 ml / minute for the duration of the trial . as the fructose level dropped with time due to enzyme decay , about a 20 ml aliquot of diluted , purified soluble isomerase containing 434 igiu was added to a 50 % solution of crystalline dextrose ( ph 7 . 8 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 5 mm nahso 3 ) and the solution pumped through the bed at about 0 . 4 ml / minute . after adsorption the feed was switched back to cornstarch hydrolyzate . table ii summarizes isomerization performance and enzyme additions . as in example 1 , essentially constant fructose conversion was maintained at a constant flow rate by means of periodic addition of soluble isomerase . table ii______________________________________summary of isomerizationand enzyme addition enzyme enzyme aver - accumulative enzyme addi - accumu - age fructose efficiency tion lation fruc - g 43 % igiu / gweek igiu igiu tose % dry basis of 43 % f______________________________________1 2720 2720 33 . 5 1608 1 . 692 434 3154 41 . 3 3149 1 . 003 434 3588 42 . 9 4756 0 . 754 3588 43 . 6 6117 0 . 595 434 4022 42 . 3 8236 0 . 496 4022 43 . 1 9664 0 . 427 434 4456 41 . 6 11240 0 . 408 434 4890 41 . 0 12924 0 . 389 4890 41 . 9 14585 0 . 3410 434 5324 45 . 1 16366 0 . 3311 5324 43 . 2 18152 0 . 2912 434 5758 42 . 1 19535 0 . 2913 5758 42 . 4 21108 0 . 2714 5758 38 . 7 22624 0 . 25______________________________________	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	0.25	ae3393a75ddedcc6db94a1052bd5314e2ab41d56cbebb3cfc847f7f735f12d40	0.199219	0.236328	0.064453	0.287109	0.171875	0.277344
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.203125	0.04541	0.003082	0.040771	0.026733	0.070801
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.203125	0.01001	0.003082	0.000315	0.026733	0.011658
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Textiles; Paper'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.203125	0.000969	0.003082	0.000026	0.026733	0.010315
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.203125	0.07373	0.003082	0.088867	0.026733	0.178711
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.108398	0.000668	0.001808	0.000488	0.015869	0.002396
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Physics'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.203125	0.199219	0.003082	0.140625	0.026733	0.098145
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Electricity'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.203125	0.000626	0.003082	0.000778	0.026733	0.000278
null	referring now to the drawing , in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views , fig1 shows a needle removal apparatus 10 embodying the invention . the needle removal apparatus 10 is normally mounted in the mouth of a container 12 , shown in dotted lines in fig1 and protected by a cover 13 , shown in fig4 and 22 . the container 12 may be a glass or plastic jar , for example . a syringe assembly 14 is shown in a position prior to insertion in the needle removal apparatus 10 , and includes a needle 15 and a needle retainer portion 16 . when the assembly 14 is inserted in the direction of the arrow , the parts of the needle removal apparatus described below automatically disconnect the needle 15 from the retainer 16 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the apparatus 10 includes an actuator housing 20 , which is a cylinder open at both ends . its top end is surrounded by an annular flange 21 which extends radially outwardly from the cylindrical wall . the housing 20 defines three vertical slots 22 which intersect the flange 21 and extend down to a point spaced above the bottom of the housing 20 . the interior of the cylindrical wall defines three arcuate grooves 25 extending at an angle , preferably 40 - 60 degrees from the horizontal , from just under the flange 21 to the bottom of the housing 20 . these grooves 25 form cam tracks or female screw threads to cause rotary motion , as described below . fitted for vertical motion within the actuator housing 20 is a carriage 28 , which is formed having a horizontal annular plate 29 . as shown in fig2 three tabs 30 extend outwardly from the circumference of the annular plate 29 and enter the slots 22 of the actuator housing 20 . the tabs 30 thus prevent the carriage 28 from rotating , but allow vertical movement . slightly below the plane of the plate 29 , a recessed annular shoulder 32 is formed around an insert opening 33 , into which the needle 15 is placed . an annular portion 19 , shown in fig4 surrounding the opening 33 is provided in the cover 13 to help guide needles to the opening . a pair gear shafts 34 and 35 extend vertically downward on opposite sides of the insert opening 33 . the shafts terminate in lock posts 37 and 38 , which are somewhat smaller in diameter than the shafts 34 and 35 . the carriage 28 also defines three spring stop tabs 40 which project downwardly near the periphery of the annular plate 29 . the tabs 40 are spaced evenly around the plate 29 . several other elements shown in fig3 are connected to the carriage 28 and move with it within the actuator housing 20 . a drive gear 45 , also illustrated in fig6 having a circular cross section fits around the gear shafts 34 and 35 and has a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the actuator housing 20 , as shown in fig4 . the drive gear 45 defines an inner circular gear 47 adjacent the bottom surface 46 of the drive gear 45 . a central bore 48 of diameter less than that of the circular teeth 47 is formed axially through the gear 45 . in the annular space remaining , three arcuate spring tracks 50 are cut into the top surface 49 of the drive gear 45 . these tracks 50 have a semicircular bottom profile which matingly receives the ends of the spring stop tabs 40 extending downwardly from the carriage 28 . narrow walls 51 formed between the spring tracks 50 act as spring compression actuators in the manner described below . coil springs 57 are placed within the tracks 50 between one of the walls 51 and one of the stop tabs 40 , as shown in fig5 . three balls 58 of plastic , teflon , stainless steel , or other material are also placed in each track 50 on the other side of each tab 40 from the spring 57 . the purpose of the balls is to provide spacing and reduce friction between the drive gear 45 and the carriage 28 . those skilled in the art will understand that rounded nibs or projections extending from either element could provide these functions . after the drive gear and springs are fitted under the carriage 28 , a pair of needle disconnect or unscrewing gears 60 and 61 are rotatably journalled on the gear shafts 34 and 35 . the structure of these gears is best shown in fig7 - 10 . the shafts 34 and 35 are received through central bores 63 . an outer series of teeth 65 mesh with the teeth 47 of the drive gear 45 , as shown in fig5 and provide about 115 degrees of rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 about the shafts 34 and 35 . two separate inner series of teeth 67 , one on each of the gears 60 and 61 , face each other across the space below the insert opening 33 . the teeth 67 are formed differently from the teeth 65 for the specific purpose of engaging and unscrewing the needle , as explained below . the series 67 begins with an alignment tooth 68 . a ramp 70 is cut out of the gears 60 and 61 through the arc of the teeth 67 , beginning at about the center of the alignment tooth 68 and sloping downwardly to meet a dropout opening 72 , positioned in the embodiment shown about 115 degrees from the alignment tooth . as explained in more detail below , the ramp 70 accommodates portions of the needle assembly as it is unscrewed , and the dropout opening 72 allows the needle to drop vertically when it is fully unscrewed from the retainer 16 . the dropout opening 72 includes an undercut cam surface 73 . the undercut cam surfaces 73 of the gears 60 , 61 act together to urge the needle into the container with a cam - like squeezing action after unscrewing , in those instances where the rubber sleeve abutting the threads interferes with the complete disengagement of the needle 15 from the syringe 14 . the arcuate travel of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 is limited by rotation limiting cutouts 75 made in the lower portion of the outer series teeth 65 . the ends of the cutouts 75 meet stops to be described below , and thereby stop motion of the gears when the dropout openings 72 are aligned with one another . as shown in fig2 and described in detail below , when the accumulation of needles in the container 12 is such that further needles cannot be safely disposed , one of the cutouts 75 receives a locking tab 104 of a leg 101 , which prevents rotation of the disconnect gears 60 , 61 . the arcuate length of the teeth 67 determines how many turns of the needle are made before the dropout opening is reached , and this arcuate length may be varied in accordance with the number of turns needed to release the needle from the particular locking device being used . for example , a luer lock may require only a portion of a turn , whereas a conventional screw connector may require about 1 . 5 to 2 turns . also affected by the required number of turns is the length of the outer series of teeth 65 , which may be constructed to provide more or less than the 115 degrees of rotation described above . the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a circular bottom plate 80 , which includes an upwardly extending cylindrical wall 82 at the periphery of the plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 defines a pair of openings 84 which receive the lock posts 37 and 38 at the ends of the shafts 34 and 35 . a pair of flexible lock rings of conventional construction are forced onto the projecting lock posts to hold the bottom plate 80 , and therefore the drive gear 45 and disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in place beneath the carriage 28 . in this configuration , shown in fig4 a pair of v - shaped spacers 83 extend upwardly from the bottom plate to meet and support the housing 28 at the insert opening 33 . these spacers also help to keep the needle in a relatively straight axial orientation as it is being inserted between the gears 60 and 61 . a central opening 85 is formed in the bottom plate 80 below the insert opening 33 , to allow disconnected needles to drop out of the apparatus . a pair of stops 86 extend upwardly from the bottom plate into the rotation limiting cutouts 75 of the gears 60 and 61 . the stops 86 are positioned so that they are engaged by the gears when the dropout openings 72 in the gears are aligned . the cylindrical wall 82 is dimensioned to extend up to engage the bottom of the drive gear 45 , and positions the drive gear under the housing 28 without forcing the parts together so as to cause excess friction during rotation of the drive gear 45 . a pair of spring tabs 78 with rebound blocks 88 attached thereto , both illustrated in fig1 , act to direct the carriage 28 upwardly towards the top of the actuator housing 20 , after a user has released pressure from the retainer 16 . the spring tabs 78 are formed in the flexible plastic material of the bottom plate 80 by cutouts 79 , and the rebound blocks 88 are molded on the inward tip of the tabs . the blocks 88 are positioned to engage the gears 60 and 61 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 complete their rotation , the spring tabs 78 , which are cut out of the bottom plate 80 , flex downwardly , and then , when pressure is released , rebound in an upward direction so as to urge the disconnect gears back towards the top of the actuator housing . still referring to fig3 the needle removal apparatus 10 also includes a locking leg 101 , which includes three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 , which extend upwardly from a top 105 of the leg 101 and selectively through the bottom plate 80 . the bottom plate 80 includes three openings 92 , 93 , 94 for receiving the three tabs 102 , 103 , 104 of the leg 101 , as illustrated in fig1 . tab 102 has a split shape which facilitates easy snapping of tab 102 into opening 92 . tab 103 , the centrally located of the three tabs , prevents the leg 101 from twisting . this function could also be accomplished by providing the tab 102 with a non - circular cross section . a foot 106 extends perpendicularly from the bottom of the leg 101 . as the disconnect gears 60 and 61 rotate and the carriage 28 moves downwardly through the actuator housing , the leg 101 and the foot portion 106 also move in a downward direction , towards the pile 200 of needles 15 which have been discarded in the container 12 as shown in detail in fig1 . when the size of the pile 200 of needles 15 in the container 12 is such that no additional needles may be safely discarded in the container 12 without risking escape of the needles through the insert opening 33 or having the point of a needle extend out of the insert opening 33 , the locking tab 104 of the leg is positioned such that further movement of the disconnect gears is prevented , as shown in fig2 and 21 . further details of the assembled configuration may be perceived from fig5 which is a view downwardly into the apparatus with the carriage 28 removed . a vertical space for receiving the needle is bounded by the two disconnect gears 60 and 61 , and the two spacers 83 . the needle removal apparatus is intended to be disposable after a period of use , such as when the container 12 is full . thus , all of the elements described above are preferably made of suitable plastics known to those skilled in the art , although metal can be utilized where appropriate . a permanent lid 150 is attached to one side of the container 12 , as illustrated in fig2 . the lid 150 sits in a recess 160 , seen in part in fig1 , in the container 12 , and is held in place by four tabs 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 . when the container 12 reaches its safe limit of needles 200 and the leg 101 locks the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , the permanent lid 150 may be placed over a raised portion of the cover 155 under which the carriage 28 is positioned , thus safely sealing the insert opening 33 of the container 12 . the entire container 12 may then be safely disposed . the needle removal apparatus 10 is constructed to accommodate needles other than the types attached to syringes . a coat hanger - shaped opening 120 in the raised portion 155 of the cover 13 is large enough to receive numerous varieties of non - syringe needles , including the so - called &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; needle used by hospital personnel , as fig4 shows . a hinged retaining flap 125 is mounted between the cover 13 and the annular plate 29 . a strut 127 , extending downward from the cover 13 and abutting the plate 29 , passes through a hole 126 in the flap , thus positioning the flap 125 . the flap 125 includes a hinged portion 128 , around which the flap is rotatable . the retaining flap 125 is positioned so as to not impede the disposal of non - syringe needles down into the opening 120 when the apparatus 10 is in an upright position on a hospital personnel &# 39 ; s medical cart ( not pictured ). however , if the apparatus 10 is upset from its upright position , the flap 125 pivots around its hinge 128 in the direction of the arrow 130 to cover the opening 120 , thus preventing disposed contaminated needles from spilling out of the apparatus 10 . it should also be noted that the detaching mechanism of each model of the needle removal apparatus 10 can accommodate only one particular brand of needles , due to the various threading mechanisms employed by each manufacturer of syringe - held needles . accordingly , the opening 120 also includes two teeth - like elements 121 , 122 which can be used to unscrew needles not suited to the particular model of the needle removal apparatus which the personnel are currently using . further details of the construction of a typical conventional syringe assembly 14 are shown in fig2 . the needle 15 extends into a collar 95 , which defines a plurality of outwardly extending flanges 96 . the flanges terminate in a circular stop 97 , which separates them from a threaded screw portion 98 . the collar 95 is screwed into a tapped hole in the retainer portion 16 of the syringe 14 , with an inner needle 99 ( shown covered by a protective envelope ) extending into the retainer 16 . the protective envelope often terminates in a raised ring 99 &# 39 ; adjacent to the threads 98 . the ring 99 &# 39 ; may become caught in the disconnect gears even after the threads 98 are separated from the syringe . the flanges 96 are provided to allow the user to get a grip on the needle for screwing and unscrewing the needle . it is the object of the present invention to obviate the need for grasping the collar by hand to unscrew it after the needle is contaminated . the retainer portion 16 includes a leading surface 100 , which engages the annular shoulder 32 within the carriage 28 . operation of the needle removal apparatus is described as follows , with particular reference to fig1 - 17 , which show a sequence of positions of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 during operation . after the syringe assembly 14 has been used and the needle 15 contaminated , the user simply takes the needle retainer 16 in one hand and inserts it into the carriage 28 , until the needle 15 passes into the space between the disconnect gears , and the leading surface 100 of the retainer 16 is in contact with the annular shoulder 32 . at this point , the flanges 96 have engaged the alignment teeth 68 of both gears 60 and 61 , and have been caused to align the syringe so that the flanges are astride the alignment teeth as shown in fig1 and 12 . the position of the syringe at this point in the operation is shown in dotted lines in fig4 . detachment of the needle 15 from the retainer 16 is accomplished when the user asserts downward pressure on the retainer . this pressure causes the carriage 28 to begin to move downwardly along the slots 22 in the actuator housing 20 . as this occurs , the cam followers 55 of the drive gear 45 are forced to follow the path defined by the cam tracks 25 of the actuator housing 20 . thus , the drive gear 45 rotates counterclockwise as it descends with the carriage 28 , and its rotation causes the following other functions to be carried out . the rotating inner teeth 47 cause rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 , in turn causing the inner unscrewing teeth 67 to move relative to the flanges 96 of the needle collar 95 . the teeth 67 engage the flanges 96 and turn the collar in an unscrewing direction ( clockwise looking down as in fig1 and 15 ) as the gears turn . after a portion of the permitted rotation , the needle collar position is shown in fig1 . the threaded portion 98 has begun to emerge from the needle retainer 16 . the ramp 70 provides room for the circular stop 97 to move downwardly past the gears , while the flanges remain engaged with the inner unscrewing teeth 67 . as the drive gear 45 rotates , it causes the spring compression walls 51 to compress the return springs 57 against the spring stops 40 , which do not rotate . in the embodiment shown in fig5 the springs are compressed through about 53 degrees of arc . at the same time , the balls 58 roll between the carriage 28 and the spring tracks 50 , in the space created by the departure of the adjacent wall 51 from its rest position . when the rotation of the disconnect gears 60 and 61 has reached the configuration shown in fig1 and 15 , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 has been completely unthreaded from the retainer 16 , and the collar has moved down the ramp 70 into the dropout openings 72 , which are now aligned across from one another . thus , there should be nothing to prevent the needle assembly from falling down through the opening 85 in the bottom plate , into the container 12 . in certain situations , the threaded portion 98 of the collar 95 will be completely unthreaded , as shown in fig1 and 15 , but a portion of the needle assembly 15 , such as the ring 99 &# 39 ; of the protective envelope of fig2 , will obstruct passage of the needle assembly 15 into the container 12 . when such blockage occurs , the cutout cam surfaces 73 are urged against the needle assembly 15 in such a manner so as to force the needle assembly 15 to fall into the container 12 , as fully shown in fig1 and 17 . the cutout cam surfaces 73 thus prevent detached contaminated needles which are &# 34 ; trapped &# 34 ; between the disconnect gears from spilling away from the container and causing a potential health hazard , or from interfering with further operation of the detaching mechanism . the ending position of the gears 60 and 61 is defined by the posts 86 on the bottom plate 80 , which strike the ends of the cutouts 75 in the gears and prevent further rotation . this also prevents further penetration of the carriage , drive gear , and bottom plate into the actuator housing . at this time , the user may terminate downward pressure on the needle retainer 16 and withdraw it from the apparatus 10 . the energy stored in the compressed return springs 57 causes the drive gear 45 to rotate in the opposite direction to its original position . the cam followers 55 climb back up the cam tracks 25 , and the carriage 28 moves up the slots 22 . the apparatus stops rotating , and reaches its original orientation as the balls 58 become trapped between the stops 40 and the walls 51 . the alignment teeth 68 of the gears 60 and 61 are now reset across from one another ready to receive the next needle collar . when a sufficient quantity of needles 200 have been disposed in the container 12 , the apparatus 10 can no longer function safely without creating a risk that needles will protrude through the openings 33 and 85 into which they are placed for disposal . during the downward movement of the carriage 28 and the leg 101 , if the foot portion 106 of the leg 101 encounters the pile 200 of needles 15 , the tabs 102 , 103 , and 104 of the leg 101 are pushed further upward through the openings 92 , 93 , and 94 and closer to the gears 60 and 61 . after the gears 60 and 61 have been sufficiently rotated to unthread the needle 15 from the retainer 16 , as shown in fig1 and 15 , the locking tab 104 , due to the upward movement caused by the foot portion 106 encountering the pile 200 of needles 15 , moves into the cutout 75 of one of the disconnect gears . thereafter , when the gears 60 and 61 strike the posts 86 and begin to return to their initial position , the end of the cutout 75 will encounter the locking tab 104 and the gears 60 and 61 will be unable to move in either direction . the engagement of the tab 104 with the cutout 75 is shown in fig2 , and the relative positions of the post 86 and the tab 104 when locking occurs are shown in fig1 . therefore , further operation of the actuator housing 20 is prevented and the apparatus 10 is rendered inoperative . if the needle collar has not been fully screwed into the retainer , the circular stop 97 may engage the top of the gears 60 and 61 before the leading surface 100 meets the annular shoulder 32 of the carriage . in this case , the spring tabs 78 will allow the gears to yield downwardly , so that the flanges will still engage the teeth 68 and the retainer will transmit pressure to the carriage . it should be understood that the return function provided by the return springs 57 could be performed by compression springs mounted below the bottom plate 80 to urge the assembled parts upwardly when pressure is released . it should also be understood that the needle collar could be engaged for unscrewing by means other than gear teeth . for example , the disconnect gears could be wheels having resilient outer bands for frictionally engaging the needle and / or the interior of the drive gear , which could also be lined with a high friction interface rather than gear teeth . alternately , the needle collar could be rotated by a rack or racks caused to move past the collar . while this invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Human Necessities'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	0.25	d3bc28edd79ce8e0270c76a5a3dc382ad1ecaf821f68f38412f12af0d93ad6d9	0.174805	0.124023	0.009155	0.029297	0.028442	0.098145
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.011353	0.011353	0.000969	0.014038	0.007568	0.025513
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.002121	0.388672	0.000404	0.451172	0.000854	0.304688
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Textiles; Paper'?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.002121	0.000158	0.000404	0.000011	0.000854	0.000755
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.011353	0.007111	0.000969	0.033203	0.007568	0.029785
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Should this patent be classified under 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.003479	0.003479	0.000504	0.001808	0.002625	0.027222
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Physics'?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.002121	0.022339	0.000404	0.004456	0.000854	0.010315
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Electricity'?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.002121	0.003082	0.000404	0.001205	0.000854	0.000278
null	proceeding therefore to describe the invention in detail , reference should first be made to fig1 which shows a substantially rectangular framework 10 having a hitch pole assembly 11 on the front member 12 thereof extending forwardly and terminating in a hitch 13 which enables the device to be secured to a tractor or other convenient source of power . wheels 14 are mounted adjacent to the rear member 15 of the framework upon forks 16 and a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly 17 is connected to the framework so that the framework can be raised or lowered relative to the wheels in a conventional manner . it is not believed that further details of this raising and lowering apparatus need be disclosed as it is well known . if necessary , conventional seed planting devices 18 each including a pair of planters may be supported in an extension 19 of the framework followed by conventional packers 20 , all of which are conventional in construction . situated within a framework 10 is a plurality of liquid chemical incorporating devices collectively designated 21 . each of these is arranged in alignment with a respective seed planter and consists of a casing 22 supported between the front members 12 and 15 of the framework with a pair of arms 23 extending forwardly and upwardly from the casing and being pivotally secured to the front member 12 on pivot couplings 231 . the arms are also pivotally connected to the casing by a frame 252 at pivot pins 233 with the angle between the arms 23 and the casing being adjustable by couplings 234 . a single member 24 extends rearwardly of the casing and is secured to the rear frame member 15 . referring to fig2 , 4 and 6 , each casing 22 includes a pair of spaces and parallel side plates 25 , a top plate 26 , a rear plate collectively designated 27 and a front plate collectively designated 28 , all of these plates forming an enclosure or casing having an open base and being situated within the framework so that , when in operation , the lower edges 25a of the side plates 25 , engage the surface of the ground so that a complete enclosure is formed . the rear wall 27 includes the inclined upper portion 29 and the lower substantially vertical portion 30 . a spray nozzle assembly 31 is secured within a depression 32a formed in the sloping wall portion 29 and a flexible hose 32 extends externally of the casing , and is operatively connected to the nozzle 31 . this hose 32 extends to a source of liquid chemical which may be contained in a tank 33 located , for example , behind one of the seeding devices 18 . the tank can be mounted in any convenient location . a pump 34 is driven from the power take - off 34a as will hereinafter be described and the hoses are operatively connected between the spray nozzles 31 , the pump 34 and the tank 33 so that , when in operation , liquid chemical is sprayed into the interior of each of the casings 22 and is restricted to the area covered by the casings and incorporated within a band of soil substantially equal to the width of the casing between the two side plates 25 as will hereinafter be described . each casing is provided with a shaft 35 journalled for rotation in bearings 35a and extending between the two side plates 25 so that it extends across the casing as clearly shown and a plurality of ground breaking blades or elements 36 are secured to the shaft and extend radially therefrom with each element consisting of a radially extending portion 37 and a right angulated outer portion 38 as shown in fig6 . needless to say , other types of ground breaking elements may be used , if desired . the situation of shaft 35 together with the length of the elements 36 is such that when in operation and in a position shown , for example in fig2 the ends of the ground breaking elements engage approximately three to five inches below the surface of the soil . when the implement is moving in the direction of arrow 39 , it will be appreciated that liquid chemical sprayed into the casing is then incorporated by the ground breaking rotary assembly or elements 36 which rotate in the direction of arrow 40 . the rear wall 28 is pivotally connected to any inclines downwardly and rearwardly from a lower rear edge 41 of the casing and terminates in a plurality of raking teeth 42 which engage just below the surface of the soil and act to smooth the soil which has been broken by the members 36 , together with the liquid chemical incorporated by this rotary breaking action . drive means are shown schematically in fig5 with the power take - off from the tractor or the like being indicated by shaft 35 . a universal joint 43 connects this shaft to a gear box 44 mounted mounted within the framework and drives a transverse shaft 45 extending upon each side of the gear box . one end of the shaft 45 is operatively connected to pump 34 and the other end specifically designated 45a , is provided with a sprocket 46 around which chain 47 engages . the chain extends around a further sprocket 48 mounted upon a drive shaft 49 journalled within bearings 50 and supported within the framework 10 . a further sprocket 51 is connected to shaft 49 and a chain 52 extends around this sprocket and around a sprocket 53 secured to a transverse drive shaft train 54 which extends between adjacent incorporating assemblies 21 , being connected to the shafts 35 thereof by means of universal joints 55 . the side walls 25 at their lower edges carry skids 251 which can run along the ground . the angle adjustment of the casing relative to the arms 23 as provided by the bracket 234 can be used to change the angle of the skids relative to the ground by raising the front edge of the skids . this enables the casing to accommodate high levels of trash in the soil particularly where straw stalks are remaining in the soil prior to the passage of the casing over the soil and the incorporation of the liquid chemical . in addition the hinged connection of the rear rake portion 28 enables the casing to allow the trash to escape from the rear and avoid the collection of trash within the casing . the direction of rotation of the teeth 36 in conjunction with the arrangement of the arms 23 ensures that the casing is pushed forwardly by the teeth and thus downwardly by the arms into contact with the ground to avoid the teeth lifting out of the ground when the ground becomes particularly hard . however engagement with stones or other solid objects still allows the teeth and the casing to ride over the stones by pivotal movement of the arms 23 about the pivot connections 231 . in addition it will be noted that the axle 35 supporting the teeth is fixed relative to the sides of the casing and is connected to the power source provided by the gear box 44 via flexible couplings provided by the universal joints in the shafts 54 , 55 . referring now to fig7 it will be noted that the skids 251 are mounted on the side walls 25 of the casing by bolts passing through slots in the skids which allow adjustment of the height of the skid relative to the respective side wall . in addition the rake portion 28 is coupled to the casing by a spring 281 which passes the rake into contact with the rear face of the side walls 25 . for this purpose the rake portion 28 includes side walls 282 which project toward the casing itself forwardly of the rake portion . the bracket 234 is shown in more detail incorporating a flange 235 attached to the frame 232 and a flange 236 attached to the casing with an adjustment bolt 237 extending therebetween . it will therefore be appreciate that liquid chemical may be incorporated in a relatively narrow band of soil by means of the enclosing casings 26 of the incorporators 21 , together with the rotary ground breakers 36 and the conventional planters 18 are situated behind the framework 10 in alignment with the chemical incorporators 21 so that seed may be planted within the smoothed , chemically treated soil immediately after it has been chemically treated . finally , packers 20 may be provided to complete the one pass operation possible with the use of the present invention . this not only saves money and time , but also conserves moisture as only a relatively small strip of soil is treated and disturbed . since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense .	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	24bd486c7257e4085fc158d570c12108f978c78348edb3b97cf6ad8dd63009a9	0.002121	0.05835	0.000404	0.044678	0.000854	0.059326
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Electricity'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.031982	0.064453	0.00007	0.000504	0.004608	0.056641
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Electricity'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.037354	0.341797	0.000191	0.117676	0.003082	0.189453
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Should this patent be classified under 'Electricity'?	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.03064	0.000231	0.000085	0.000066	0.002121	0.001328
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Electricity'?	Is 'Textiles; Paper' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.037354	0.00103	0.000191	0.000132	0.003082	0.005737
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Electricity'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.031982	0.072754	0.00007	0.007568	0.004608	0.06543
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Electricity'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.031982	0.000999	0.00007	0.000109	0.004608	0.003937
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Electricity'?	Is 'Physics' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.031982	0.035645	0.00007	0.001503	0.004456	0.037842
null	with reference now to the figures , and in particular to fig1 a , a routing flow of outgoing internet protocol ( ip ) packet calls that are to be wiretapped in accordance with the method and system described herein is depicted . a monitored voice over internet protocol ( voip ) unit 102 ( e . g ., telephone , personal digital assistant — pda , computer , etc .) sends a voip packet ( e . g ., containing a header and voice - data ) is sent to a bearer signal switch 104 , which is preferably compliant with signaling system no . 7 ( ss7 ), as defined by international telegraph and telephone consultative committee ( ccitt ), and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . bearer signal switch 104 sends the voip packet to a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 106 , which converts the voip packet into an analog signal that is transmittable across a standard public switched telephone network ( pstn ), including an analog - switched plain old telephone system ( pots ). the analog signal is then directed to a pots switch 108 , which has associated with it the technology required to perform a wiretap ( with listening and recording capability ) of calls that are routed through pots switch 108 . in one embodiment , bearer signal switch 104 is directed to send the voip packet ( and its analog signal descendent ) to pots switch 108 by an application program interface ( api ) overhead program , such as a parlay api from the parlay group . such an api allows a third - party service to control operation of bearer signal switch 104 , including the routing of calls from a telephone that is under a court order to be wiretapped . that is , this api directs bearer signal switch 104 to examine the header of the voip packet to determine what ip address sent the voip packet , and to determine from a lookup table which telephone number is associated with this ip address . if the telephone number matches one of the telephone numbers whose calls are to be wiretapped , then the api directs the bearer signal switch 104 to redirect the voip packet to the pots switch 108 to be wiretapped . if the analog signal is being sent to a pots analog telephone 110 , then the analog signal ( with analog voice information ) is sent directly to analog unit ( e . g ., telephone ) 110 . if pots switch 108 determines that the call is being sent to another voip unit 114 ( telephone , pda , etc . ), then the analog signal must first be converted back into a voip packet by an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 112 . referring now to fig1 b , a routing flow of calls incoming to voip unit 102 is depicted . if the call originates from analog unit 110 , then the incoming call signal is routed to a standard pots switch 105 , which is under the ( at least partial ) control of software such as the parlay api described above , such that the incoming call is redirected to the pots switch 108 that has the wiretapping capability . after being monitored / recorded at pots switch 108 , the call continues as an analog signal to an adc 112 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 shown in fig1 a ), where it is converted into a voip packet for receipt by the receiving voip unit 102 . if the incoming call is from voip unit 114 , then the voip packet is sent to a bearer signal switch 107 ( which is preferably ss7 compliant , and may be the same or different from bearer signal switch 104 described in fig1 a ). bearer signal switch 107 is under ( at least partial ) control of an api as described above for bearer signal switch 104 , such that the voip packet is redirected to the pots switch 108 that can wiretap the call ( after being converted into an analog signal at a dac 109 , which may be the same or different from dac 106 described in fig1 a ). the analog signal is then sent to an adc 113 ( which may be the same or different from adc 112 describe in fig1 a ), and voip unit 102 receives the voip packet . note that the described “ incoming call ” may either be a newly initiated call from a third party unit ( telephone ), or may simply be a reply signal ( under a full duplex system ) from a call that was initiated by voip unit 102 . with reference now to fig2 , another flow diagram 200 as used in the present intention is presented . assume that session initiation protocol ( sip ) client 202 is a voip telephone or similar type unit that is the subject of a court - ordered wiretap . being a sip device , sip client 202 uses the basic format of rfc 2822 , as published by the network working group in april 2001 , and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . sip messages travel as requests from sip client 202 to sip logical server 204 , or as responses from sip logical server 204 to sip client 202 . both request and response messages include a control signal ( information that includes a method name , address and protocol version , one or more header fields that describe how a message packet is to be routed ) and a bearer signal ( message body ). when an outgoing call is made from sip client 202 , the control signal for the call is sent from sip logical server 204 to a telco “ softswitch ” 206 . telco softswitch 206 causes voip packets ( bearer signal ) from sip client 202 to be converted into analog form ( dac voip packets 210 ), which are sent to an ss7 telco circuit switch 208 , which includes analog wiretapping equipment . while tapping the call , ss7 telco circuit switch 208 forwards the analog bearer signal to the third party unit 212 , which may be an analog , digital , or voip telephone as described above in fig1 a - b . return ( or initial ) calls from third party unit 212 are converted back into digital voip format ( if necessary ) as indicated by adc voip packets 214 . referring now to fig3 , a flowchart of the steps described in fig1 - 2 is presented . after initiator block 302 , a ss7 switch receives a telephone call from or to a voip address that corresponds with a telephone number that is under a court - order to have calls wiretapped ( block 304 ). if in voip format ( either incoming or outgoing ), the call is converted into analog form ( block 306 ), in order to be easily monitored and recorded . this analog - converted call is redirected to an analog switching location that has wiretapping ( monitoring and recording ) ability ( block 308 ), where such activities occur ( block 310 ). after being monitored / recorded , if the call is being sent to a voip unit ( query block 312 ), it must be re - converted back into the voip format ( block 314 ) before being transmitted to the receiver ( block 316 ). if the call if finished ( query block 318 ), the process ends at terminator block 320 . otherwise , any call ( to or from the phone that is under court - ordered surveillance ) if converted to analog form ( block 322 ) if necessary , and the process continues at block 308 in an iterative fashion . with reference now to fig4 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary client computer 402 , which may be utilized as telco softswitch 206 described above . client computer 402 includes a processor unit 404 that is coupled to a system bus 406 . a video adapter 408 , which drives / supports a display 410 , is also coupled to system bus 406 . system bus 406 is coupled via a bus bridge 412 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 414 . an i / o interface 416 is coupled to i / o bus 414 . i / o interface 416 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 418 , a mouse 420 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 422 , a floppy disk drive 424 , and a flash drive memory 426 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 416 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . client computer 402 is able to communicate with a service provider server 502 via a network 428 using a network interface 430 , which is coupled to system bus 406 . network 428 may be an external network such as the internet , or an internal network such as an ethernet or a virtual private network ( vpn ). using network 428 , client computer 402 is able to use the present invention to access service provider server 502 . a hard drive interface 432 is also coupled to system bus 406 . hard drive interface 432 interfaces with a hard drive 434 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 434 populates a system memory 436 , which is also coupled to system bus 406 . data that populates system memory 436 includes client computer 402 &# 39 ; s operating system ( os ) 438 and application programs 444 . os 438 includes a shell 440 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 444 . generally , shell 440 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system . more specifically , shell 440 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file . thus , shell 440 ( as it is called in unix ®), also called a command processor in windows ®, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter . the shell provides a system prompt , interprets commands entered by keyboard , mouse , or other user input media , and sends the interpreted command ( s ) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system ( e . g ., a kernel 442 ) for processing . note that while shell 440 is a text - based , line - oriented user interface , the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes , such as graphical , voice , gestural , etc . as depicted , os 438 also includes kernel 442 , which includes lower levels of functionality for os 438 , including providing essential services required by other parts of os 438 and application programs 444 , including memory management , process and task management , disk management , and mouse and keyboard management . application programs 444 include a browser 446 . browser 446 includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web ( www ) client ( i . e ., client computer 402 ) to send and receive network messages to the internet using hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) messaging , thus enabling communication with service provider server 502 . application programs 444 in client computer 402 &# 39 ; s system memory also include a voip wiretap software ( vws ) 448 . vws 448 includes code for implementing the processes described in fig1 - 3 . in one embodiment , client computer 402 is able to download vws 448 from service provider server 502 . the hardware elements depicted in client computer 402 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , client computer 402 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . as noted above , vws 448 can be downloaded to client computer 402 from service provider server 502 , shown in exemplary form in fig5 . service provider server 502 includes a processor unit 504 that is coupled to a system bus 506 . a video adapter 508 is also coupled to system bus 506 . video adapter 508 drives / supports a display 510 . system bus 506 is coupled via a bus bridge 512 to an input / output ( i / o ) bus 514 . an i / o interface 516 is coupled to i / o bus 514 . i / o interface 516 affords communication with various i / o devices , including a keyboard 518 , a mouse 520 , a compact disk - read only memory ( cd - rom ) drive 522 , a floppy disk drive 524 , and a flash drive memory 526 . the format of the ports connected to i / o interface 516 may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture , including but not limited to universal serial bus ( usb ) ports . service provider server 502 is able to communicate with client computer 402 via network 428 using a network interface 530 , which is coupled to system bus 506 . access to network 428 allows service provider server 502 to execute and / or download vws 448 to client computer 402 . system bus 506 is also coupled to a hard drive interface 532 , which interfaces with a hard drive 534 . in a preferred embodiment , hard drive 534 populates a system memory 536 , which is also coupled to system bus 506 . data that populates system memory 536 includes service provider server 502 &# 39 ; s operating system 538 , which includes a shell 540 and a kernel 542 . shell 540 is incorporated in a higher level operating system layer and utilized for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 544 , which include a browser 546 , and a copy of vws 448 described above , which can be deployed to client computer 402 . the hardware elements depicted in service provider server 502 are not intended to be exhaustive , but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention . for instance , service provider server 502 may include alternate memory storage devices such as flash drives , magnetic cassettes , digital versatile disks ( dvds ), bernoulli cartridges , and the like . these and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . note further that , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , service provider server 502 performs all of the functions associated with the present invention ( including execution of vws 448 ), thus freeing client computer 402 from using its resources . it should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer - useable medium that contains a program product . programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal - bearing media , which include , without limitation , non - writable storage media ( e . g ., cd - rom ), writable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk drive , read / write cd rom , optical media ), system memory such as but not limited to random access memory ( ram ), and communication media , such as computer and telephone networks including ethernet , the internet , wireless networks , and like network systems . it should be understood , therefore , that such signal - bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention , represent alternative embodiments of the present invention . further , it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware , software , or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent . thus , the method described herein , and in particular as shown and described in fig1 - 3 , can be deployed as a process software from service provider server 502 ( shown in fig5 ) to client computer 402 ( shown in fig4 ). referring then to fig6 , step 600 begins the deployment of the process software . the first thing is to determine if there are any programs that will reside on a server or servers when the process software is executed ( query block 602 ). if this is the case , then the servers that will contain the executables are identified ( block 604 ). the process software for the server or servers is transferred directly to the servers &# 39 ; storage via file transfer protocol ( ftp ) or some other protocol or by copying though the use of a shared file system ( block 606 ). the process software is then installed on the servers ( block 608 ). next , a determination is made on whether the process software is to be deployed by having users access the process software on a server or servers ( query block 610 ). if the users are to access the process software on servers , then the server addresses that will store the process software are identified ( block 612 ). a determination is made if a proxy server is to be built ( query block 614 ) to store the process software . a proxy server is a server that sits between a client application , such as a web browser , and a real server . it intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself . if not , it forwards the request to the real server . the two primary benefits of a proxy server are to improve performance and to filter requests . if a proxy server is required , then the proxy server is installed ( block 616 ). the process software is sent to the servers either via a protocol such as ftp or it is copied directly from the source files to the server files via file sharing ( block 618 ). another embodiment would be to send a transaction to the servers that contained the process software and have the server process the transaction , then receive and copy the process software to the server &# 39 ; s file system . once the process software is stored at the servers , the users , via their client computers , then access the process software on the servers and copy to their client computers file systems ( block 620 ). another embodiment is to have the servers automatically copy the process software to each client and then run the installation program for the process software at each client computer . the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). in query step 626 , a determination is made whether the process software is to be deployed by sending the process software to users via e - mail . the set of users where the process software will be deployed are identified together with the addresses of the user client computers ( block 628 ). the process software is sent via e - mail to each of the users &# 39 ; client computers ( block 630 ). the users then receive the e - mail ( block 632 ) and then detach the process software from the e - mail to a directory on their client computers ( block 634 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). lastly a determination is made on whether to the process software will be sent directly to user directories on their client computers ( query block 636 ). if so , the user directories are identified ( block 638 ). the process software is transferred directly to the user &# 39 ; s client computer directory ( block 640 ). this can be done in several ways such as , but not limited to , sharing of the file system directories and then copying from the sender &# 39 ; s file system to the recipient user &# 39 ; s file system or alternatively using a transfer protocol such as file transfer protocol ( ftp ). the users access the directories on their client file systems in preparation for installing the process software ( block 642 ). the user executes the program that installs the process software on his client computer ( block 622 ) and then exits the process ( terminator block 624 ). the present software can be deployed to third parties as part of a service wherein a third party vpn service is offered as a secure deployment vehicle or wherein a vpn is built on - demand as required for a specific deployment . a virtual private network ( vpn ) is any combination of technologies that can be used to secure a connection through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network . vpns improve security and reduce operational costs . the vpn makes use of a public network , usually the internet , to connect remote sites or users together . instead of using a dedicated , real - world connection such as leased line , the vpn uses “ virtual ” connections routed through the internet from the company &# 39 ; s private network to the remote site or employee . access to the software via a vpn can be provided as a service by specifically constructing the vpn for purposes of delivery or execution of the process software ( i . e . the software resides elsewhere ) wherein the lifetime of the vpn is limited to a given period of time or a given number of deployments based on an amount paid . the process software may be deployed , accessed and executed through either a remote - access or a site - to - site vpn . when using the remote - access vpns the process software is deployed , accessed and executed via the secure , encrypted connections between a company &# 39 ; s private network and remote users through a third - party service provider . the enterprise service provider ( esp ) sets a network access server ( nas ) and provides the remote users with desktop client software for their computers . the telecommuters can then dial a toll - bee number or attach directly via a cable or dsl modem to reach the nas and use their vpn client software to access the corporate network and to access , download and execute the process software . when using the site - to - site vpn , the process software is deployed , accessed and executed through the use of dedicated equipment and large - scale encryption that are used to connect a company &# 39 ; s multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the internet . the process software is transported over the vpn via tunneling which is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network . the protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points , called tunnel interfaces , where the packet enters and exits the network . the process for such vpn deployment is described in fig7 . initiator block 702 begins the virtual private network ( vpn ) process . a determination is made to see if a vpn for remote access is required ( query block 704 ). if it is not required , then proceed to query block 706 . if it is required , then determine if the remote access vpn exists ( query block 708 ). if a vpn does exist , then proceed to block 710 . otherwise identify a third party provider that will provide the secure , encrypted connections between the company &# 39 ; s private network and the company &# 39 ; s remote users ( block 712 ). the company &# 39 ; s remote users are identified ( block 714 ). the third party provider then sets up a network access server ( nas ) ( block 716 ) that allows the remote users to dial a toll free number or attach directly via a broadband modem to access , download and install the desktop client software for the remote - access vpn ( block 718 ). after the remote access vpn has been built or if it has been previously installed , the remote users can access the process software by dialing into the nas or attaching directly via a cable or dsl modem into the nas ( block 710 ). this allows entry into the corporate network where the process software is accessed ( block 720 ). the process software is transported to the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop over the network via tunneling . that is , the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 722 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and then is executed on the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 724 ). a determination is then made to see if a vpn for site to site access is required ( query block 706 ). if it is not required , then proceed to exit the process ( terminator block 726 ). otherwise , determine if the site to site vpn exists ( query block 728 ). if it does exist , then proceed to block 730 . otherwise , install the dedicated equipment required to establish a site to site vpn ( block 738 ). then build the large scale encryption into the vpn ( block 740 ). after the site to site vpn has been built or if it had been previously established , the users access the process software via the vpn ( block 730 ). the process software is transported to the site users over the network via tunneling ( block 732 ). that is the process software is divided into packets and each packet including the data and protocol is placed within another packet ( block 734 ). when the process software arrives at the remote user &# 39 ; s desktop , it is removed from the packets , reconstituted and is executed on the site user &# 39 ; s desktop ( block 736 ). the process then ends at terminator block 726 . the process software which consists of code for implementing the process described herein may be integrated into a client , server and network environment by providing for the process software to coexist with applications , operating systems and network operating systems software and then installing the process software on the clients and servers in the environment where the process software will function . the first step is to identify any software on the clients and servers including the network operating system where the process software will be deployed that are required by the process software or that work in conjunction with the process software . this includes the network operating system that is software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features . next , the software applications and version numbers will be identified and compared to the list of software applications and version numbers that have been tested to work with the process software . those software applications that are missing or that do not match the correct version will be upgraded with the correct version numbers . program instructions that pass parameters from the process software to the software applications will be checked to ensure the parameter lists matches the parameter lists required by the process software . conversely parameters passed by the software applications to the process software will be checked to ensure the parameters match the parameters required by the process software . the client and server operating systems including the network operating systems will be identified and compared to the list of operating systems , version numbers and network software that have been tested to work with the process software . those operating systems , version numbers and network software that do not match the list of tested operating systems and version numbers will be upgraded on the clients and servers to the required level . after ensuring that the software , where the process software is to be deployed , is at the correct version level that has been tested to work with the process software , the integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients and servers . for a high - level description of this process , reference is now made to fig8 . initiator block 802 begins the integration of the process software . the first tiling is to determine if there are any process software programs that will execute on a server or servers ( block 804 ). if this is not the case , then integration proceeds to query block 806 . if this is the case , then the server addresses are identified ( block 808 ). the servers are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 810 ). the servers are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in block 810 . a determination is made if the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( block 812 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software the integration continues in query block 806 . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the server or servers with the correct versions ( block 814 ). additionally , if there is missing required software , then it is updated on the server or servers in the step shown in block 814 . the server integration is completed by installing the process software ( block 816 ). the step shown in query block 806 , which follows either the steps shown in block 804 , 812 or 816 determines if there are any programs of the process software that will execute on the clients . if no process software programs execute on the clients the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if this not the case , then the client addresses are identified as shown in block 820 . the clients are checked to see if they contain software that includes the operating system ( os ), applications , and network operating systems ( nos ), together with their version numbers , which have been tested with the process software ( block 822 ). the clients are also checked to determine if there is any missing software that is required by the process software in the step described by block 822 . a determination is made is the version numbers match the version numbers of os , applications and nos that have been tested with the process software ( query block 824 ). if all of the versions match and there is no missing required software , then the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . if one or more of the version numbers do not match , then the unmatched versions are updated on the clients with the correct versions ( block 826 ). in addition , if there is missing required software then it is updated on the clients ( also block 826 ). the client integration is completed by installing the process software on the clients ( block 828 ). the integration proceeds to terminator block 818 and exits . the process software is shared , simultaneously serving multiple customers in a flexible , automated fashion . it is standardized , requiring little customization and it is scalable , providing capacity on demand in a pay - as - you - go model . the process software can be stored on a shared file system accessible from one or more servers . the process software is executed via transactions that contain data and server processing requests that use cpu units on the accessed server . cpu units are units of time such as minutes , seconds , hours on the central processor of the server . additionally the assessed server may make requests of other servers that require cpu units . cpu units are an example that represents but one measurement of use . other measurements of use include but are not limited to network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , packet transfers , complete transactions etc . when multiple customers use the same process software application , their transactions are differentiated by the parameters included in the transactions that identify the unique customer and the type of service for that customer . all of the cpu units and other measurements of use that are used for the services for each customer are recorded . when the number of transactions to any one server reaches a number that begins to affect the performance of that server , other servers are accessed to increase the capacity and to share the workload . likewise when other measurements of use such as network bandwidth , memory usage , storage usage , etc . approach a capacity so as to affect performance , additional network bandwidth , memory usage , storage etc . are added to share the workload . the measurements of use used for each service and customer are sent to a collecting server that sums the measurements of use for each customer for each service that was processed anywhere in the network of servers that provide the shared execution of the process software . the summed measurements of use units are periodically multiplied by unit costs and the resulting total process software application service costs are alternatively sent to the customer and or indicated on a web site accessed by the customer which then remits payment to the service provider . in another embodiment , the service provider requests payment directly from a customer account at a banking or financial institution . in another embodiment , if the service provider is also a customer of the customer that uses the process software application , the payment owed to the service provider is reconciled to the payment owed by the service provider to minimize the transfer of payments . with reference now to fig9 , initiator block 902 begins the on demand process . a transaction is created than contains the unique customer identification , the requested service type and any service parameters that further , specify the type of service ( block 904 ). the transaction is then sent to the main server ( block 906 ). in an on demand environment the main server can initially be the only server , then as capacity is consumed other servers are added to the on demand environment . the server central processing unit ( cpu ) capacities in the on demand environment are queried ( block 908 ). the cpu requirement of the transaction is estimated , then the servers available cpu capacity in the on demand environment are compared to the transaction cpu requirement to see if there is sufficient cpu available capacity in any server to process the transaction ( query block 910 ). if there is not sufficient server cpu available capacity , then additional server cpu capacity is allocated to process the transaction ( block 912 ). if there was already sufficient available cpu capacity then the transaction is sent to a selected server ( block 914 ). before executing the transaction , a check is made of the remaining on demand environment to determine if the environment has sufficient available capacity for processing the transaction . this environment capacity consists of such things as but not limited to network bandwidth , processor memory , storage etc . ( block 916 ). if there is not sufficient available capacity , then capacity will be added to the on demand environment ( block 918 ). next the required software to process the transaction is accessed , loaded into memory , then the transaction is executed ( block 920 ). the usage measurements are recorded ( block 922 ). the usage measurements consist of the portions of those functions in the on demand environment that are used to process the transaction . the usage of such functions as , but not limited to , network bandwidth , processor memory , storage and cpu cycles are what is recorded . the usage measurements are summed , multiplied by unit costs and then recorded as a charge to the requesting customer ( block 924 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be posted to a web site ( query block 926 ), then they are posted ( block 928 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be sent via e - mail to a customer address ( query block 930 ), then these costs are sent to the customer ( block 932 ). if the customer has requested that the on demand costs be paid directly from a customer account ( query block 934 ), then payment is received directly from the customer account ( block 936 ). the on demand process is then exited at terminator block 938 . while the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . furthermore , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the term “ computer ” or “ system ” or “ computer system ” or “ computing device ” includes any data processing system including , but not limited to , personal computers , servers , workstations , network computers , main frame computers , routers , switches , personal digital assistants ( pda &# 39 ; s ), telephones , and any other system capable of processing , transmitting , receiving , capturing and / or storing data . similarly , while the term “ switch ” has been used to describe analog switching devices , it is understood that the term “ switch ” also includes like technologies and hardware , including , but not limited to , routers .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Electricity'?	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	16a0d417f296354026962b1a2d6a96ba113848409359946cbf75a72f5033643b	0.037354	0.117676	0.000191	0.022949	0.003082	0.07373
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.004913	0.004608	0.000191	0.00009	0.006287	0.001808
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Is 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.011353	0.121094	0.00038	0.03418	0.018799	0.069336
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Is 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting' the correct technical category for the patent?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.011353	0.0065	0.00038	0.000055	0.017944	0.007355
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Is 'Textiles; Paper' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.004913	0.009705	0.000191	0.000315	0.006683	0.009155
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.004913	0.003281	0.000191	0.026733	0.006683	0.023682
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Physics'?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.004913	0.142578	0.000191	0.015442	0.006287	0.128906
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Electricity'?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.014038	0.023315	0.000179	0.000261	0.012451	0.002548
null	reference is now made to the various figures of the drawings in which like numerals denote like elements in the figures . a presently preferred embodiment of a fluid actuated portable straight line sander in accordance with the invention is shown at 10 in fig1 . sander 10 is comprised of a housing 12 and a mounting shoe or plate 14 for mounting an abrading tool such as a file , a sanding tool , sand paper , or a rubbing tool . mounting plate 14 is slidably mounted to housing 12 with side plates 16 . side plates 16 are rigidly mounted to the side of housing 12 with screws 18 and comprise a lower flange [ not shown ] for receiving a corresponding and mating flange [ also not shown ] extending upwardly from mounting plate 14 . on the top side of housing 12 is rigidly mounted a front handle 20 in the form of a knob and a partially hollow rear handle in the shape of an inverted &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;. mounted within and extending above the top surface of rear handle 22 is a trigger 24 for operating the main fluid throttle valve . because the preferred fluid for operating sander 10 is air , the latter term is used throughout the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments of the invention , but no limitation is intended thereby . an air inlet fitting 26 , which includes an air stop valve 28 operated by the operator supplies air to sander 10 . in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 sander 10 has been adapted to use sand paper . mounting plate 14 is comprised of a sanding plate 30 . an elongated rectangular piece of sand paper [ not shown ] can be rigidly secured to sanding plate 30 with a forward spring clip 32 and a rearward spring clip 34 , which are , in turn , respectively rigidly mounted on the top of mounting plate 14 with screws 36 and screws 38 . as shown in more detail in fig2 and 3 , mounting plate 14 is reciprocally driven by an air motor 40 located inside of housing 12 . air motor 40 is comprised of a cylinder 42 which has a bore therein and fluid end tight seals [ not shown ] located at each end . a double - ended piston 46 is slidably mounted for reciprocal movement within cylinder 42 . three circumferential main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 are mounted on piston 46 within annular slots 54 , 56 , and 58 , respectively , and extend radially , outwardly therefrom . first and second circumferential end seals 60 and 62 are located at respective ends of piston 46 in respective annular slots 64 and 66 . both the three main seals 48 , 50 , and 52 and the two end seals 60 and 62 are comprised of an inner o - ring 68 and a split seal ring 70 mounted coaxially over o - ring 68 . each seal abuts the inner surface 71 of cylinder 42 for providing a slidable sealing contact therewith . the external shape of piston 46 is shown more clearly in fig3 and 4 . each end of piston 46 has a beveled edge 72 and 74 , respectively , the purpose of which is explained hereinbelow . located near a first end 76 of piston 46 are main seals 48 , 50 and 52 , and end seal 60 which abuts main seal 54 on the inward side thereof and beveled edge 72 on the outward side thereof . main seals 54 and 56 define therebetween a first annular region 78 in which there is located an annular slot 80 in piston 46 . slot 80 is defined at its end proximate to main seal 54 by a substantially vertical wall 82 extending radially inward , and at the end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 84 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . similarly , main seals 56 and 58 define a second annular region 86 therebetween in which piston 46 has an annular slot 88 . slot 88 is defined at its end proximate main seal 56 by a beveled wall 90 extending angularly in an inward radial direction away from main seal 56 . the other end of slot 88 , proximate main seal 58 , is defined by a substantially vertical wall 92 extending radially inward . between end seal 62 , located at a second end 94 of piston 46 and main seal 58 is a relatively large slot 96 . slot 96 comprises approximately half of the axial length of piston 46 . mounted within slot 96 is a connecting means , described hereinbelow , for connecting piston 46 to mounting plate 14 for reciprocally driving mounting plate 14 . located within piston 46 are a plurality of passages for alternately feeding compressed air to ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 , thereby reciprocally driving piston 46 . a first passage 98 connects a port 100 located in slot 88 with an end port 102 located in first end 76 of piston 46 . a second passage 104 connects a port 106 in slot 80 with a port 108 in second end 94 of piston 46 . a pair of additional passages 10 connect passage 98 with end seal 60 and main seal 54 for supplying pressurized air thereto for expanding seal rings 70 into contacting and sealing relationship with the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 . further additional passages 112 connect passage 104 with end seal 62 and main seal 58 for a similar purpose . referring again to fig2 compressed air is supplied through air inlet fitting 26 to a main supply port 114 in housing 12 at the rearward end thereof . a passage 116 connects main supply port 114 to an inlet plenum 117 of an air stop and throttle valve 118 . valve 118 is actuated by depressing operator 28 . air stop and throttling valve 118 is of a type well known in the art and is constructed such that the further operator 28 is depressed , the greater the flow of air is permitted through the valve . a supply passage 120 communicates between valve 118 and an air supply port 122 located in cylinder 42 at a mid - portion thereof . air supply port 122 communicates with either first annular region 78 or second annular region 86 , depending upon the axial position of piston 46 in cylinder 42 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located at respective ends in cylinder 42 for respectively venting the spaces on end chambers 128 and 130 defined by the end portions of the inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 , the corresponding cylinder end seals , and the corresponding ends 76 and 94 of piston 46 . vent ports 124 and 126 are located in cylinder 42 such that only one vent port is uncovered at a time by piston 46 . the reciprocating motion of piston 46 is transmitted to mounting plate 14 through a connecting means 132 , as shown in fig2 . connecting means 132 is comprised of an upper rack 134 rigidly mounted in slot 96 of piston 46 and a lower rack 136 rigidly mounted to mounting plate 14 . a pinion 138 is rotatably mounted on a shaft 140 which in turn is rigidly mounted on housing 12 . pinion 138 engages both upper rack 134 and lower rack 136 and thereby transfers the longitudinal movement of upper rack 134 and piston 46 , which is in one direction , to the lower rack 136 , thereby longitudinally driving rack 136 in the other longitudinal direction . a starter means such as helical spring 142 resiliently urges piston 46 toward the end of cylinder 42 defining end chamber 128 . spring 142 has a relatively small spring constant such that the force exerted by the spring is relatively small compared with the force exerted on end 76 of piston 46 by the compressed air admitted to end chamber 128 . consequently , spring 142 does not have a tendency to impede or dampen the reciprocal motion of piston 46 . however , spring 142 does exert a sufficient force on piston 46 such that when sander 10 is not being used and no air is being admitted to air supply port 122 , piston 46 is displaced a sufficient amount such that slot 88 and port 100 in piston 46 is in communication with air supply port 122 . therefore , spring 142 prevents piston 46 from coming to rest with main seal 54 blocking air supply port 122 , thereby causing sander 10 to be in a stalled condition when it is subsequently started . a second embodiment of the invention , in which the starter means comprises a valve , is shown in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment of the invention an air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 directs compressed air entering the valve body from main supply port 114 and passage 116 to either a starting air passage 146 or to supply passage 120 . valve 144 is comprised of a cylindrical housing 148 and a spool 150 slidably mounted therein . spool 150 is comprised of a lower spherical or ball section 152 which , in the stop position as shown in fig7 engages a beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 , thereby preventing air from passing into either supply passage 120 or starting air passage 146 . spool 150 further comprises a main body section 156 which has two annular slots , an upper slot 158 and a lower slot 160 , axially spaced therein by an annular dividing section 168 which sealingly engages the inner wall of cylindrical housing 148 . an internal passage 162 communicates with an upper port 164 located in upper slot 158 and a lower port 166 located in the lower end of body section 156 and above ball section 52 . the lower part of the body section 156 of spool 150 is comprised of an annular section 170 which extends radially outwardly in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . lower end 174 of body section 156 has an outwardly concave shape which is spaced from and connected to ball section 152 with a connecting member 176 . when valve 144 is in the start position , as shown in fig6 spool 150 is axially depressed slightly within cylindrical housing 148 such that ball section 152 is no longer in sealing engagement with beveled lower edge 154 of cylindrical housing 148 but with annular section 170 still in sealing engagement with the lower inner surface of cylindrical housing 148 . hence , air is admitted around ball section 152 , through passage 162 and upper port 164 , and then into starting air passage 146 . starting air passage 146 is connected to one end of piston 46 . thus , the compressed air is directed to one end of piston 46 to urge the piston in the other direction , thereby assuring that one of slots 80 and 88 will be in communication with supply port 122 . as spool 150 is depressed further , the upper portion of the spool completely blocks starting air passage 146 thereby preventing further delivery of air thereto . as shown in fig5 when valve 144 is in the run position , annular dividing section 168 is positioned just above the top of supply passage 120 and the lower slot 160 is in communication with both supply passage 120 and the supply panel 145 . thus , the compressed air is directed to supply passage 120 and air supply port 122 . to operate sander 10 , a compressed air supply is connected to air inlet fitting 26 and operator 28 is positioned to open its corresponding air stop valve and admit air to the main air stop throttle valve 118 , in the first embodiment of the invention , or air stop , starting and throttling valve 144 , in the second embodiment of the invention . trigger 24 is then depressed to admit air to supply passage 120 and to air supply port 122 . referring to fig4 one half of piston 46 , 46a , is shown in its furthermost axial position within cylinder 42 as it begins to move in the direction of arrow 180 . the other half of piston 46 , 46b , is shown in the other furthermost axial position as piston 46 begins to move in the direction of arrow 182 . with reference to piston half 46a , it can be seen that air supply port 122 is in communication with slot 80 and hence port 106 . passage 104 transports the compressed air to end 94 of piston 46 and thence out port 108 into end chamber 130 . vent 126 is covered by end seal 62 . hence , air pressure builds up in end chamber 130 thereby forcing piston 46 in the direction of arrow 180 . as piston 46a moves , slot 80 moves past air supply port 122 . when beveled wall 84 begins to move past air supply port 122 , the volume of slot 80 in communication with air supply port 122 gradually decreases , thereby gradually slowing the rate air is being admitted to end chamber 130 . finally , main seal 56 completely covers air supply port 122 at the same time beveled end edge 74 of piston 46a comes into register with vent port 126 . the end of piston 46a is beveled to permit a gradual , initial venting of end chamber 130 . the momentum of piston 46a moves main seal 56 to the other side of air supply port 122 as shown by piston half 46b . as beveled wall 90 of slot 88 comes into register with air supply port 122 , air is , at first , slowly admitted into passage 98 and then into end chamber 128 to cause a gradual breaking of piston 46a . finally , as shown by piston 46b , slot 88 is in full communication with air supply port 122 , thereby admitting full air flow to end chamber 128 and causing the reversal of piston 46a . at the same time , vent port 126 is completely uncovered , thereby permitting complete venting of end chamber 130 , and vent port 122 is completely covered by end seal 60 , thereby permitting full pressurization of end chamber 128 . as mentioned above , air is supplied from the respective passages in piston 46 to the end seal and the main seal closest to the pressurized end chamber . this permits an adequate seal to be developed between piston 46 and inner surface 171 of cylinder 42 before air pressure is built up in the respective end chamber , thereby assuring less air leakage and a more efficient utilization of the compressed air . it is apparent from the foregoing that a sander in accordance with the present invention is provided in which the piston itself replaces an air directing valve as shown in the prior art . thus , a sander in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured less expensively , having a lighter weight , and have its motive fluid supply used more efficiently . in addition , the elimination of an air directive valve further produces a sander which has a longer , more trouble free service life . although the invention has been described in detail with respect to an exemplary embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications may be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention .	Is 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	069c5ad6880013c7342af7e93867fdf2955d483fcae65a17499713c0b9e91679	0.011353	0.139648	0.00038	0.126953	0.018799	0.095215
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.006683	0.225586	0.003479	0.128906	0.010986	0.059326
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.02063	0.024048	0.016357	0.000504	0.028931	0.008606
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is 'Textiles; Paper' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.02063	0.197266	0.016357	0.006104	0.028442	0.026733
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.006287	0.029785	0.003479	0.043945	0.010986	0.051758
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.026367	0.000645	0.014526	0.00008	0.044678	0.002808
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Physics'?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.026367	0.022583	0.014526	0.002182	0.044678	0.010315
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Is 'Performing Operations; Transporting' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Electricity' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.007355	0.000006	0.018555	0.000012	0.028931	0.000031
null	in the preferred embodiment of this invention the book shown in fig1 and 2 , having five leaves , is made from a continuous web or foil of cloth a shown in fig3 a and 3b , which web is approximately 681 / 2 &# 34 ; by 9 &# 34 ;. the book &# 39 ; s final dimensions are an overall thickness of about two and one - half inches , a height of 71 / 2 inches and a width of 6 inches . the marks or &# 34 ; notches &# 34 ; numbered 0 and 00 through 38 in fig3 a and 3b ( and in the succeeding figures ) are used for alignment of the respective sections of web a during construction of the book and must be located on web a in a precise manner for best results . referring to fig3 a and 3b , and starting at the right - hand margin of web a , with the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of the material facing up , the marks or notches , in the case of the particular size web herein described , are located as follows : a suitable seam allowance plus an extra one - quarter inch -- one half the separation of leaves at the binding or spine -- is provided for by placing the first two notches , 11 and 22 , one inch to the left of the right - hand margin ; notches 10 and 21 are then placed six inches ( the eventual leaf width ) from notches 11 and 22 ; notches 9 and 20 are located one half inch ( the eventual leaf thickness ) from notches 10 and 21 ; notches 8 and 19 are located six inches from notches 9 and 20 and the sequence is repeated until notches 0 and 00 are located six inches to the left of notches 1 and 12 . at that point , in order to provide for what will be the binding or spine of the book the next notches , 30 and 38 , are located two and one - half inches ( equal to the thickness of the five eventual leaves ) from 0 and 00 and then notches 29 and 37 are located six inches from 30 and 38 ; notches 28 and 36 are located one - half inch from notches 29 and 37 ; notches 27 and 35 are placed six inches from notches 28 and 36 and so on until notches 23 and 31 are located approximately one inch from the left - hand margin of web a , thus providing further seam allowance plus an additional quarter - inch for the reason indicated above . all notches should be made quite accurately at right angles to the longitudinal margins of the web prior to beginning to construct the pockets identified in some of the drawings as d and d &# 39 ;. for purposes of explanation herein , fig3 a and fig3 b show the locations of fold lines ( phantom ) and the eventual stitch lines ( dotted ). it will be understood that neither the numbers nor the lines need actually be placed on the web in order to construct the book and that , indeed , if they were , they would have to be readily eraseable . referring now to fig4 the &# 34 ; right &# 34 ; side of web a has been folded upon itself along a line intermediate the two sets of notches 1 and 2 , and 12 and 13 so that such notches as well as notches 0 and 3 and 00 and 14 are exactly aligned as shown in fig4 . after thus aligning those notches , lines of stitches , paralleling the upper and lower margins of the web and one - half inch in from the respective margins , are run from notches 0 and 3 and notches 00 and 14 to the fold as shown in fig5 . upon completion of these two lines of stitching the first pocket ( still inside - out at this point ) shown as d in fig6 has been formed . to form the second pocket d &# 39 ; ( in fig7 ), web a is first folded as shown in fig6 along the line intermediate notches 5 and 6 on the top margin and 16 and 17 on the bottom margin . once those notches are aligned and notches 4 and 7 are aligned with notches 15 and 18 , two lines of stitches , one - half inch in from and parallel to the respective margins , are run from notches 4 and 7 on top and 15 and 18 on the bottom to the fold as shown in fig7 . in like manner , the remaining pockets are formed as shown in fig7 - 9 . after having thus formed the five pockets , the final step , before turning them right - side - out , is to do the stitching shown in enlarged detail , in fig1 a , 11b and 11c to form what will be squared corners on each of the leaves , after the pockets have been turned right - side - out . such a squared corner is preferably formed by the steps of ( 1 ) holding an inside - out pocket in a vertical position ; ( 2 ) flattening the pocket on a table or other surface so as to form apex e of the resulting triangular configuration with seam f bisecting the triangle ; ( 3 ) fold flap g flat and stitch a one - half inch seam h perpendicular to seam f , i . e . extending a quarter inch on either side of seam f and forming the base of a triangle with termini at i and j . such procedure should be carried out at the ten corners of the five pockets . once the squared corners have been made , the pockets may be turned right - side - out and , as shown in fig1 , the five foamed inserts k -- sized to fit quite snugly in the pockets -- are inserted . when all five inserts are in place , the book has reached the form shown in fig1 . the final stitching can then be carried out along the length of the binding area between each of the leaves as shown at l in fig1 . the ends m and n of web a are lapped , and a lengthwise seam ( not shown ) is stitched to fix the two together and at the same time attach the two ends to binding p . if desired , a final stitching , e . g . zig - zag , may be used to close up the top and bottom openings between the backs of the pockets and the binding and thus prevent fingers , dirt , etc . from intruding . while the foregoing description has been given in connection with a preferred embodiment of a book of a particular size constructed from a web of a particular size , it will be understood , of course , that the number of leaves and their dimensions , including leaf thickness , may be varied without departing in any way from the invention . set forth below is an equation which can be used to determine the length of the web for a book of any desired dimensions . the width of the web for any size book should be equal to the desired length of a leaf plus twice the seam allowance . and it has been found generally satisfactory to provide for a seam allowance of three - quarters of an inch . while the notches at each end of web a are one inch from the margin , only three - quarters of this is seam allowance with the remainder providing spacing distance between leaves . referring to the above equation and for purposes of example , calculating the length of a web to make a seven leaf book having leaves seven inches in width and one - quarter inch in thickness , it can readily be determined that the web should be 100 . 0 inches . assuming further that the desired length of a leaf is eight inches , the width of the web should be nine and one - half inches . the notches would then be located in accordance with these same values of n , x , y , and z . the first notches would be placed about seven - eighths of an inch in from the margin , the next notches would be located seven inches therefrom , the next one - quarter inch further to the left , the next seven inches further on , etc . the section for the binding or spine , which would be an inch and three - quarters would likewise be provided for . the binding section may be anywhere on the web but it is preferred in the approximate center of the web . whereas a book of this type could theoretically be of almost any size , its use by a small child generally will dictate sizes such as have been described herein . the individual leaves can likewise vary fairly widely in thickness without departing from the invention , but again , for practical usage of the ultimate product and ease of construction , it is preferred that a leaf thickness of from about one - eighth inch to not more than about three - quarters of an inch be used . to demonstrate that the invention is in no sense limited dimensionally to a book which a child or even a parent could hold in his or her hand , a book having pages an inch or more in thickness and a length and width , for example , of several feet could be made as a model , a special novelty item , etc . and even used as a piece of furniture such as a table , seat or bed . the web shown in the drawings is laid out with the multiple sections for the pages more or less evenly divided on either side of the binding section , but such a layout is only preferred and not essential . it is preferred because the final stitching which combines the free ends and attaches them to the binding ends up in a location between two internal leaves rather than , for example , on the outside of the book . while the preferred embodiment of the book and its construction has been described in terms of forming seams by sewing , some or all of such seams may also be formed by other means , e . g . adhesive , velcrol , etc . without departing from the spirit of the invention . from the standpoint of the child &# 39 ; s safety , the permanence of the seams and the fun of constructing the book when the same is supplied in kit form , sewing is the preferred technique for forming the seams . the web material may be woven , non - woven , natural fiber , synthetic resin , etc . a readily washable material is preferred for reasons which are apparent to those familiar with the habits of small children . while described as continuous , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , it will be understood that the web need not necessarily be a continuous piece of the same material but can comprise a series of connected pieces of different color , texture , etc .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	4fa5e76d8f5ab15407e5c2793aae3b06dd857c0f07b1dc760592e23b0809911c	0.006287	0.043457	0.003479	0.025146	0.010986	0.087402
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.554688	0.048096	0.279297	0.000805	0.527344	0.035156
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.617188	0.005066	0.357422	0.00009	0.648438	0.003281
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is 'Textiles; Paper' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.613281	0.00383	0.371094	0.000246	0.730469	0.021606
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.554688	0.049561	0.279297	0.115723	0.527344	0.151367
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.625	0.000418	0.357422	0.000854	0.648438	0.018799
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Physics'?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.617188	0.447266	0.357422	0.78125	0.648438	0.609375
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Electricity'?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.554688	0.161133	0.279297	0.125977	0.527344	0.036865
null	fig1 generally illustrates an automobile equipped with a driving lane tracking control system embodying the present invention . a ccd camera 2 is mounted to an upper part of the interior of a vehicle body 1 adjacent to a rearview mirror so that the road path ahead of the vehicle may be constantly monitored . by appropriately processing the video signal from the ccd camera 2 , the driving lane is detected , and the position and direction of the vehicle in relation to the driving lane are identified . typically , a driving lane may be detected by identifying a line marking on the road defining the driving lane . a plurality of side radar devices 3 a are mounted on either side of the vehicle body so that the relative positions and speeds of other vehicles , in particular the relative positions and speeds of those approaching obliquely from the rear , may be detected . a yaw rate sensor 4 is provided in a central part of the vehicle body 1 to detect the yaw angle of the vehicle body 1 around a vertical axial line passing through the gravitational center of the vehicle body 1 . a vehicle speed sensor 5 is provided in association with a drive shaft of the vehicle to measure the rotational speed of the drive shaft as data for determining the vehicle speed . a front radar device 3 b is also provided on the vehicle body 1 to detect an object in front of the vehicle . referring also to fig2 the steering device of the illustrated embodiment comprises a steering wheel 6 for applying a steering input by the vehicle operator , a steering shaft 7 directly connected to the steering wheel 6 , and a pinion 8 fixedly attached to a lower end of the steering shaft 7 , a rack shaft 10 meshing with the pinion 8 to convert the rotational motion of the pinion 8 ( or that of the steering wheel 6 ) to a linear motion , knuckle arms 11 pivotally attached to either end of the rack shaft 10 via a tie rod ( not shown in the drawing ), and front wheels 12 supported by hub carriers ( not shown in the drawing ) integrally provided with the knuckle arms 11 . a cogged belt 13 is passed around a pulley which is fixedly attached to an intermediate part of the steering shaft 7 to transmit a supplemental steering torque produced by an electric motor 14 serving as a steering actuator . a per se known rotary encoder 15 is connected to an axial end of the output shaft of the electric motor 14 to detect the rotational angle of the steering shaft 7 or the steering wheel steering angle . the signals from the ccd camera 2 , the radar devices 3 a and 3 b , the yaw rate sensor 4 , the vehicle speed sensor 5 and the rotary encoder 15 are forwarded to a control unit 16 for determining the supplemental steering torque to the steering shaft 7 as described hereinafter . the control unit 16 is incorporated with a storage unit which can retain data from various sensors at least for a certain time period so that the past data may be made available for the operation of the control unit 16 suppose that the fore - and - aft speed u of the vehicle is constant . then , the relationship between the lateral speed ν , the yaw rate γ , and the front wheel steering angle δ f can be represented by a two - degree of freedom model given by the following two equations ( eq . 1 ) and ( eq . 2 ).  v  t = a _ 1 u  v - ( u - a _ 2 u )   γ + b _ 1  δ f ( 1 )  r  t = a _ 3 u  v + a _ 4 u  γ + b _ 2  δ f ( 2 ) it is also supposed that the steering angle δ f is given as an output of an actuator which has a first - order time delay and receives a steering command δ c . this is represented by the following equation ( eq . 3 ).  δ f  t = - b _ 3  δ f + b _ 3  δ c ( 3 ) the parameters a i and b i which are unique to the particular vehicle can be given by the following equation ( eq . 4 ). a _ 1 = - 2  ( k f + k r ) m ,  a _ 2 = - 2  ( l f  k f = l r  k r ) m   a _ 3 = - 2  ( l f  k f + l r  k r ) i ,  a _ 4 = - 2  ( l f 2  k f + l f 2  k r ) i   b _ 1 = 2  k f m ,  b _ 2 = 2  l f  k f i ,  b _ 3 = 1 t f ( 4 ) where t f is the time constant of the steering actuator , i f is the distance between the front axle and the gravitational center , i r is the distance between the rear axle and the gravitational center , k f is the front wheel cornering power , and k r is the rear wheel cornering power . fig3 illustrates the geometrical relationship between the actual course the vehicle is taking and the target road path which is obtained from the image data of the ccd camera 2 ( additionally or alternatively from the map data of a navigation system and / or an electromagnetic homing signal of a transmitter installed on the road ). in fig3 ψ is the angle of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to a reference direction , ψ r is the angle of the target road path relative to this reference direction , ψ e is the angular deviation of the actual heading of the vehicle relative to the target road path , y e is the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the target road path and r is the radius of curvature of the target road path . the relationships given by the following equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ) hold between these variables where y e is the time derivative of the deviation of the actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate , and ν e is the time derivative of the lateral deviation . from equations ( eq . 5 ) to ( eq . 7 ), the following equations ( eq . 8 ) and eq . ( 9 ) can be derived .  γ  t =  γ e  t ( 8 )  v  t =  v e  t - u   γ e ( 9 ) by substituting these relationships into equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ), the following state equation ( eq . 10 ) can be obtained .   t  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] =  [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 a _ 1 / u - a _ 1 a _ 2 / u  b _ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a _ 3 / u - a _ 3 a _ 4 / u b 2 0 0 0 0 - b _ 3 ]  [ y e v e ψ e γ e δ e ] +  [ 0 0 0 0 b _ 3 ]   δ 3 + [ 0 a _ 2 - u 2 0  a _ 4 0 ]   ρ ( 10 ) the continuous - time state equation ( eq . 10 ) is then converted into a discrete - time model ( darma model ; deterministic auto - regressive moving average model ) represented by the following equation ( eq . 11 ) to apply the gpc theory to the above defined vehicle model and road path model . a ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) ρ ( k − 1 ) ( 11 ) where k denotes the k - th sampling time . a , b and c are polynomials ( eqs . 12 to 14 which are described by a time - delay operand q − 1 . a ( q − 1 )= 1 + a 1 q − 1 + . . . + a n q − n ( 12 ) b ( q − 1 )= b 0 + b 1 q − 1 + . . . + b m q − m ( 13 ) c ( q − 1 )= d 0 + d 1 q − 1 + . . . + d m q − m ( 14 ) where n and m denote the orders of the polynomials which are selected as n = 5 and m = 4 in the illustrated embodiment . in the darma model , the curvature ρ of the part of the target road path up to m steps ahead may be considered as a known disturbance . in other words , the future values of ρ , or ρ ( k + 1 ) ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m ), are known information at the current sampling time . to reduce the lateral deviation y e to zero by introducing an integral property to the control system , the darma model given by equation ( 11 ) is converted as defined by the following equation ( eq . 15 ). ã ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )= b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k − 1 )+ d ( q − 1 ) δβ ( k − 1 ) ( 15 ) the control input is designed such that an evaluation function j given by the weighted sums of the square of the lateral deviation and the square of the increment of the steering angle command value or by the following equation ( eq . 18 ) may be minimized . j = ∑ j = 1 m  { y e 2  ( k + j ) + λ   δ   δ c 2  ( k + j - 1 ) } ( 18 ) to compute the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ), the future lateral deviations are predicted according to the prediction at the k - th sampling time . it is represented by the following predictor based on the darma model of equation ( 18 ). y e ( k + l )= g l ( q − 1 ) y e ( k )+ h l b ( q − 1 ) δδ c ( k + l − 1 )+ h l d ( q − 1 ) δρ ( k + l − 1 ), l ε { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 19 ) where h l b  ( q 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  b  ( q - 1 ) =  h 0 b + h 1 b  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 b  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 20 ) h l d  ( q - 1 ) =  f l  ( q - 1 )  d  ( q 1 ) =  h 0 d + h 1 d  q - 1 + ⋯ + h l + m - 1 d  q - ( l + m - 1 ) ( 21 ) 1 = f l ( q − 1 ) ã ( q − 1 )+ q − 1 g l ( q − 1 ) l ρ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ( 22 ) the future lateral deviation given by equation ( 19 ) consists of a part depending on known signals and predicted information , and a part depending on future inputs which are not known . the present invention treats the predicted information consisting of the curvature of the future road path as known information . by using this information , the following equation can be derived . the vectors consist of m - dimensional vectors , and the following equations are obtained . y e =[ y e ( k + 1 ) y e ( k + 2 ) . . . y e ( k + m )] δ { overscore ( δ )} c =[ δδ c ( k ) δδ c ( k + 1 ) . . . δδ c ( k + m − 1 )] { overscore ( p )}=[ p ( k + 1 ) p ( k + 2 ) . . . p ( k + m )] ( 24 ) the m × m matrix may be fully written as given by the following equation . h _ = [ h 0 b 0 ⋯ 0 h 1 b h 0 b ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ h m - 1 b h m - 2 b ⋯ h 0 b ] ( 25 ) from the above equations , the evaluation function j ( eq . 18 ) can be rewritten as given in the following . j =  y e t  y e + λ  δ _ c t   δ   δ _ c  =  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) t  ( h _  δ   δ _ c + p _ ) + λ   δ   δ c t   δ   δ _ c ( 26 ) from the condition under which the evaluation function j is minimized or ∂ j /∂ δ c = 0 , the following equation can be obtained . δ { overscore ( δ )} c =−( { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( h )}+ λi ) − 1 { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 27 ) because the first component of the vector δδ c consists of δ c ( k ), the increment δδ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 28 ). δδ c ( k )= { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 28 ) therefore , the steering angle command value δ c ( k ) at the k - th sampling time can be given by the following equation ( 29 ). δ c ( k )= δ c ( k − 1 )+ { overscore ( h )} t { overscore ( p )} ( 29 ) now , the lqi control which combines an integration action to the more conventional lq control is compared with the gpc control incorporating a prediction control of the present invention by using computer simulations . the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control can change significantly depending on the selection of the weighting coefficients . fig4 show a result of comparison in which the weighting coefficients are varied so as to substantially equalize the magnitudes of the maximum command signals when tracking a given target road path . as can be seen from this drawing , the gpc control starts a steering action before the actual change in the curvature of the target course takes place , and the lateral deviation ( steady - state tracking error ) is reduced to zero . it means that the vehicle can smoothly track the driving lane . on the other hand , according to the lqi control , because it does not make use of predicted information , the steering action begins only after the road path curvature has started changing , and the lateral deviation is significant . therefore , the lqi control is not as effective as the gpc control in enabling the vehicle to track the driving lane . because the lqi control gives rise to larger lateral accelerations than the gpc control , the gpc control is superior over the lqi control in terms of ride quality . fig5 compares the responses of the gpc control and the lqi control when the weighting coefficient of the lqi control is varied such that similar lateral deviations may be produced . in this case , the steering angle command value of the lqi control changes impulsively , and this significantly impairs the ride quality through stepwise changes in lateral acceleration and oscillatory changes in yaw rate . to show the properties of the gpc control in the frequency domain , fig6 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral deviation as the output . from this drawing , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a lower gain than the lqi control in a low frequency range , pointing to the superior capability of the gpc control to track the driving lane . fig7 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the steering angle command value as the output . because the lqi control demonstrates a flat frequency response , it tends to produce a steering angle command containing high frequency components in response to stepwise changes in the road curvature . on the other hand , the gpc control produces a steering angle command consisting only of relatively low frequency components , it is expected that the gpc control can track a driving lane more smoothly . fig8 compares the frequency responses of the gpc control and the lqi control using the road curvature as the input and the lateral acceleration as the output . according to the graph , it can be seen that the gpc control demonstrates a favorable damping in a high frequency range so that it can maintain a favorable ride quality even when there are sharp changes in the curvature of the road , and the measurement of the road curvature involves a substantial amount of high frequency noises . if the control command value consists of a steering supplemental torque , instead of the front wheel steering angle , the present invention can be applied not only to a simple driving lane tracking control but also to a vehicle operator assisting system for varying the force required to turn the steering wheel depending on the state of the motor vehicle or other factors . thus , according to the present invention , by using predicted information or by giving an integration property to the feedback loop , it is possible to achieve both a required driving lane tracking capability and a favorable ride quality at the same time . although the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof , it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the appended claims .	Is 'Performing Operations; Transporting' the correct technical category for the patent?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	0.25	1e5047670a76175de2a84a1ece844892f346e1f89e6d1209c44832e9d74268fe	0.349609	0.188477	0.074707	0.057373	0.392578	0.219727
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.605469	0.345703	0.558594	0.263672	0.863281	0.314453
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	Should this patent be classified under 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.170898	0.695313	0.088867	0.707031	0.425781	0.431641
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Human Necessities'?	Is 'Textiles; Paper' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.419922	0.498047	0.318359	0.202148	0.6875	0.443359
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Human Necessities'?	Is 'Fixed Constructions' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.435547	0.435547	0.318359	0.503906	0.6875	0.332031
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.605469	0.3125	0.558594	0.160156	0.859375	0.578125
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Is 'Human Necessities' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Physics'?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.174805	0.515625	0.086426	0.361328	0.427734	0.419922
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Human Necessities'?	Is 'Electricity' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.419922	0.095215	0.318359	0.027222	0.6875	0.120117
null	other than in the operating examples , or where otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients and / or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about ” which encompasses ± 10 %. “ keratinous substrate ” may be chosen from , for example , hair , eyelashes , lip , and eyebrows , as well as the stratum corneum of the skin and nails . “ polymers ” as defined herein , include homopolymers and copolymers formed from at least two different types of monomers . as used herein , the expression “ at least one ” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixture / combinations . the “ wear ” of compositions as used herein , refers to the extent by which the color of the composition remains the same or substantially the same as at the time of application , as viewed by the naked eye , after a certain period or an extended period of time . wear properties may be evaluated by any method known in the art for evaluating such properties . for example , wear may be evaluated by a test involving the application of a composition to human hair , skin or lips and evaluating the color of the composition after a specified period of time . for example , the color of a composition may be evaluated immediately following application to hair , skin or lips and these characteristics may then be re - evaluated and compared after a certain amount of time . further , these characteristics may be evaluated with respect to other compositions , such as commercially available compositions . “ tackiness ” as used herein refers to the adhesion between two substances . for example , the more tackiness there is between two substances , the more adhesion there is between the substances . to quantify “ tackiness ,” it is useful to determine the “ work of adhesion ” as defined by iupac associated with the two substances . generally speaking , the work of adhesion measures the amount of work necessary to separate two substances . thus , the greater the work of adhesion associated with two substances , the greater the adhesion there is between the substances , meaning the greater the tackiness is between the two substances . work of adhesion and , thus , tackiness , can be quantified using acceptable techniques and methods generally used to measure adhesion , and is typically reported in units of force time ( for example , gram seconds (“ g s ”)). for example , the ta - xt2 from stable micro systems , ltd . can be used to determine adhesion following the procedures set forth in the ta - xt2 application study ( ref : mati / po . 25 ), revised january 2000 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . according to this method , desirable values for work of adhesion for substantially non - tacky substances include less than about 0 . 5 g s , less than about 0 . 4 g s , less than about 0 . 3 g s and less than about 0 . 2 g s . as known in the art , other similar methods can be used on other similar analytical devices to determine adhesion . “ substituted ” as used herein , means comprising at least one substituent . non - limiting examples of substituents include atoms , such as oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms , as well as functional groups , such as hydroxyl groups , ether groups , alkoxy groups , acyloxyalky groups , oxyalkylene groups , polyoxyalkylene groups , carboxylic acid groups , amine groups , acylamino groups , amide groups , halogen containing groups , ester groups , thiol groups , sulphonate groups , thiosulphate groups , siloxane groups , and polysiloxane groups . the substituent ( s ) may be further substituted . the composition according to the invention comprises at least one supramolecular polymer comprising a polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer . in particular , the polyalkene - based supramolecular polymer is obtained by a reaction , especially the condensation , of at least one polyalkene polymer functionalized with at least one reactive group , with at least one junction group functionalized with at least one reactive group capable of reacting with the reactive group ( s ) of the functionalized polyalkene polymer , said junction group being capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” mean a polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one monomer of alkene type , comprising an ethylenic unsaturation , the said monomer possibly being pendent or in the main chain of the said polymer . the terms “ polyalkene ” and “ polyolefin ” are thus directed towards polymers that may or may not comprise a double bond . preferably , the supramolecular polymers used according to the invention are prepared from a polymer derived from the polymerization of an alkene comprising at least two ethylenic unsaturations . the supramolecular polymer according to the invention is capable of forming a supramolecular polymer chain or network , by ( self ) assembly of said polymer according to the invention with at least one other identical or different polymer according to the invention , each assembly involving at least one pair of paired junction groups , which may be identical or different , borne by each of the polymers according to the invention . for the purposes of the invention , the term “ junction group ” means any group comprising groups that donate or accept hydrogen bonds , and capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , preferentially four hydrogen bonds , with an identical or different partner junction group . these junction groups may be lateral to the polymer backbone ( side branching ) and / or borne by the ends of the polymer backbone , and / or in the chain forming the polymer backbone . they may be distributed in a random or controlled manner . the polyalkene polymers are functionalized with at least one reactive group and preferably with at least two reactive groups . the functionalization preferably occurs at the chain ends . they are then referred to as telechelic polymers . the functionalization groups , or reactive groups , may be attached to the polyalkene polymer via linkers , preferably linear or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene groups , or directly via a single bond . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers have a number - average molecular mass ( mn ) of between 1000 and 8000 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 1000 and 5000 , or even between 1500 and 4500 . even more preferably , they have a number - average molecular mass of between 2000 and 4000 . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymer , capable of forming all or part of the polymer backbone of the supramolecular polymer according to the invention ( preferably , it forms all of the backbone of the polymer ), is of formula ho — p — oh in which : p represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear , cyclic and / or branched , polyunsaturated ( preferably diunsaturated ) c 2 - c 10 and preferably c 2 - c 4 alkenes . p preferably represents a homo - or copolymer that may be obtained by polymerization of one or more linear or branched , c 2 - c 4 diunsaturated alkenes . more preferably , p represents a polymer chosen from a polybutylene , a polybutadiene ( such as a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene ), a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) and a polyisobutylene , and copolymers thereof . the preferred poly ( ethylene / butylenes ) are copolymers of 1 - butene and of ethylene . they may be represented schematically by the following sequence of units : [— ch 2 — ch 2 —] and [— ch 2 ch ( ch 2 — ch 3 )—]. according to a second preferred embodiment , p is a polybutadiene homopolymer , preferably chosen from a 1 , 4 - polybutadiene or a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene . the polybutadienes may be 1 , 4 - polybutadienes or 1 , 2 - polybutadienes , which may be represented schematically , respectively , by the following sequences of units : preferably , they are 1 , 2 - polybutadienes . preferably , p is a 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymer . according to another embodiment , p is a polyisoprene . polyisoprenes may be represented schematically by the following sequences of units : a mixture of above units may obviously also be used , so as to form copolymers . the functionalized polyalkene polymers may be totally hydrogenated to avoid the risks of crosslinking . preferably , the functionalized polyalkene polymers used in the compositions according to the invention are hydrogenated . preferably , the polyalkene polymers are hydrogenated and functionalized with at least two oh reactive groups , which are preferably at the ends of the polymers . preferably , they have functionality as hydroxyl end groups of from 1 . 8 to 3 and preferably in the region of 2 . the polydienes containing hydroxyl end groups are especially defined , for example , in fr 2 782 723 . they may be chosen from polybutadiene , polyisoprene and poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ) homopolymers and copolymers . mention will be made in particular of the hydroxylated polybutadienes sold by the company sartomer , for instance the krasol ® resins and the poly bd ® resins . preferably , they are hydrogenated dihydroxylated 1 , 2 - polybutadiene homopolymers , such as nisso - pb 1 , gi3000 , gi2000 and gi1000 sold by the company nisso , which may be represented schematically by the following formula : these polymers have the following number - average molecular masses : gi3000 of mn = 4700 , gi2000 of mn = 3300 and gi1000 of mn = 1500 . these values are measured by gpc according to the following protocol . determination of the number - average molecular mass mn , the weight - average molecular mass mw and the polydispersity index mw / mn in polystyrene equivalents . ps 6035000 - ps 3053000 - ps 915000 - ps 483000 - ps 184900 - ps 60450 - ps 19720 - ps 8450 - ps 3370 - ps 1260 - ps 580 inject 100 μl of each of the solutions into the calibration column . prepare a solution with a solids content of 0 . 5 % in thf ( tetrahydrofuran ). prepare the solution about 24 hours before injection . filter the solution through a millex fh filter ( 0 . 45 μm ). columns : pl rapid m ( batch 5m - poly - 008 - 15 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - d ( batch 5m - md - 72 - 2 ) from polymer labs pl - gel hts - f ( 10m - 2 - 169b - 25 ) from polymer labs pl - rapid - f ( 6m - 0l1 - 011 - 6 ) from polymer labs length : 150 mm — inside diameter : 7 . 5 mm pump : isocratic m1515 waters eluent : thf injection : 100 μl at 0 . 5 % am ( active material ) in the eluent detection : ri 64 mv ( waters 2424 refractometer ) the average molar masses are determined by plotting the calibration curve : log molar mass = f ( illusion volume at the top of the ri detection peak ) and using the empower option gpc software from waters . among the polyolefins with hydroxyl end groups , mention may be made preferentially of polyolefins , homopolymers or copolymers with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups , such as polyisobutylenes with α , ω - hydroxyl end groups ; and the copolymers of formula : where ( m + n ) is from 1 to 100 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ), more preferably ( m + n ) is from 5 to 50 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ); most preferably ( m + n ) is from 9 to 35 and 0 & lt ; n & lt ;( m + n ). in a preferred embodiment , the copolymers of the above formula are those sold by mitsubishi under the brand name polytail . the supramolecular polymers according to the invention also have in their structure at least one residue of a junction group capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds and preferably at least four hydrogen bonds , said junction group being initially functionalized with at least one reactive group . unless otherwise mentioned , the term “ junction group ” means in the present description the group without its reactive function . the reactive groups are attached to the junction group via linkers l . l is a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - c 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 11 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ), a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ), a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene , and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); the linker l possibly being substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent . preferably , the linker is a group chosen from phenylene ; 1 , 4 - nitrophenylene ; 1 , 2 - ethylene ; 1 , 6 - hexylene ; 1 , 4 - butylene ; 1 , 6 -( 2 , 4 , 4 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 4 -( 4 - methylpentylene ); 1 , 5 -( 5 - methylhexylene ); 1 , 6 -( 6 - methylheptylene ); 1 , 5 -( 2 , 2 , 5 - trimethylhexylene ); 1 , 7 -( 3 , 7 - dimethyloctylene ); - isophorone -; 4 , 4 ′- methylene bis ( cyclohexylene ); tolylene ; 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; 4 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene ; and 4 , 4 - biphenylenemethylene . c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the linker is an alkylcycloalkylene alkylene . preferably , according to this embodiment , the linker is an isophorone group . the term “ isophorone ” means the following group : the said reactive groups functionalizing the junction group must be capable of reacting with the — oh reactive group ( s ) borne by the functionalized polyalkene . reactive groups that may be mentioned include isocyanate (— n ═ c ═ o ) and thioisocyanate (— n ═ c ═ s ) groups . preferably , it is a group — n ═ c ═ o ( isocyanate ). the functionalized junction groups capable of forming at least three h bonds may comprise at least three identical or different functional groups , and preferably at least four functional groups , chosen from : the junction groups capable of forming at least three hydrogen bonds form a basic structural element comprising at least three groups , preferably at least four groups and more preferentially four functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds . said basic structural elements capable of establishing hydrogen bonds may be represented schematically in the following manner : in which each of x 1 to x i is an hydrogen - bond accepting functional group ( identical or different ) and each of y 1 to y i is an hydrogen - bond donating functional group ( identical or different ). thus , each structural element should be able to establish hydrogen bonds with one or more partner structural elements , which are identical ( i . e . self - complementary ) or different , such that each pairing of two partner structural elements takes place by formation of at least three hydrogen bonds , preferably at least four hydrogen bonds and more preferentially four hydrogen bonds . a proton acceptor x will pair with a proton donor y . several possibilities are thus offered , for example pairing of : preferably , the junction groups may establish four hydrogen bonds with an identical ( or self - complementary ) partner group among which are two donor bonds ( for example preferably , the junction groups capable of forming at least four hydrogen bonds are chosen from : in this formula , r 1 , r 2 and r 3 have the following meanings : r 1 ( or r 1 and r 2 ) are single bonds constituting the point of attachment of the junction group to the linker capable of forming at least three ( preferably four ) hydrogen bonds to the rest of the graft . preferably , the said point of attachment is borne solely by r 1 , which is a single bond . r 2 represents a single bond or a divalent group chosen from a c 1 - c 6 alkylene or a monovalent group chosen from a hydrogen atom , or a linear or branched , saturated c 1 - c 10 monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio group . preferably , r 2 may be a single bond or a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 2 is h . r 3 represents a monovalent or divalent group , in particular , r 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched c 1 - c 10 saturated monovalent hydrocarbon - based group , which may contain one or more heteroatoms such as o , s or n , these groups being optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , amino and / or thio function . preferably , r 3 may be a monovalent group chosen from h , ch 2 oh , ( ch 2 ) 2 — oh and ch 3 . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , r 3 is a methyl group . according to one preferred embodiment , the junction groups are chosen from 2 - ureidopyrimidone and 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . preferably , the preferred junction group is 6 - methyl - 2 - ureidopyrimidone . the junction groups , and especially the ureidopyrimidone junction groups , may be added directly or may be formed in situ during the process for preparing the supramolecular polymer . the first and second preparation methods described below illustrate these two alternatives , respectively . in particular , the functionalized junction groups capable of reacting with the functionalized polyalkene polymer to give the supramolecular polymer according to the invention are preferably of formula : c 1 - c 20 alkylene such as —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 2 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 2 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —, and preferably , l is chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; and 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene . according to one particularly preferred embodiment , the junction group is of formula in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula : l ′ and l ″ have , independently of each other , the following meaning : a single bond or a saturated or unsaturated c 1 - 20 divalent carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene alkylene ( preferably cyclohexylene methylene ); a c 11 - c 20 alkylene - biscycloalkylene ( preferably alkylene - biscyclohexylene ); a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene ; and an alkylene - bisarylene ( preferably an alkylene - biphenylene ); wherein one or both of l ′ and l ″ are possibly substituted with at least one alkyl group and / or possibly comprising 1 to 4 n and / or o heteroatoms , especially in the form of an no 2 substituent ; x and x ′═ o ; and p has the meaning given above for the functionalized polyalkene polymer . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a saturated or unsaturated divalent c 1 - c 20 carbon - based group chosen in particular from a linear or branched c 1 - c 20 alkylene ; a c 5 - c 20 ( alkyl ) cycloalkylene ; an alkylene - biscycloalkylene ; and a c 6 - c 20 ( alkyl ) arylene . preferably , l ′ and l ″ each independently represent a group chosen from : - isophorone -; —( ch 2 ) 2 —; —( ch 2 ) 6 —; — ch 2 ch ( ch 3 )— ch 2 — c ( ch 3 ) 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —; 4 , 4 ′- methylene biscyclohexylene ; and 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - phenylene . preferably , p is hydrogenated and represents a polyethylene , a polybutylene , a polybutadiene , a polyisoprene , a poly ( 1 , 3 - pentadiene ), a polyisobutylene , or a copolymer thereof , especially a poly ( ethylene / butylene ). in one particularly preferred embodiment , the supramolecular polymer of the invention corresponds to the formula ( i ) below : wherein n can be an integer from 20 to 70 ; most preferably an integer from 30 to 40 . the polymer according to the invention may be prepared via the processes usually used by a person skilled in the art , especially for forming a urethane bond between the free oh functions of a polyalkene , and the isocyanate functions borne by the junction group . by way of non - limiting illustration , a first general preparation process consists in : optionally ensuring that the polymer to be functionalized does not comprise any residual water ; heating the said polymer comprising at least two reactive oh functions to a temperature that may be between 60 ° c . and 140 ° c . ; the hydroxyl number of the polymer possibly serving as a reference in order to measure the degree of progress of the reaction ; adding , preferably directly , the ureidopyrimidone junction group bearing the reactive functions , especially isocyanate such as those described in patent wo 2005 / 042 641 ; especially such as the junction groups having the cas numbers 32093 - 85 - 9 and 709028 - 42 - 2 ; optionally stirring the mixture , under a controlled atmosphere , at a temperature of about 90 - 130 ° c . ; for 1 to 24 hours ; optionally monitoring by infrared spectroscopy the disappearance of the characteristic isocyanate band ( between 2500 and 2800 cm − 1 ) so as to stop the reaction on total disappearance of the peak , and then allowing the final product to cool to room temperature . the reaction may also be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions ; it is also possible to add ethanol in order to ensure the total disappearance of the residual isocyanate functions . the reaction may be performed in the presence of a solvent , especially methyltetrahydrofuran , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , propylene carbonate or butyl acetate . it is also possible to add a conventional catalyst for forming a urethane bond . an example that may be mentioned is dibutyltin dilaurate . the polymer may finally be washed and dried , or even purified , according to the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art . according to the second preferred mode of preparation , the reaction may comprise the following steps : functionalization of the polymer , which has preferably been dried beforehand , with a diisocyanate according to the reaction scheme : the diisocyanate may optionally be in excess relative to the polymer . this first step may be performed in the presence of solvent , at a temperature of between 20 ° c . and 100 ° c . this first step may be followed by a period of stirring under a controlled atmosphere for 1 to 24 hours . the mixture may optionally be heated . the degree of progress of this first step may be monitored by assaying the hydroxyl functions . this second step may optionally be performed in the presence of a cosolvent such as toluene , butyl acetate or propylene carbonate . the reaction mixture may be heated to between 80 ° c . and 140 ° c . for a time ranging between 1 and 24 hours . the presence of a catalyst , especially dibutyltin dilaurate , may promote the production of the desired final product . the reaction may be monitored by infrared spectroscopy , by monitoring the disappearance of the characteristic peak of isocyanate between 2200 and 2300 cm − 1 . at the end of the reaction , ethanol may be added to the reaction medium in order to neutralize any residual isocyanate functions . the reaction mixture may be optionally filtered . the polymer may also be stripped directly in a cosmetic solvent . according to one particular mode , the said supramolecular polymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular isododecane . thus , the composition of the invention will comprise at least one hydrocarbon - based oil , which is preferably volatile , in particular at least isododecane , especially provided by the supramolecular polymer solution . in particular , the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present in a composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 60 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 45 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . in another particular embodiment of the invention , a makeup composition is in the form of a lipstick and the supramolecular polymer ( s ) may be present therein in a content ranging from about 1 % to about 40 % by weight , preferably from about 3 % to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 % to about 15 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . hyperbranched polymers are molecular constructions having a branched structure , generally around a core . their structure generally lacks symmetry , the base units or monomers used to construct the hyperbranched polymer can be of diverse nature and their distribution is non - uniform . the branches of the polymer can be of different natures and lengths . the number of base units , or monomers , may be different depending on the different branching . while at the same time being asymmetrical , hyperbranched polymers can have : an extremely branched structure around a core ; successive generations or layers of branching ; a layer of end chains . hyperbranched polymers are polymers that are highly branched and contain large number of end groups . hyperbranched polymer usually contains a central core and the growth of the polymer emanates from this central core . the growth of the polymer is made possible by repeating units of single monomers or linear chains added onto the central core . the end unit of the single monomer or linear chain can be functionalized which can become junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) for further growth of the polymer . the final form of the hyperbranched polymer exhibits a tree - like structure without any symmetry or regularity . the synthesis of hyperbranched polymer can be produced by single monomer methodology ( smm ) or double monomer methodology ( dmm ) ( gao and yan , 2004 ). for smm , polymerization involves an ab x , ab * or a latent ab x monomer through generally four different types of reaction mechanism : polycondensation of ab x monomers , self - condensing vinyl polymerization ( scvp ), self - condensation ring opening polymerization ( scrop ) and proton transfer polymerization ( ptp ). for dmm , a direct polymerization is possible with two types of monomers or monomer pairs , the most notable being the polymerization of “ a 2 + b n , n ≧ 2 ”, and the couple - monomer methodology ( cmm ) has also been used . there are several ways to characterize the topology of a hyperbranched polymer , such as , by its degree of branching and the wiener index . the degree of branching is defined as b = 2d /( 2d + l ) where d is the number of fully branched units and l is the number of partially reacted units ( holter et al ., 1997 ). for a completely linear polymer , b = 0 and for a fully branched hyperbranched polymer b = 1 . the wiener index states the sum of paths or branches between all pairs of non - hydrogen atoms in a molecule ( wiener , 1947 ). it is defined as ⁢ w = 1 2 ⁢ ∑ j = 1 n ⁢ ⁢ s ⁢ ⁢ ∑ i = 1 ns ⁢ ⁢ d i ⁢ ⁢ j where n is the degree of polymerization and d ij is the number of bonds separating site i and j of the molecule . for two polymers with equal number of molecular weight , the linear polymer will have a smaller wiener number than the hyperbranched polymer . an end group can be reacted with the hyperbranched polymer to obtain a particular functionality on the ends of chains . “ hyperbranched functional polymers ” refers to polymers comprising at least two , for example three , polymeric branches , forming either the main branch or a secondary branch , and each comprising at least one at least trifunctional branch point , which may be identical or different , and which is able to form at least two at least trifunctional branch points , different from and independent of one another . each branch point may be , for example , arranged in the interior of at least one chain . the branches may be , for example , connected to one another by a polyfunctional compound . as used herein , “ trifunctional branch point ” means the junction point ( i . e ., linkage point ) between three polymer branches , of which at least two branches may be different in chemical constitution and / or structure . for example , certain branches may be hydrophilic , i . e . may predominantly contain hydrophilic monomers , and other branches may be hydrophobic , i . e ., may predominantly contain hydrophobic monomers . further branches may additionally form a random polymer or a block polymer . as used herein , “ at least trifunctional branch ” means the junction points ( i . e ., linkage points ) between at least three polymeric branches , for example n polymeric branches ( wherein n = 3 or more ), of which n − 1 branches at least are different in chemical constitution and / or structure . as used herein , “ chain interior ” means the atoms situated within the polymeric chain , to the exclusion of the atoms forming the two ends of this chain . as used herein , “ main branch ” means the branch or polymeric sequence comprising the greatest percentage by weight of monomer ( s ). suitable hyperbranched functional polymers include , but are not limited to , hyperbranched polyols and hyperbranched polyacids . the at least one hyperbranched functional polymer may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 1 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 2 to about 10 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyol compound are provided . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound of the present invention has at least two hydroxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number of at least 15 , more preferably of at least 50 , more preferably of at least 100 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . “ hydroxyl number ” or “ hydroxyl value ” which is sometimes also referred to as “ acetyl value ” is a number which indicates the extent to which a substance may be acetylated ; it is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for neutralization of the acetic acid liberated on saponifying 1 g of acetylated sample . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol has a hydroxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as 90 to 150 . in accordance with the present invention , “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to dendrimers , hyperbranched macromolecules and other dendron - based architectures . hyperbranched polyols can generally be described as three - dimensional highly branched molecules having a tree - like structure . they are characterized by a great number of end groups , at least two of which are hydroxyl groups . the dendritic or “ tree - like ” structure preferably shows irregular non - symmetric branching from a central multifunctional core molecule leading to a compact globular or quasi - globular structure with a large number of end groups per molecule . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyols can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 423 , 104 , and u . s . patent applications 2008 / 0207871 and 2008 / 0286152 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . other suitable examples include alcohol functional olefinic polymers such as those available from new phase technologies . for example , olefinic polymers can include a functionalized polyalphaolefin comprising the reaction product of admixing an alpha - olefin monomer having at least 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated functionalizing compound . non - functionalized olefins that may be used in accordance with the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 - decene , 1 - dodecene , 1 - tetradecene , 1 - hexadecene , 1 - octadecene , 1 - eicosene , as well as such commercial mixtures sold as alpha - olefins including those having mainly c10 - c13 , c20 - c24 chain lengths , c24 - c28 chain lengths and c30 and higher chain lengths . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention are chosen from alcohols , including olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , and erucyl alcohol . the molar ratio of alpha - olefin monomer to unsaturated functionalizing compound can range from about 20 : 1 to 1 : 20 such as from about 10 : 1 to 1 : 10 or such as from about 8 : 1 to 1 : 2 . after the polymerization , the alcohol functional olefinic polymers preferably have molecular weights , determined using gel permeation chromatography procedure and a polystyrene standard , of from about 200 daltons to about 150 , 000 daltons , such as from about 400 daltons to about 80 , 000 daltons or such as from about 600 daltons to about 6 , 000 daltons . according to certain embodiments , the alcohol functional olefinic polymer has a dynamic viscosity ranging from 0 . 1 pa · s to 100 pa · s , such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 50 pa · s , or such as from 0 . 1 pa · s to 10 pa · s at room temperature . according to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound comprises a hydrophobic chain interior . preferably , the chain interior comprises one or more hydrocarbon groups , one or more silicon - based groups , or mixtures thereof . particularly preferred chain interiors comprise olefinic polymers or copolymers and / or silicone polymers or copolymers . suitable olefinic monomers include , but are not limited to , compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond which are , for example , acyclic , cyclic , polycyclic , linear , branched , substituted , unsubstituted , functionalized or non - functionalized . for example , suitable monomers include ethylene , propylene , 1 - butene , 2 - butene , 3 - methyl - 1 - butene , and isobutylene . suitable silicone groups for inclusion into the interior chain include , but are not limited to , m , d , t , and / or q groups in accordance with commonly used silicon - related terminology ( m = monovalent ; d = divalent ; t = trivalent ; and q = quadvalent ). particularly preferred monomers are “ d ” groups such as dimethicone or substituted dimethicone groups . such groups can help form , for example , suitable dimethicone copolyols in accordance with the present invention . a preferred structure of the at least one hyperbranched polyol of the present invention is as follows : where x corresponds to hydroxyl functionality and r corresponds to a methyl group or an alkyl group preferably containing 2 - 30 atoms . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 1 , 000 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 2 , 000 and about 22 , 000 , preferably between about 3 , 000 and about 20 , 000 , including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as about 4000 to about 5500 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound has a viscosity at 90 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges therebetween . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 90 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . a particularly preferred at least one hyperbranched polyol compound for use in the present invention is c20 - c24 olefin / oleyl alcohol copolymer , commercially available from new phase technologies under the trade name performa v ™- 6175 . the at least one hyperbranched polyol compound may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 30 % by weight , more preferably from about 5 to about 25 % by weight , most preferably from about 10 to about 20 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . according to the present invention , compositions comprising at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound are provided . the aforementioned “ hyperbranched polyol ” refers to the hyperbranched functional polymer wherein the functional groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups . similar definition applies to the term “ hyperbranched polyacid ” wherein the functional groups of the hyperbranched functional polymer are substituted with carboxylic acid groups . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound of the present invention has at least two carboxyl groups . preferably , the hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number of at least 3 , more preferably of at least 10 , more preferably of at least 50 , and more preferably of at least about 150 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid has a carboxyl number between 50 and 250 , preferably between 75 and 225 , preferably between 100 and 200 , preferably between 125 and 175 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as 90 to 150 . suitable examples of hyperbranched polyacids can be found in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 582 , 719 , and ep1367080 , the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . unsaturated functionalizing compounds useful with the present invention include , but are not limited to , carboxylic acids , carboxylic acid esters , amides , ethers , amines , phosphate esters , silanes and alcohols . examples of such carboxylic acids include , but are not limited to , 5 - hexenoic acid , 6 - heptenoic acid , 10 - undecylenic acid , 9 - decenoic acid , oleic acid , and erucic acid . also useful are esters of these acids with linear or branched - chain alcohols having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , as well as triglycerides containing olefinic unsaturation in the fatty acid portion such as tall oil , fish oils , soybean oil , linseed oil , cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated products of such oils . other useful materials include olefinic alcohols such as allyl alcohol , 9 - decen - 1 - ol , 10 - undecylenyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol , acetic acid or formic acid esters of these alcohols , c1 - c4 alkyl ether derivatives of these alcohols and formamides or acetamides of unsaturated amines such as oleylamine , erucylamine , 10 - undecylenylamine and allylamine . a particularly preferred acid functional olefinic polymer is c30 + olefin / undecylenic acid copolymer available from new phase technologies under trade name performa v ™- 6112 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has a molecular weight ( mw ) between about 500 and about 25 , 000 , preferably between about 800 and about 10000 , preferably between about 1000 and about 8000 , including all ranges and subranges there between such as about 1000 to about 6000 . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound has a viscosity at 210 ° f . of between 0 . 01 pa · s and 10 pa · s , such as between 0 . 02 and 7 pa · s , and such as between 0 . 03 and 6 pa · s , including all ranges and subranges there between . the viscosity is determined using brookfield viscometer at 210 ° f . by astmd - 3236mod method . according to preferred embodiments , the at least one hyperbranched acid compound has an acid number between about 20 and about 400 mg / koh , more preferably between about 30 and about 300 mg / koh , and even more preferably between about 50 and about 100 mg / koh . the at least one hyperbranched polyacid compound is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 0 . 1 to about 20 % by weight , more preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 10 % by weight , most preferably from about 0 . 5 to about 5 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . a composition according to the invention further comprises a fatty phase . this fatty phase may comprise oils , waxes and / or pasty compounds and / or silicone compounds as defined below . the fatty phase ranges from 1 % to 97 % by weight , especially 5 % to 95 % by weight or even 10 % to 90 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . thus , a composition according to the invention may advantageously comprise one or more oils , which may be chosen especially from hydrocarbon - based oils and fluoro oils , and mixtures thereof . the oils may be of animal , plant , mineral or synthetic origin . the term “ oil ” means a water - immiscible non - aqueous compound that is liquid at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and at atmospheric pressure ( 760 mmhg ). for the purposes of the invention , the term “ volatile oil ” means any oil that is capable of evaporating on contact with keratin materials in less than one hour , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . volatile oils preferably have a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa , in particular from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa and more particularly from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa . the term “ fluoro oil ” means an oil comprising at least one fluorine atom . the term “ hydrocarbon - based oil ” means an oil mainly containing hydrogen and carbon atoms . the oils may optionally comprise oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur and / or phosphorus atoms , for example in the form of hydroxyl or acid radicals . the volatile oils may be chosen from hydrocarbon - based oils containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms , and especially c 8 - c 16 branched alkanes ( also known as isoparaffins ), for instance isododecane , isodecane and isohexadecane . the volatile hydrocarbon - based oil may also be a linear volatile alkane containing 7 to 17 carbon atoms , in particular 9 to 15 carbon atoms and more particularly 11 to 13 carbon atoms . mention may be made especially of n - nonadecane , n - decane , n - undecane , n - dodecane , n - tridecane , n - tetradecane , n - pentadecane and n - hexadecane , and mixtures thereof . hydrocarbon - based oils of animal origin , hydrocarbon - based oils of plant origin , such as phytostearyl esters , such as phytostearyl oleate , phytostearyl isostearate and lauroyl / octyldodecyl / phytostearyl glutamate ; triglycerides formed from fatty acid esters of glycerol , in particular whose fatty acids may have chain lengths ranging from c 4 to c 36 and especially from c 18 to c 36 , these oils possibly being linear or branched , and saturated or unsaturated ; these oils may especially be heptanoic or octanoic triglycerides , shea oil , alfalfa oil , poppy oil , pumpkin oil , millet oil , barley oil , quinoa oil , rye oil , candlenut oil , passionflower oil , shea butter oil , aloe oil , sweet almond oil , peach stone oil , groundnut oil , argan oil , avocado oil , baobab oil , borage oil , broccoli oil , calendula oil , camellina oil , carrot oil , safflower oil , hemp oil , rapeseed oil , cottonseed oil , coconut oil , marrow seed oil , wheatgerm oil , jojoba oil , lily oil , macadamia oil , corn oil , meadowfoam oil , st - john &# 39 ; s wort oil , monoi oil , hazelnut oil , apricot kernel oil , walnut oil , olive oil , evening primrose oil , palm oil , blackcurrant pip oil , kiwi seed oil , grape seed oil , pistachio oil , pumpkin oil , quinoa oil , musk rose oil , sesame oil , soybean oil , sunflower oil , castor oil and watermelon oil , and mixtures thereof , or alternatively caprylic / capric acid triglycerides , such as those sold by the company stearineries dubois or those sold under the names miglyol 810 ®, 812 ® and 818 ® by the company dynamit nobel , synthetic ethers containing from 10 to 40 carbon atoms ; synthetic esters , for instance the oils of formula r 1 coor 2 , in which r 1 represents a linear or branched fatty acid residue containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and r 2 represents a hydrocarbon - based chain , which is especially branched , containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms , on condition that r 1 + r 2 ≧ 10 . the esters may be chosen especially from fatty acid esters of alcohols , for instance cetostearyl octanoate , isopropyl alcohol esters , such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl palmitate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , isopropyl stearate , isopropyl isostearate , isostearyl isostearate , octyl stearate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate , octyl hydroxystearate , diisopropyl adipate , heptanoates , and especially isostearyl heptanoate , alcohol or polyalcohol octanoates , decanoates or ricinoleates , for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate , cetyl octanoate , tridecyl octanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - diheptanoate , 2 - ethylhexyl palmitate , alkyl benzoates , polyethylene glycol diheptanoate , propylene glycol 2 - diethylhexanoate , and mixtures thereof , c 12 - c 15 alcohol benzoates , hexyl laurate , neopentanoic acid esters , for instance isodecyl neopentanoate , isotridecyl neopentanoate , isostearyl neopentanoate , octyldodecyl neopentanoate , isononanoic acid esters , for instance isononyl isononanoate , isotridecyl isononanoate , octyl isononanoate , hydroxylated esters , for instance isostearyl lactate and diisostearyl malate , polyol esters and pentaerythritol esters , for instance dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxystearate / tetraisostearate , esters of diol dimers and of diacid dimers , copolymers of diol dimer and of diacid dimer and esters thereof , such as dilinoleyl diol dimer / dilinoleic dimer copolymers , and esters thereof , copolymers of polyols and of diacid dimers , and esters thereof , fatty alcohols that are liquid at room temperature , with a branched and / or unsaturated carbon - based chain containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms , for instance 2 - octyldodecanol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , 2 - hexyldecanol , 2 - butyloctanol and 2 - undecylpentadecanol , c 12 - c 22 higher fatty acids , such as oleic acid , linoleic acid and linolenic acid , and mixtures thereof ; dialkyl carbonates , the two alkyl chains possibly being identical or different , such as dicaprylyl carbonate ; oils with a molar mass of between about 400 and about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular about 650 to about 10 , 000 g / mol , in particular from about 750 to about 7 , 500 g / mol and more particularly ranging from about 1 , 000 to about 5 , 000 g / mol ; mention may be made especially , alone or as a mixture , of ( i ) lipophilic polymers such as polybutylenes , polyisobutylenes , for example hydrogenated polydecenes , vinylpyrrolidone copolymers , such as the vinylpyrrolidone / 1 - hexadecene copolymer , and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) copolymers , such as the copolymers of a c 2 - c 30 alkene , such as c 3 - c 22 , and combinations thereof ; ( ii ) linear fatty acid esters containing a total carbon number ranging from 35 to 70 , for instance pentaerythrityl tetrapelargonate ; ( iii ) hydroxylated esters such as polyglyceryl - 2 triisostearate ; ( iv ) aromatic esters such as tridecyl trimellitate ; ( v ) esters of fatty alcohols or of branched c 24 - c 28 fatty acids , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 927 and pentaerythritol esters , and especially triisoarachidyl citrate , pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate , glyceryl triisostearate , glyceryl 2 - tridecyltetradecanoate , pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate , poly ( 2 - glyceryl ) tetraisostearate or pentaerythrityl 2 - tetradecyltetradecanoate ; ( vi ) diol dimer esters and polyesters , such as esters of diol dimer and of fatty acid , and esters of diol dimer and of diacid . in particular , one or more oils according to the invention may be present in a composition according to the invention in a content ranging from 1 % to 90 % by weight , preferably ranging from 2 % to 75 % by weight or even from 3 % to 60 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . it is understood that the above - described weight percentage of oil takes into account the weight of oil used for the formulation of the associated supramolecular polymer , if present . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ silicone oil ” means an oil comprising at least one silicon atom , and especially at least one si — o group . in particular , the volatile or non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention preferably have a viscosity at 25 ° c . of less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably less than or equal to 600 , 000 cst and preferably less than or equal to 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of these silicone oils may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . the silicone oils that may be used according to the invention may be volatile or non - volatile or mixtures of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . thus , a composition according to the invention or under consideration according to a process of the invention may contain a mixture of volatile and non - volatile silicone oils . in a preferred embodiment , the term “ volatile silicone oil ” means an oil that can evaporate on contact with the skin in less than one hour , at room temperature ( 25 ° c .) and atmospheric pressure . the volatile silicone oil is a volatile cosmetic oil , which is liquid at room temperature , especially having a non - zero vapour pressure , at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , in particular having a vapour pressure ranging from 0 . 13 pa to 40 , 000 pa ( 10 − 3 to 300 mmhg ), preferably ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 13 , 000 pa ( 0 . 01 to 100 mmhg ) and preferentially ranging from 1 . 3 pa to 1 , 300 pa ( 0 . 1 to 10 mmhg ). the term “ non - volatile silicone oil ” means an oil whose vapour pressure at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is non - zero and less than 0 . 02 mmhg ( 2 . 66 pa ) and better still less than 10 − 3 mmhg ( 0 . 13 pa ). in one embodiment of the present invention , compositions according to the invention comprise at least one volatile silicone oil . the volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils especially having a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ). furthermore , the volatile silicone oil that may be used in the invention may preferably be chosen from silicone oils with a flash point ranging from 40 ° c . to 102 ° c ., preferably with a flash point of greater than 55 ° c . and less than or equal to 95 ° c ., and preferentially ranging from 65 ° c . to 95 ° c . volatile silicone oils that may be mentioned include : volatile linear or cyclic silicone oils , especially those with a viscosity ≦ 8 centistokes ( cst ) ( 8 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s at 25 ° c . ), and especially containing from 2 to 10 silicon atoms and in particular from 2 to 7 silicon atoms , these silicones optionally comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . more particularly , the volatile silicone oils are non - cyclic and are chosen in particular from : a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , preferably ranging from 2 to 6 and better still ranging from 3 to 5 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( d ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms ; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon - based radical , containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms or with one or more hydroxyl groups , or a hydroxyl group , one of the radicals r possibly being a phenyl group , x is an integer ranging from 0 to 8 , further wherein none of the r groups in the silicone compound of formula ( e ) or ( f ) contain more than 15 carbon atoms . preferably , for the compounds of formulae ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ), the ratio between the number of carbon atoms and the number of silicon atoms is between 2 . 25 and 4 . 33 . the silicones of formulae ( d ) to ( f ) may be prepared according to the known processes for synthesizing silicone compounds . among the silicones of formula ( d ) that may be mentioned are : the following disiloxanes : hexamethyldisiloxane ( surface tension = 15 . 9 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 0 . 65 cst by the company dow corning , 1 , 3 - di - tert - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dipropyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; heptylpentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyldisiloxane ; hexaethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; pentamethyloctyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tris ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 - trimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; pentamethylpentyldisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 - triethyl - 1 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylbutyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; ( 3 - methylpentyl ) pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - propyldisiloxane ; 1 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentamethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrakis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 - dibutyl - 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) disiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetramethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disiloxane ; butylpentamethyldisiloxane ; pentaethylmethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - dipentyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetrapropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 - tetraethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyldisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 3 - tripropyldisiloxane ; 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyldisiloxane and hexylpentamethyldisiloxane ; the following trisiloxanes : octamethyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 17 . 4 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , 3 - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 5 - octyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - octyltrisiloxane , sold especially under the name silsoft 034 by the company osi ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - hexyltrisiloxane ( surface tension = 20 . 5 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 2 - 1731 by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 - ethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( 1 - methylethyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - bis ( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 -( 3 , 3 - dimethylbutyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylbutyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 3 - methylpentyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl ) trisiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 - propyltrisiloxane ; 3 - isohexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - tert - pentyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - dipropyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 5 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexaethyl - 3 , 3 - dimethyltrisiloxane ; 3 , 3 - dibutyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 3 - heptyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane and 1 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; the following tetrasiloxanes : decamethyltetrasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 1 , 7 - dipropyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 -( 1 - methylethyl ) tetrasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyltetrasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 7 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyltetrasiloxane ; and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - nonamethyl - 5 - phenyltetrasiloxane ; the following pentasiloxanes : dodecamethylpentasiloxane ( surface tension = 18 . 7 mn / m ), sold especially under the name dc 200 fluid 2 cst by the company dow corning ; 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 - decamethyl - 1 , 9 - dipropylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 - hexaethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 9 , 9 - hexamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethyl - 5 - phenylpentasiloxane ; 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - undecamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 3 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - decamethylpentasiloxane ; 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - pentaethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 - heptamethylpentasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 - triethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethylpentasiloxane ; the following hexasiloxanes : 1 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - tridecamethylhexasiloxane ; 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - tetraethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 11 - decamethylhexasiloxane and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane . hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ; octadecamethyloctasiloxane ; eicosamethylnonasiloxane . among the silicones of formula ( e ) that may be mentioned are : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 -[ 3 , 3 , 3 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] ethyl ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - butyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - propyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 - triethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - tetramethyl - 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane ; 3 - methyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 -[( dimethylphenylsilyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyltrisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 2 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -( 4 - methylpentyl )- 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; 3 - hexyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 - heptamethyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ; among the silicones of formula ( f ), mention may be made of : 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 - bis ( trimethylsiloxy ) trisiloxane . use may also be made of other volatile silicone oils chosen from : the following tetrasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 -[( pentamethyldisiloxanyl ) methyl ]- 3 , 7 - dioxa - 2 , 8 - disilanonane ; 2 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 -[( trimethylsilyl ) methoxy ]- 4 , 6 - dioxa - 2 , 5 , 8 - trisilanonane ; 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ]- 1 , 3 - disiloxanediol ; 3 - ethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 -[ 3 -( trimethylsiloxy ) propyl ] trisiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 5 - hexamethyl - 3 - phenyl - 3 -[( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] trisiloxane ( dow 556 fluid ); the following pentasiloxanes : 2 , 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 11 , 16 , 16 - decamethyl - 3 , 8 , 10 , 15 - tetraoxa - 2 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 16 - pentasilaheptadecane and the tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) methyl ] ester of silicic acid ; the following hexasiloxanes : 3 , 5 - diethyl - 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 - octamethyl - 3 , 5 - bis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the heptasiloxane : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 - heptamethyl - 3 , 5 , 5 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane ; the following octasiloxanes : 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 7 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane ; 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 - nonamethyl - 3 , 5 , 7 - tris [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] pentasiloxane and 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 7 - hexamethyl - 3 , 3 , 5 , 5 - tetrakis [( trimethylsilyl ) oxy ] tetrasiloxane . volatile silicone oils that may more particularly be mentioned include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 245 by the company dow corning , dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 246 by the company dow corning , octamethyltrisiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 cst by the company dow corning , decamethyltetrasiloxane sold especially under the name dc - 200 fluid 1 . 5 cst by the company dow corning and dc - 200 fluid 5 cst sold by the company dow corning , octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane , heptamethylhexyltrisiloxane , heptamethylethyltrisiloxane , heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane and dodecamethylpentasiloxane , and mixtures thereof . it should be noted that , among the above - mentioned oils , the linear oils prove to be particularly advantageous . the non - volatile silicone oils that may be used in the invention may be chosen from silicone oils with a viscosity at 25 ° c . of greater than or equal to 9 centistokes ( cst ) ( 9 × 10 − 6 m 2 / s ) and less than 800 , 000 cst , preferably between 50 and 600 , 000 cst and preferably between 100 and 500 , 000 cst . the viscosity of this silicone oil may be measured according to standard astm d - 445 . among these silicone oils , two types of oil may be distinguished , according to whether or not they contain phenyl . representative examples of these non - volatile linear silicone oils that may be mentioned include polydimethylsiloxanes ( i . e ., pdms ); alkyl dimethicones ; vinyl methyl methicones ; and also silicones modified with optionally fluorinated aliphatic groups , or with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups . pdmss comprising alkyl or alkoxy groups , which are pendent and / or at the end of the silicone chain , these groups each containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms , pdmss comprising aliphatic groups , or functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes optionally substituted with a fluorinated group , such as polymethyltrifluoropropyldimethylsiloxanes , polyalkylmethylsiloxanes substituted with functional groups such as hydroxyl , thiol and / or amine groups , polysiloxanes modified with fatty acids , fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylenes , and mixtures thereof . according to one embodiment , a composition according to the invention contains at least one non - phenyl linear silicone oil . the non - phenyl linear silicone oil may be chosen especially from the silicones of formula : r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a vinyl radical , an amine radical or a hydroxyl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or an amine radical , n and p are integers chosen so as to have a fluid compound . as non - volatile silicone oils that may be used according to the invention , mention may be made of those for which : the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 500 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name se30 by the company general electric , the product sold under the name ak 500 , 000 by the company wacker , the product sold under the name mirasil dm 500 , 000 by the company bluestar , and the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 500 , 000 cst by the company dow corning ( viscosity determined by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 60 , 000 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 60 , 000 cs by the company dow corning , and the product sold under the name wacker belsil dm 60 , 000 by the company wacker , the substituents r 1 to r 6 and x represent a methyl group , and p and n are such that the viscosity is about 350 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name dow corning 200 fluid 350 cs by the company dow corning , the substituents r 1 to r 6 represent a methyl group , the group x represents a hydroxyl group , and n and p are such that the viscosity is about 700 cst ( measured by brookfield viscometer using astmd - 445 method ), such as the product sold under the name baysilone fluid t0 . 7 by the company momentive . according to one embodiment variant , a composition according to the invention contains at least one phenyl silicone oil . representative examples of these non - volatile phenyl silicone oils that may be mentioned include those oils of formulae ii to vii described below . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four , at least five or at least six . in which the groups r represent , independently of each other , a methyl or a phenyl , with the proviso that at least one group r represents a phenyl . preferably , in this formula , the phenyl silicone oil comprises at least three phenyl groups , for example at least four or at least five . mixtures of these phenyl silicone oils may be used . examples that may be mentioned include mixtures of triphenyl , tetraphenyl or pentaphenyl organopolysiloxanes . in which me represents methyl , ph represents phenyl . such a phenyl silicone oil is especially manufactured by dow corning under the reference ph - 1555 hri or dow corning 555 cosmetic fluid ( chemical name : 1 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 - pentaphenyltrisiloxane ; inci name : trimethyl pentaphenyl trisiloxane ). the reference dow corning 554 cosmetic fluid may also be used . in which me represents methyl , y is between 1 and 1 , 000 and x represents — ch 2 — ch ( ch 3 )( ph ). in which me is methyl and ph is phenyl , or ′ represents a group — osime 3 and y is 0 or ranges between 1 and 1000 , and z ranges between 1 and 1000 , such that compound ( vi ) is a non - volatile oil . according to a first embodiment , y ranges between 1 and 1000 . use may be made , for example , of trimethyl siloxyphenyl dimethicone , sold especially under the reference belsil pdm 1000 sold by the company wacker . according to a second embodiment , y is equal to 0 . use may be made , for example , of phenyl trimethylsiloxy trisiloxane , sold especially under the reference dow corning 556 cosmetic grade fluid . r 1 , r 2 , r 5 and r 6 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms , r 3 and r 4 are , together or separately , an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl radical , x is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a hydroxyl radical or a vinyl radical , n and p being chosen so as to give the oil a weight - average molecular mass of less than 200 , 000 g / mol , preferably less than 150 , 000 g / mol and more preferably less than 100 , 000 g / mol . mixtures of the phenyl silicone oils corresponding to formulae ( ii ) to ( vii ) are also useful . the phenyl silicone oils that are most particularly suitable for use in the invention are those corresponding to formulae ( iii ), ( iv ) and ( vi ), especially to formula ( iv ) and ( vi ) hereinabove . more particularly , the phenyl silicone oils are chosen from phenyl trimethicones , phenyl dimethicones , phenyl - trimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes , diphenyl dimethicones , diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes and 2 - phenylethyl trimethylsiloxysilicates , and mixtures thereof . preferably , the weight - average molecular weight of the non - volatile phenyl silicone oil according to the invention ranges from 500 to 10 , 000 g / mol . the composition of the present invention contains at least one polyethylene wax . the polyethylene wax may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to about 20 % by weight , most preferably from about 4 to about 15 % by weight , relative to the total weight of the composition . the cosmetic compositions of the present invention may also contain at least one cosmetically acceptable colorant such as a pigment or dyestuff . examples of suitable pigments include , but are not limited to , inorganic pigments , organic pigments , lakes , pearlescent pigments , iridescent or optically variable pigments , and mixtures thereof . a pigment should be understood to mean inorganic or organic , white or colored particles . said pigments may optionally be surface - treated within the scope of the present invention , including but not limited to , surface treatments with compounds such as silicones , perfluorinated compounds , lecithin , and amino acids . representative examples of inorganic pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatase titanium dioxide , coded in the color index under the reference ci 77 , 891 ; black , yellow , red and brown iron oxides , coded under references ci 77 , 499 , 77 , 492 and 77 , 491 ; manganese violet ( ci 77 , 742 ); ultramarine blue ( ci 77 , 007 ); chromium oxide ( ci 77 , 288 ); chromium hydrate ( ci 77 , 289 ); and ferric blue ( ci 77 , 510 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of organic pigments and lakes useful in the present invention include , but are not limited to , d & amp ; c red no . 19 ( ci 45 , 170 ), d & amp ; c red no . 9 ( ci 15 , 585 ), d & amp ; c red no . 21 ( ci 45 , 380 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 4 ( ci 15 , 510 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 5 ( ci 45 , 370 ), d & amp ; c red no . 27 ( ci 45 , 410 ), d & amp ; c red no . 13 ( ci 15 , 630 ), d & amp ; c red no . 7 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c red no . 6 ( ci 15 , 850 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 5 ( ci 19 , 140 ), d & amp ; c red no . 36 ( ci 12 , 085 ), d & amp ; c orange no . 10 ( ci 45 , 425 ), d & amp ; c yellow no . 6 ( ci 15 , 985 ), d & amp ; c red no . 30 ( ci 73 , 360 ), d & amp ; c red no . 3 ( ci 45 , 430 ) and the dye or lakes based on cochineal carmine ( ci 75 , 570 ) and mixtures thereof . representative examples of pearlescent pigments useful in the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as mica coated with titanium oxide , mica coated with titanium dioxide , bismuth oxychloride , titanium oxychloride , colored pearlescent pigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides , titanium mica with ferric blue , chromium oxide and the like , titanium mica with an organic pigment of the above - mentioned type as well as those based on bismuth oxychloride and mixtures thereof . the precise amount and type of colorant employed in the compositions of the present invention will depend on the color , intensity and use of the cosmetic composition and , as a result , will be determined by those skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation . a composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one surfactant , which may be present in a proportion of from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , especially from about 0 . 5 % to about 8 % by weight , or even from about 1 % to about 6 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . the surfactant may be chosen from amphoteric , anionic , cationic and nonionic , preferably nonionic , surfactants . mention may especially be made , alone or as a mixture , of : a ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb ( i . e ., hydrophilic - lipophilic balance ) of less than 8 at 25 ° c ., optionally combined with one or more nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than 8 at 25 ° c ., as mentioned below , for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as sucrose stearates , sucrose cocoate and sorbitan stearate , and mixtures thereof ; fatty acid esters , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyol , especially of glycerol or sorbitol , such as glyceryl stearate , glyceryl laurate , polyglyceryl - 2 stearate , sorbitan tristearate and glyceryl ricinoleate ; lecithins , such as soybean lecithins ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene groups ) of fatty alcohols ( especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols ) such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing two oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 2 ); silicone surfactants , for instance dimethicone copolyols and alkyldimethicone copolyols , for example the mixture of cyclomethicone / dimethicone copolyol sold under the name q2 - 3225c ® by the company dow corning ; b ) nonionic surfactants with an hlb of greater than or equal to 8 at 25 ° c ., for instance : saccharide esters and ethers such as the mixture of cetylstearyl glucoside and of cetyl and stearyl alcohols , for instance montanov 68 from seppic ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers , which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ; oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ) of fatty alcohols , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 12 - c 18 fatty alcohols , such as stearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 20 oxyethylene units ( ctfa name : steareth - 20 ), cetearyl alcohol oxyethylene ether containing 30 oxyethylene units ( ceteareth - 30 ) and the oxyethylene ether of the mixture of c 12 - c 15 fatty alcohols comprising seven oxyethylene units ( c 12 - 15 pareth - 7 ); esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of polyethylene glycol ( or peg ) ( which may comprise 1 to 150 oxyethylene units ), such as peg - 50 stearate and peg - 40 monostearate ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated glycerol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylenated with 200 oxyethylene units ; glyceryl stearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl oleate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl cocoate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units , glyceryl isostearate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units and glyceryl laurate polyoxyethylenated with 30 oxyethylene units ; esters of a fatty acid , especially of c 8 - c 24 and preferably of c 16 - c 22 fatty acids , and of oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated sorbitol ethers ( which may comprise from 1 to 150 oxyethylene and / or oxypropylene units ), for instance polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60 ; dimethicone copolyol , especially the product sold under the name q2 - 5220 ® from dow corning ; dimethicone copolyol benzoate , such as the products sold under the names finsolv slb 101 ® and 201 ® from finetex ; copolymers of propylene oxide and of ethylene oxide , also known as eo / po polycondensates , which are copolymers formed from polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol blocks , for instance polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol / polyethylene glycol triblock polycondensates . salts of c 16 - c 30 fatty acids , especially amine salts , such as triethanolamine stearate or 2 - amino - 2 - methylpropane - 1 , 3 - diol stearate ; polyoxyethylenated fatty acid salts , especially animated salts or salts of alkali metals , and mixtures thereof ; phosphoric esters and salts thereof , such as dea oleth - 10 phosphate ( crodafos n 10n from the company croda ) or monopotassium monocetyl phosphate ; sulfosuccinates such as disodium peg - 5 citrate lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium ricinoleamido mea sulfosuccinate ; alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate ; isethionates ; acylglutamates such as disodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate ( amisoft hs21 r ® from ajinomoto ) and sodium stearoyl glutamate ( amisoft hs11 pf ® from ajinomoto ); soybean derivatives , for instance potassium soyate ; citrates , for instance glyceryl stearate citrate ; proline derivatives , for instance sodium palmitoyl proline or the mixture of sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate , magnesium palmitoyl glutamate , palmitic acid and palmitoyl proline ( sepifeel one from seppic ); lactylates , for instance sodium stearoyl lactylate ; sarcosinates , for instance sodium palmitoyl sarcosinate or the 75 / 25 mixture of stearoyl sarcosine and myristoyl sarcosine ; sulfonates , for instance sodium c 14 - 17 alkyl - sec - sulfonate ; glycinates , for instance sodium cocoyl glycinate . ammonium salts such as ( c 12 - 30 alkyl ) tri ( c 1 - 4 alkyl ) ammonium halides , for instance n , n , n - trimethyl - 1 - docosanaminium chloride ( or behentrimonium chloride ); e ) amphoteric surfactants , for instance n - acylamino acids , such as n - alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate , and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide . a makeup and / or care composition according to the invention may also comprise at least one agent usually used in cosmetics , chosen , for example , from : reducing agents ; thickeners ; film - forming agents that are especially hydrophobic , or are softeners , antifoams , moisturizers , or uv - screening agents ; ceramides ; cosmetic active agents ; peptizers ; fragrances ; proteins ; vitamins ; propellants ; hydrophilic or lipophilic , film - forming or non - film - forming polymers ; and lipophilic or hydrophilic gelling agents . the above additives are generally present in an amount for each of them of between 0 . 01 % and 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition . a person skilled in the art will take care to select the constituents of the composition such that the advantageous properties associated with the invention are not , or are not substantially , adversely affected . the ready - to - use composition according to the disclosure can be in various forms , such as in the form of liquids , creams , gels , lotions or paste . the ready - to - use composition can comprise other compounds constituting the cosmetically acceptable medium . this cosmetically acceptable medium comprises water or a mixture of water and at least one cosmetically acceptable organic solvent . as examples of cosmetically acceptable organic solvents , non - limiting mentions can be made of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol , or glycols or glycol ethers such as , for example , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , or ethers thereof such as , for example , monomethyl , monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol , such as , for example , monomethyl ethers of propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol or dipropylene glycol , as well as alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol , for example monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol . the composition of the present invention may be in any form , either liquid or non - liquid ( semi - solid , soft solid , solid , etc .). for example , it may be a paste , a solid , a gel , or a cream . it may be an emulsion , such as an oil - in - water or water - in - oil emulsion , a multiple emulsion , such as an oil - in - water - in - oil emulsion or a water - in - oil - in - water emulsion , or a solid , rigid or supple gel . the composition of the invention may , for example , comprise an external or continuous fatty phase . the composition can also be a molded composition or cast as a stick or a dish . lip compositions control control inci us example 1 example 2 example 1 c30 + olefin / undecylenic 17 0 4 . 25 acid copolymer ( performa v ™- 6112 ) supramolecular polymer of 8 . 75 8 . 75 8 . 75 formula ( i ) ( n = 30 - 40 ) red 7 pigment 6 6 6 isododecane qs qs qs polyethylene 500 0 9 . 71 7 . 29 polyethylene 400 0 7 . 29 5 . 46 tio2 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 all numerical values in the above table are weight percent active . all materials were mixed with moderate agitation at 80 degrees celsius until all waxes have melted and contents looked uniform . the mixture was then cooled to room temperature while mixing before pouring to suitable size containers for future testing . the formulations of the examples above were tested on forearm for rub test . they were also subjected to a texture test upon application on the lips . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on the inner forearm on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes on forearm and then a drop of olive oil was added to each patch of test area and allowed to rest for 5 minutes before rubbing with kimwipe 5 times to measure color transfer . then a visual evaluation score was given to each kimwipe with a range between 1 and 5 where 5 represents high transfer of color and is undesirable and 1 represents no transfer of color and is highly desirable . three subjects evaluated the formulations of control examples 1 and 2 and example 1 on their lips on the same day . each formulation was applied with a lip gloss applicator for 5 strokes and allowed to dry for 10 minutes . sensorial evaluation was recorded based on the application of the product on the lips . the results above show that , the inventive formulation provided a creamy film texture and a comfortable feeling on the lip with the addition of two polyethylene waxes . at the same time , they provided high oil resistance . it is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	Should this patent be classified under 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	0.25	42d96fac4540c87daae74e8dbe8e4a46920e7ca8570c9324c7cbf0b08a428310	0.605469	0.886719	0.558594	0.480469	0.859375	0.707031
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.12793	0.00885	0.570313	0.000045	0.217773	0.010315
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Is 'Performing Operations; Transporting' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.12793	0.035156	0.570313	0.009399	0.217773	0.033691
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	Should this patent be classified under 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.148438	0.176758	0.419922	0.083984	0.228516	0.1875
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Textiles; Paper'?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.111328	0.002548	0.34375	0.000007	0.259766	0.015442
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.111328	0.024414	0.34375	0.051025	0.259766	0.155273
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.146484	0.002808	0.419922	0.000066	0.228516	0.012817
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Physics'?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.219727	0.182617	0.65625	0.300781	0.322266	0.219727
null	the present invention includes a process to produce a dialkanolamine such as dea from monoalkanolamine such as mea and alkylene oxide such as eo in a reactive distillation process . the invention can be practiced over a wide range of conditions . feed ratios of reactants can vary widely depending on the intended product distribution . while not required , catalysts such as ion exchange resins may be used in the practice of this invention . advantageously , the process provides a high selectivity to dea . reactive distillation typically takes place within the liquid hold - up on a distillation tray . the volume of the liquid hold - up may influence the extent of reaction on a given tray . it should also be appreciated that in practice , in order to calculate the reaction rates along the column , it is important to know the liquid hold - up . a given hold - up may be accomplished using distillation trays . with trays , the liquid hold - up can be established by changing the weir heights . however , packing may also be used and has the advantage of a lower pressure drop . in the practice of this invention , monoalkanolamine and alkylene oxide are combined in a column . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). the particular type of tower employed is not critical , and many conventional columns may be used . in the reaction zone , mea and eo for example are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . the feed can be either pure mea or a mixed amine stream . the mea reacts with eo to form dea . the reaction between mea and eo is very fast and proceeds even at room temperature . thus , the reaction can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures . the upper end of the temperature range is likely set by the amount of by - products which can be tolerated . the temperature is typically in the range from about 100 degrees fahrenheit to about 400 degrees fahrenheit , with a temperature of at least 150 degrees fahrenheit being more typical . once formed , the heavier dea falls down the column preferably before it can react to form tea . the dea is easily separated to the bottom of the column since it is heavier than mea and eo , and is thus removed before further reaction with eo to form tea . selectivity for dea may be greater than about 90 %, with tea present in concentrations of about 10 % or less . the reactive distillation column may be comprised of a reaction zone ( top section ) and a stripping zone ( bottom section ). in the reaction zone , mea and eo are contacted and allowed to react . in the stripping section , the mea is removed from the bottoms stream and returned to the reaction zone . if a pure alkanolamine stream such as a pure mea stream is available , the stream may be fed anywhere in the column ( or &# 34 ; tower &# 34 ;) at or above the eo feed point . this may be illustrated in fig1 wherein , for instance , the mea is fed to column 20 via line 10 with the eo entering column 20 via line 11 . however , the preferable place to feed the mea is near the same point in the column as the eo , as illustrated in fig2 where mea is fed via line 11 and eo is fed via line 10 , with lines 10 and 11 combining to enter the column 20 at point 12 . thus , eo is fed somewhere in the middle of the column 20 and rises through the falling mea ( from the tower reflux ). the mea and eo react in the liquid phase to form dea . the eo is consumed nearly entirely in the tower so that essentially only mea is present in the reflux and overhead products of the tower . the heavier dea reacts with eo to form tea . in the stripping section 21 of the column 20 , any mea present is vaporized to return to the top of the column 22 ( the reaction zone ). such vaporization is facilitated through use of a reboiler at the lower end of the column . the lights that are removed overhead may be removed via conduit 33 , and may be recycled to column 20 if desired . the bottoms stream may exit via line 30 , with mea being distilled and returned to column 20 via conduit 32 . the dea - rich stream exits via line 31 , optionally for further processing . in another alternative , an impure stream of alkanolamine may be employed , such as effluent from a typical ethanolamine reactor ( after ammonia and water removal ) that may include mea , dea , and tea . in this alternative , the mea stream is fed to about the middle of the column . referring to fig1 if an impure stream of mea is used , the mea stream may be introduced , for example , via line 11 ( rather than vice versa as discussed above when using a pure mea stream ) and the eo is fed above the mea via line 10 . when the tower has trays , the eo is fed a few trays above the mea . the trays between the mea and eo lines served to separate the mea from the dea and tea . the section of trays above the eo feed is again the reaction zone and the area below the mea feed is the stripping zone . optionally , the process can further separate the dea from the tea . such a process could use a second distillation column in which the dea would be removed via a side - draw , mea would be taken overhead , and tea would be removed as the bottom stream . in a similar process , tea can be produced from dea with very little tea ( eo ) production . the overhead may be recycled back to the column to boost the initial mea : eo ratio fed to the column . the bottoms stream may be further purified using conventional methods such as vacuum distillation technology . the process of this invention may be operated at under a wide variety of pressures . however , in order to prevent mea from leaving in the bottoms stream from the column , it is important to operate the column under vacuum . any conventional column may be used in the practice of this invention . the combination of number of trays or packing height , column diameter , and hold - up on each tray / packing section may be used to determine the pressure that may be employed in the bottom of the column . in general , overhead pressures from about 0 . 1 to 50 torr ( mm hg ) may be used for columns with trays . such pressures result in sufficiently high temperatures in the mea / eo reaction zone . in general , the process is operated at a pressure in the range from about 0 pounds per square inch at gauge ( psia ) to about 1500 psia . the process of this invention may be automated using standard process control technology . the reactive distillation may be performed with two or more towers that are connected in parallel or in series . the process of this invention may be integrated into an overall scheme to make alkanolamines and may be configured to optimize its placement in a given chemical plant . advantageously , this invention may produce dialkanolamine , particularly dea , in a selectivity of at least about 75 %, preferably at least about 80 %, and more preferably at least about 85 %. the dea selectivity may be readily controlled by adjusting the reflux ratio of the tower . this invention provides higher selectivities to dea at a given mea : eo feed ratio , which is highly advantageous . in view of the foregoing it is seen that the present invention in one embodiment is a new process for the production of dea using reactive distillation of mea and eo . dea is produced with very high and adjustable selectivities . the process produces dea almost exclusive of mea and tea from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . the invention is useful in the production of dea to the exclusion of mea and tea without the need to use high mea : eo ratios and providing for removal of mea from the reaction mass in a single step . the ability to use almost stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea yet get dea yields greater than 80 - 90 % ( the balance being tea ) is surprising and unexpected . the following examples are illustrative of this invention and are not intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto . unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight . the process has been simulated using kinetic data for the production of ethanolamines with aspen plus ™ software . table 1 shows material and energy balances from a simulation of the reactive distillation process . mea is fed to the top of a column and eo is fed to the middle . as the eo travels up the column due to its high volatility , it reacts with mea to form dea in the liquid supported by the distillation tray . the dea thus formed travels down the column out of the reaction zone . mea is also pushed up the column by the reboiler . in this way , reaction zone with a very high mea : eo ratio is created allowing for very selective production of dea . table 1______________________________________ eo - l - mea - stream id units bottoms feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 388 . 9 100 . 0 205 . 3 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 55 60 . 0 0 . 97 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / hr 46 . 447 49 . 94 14 . 144 60 . 573 mass flow cuft / hr 83 . 178 41 . 537 14 . 622 63 . 425 enthalpy mmbtu / hr - 9 . 210 - 1 . 644 - 1 . 587 - 6 . 574 water trace eo trace 2200 0 . 815 nh3 trace mea 23 . 109 848 . 130 3700 dea 4458 . 859 24 . 841 tea 536 . 860 0 . 581 dga 5 . 883 0 . 032 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 89 & lt ; 0 . 001 mass fraction water trace eo trace 1 . 0 932 ppm nh3 trace mea 0 . 005 0 . 97 1 . 0 dea 0 . 887 0 . 028 tea 0 . 107 664 ppm dga 0 . 001 36 ppm eg trace trace tea - eo 177 ppm 310 ppb mole flow water trace eo trace 49 . 94 0 . 018 nh3 trace mea 0 . 378 13 . 885 60 . 573 dea 42 . 410 0 . 236 tea 3 . 598 0 . 004 dga 0 . 056 & lt ; 0 . 001 eg trace trace tea - eo 0 . 005 trace______________________________________ below the eo feed , an mea stripping section removes the unreacted mea from the bottoms product which consists of dea and a little tea . either packing or trays can be used in the tower design as a catalyst is not needed . in this example , 2200 pounds per hour (&# 34 ; lbs / hr &# 34 ;) of eo and 3200 lbs / hr mea are fed to the middle and top of a distillation column . the overhead product is 874 lbs / hr mea plus trace (& lt ; 1 lb / hr ) unreacted eo . the bottoms product is 4460 lbs / hr dea and 566 lbs / hr tea . the mea is recycled to either the column or a front - end reactor . the temperature of the reaction is controlled by the pressure of the column . the net yield of dea is 88 . 7 weight percent from essentially stoichiometric amounts of eo and mea . in a slight variation , accommodation can be made for any residual ammonia or water present from the reactor effluent by the use of a side draw . the overhead product ( a very small stream ) consists of ammonia , water , residual eo and some mea . the bulk of unreacted mea is taken as a side - draw . this eliminates the need for a de - watering tower . ( even in processes using anhydrous ammonia , some water is present in the feed ammonia and some is created in the reboilers due to decomposition of the ethanolamines , still other water results from condenser / reboiler leaks .) by comparison , the reaction of eo and mea will result in about equal amounts of dea and tea since the reaction rate between mea and eo is slightly slower than that of dea and eo . rapid removal of dea from the reaction zone allows for the high selectivity to dea . employing the configuration of fig2 material and energy balances were calculated for a 20 foot diameter column with 15 theoretical trays . the tower feed was 9000 and 5500 pounds / hour of mea and eo , respectively . the eo and mea are fed to tray 11 . the ( molar ) reflux ratio used is 20 . the hold - up per tray is set at 80 cubic feet ( ft 3 ) for trays 2 through 11 . this corresponds to an approximate weir height of 3 inches . for pressure drop calculations , trays 2 - 11 are taken as sieve trays , trays 12 - 14 are taken to be sulzer bx ™ wire mesh tower packing . in the feed to the tower , the molar ratio of mea : eo is 1 . 18 yet the selectivity to dea is 85 %. to achieve similar selectivity in a plug flow reactor , an mea : eo mole ratio of about 3 . 6 is required ( as per the calculations of lowe &# 39 ; s british patent number 763 , 932 ( 1956 )). one of the important features of this invention is that the selectivity to dea is adjustable via the reflux ratio . in this regard , fig3 shows the effect of reflux ratio on selectivity . the results of the calculations using the aspen plus ™ process simulator is shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 42 60 . 0 0 . 58 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 112 . 168 124 . 849 35 . 218 147 . 339 hr volume flow cuft / hr 203 . 854 103 . 843 35 . 053 154 . 277 mass flow lb / hr 12343 . 159 5500 . 0 2156 . 841 9000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 567 - 4 . 110 - 4 . 010 - 15 . 990 hr mass flow water eo trace 5500 . 0 2 . 094 nh3 trace trace mea 14 . 031 2139 . 516 9000 . 0 dea 10420 . 319 15 . 127 tea 1889 . 065 0 . 084 dga 14 . 349 0 . 020 eg tea - eo 5 . 393 & lt ; 0 . 001______________________________________ the material and energy balances for a mixed amine feed were calculated using the aspen plus ™ process simulator . the feed contains 6200 , 3100 , 700 , and 3700 lbs / hour of mea , dea , tea , and eo , respectively . the feed is meant to correspond to that from a typical ethanolamines reactor operating with about a 5 : 1 nh3 : eo ratio combined with the overhead from the tower which is recycled to the feed . again a 20 foot diameter , 15 theoretical tray tower is used . the mixed amine is fed to tray 12 and the eo to tray 9 . the hold - ups for trays 2 - 12 are 80 cubic feet . trays 2 - 12 are taken as sieve trays and trays 13 - 14 are taken as sulzer bx ™ wire mesh packing for pressure drop calculations . fig4 shows the effect of reflux ratio on dea selectivity and reboiler duty . the results of the calculations are shown in table 3 . table 3______________________________________ l - mea - stream id units bottoms eo - feed overhead feed______________________________________temp . fahrenheit 390 . 0 100 . 0 140 . 0 250 . 0 pressure psi 1 . 53 60 . 0 0 . 68 60 . 0 vapor 0 0 0 0 fraction mole flow lbmol / 109 . 892 83 . 989 25 . 804 135 . 677 hr volume flow cuft / hr 200 . 125 69 . 858 25 . 668 165 . 215 mass flow lb / hr 12120 . 706 3700 . 0 159 . 293 10000 . 0 enthalpy mmbtu / - 22 . 135 - 2 . 765 - 2 . 936 - 18 . 328 hr mass flow water trace trace eo trace 3700 0 . 816 nh3 trace trace mea 56 . 971 1570 . 348 6200 dea 9997 . 207 8 . 086 3100 tea 2052 . 547 0 . 033 700 dga 9 . 583 0 . 011 eg tea - eo 4 . 399 trace______________________________________ further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Electricity' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	5c797b901e502d1848c5a9586f589ffef383f1e3abdd352c65dbcd54219ffb59	0.146484	0.003708	0.419922	0.000132	0.228516	0.001282
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.000123	0.01001	0.000066	0.000278	0.002548	0.004211
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.000013	0.003601	0.000021	0.00193	0.000732	0.012451
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Is 'Chemistry; Metallurgy' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.00009	0.000062	0.000038	0.000031	0.008057	0.000881
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Is 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting' the correct technical category for the patent?	Should this patent be classified under 'Textiles; Paper'?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.000668	0.000116	0.000231	0.000001	0.007355	0.001869
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.000013	0.01001	0.000021	0.000938	0.000732	0.041992
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Physics'?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.000123	0.155273	0.000066	0.074707	0.002548	0.15918
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Electricity'?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.000017	0.449219	0.000021	0.34375	0.000732	0.474609
null	fig1 shows a temperature - conditioning unit 10 ( e . g ., a ptac unit ) that includes a blower 12 and a heat exchanger 14 for heating , cooling and / or ventilating a comfort zone 16 , such as a room or other area in a building . a control system 18 , shown in fig2 , controls the operation of unit 10 . control system 18 includes a first controller 20 installed in unit 10 , and a second controller 22 installed in a remote thermostat 24 . a pair of wires 30 , comprising a first wire 30 a and a second wire 30 b , conveys dc electrical power and digital communication signals between controllers 20 and 22 . first controller 20 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , energizing blower 12 , energizing a compressor or valves associated with heat exchanger 14 , receiving a feedback signal 26 from thermostat 24 , transmitting an output signal 28 to thermostat 24 , and receiving various input signals 32 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of unit 10 . feedback signal 26 received from thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , room temperature reading , system parameters , and various other inputs 34 . output signal 28 transmitted from controller 20 to thermostat 24 via wires 30 may include , but is not limited to , temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . second controller 22 provides one or more control functions that may include , but are not necessarily limited to , receiving output signal 28 from first controller 20 , transmitting feedback signal 26 to controller 20 , receiving various input signals 34 from temperature sensors , pressure sensors , manual input switches , etc . that are installed in the general vicinity of thermostat 24 . second controller 22 can also provide an output signal 40 that can be used for controlling a visual display 42 on thermostat 24 . display 42 can indicate various conditions occurring at unit 10 and / or thermostat 24 . examples of such conditions include , but are not limited to , the temperature of return air 38 , the temperature of supply air 36 , a setpoint temperature , a diagnostic message 44 pertaining to unit 10 , the room temperature in the vicinity of thermostat 24 , setup parameters of unit 10 , etc . a power supply line 46 of the building can supply electrical power to unit 10 and its controller 20 . wires 30 convey some of that electrical power to energize thermostat 24 and its controller 22 , thus wires 30 convey both communication and electrical power , but not at the same time . fig2 shows wire 30 a connecting a first terminal - a 48 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - a 50 on second controller 22 . wire 30 b is shown connecting a first terminal - b 52 on first controller 20 to a second terminal - b 54 on second controller 22 . wires 30 a and 30 b , however , can be crossed without creating a problem for the conveyance of communication signals or electrical power . wire 30 a , for instance could be installed to connect first terminal - a 48 to second terminal - b 54 , and wire 30 b could connect first terminal - a 52 to second terminal - a 50 . this feature helps ensure that controllers 20 and 22 are properly connected regardless of how wires 30 a and 30 b are installed . to ensure reliable communication between controllers 20 and 22 , control system 18 employs a current loop circuit that is inherently noise immune and tolerant of wire impedance . to avoid signal interference , control system 18 selectively operates in three distinct modes : a power mode for conveying electrical power along wires 30 , an output mode for conveying output signal 28 , and a feedback mode for conveying feedback signal 26 . electrical power , output signal 28 and feedback signal 26 are each conveyed independently of the others . in a currently preferred embodiment , first controller 20 includes a conventional microprocessor 56 that determines which operating mode is in effect , and second controller 22 includes another conventional microprocessor 58 that responds accordingly . in addition to microprocessor 56 , first controller 20 includes a current source circuit 60 , a current interrupter 62 , and a signal converter 64 . a conventional voltage regulator provides 12 - vdc at a point 66 , and 5 - vdc at points 68 and 70 . in this particular example , circuit 60 can deliver about 15 ma of current to first terminal - a 48 . during the power mode , wires 30 convey that current to power second controller 22 . that current is also used for charging an energy storage circuit 72 that powers second controller 22 while the current from circuit 60 is interrupted during the output mode or feedback mode . in the output mode , current interrupter 62 responds to an output signal 28 ′ from microprocessor 56 to controllably interrupt the current through wires 30 , whereby wires 30 can transmit data ( corresponding to output signal 28 ′) in a standard asynchronous , 19 , 200 - baud method . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current generally greater than 7 ma . signal converter 64 senses the current level and converts it to standard logic levels . second controller 22 includes microprocessor 58 , energy storage circuit 72 , a current limiter 74 , a current interrupter 76 , and a signal converter 78 . in this example , energy storage circuit 72 includes a conventional voltage regulator 80 operating in conjunction with one or more power storage capacitors 82 and 84 ( e . g ., 220 uf each ). voltage regulator 80 has a voltage input 86 , a regulated dc voltage output 88 ( e . g ., 3 . 3 vdc ), on / off switch input 90 and a ground 92 . if desired , additional capacitors ( e . g ., 0 . 1 uf ) can be added to drain high frequency noise and voltage transients from point 88 to point 92 . as explainer earlier , energy storage circuit 72 is charged during the power mode by at least some of the 15 ma from current source 60 , the stored power can then be used for powering second controller 22 ( including microprocessor 58 ) during the output mode and feedback mode . as wires 30 convey current from controller 20 to controller 22 , current limiter 74 and zener diode 94 help regulate that current at about 15 ma . to guard against voltage spikes , transient voltage suppression diodes 96 and 98 can be installed between wires 30 a and 30 b . second controller 22 includes a full wave bridge rectifier 100 that allows the communication and power link between controllers 20 and 22 to be insensitive to the wiring polarity of wires 30 . in response to feedback signal 26 ′, current interrupter 76 interrupts the current in wires 30 in order to communicate feedback signal 26 to first controller 20 . the “ start ” and “ 0 ” valued bits can be defined as current less than 7 ma . the “ stop ” and “ 1 ” valued bits can be defined as current greater than 7 ma . signal converter 78 detects the presence and absence of current as a serial data stream and converts it to the logic levels required by the remote thermostat &# 39 ; s controller 22 . although the actual circuit of control system 18 may vary , in a currently preferred embodiment , system 18 includes resistors r 1 - r 18 . resistors r 1 and r 2 are 100 - ohms , resistors r 3 and r 4 are 47 . 5 - ohms , and resistors r 5 - r 18 are each 11 kilo - ohms . fig3 provides more detail as to what is actually occurring with individual elements of control system 18 selectively operating in the power mode , output mode and feedback mode . with the exception of transistors q 6 and q 9 , which are used for limiting the current to 15 ma , the other transistors q 1 - q 5 , q 7 , q 8 , and q 10 - q 12 are used as switching transistors generally operating in a binary on / off state . in the chart of fig3 , “ on - off ” indicates a transistor that changes from being on ( saturated ) to off with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ off - on ” indicates a transistor that changes from being off to on with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in that same chart , “ hi ” and “ lo ” represent relative high and low voltage , respectively . “ hi - lo ” indicates a voltage drop with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′, and “ lo - hi ” indicates an increase in voltage with every pulse of signal 26 ′ or 28 ′. in the power mode , microprocessor 56 does not provide any pulsed signal at a main transmit point 102 , and microprocessor 58 does not provide any pulsed signal at a remote transmit point 104 , thus a remote receive point 106 and a main receive point 108 remain at a generally constant level of “ hi ,” whereby generally no communication occurs between controllers 20 and 22 . in the power mode , first terminal - a 48 remains relatively “ hi ” to charge energy storage circuit 72 . in the output mode , output signal 28 ′ is communicated from main transmit point 102 of microprocessor 56 to remote receive point 106 on microprocessor 58 . at point 106 , output signal 28 ′ is read as output signal 28 ″. in the output mode , the chart of fig3 shows that remote receive point 106 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ hi - lo ” pulse of main transmit point 102 . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can represent temperature set points , outdoor air temperature reading , temperature reading of supply air 36 , temperature reading of return air 38 , system faults and error messages , and system parameters . the pulsed information of output signal 28 , 28 ′ or 28 ″ can also be a means for providing second microprocessor 58 with permission to transmit feedback signal 26 ′. in the feedback mode , feedback signal 26 ′ is communicated from remote transmit point 104 of microprocessor 58 to main receive point 108 on microprocessor 56 . at point 108 , feedback signal 26 ′ is read as feedback signal 26 ″. in the feedback mode , the chart of fig3 shows that main receive point 108 goes from “ hi ” to “ lo ” with every “ lo - hi ” pulse of remote transmit point 104 . although pulses 26 ′ and 26 ″ are 180 - degrees out of phase , the feedback information is conveyed nonetheless . in some embodiments , the electrical power conveyed by wires 30 has a dc voltage amplitude that is substantially equal to that of communication signals 26 and 28 . although the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment , modifications thereto will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . control system 18 , for instance , does not necessarily have to be used for controlling a ptac unit , but could be applied to any type of hvac equipment . therefore , the scope of the invention is to be determined by reference to the following claims .	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	0.25	d2f8573761b3df9c88f6d348dd1fee8c120939bb3e4b02ce0d624f516e14712a	0.000013	0.088867	0.000021	0.010315	0.000732	0.064453
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Human Necessities'?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.182617	0.009155	0.214844	0.000315	0.170898	0.003174
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Performing Operations; Transporting'?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.229492	0.217773	0.355469	0.054199	0.245117	0.111328
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'Chemistry; Metallurgy'?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.18457	0.094238	0.214844	0.020386	0.170898	0.041504
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Should this patent be classified under 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Textiles; Paper'?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.18457	0.00193	0.21875	0.004456	0.171875	0.010681
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Does the content of this patent fall under the category of 'Fixed Constructions'?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.115723	0.15332	0.07373	0.460938	0.163086	0.188477
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Is this patent appropriately categorized as 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology'?	Should this patent be classified under 'Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting'?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.223633	0.007355	0.361328	0.000969	0.249023	0.024048
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	Is 'Physics' the correct technical category for the patent?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.15625	0.031982	0.207031	0.013245	0.151367	0.027954
null	the inventive apparatus shown in fig1 is made up of gas production chamber 20 , having refractory lining 22 for containing combustion gases in chamber 20 generated from partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 . incoming cellulosic material 26 is introduced through hopper 28 and conveyor 30 , which are designed to prevent substantial leakage of combustion gas from gas production chamber 20 . insulating layer 32 is supported by frame 34 , which is conventional structural angle iron . flame igniter 36 is provided as a pilot light to insure the limited combustion inside chamber 20 of the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 24 with the limited supply of air in chamber 20 . products of incomplete combustion , such as carbon monoxide , result from substances evolved from decomposing cellulosic material 24 . controlled amounts of gas and air are introduced through inlet lines 38 and 40 of flame igniter 36 to permit a permanent ignition flame to be present within gas production chamber 20 . support chute 42 is provided with through holes 44 and 46 for passage of air through the grate portion 48 thereof . through holes 44 are directed perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 , as is best seen in fig5 while through holes 46 are directed at an angle of 15 degrees downwardly from the normal , although through holes 46 can be provided at somewhat different angles instead . through holes 44 are oriented perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 in order to admit air to preheat cellulosic material 26 and 24 , and to lift partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 a short distance from the upper surface of grate 48 , leaving an air blanket 50 therebetween . through holes 46 in grate 48 are oriented downwardly at an angle from the perpendicular to the plane of grate 48 and , accordingly , impart a propelling force downwardly along the longitudinal extent of support chute 42 . the purpose of the disclosed arrangement of grate 48 with through holes 44 and 46 as described is to provide cooling for grate 48 , preheating of incoming air forming in air blanket 50 , propulsion of partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly , lifting of the partly decomposed cellulosic material 24 to reduce wear on the upper surface of grate 48 and thereby prolong the useful life of grate 48 , and to provide an accurately controllable flow of air into refractory gas production chamber 20 from blower 56 to support limited decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 in a progressive manner as it moves downwardly in support chute 42 . it is contemplated that an apparatus described will be operated continuously for maximum eceonomic efficiency , with the products of decomposition of cellulosic material 26 in the form of charcoal and ash 52 . continuously operating conveyor 54 removes such non - destroyed material to an area which is separated from the interior of refractory gas production chamber 20 , conveyor 54 being constructed to prevent substantial escape of gases from chamber 20 therethrough . it is advantageous to remove non - destroyed material continuously in the manner described , since neither time nor temperature devices for removal of such material has been found satisfactory , since their use affects the production rate of the entire unit in a negative manner , leading to increased damage and maintenance due to a higher temperature in the interior of gas production chamber 20 . primary air blower 56 provides a controlled flow of air in the direction shown by arrows in duct 58 and in sheet metal wind box 60 , which is mounted and sealed parallel to the lower surface of grate 48 , and which provides a constant size air inlet means for forcing combustion , preheating of primary air and propelling of primary air through the through holes 44 and 46 of grate 48 . the thickness of grate 48 is predetermined to provide close control of the rate of flow of all incoming air . the pressure of air in wind box 60 is controlled to assist in proper destruction of cellulosic material 24 at a predetermined feed rate of incoming cellulosic material 26 . material entering gas production chamber 20 through hopper 28 is distributed more evenly over the entire surface of grate 48 thereby . inasmuch as the upper section of support chute 42 does not contain design slots or openings , the risk of unwanted gas combustion in incoming cellulosic material 26 is reduced , but conduction of heat from the lower section of grate 48 , combined with heating of air resulting from the pressure maintained in wind box 60 maintains grate surface temperature at about 500 degrees f ., resulting in preheating of incoming cellulosic material 26 . this speeds decomposition of incoming cellulosic material 26 as it passes downwardly toward the conveyor 54 in support chute 42 . this is particularly true prior to entry of cellulosic material 26 into the major area of gasification in gas production chamber 20 . through holes 44 and 46 are constructed a size which reduces the production of particulate matter in gas production chamber 20 during decomposition of cellulosic material 26 and 24 . gases produced , including a proportion of carbon monoxide , converge on the throat 62 of outlet duct 64 as indicated by the arrows in gas production chamber 20 as seen on fig1 . combustion gases in duct 64 then enter low velocity air canister 66 , which is of conventional construction , for removal of a substantial portion of particulate material , such as smoke or the like . hot combustion gases issuing from canister 66 then enter duct 68 , within which is located refractory nozzle 70 for introduction of secondary air forced therethrough by secondary air blower 72 . further blending and mixing of secondary air with hot combustion gas occurs in combustion chamber 74 , part of which is shown in fig1 and the end of which is shown in fig2 . electrode pair 76 is provided with a source of high voltage from high voltage feed line 78 to provide an ignition spark for completing the combustion of gases entering combustion chamber 74 from duct 68 . the product formed in combustion chamber 74 , which is now in a state of substantially complete combustion , is drawn from combustion chamber 74 by recirculation blower 80 for discharge through exit duct 82 . recirculation blower 80 is provided with a low velocity air box 84 to further remove particulate matter from the gas stream and thereby reduce such matters in the heated gas issuing from exit duct 82 . trapdoor 86 is used to remove accumulated solids as necessary , and valve 88 regulates the size of opening between blower 80 and air box 84 . if heated gases so purged of solid particulate matter are introduced into the interior of a lumber drying kiln , problems of undesirable residue deposits on the lumber are avoided . grate 48 is shown in fig4 as a perforated plate made of refractory material 88 interlaced with metallic needles 90 , grate 48 having through holes 44 at right angles to the plane of grate 48 , and through holes 46 angled downwardly at a predetermined angle with respect to a perpendicular . the angle of holes 46 is shown in fig5 as 15 degrees , which has been found to be an angle suitable for serving the purpose of assisting and propelling partially decomposed cellulosic material 24 downwardly through support chute 42 . preferably , refractory material 88 is a kaolin - based clay which has been baked into the sheet making up grate 48 . field experience with existing burner systems fitted with a metal grate of either a bar or slot configuration have a life of very short duration , even when the grate system is made of cast iron or stainless steel . such systems depend solely on the force of gravity to provide fuel flow , and day - to - day maintenance , as well as time in which such units are out of service , is high . grate 48 of the present invention is of hard castable refractory material in which stainless steel needles are interlaced . this construction eliminates a major source of difficulty with prior art arrangements utilizing a grate made entirely of metal , such metal grates being subject to expansion and contraction of the metal grate sections . these problems are minimized when special care is taken in preparation of the grate composition as herein described . the refractory material used is a kaolin - based material , such as that commonly sold under the trademark &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ;, having a fusion point of about 3205 degrees f . and a service range of about 200 - 3000 degrees f . this process is exact , and must be adhered to closely if proper results are to be obtained . the procedure for manufacture of grate 48 is given in example 1 below . refractory nozzle 70 is shown in enlarged from in fig7 where it is located within aperture 92 in duct 68 , the nozzle 70 projecting into duct 68 from secondary air inlet pipe 94 . inlet pipe 94 is connected to secondary air blower 72 for transport of air in the direction indicated by the broken arrows in fig7 . flaps 96 are cut into the projecting portion of refractory nozzle 70 , and cap 98 in sealing the end of nozzle 70 forces upwardly traveling air to exit nozzle 70 through slits 100 formed by inwardly bent flaps 96 . with this arrangement , mixing of secondary air from refractory nozzle 70 with combustion gases passing horizontally along duct 68 is best seen in fig8 . the direction of air issuing from nozzle 70 is seen to be in a generally radial direction , but with a tangential component . fig9 shows spark igniter 76 held in place within combustion chamber 74 by support bar 104 . a mixture of combustion gas and secondary air enters combustion chamber 74 through duct 68 , and a pair of electrode tips 106 supports a spark resulting from application of high voltage carried by wire 108 through insulated support rods 110 . collars 112 adjustably positioned support rods 110 with respect to bar 104 . high voltage can be applied to tips 106 as needed to insure complete combustion of the gas mixture within combustion chamber 74 . alternatively , gaseous material introducted from duct 68 into chamber 74 can carry small tracers , which ignite the gaseous material as it is introduced to the secondary airstream . preferably , however , a continuous spark or natural gas pilot is used , in order to reduce the possibility of danger from unignited gases in combustion chamber 74 . example 2 presents results of a commercial test on a system of the present invention . combustion chamber 74 is preferably constructed of refractory board and is preferably rectangular in shape . recirculation blower 80 produces draft to remove the gaseous products of combustion from combustion chamber 74 , and the heated combustion products are then conveyed to the point of use , which is contemplated as the interior atmosphere of a lumber drying kiln . with the present invention , the support chute and grate is not adversely affected by heat generated by combustion in chamber 20 or by the chemical effects of gasification . the present invention avoids the necessity of time , temperature or electrical limiting devices or limited switches to control the introduction of fibrous material and withdrawal of ash and charcoal products . continuous operation , besides representing a more efficient use of invested capital , also tends to reduce damage and maintenance as well . with use of the support chute and grate of the present invention , necessity for mechanical devices to vibrate or dislodge cellulosic material in order to produce even fuel flow is avoided . in fact , no moving parts are required for forcing the flow of fuel . the continuous nature of the non - destroyed discharge , independent of time or temperature limiters , provides for equal removal of non - destroyed material throughout the full width of the removal system . with use of the particulate matter removal systems disclosed in the present invention , a problem commonly found with prior art systems is avoided , namely the deposition of residue or particulate matter on lumber dried in kilns furnished with the combustion gases of prior art devices . in addition , health and environmental hazards are successfully minimized with the present invention insofar as air pollution conventionally results from particulate matter removed in the canister , air box , and combustion chamber of the present invention . 100 pounds of the trademarked material &# 34 ; plicast kl &# 34 ; mix is added to precisely 5 quarts ( 10 . 4 pounds ) of water in a cement mixer . while the the mixing proceeds 11 / 2 pounds of stainless steel needles are gradually added to the mixture , the needles having the approximate dimensions 0 . 010 inches by × 0 . 022 inches × 1 inch , as illustrated in fig6 . the resulting material is mixed thoroughly in the cement mixer for 5 minutes , and then poured into prepared molds while vibrating for proper consistency . the mold is allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 hours . the cast section is then drilled to provide rows of 1 / 4 inch holes on 2 inch centers with alternate rows of these holes at a 15 degree diagonal . the sections are then cured in an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees f . the temperature of the oven is increased 50 degrees f . per hour until the oven temperature reaches 1000 degrees f ., at which level it is maintained for 8 hours . the temperature is then increased 100 degrees f . per hour until the oven reaches 2000 degrees f . the oven temperature is then decreased gradually until the sections are cooled to an ambient temperature . a commercial test was performed on a system shown in fig1 and 2 having a capacity of 10 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , where grate 48 had a surface area of 35 square feet . the incoming cellulosic material 26 was southern pine planer shavings having a moisture content of about 15 %. the unit produced gas for a forced air heater , firing directly into the drying chamber of a high temperature lumber drying kiln held at about 240 degrees f . tests were run in 5 - to 24 - hour continuous cycles , starting with 68 , 000 pounds of material in a storage bin . the heat required to dry the lumber for each 24 - hour charge was 101 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s , or 507 , 500 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s for the 5 days of testing . at peak loading , the unit generated gas having a heat value of 10 , 480 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s from 1310 pounds of planar shavings per hour . to assure accuracy , the unit was attached to an existing propane fired furnace , with propane burner disconnected , and identical results were achieving using either propane or using the apparatus of the present invention . the test results show a production rate of 300 , 000 btu &# 39 ; s per square foot of grate surface area , at full firing temperature , with a turndown rate of 41 / 2 to 1 . throughout the specification and claims , parts and proportions have been given in weight percent unless otherwise specified , and temperatures are given in degrees f . unless otherwise specified . it should be particularly pointed out that with use of grate 48 of the present invention , gas combustion chamber 20 is enabled to run at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees lower than most alternative devices for burning of cellulosic materials such as wood chips . the interior of gas production chamber 20 never reaches a temperature greater than 1200 degrees f ., thereby avoiding slagging which occurs typically at temperatures of 1500 degrees f . or above . moreover , the structure of the gas production chamber avoids all horizontal shelf areas where material could collect and eliminate or hinder free flow thereof . the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	Is 'General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology' the correct technical category for the patent?	Should this patent be classified under 'Electricity'?	0.25	25f58fe6beff513eb4b9f8a64a6f9b7b40f4dbef42e58c40ee4c582cd5ba98d7	0.155273	0.005219	0.207031	0.000149	0.151367	0.00383

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