Datasets:

yanxi0830
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ls-mmlu

input_query stringlengths 255 5.08k	chat_completion_input stringlengths 299 5.14k	expected_answer stringclasses 4 values
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Blood clots are responsible for repeatedly blocking a catheter. What should you do? A. Call for help. B. Inform medical staff. C. Inform the patient. D. Remove the catheter and recatheterize. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Blood clots are responsible for repeatedly blocking a catheter. What should you do?\n\nA. Call for help.\nB. Inform medical staff.\nC. Inform the patient.\nD. Remove the catheter and recatheterize.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	B
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is meant by the term 'cyber-crime'? A. Any crime that uses computers to jeopardise or attempt to jeopardise national security B. The use of computer networks to commit financial or identity fraud C. The theft of digital information D. Any crime that involves computers and networks The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: What is meant by the term 'cyber-crime'?\n\nA. Any crime that uses computers to jeopardise or attempt to jeopardise national security\nB. The use of computer networks to commit financial or identity fraud\nC. The theft of digital information\nD. Any crime that involves computers and networks\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: How might global inequality present a threat to global security? A. Human security is threatened by global inequality, because 3s of the world population do not share the benefits of globalisation. However, this inequality does not translate into political instability or involve military action. B. Global inequality creates disenfranchised populations who, although discontent with their situation, lack the agency to rebel or protest. C. Revolutionary uprisings are likely to occur; people of the world who have been left behind by neoliberal globalisation can become radicalised and rebel against those who have benefitted from the economic policies that have failed them. D. Global inequality does not present a significant threat to global security. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: How might global inequality present a threat to global security?\n\nA. Human security is threatened by global inequality, because 3s of the world population do not share the benefits of globalisation. However, this inequality does not translate into political instability or involve military action.\nB. Global inequality creates disenfranchised populations who, although discontent with their situation, lack the agency to rebel or protest.\nC. Revolutionary uprisings are likely to occur; people of the world who have been left behind by neoliberal globalisation can become radicalised and rebel against those who have benefitted from the economic policies that have failed them.\nD. Global inequality does not present a significant threat to global security.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the future of WMD? A. The viability of the CWC and BCW providing a concrete basis in international law to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons is dubious. The Proliferation Security Initiative to prevent the illicit trade in materials relating to chemical and nuclear weapons is an equally piecemeal pursuit. Whilst they may serve some utility as a framework for diplomatic exchanges, they are essentially toothless bodies lacking the political will to establish an authority with the powers to police the control and use of these weapons. B. The International Non-proliferation Regime has been rendered effectively defunct in the post-Cold War climate. State actors seeking to develop their own weapons capabilities have de-stabilized norms governing the use and control of WMD. This has been evidenced by severe splits in the body following the 1998 Indian and Pakistani nuclear testing and the withdrawal of great power support following the US Senate's decision not to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. C. Contemporary concern has been pacified by the fact that WMD threat has greatly diminished with the end of the Cold War. A number of deployed Soviet (Russian) and strategic warheads and US tactical nuclear weapons have been withdrawn from service thereby removing the threat of total war by massive nuclear exchange. D. WMD terrorism poses a security threat that is not easily met by today's policy community or military establishments. The second strike rule is virtually obsolete because of the difficulty of locating such groups and deterrence is an unviable strategy given that objective of attacks are frequently politically, ideologically or religiously motivated. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: What is the future of WMD?\n\nA. The viability of the CWC and BCW providing a concrete basis in international law to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons is dubious. The Proliferation Security Initiative to prevent the illicit trade in materials relating to chemical and nuclear weapons is an equally piecemeal pursuit. Whilst they may serve some utility as a framework for diplomatic exchanges, they are essentially toothless bodies lacking the political will to establish an authority with the powers to police the control and use of these weapons.\nB. The International Non-proliferation Regime has been rendered effectively defunct in the post-Cold War climate. State actors seeking to develop their own weapons capabilities have de-stabilized norms governing the use and control of WMD. This has been evidenced by severe splits in the body following the 1998 Indian and Pakistani nuclear testing and the withdrawal of great power support following the US Senate's decision not to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.\nC. Contemporary concern has been pacified by the fact that WMD threat has greatly diminished with the end of the Cold War. A number of deployed Soviet (Russian) and strategic warheads and US tactical nuclear weapons have been withdrawn from service thereby removing the threat of total war by massive nuclear exchange.\nD. WMD terrorism poses a security threat that is not easily met by today's policy community or military establishments. The second strike rule is virtually obsolete because of the difficulty of locating such groups and deterrence is an unviable strategy given that objective of attacks are frequently politically, ideologically or religiously motivated.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: In which ways does realism differ from social constructivism in the theorisation of identity within international relations? A. Social constructivism employs theories of causality in the study of international relations, in addition to prioritising the study of identity as a socially constructed theory. In contrast, realism regards state of actor behaviour in the international system to follow an 'action-response' pattern. B. Realism regards identity as a crucial point for consideration in international relations. Realist theory is based on the assumption that identity informs behaviour. C. Realism is based in the notion of causality whilst social constructivism relies on theories of identity that are based in intersubjective meanings. D. Social constructivists regard the state as an independent unit whose behaviour is shaped by the requirements of the international system, whilst realists regard state interaction as being the natural progression of identity formulation. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: In which ways does realism differ from social constructivism in the theorisation of identity within international relations?\n\nA. Social constructivism employs theories of causality in the study of international relations, in addition to prioritising the study of identity as a socially constructed theory. In contrast, realism regards state of actor behaviour in the international system to follow an 'action-response' pattern.\nB. Realism regards identity as a crucial point for consideration in international relations. Realist theory is based on the assumption that identity informs behaviour.\nC. Realism is based in the notion of causality whilst social constructivism relies on theories of identity that are based in intersubjective meanings.\nD. Social constructivists regard the state as an independent unit whose behaviour is shaped by the requirements of the international system, whilst realists regard state interaction as being the natural progression of identity formulation.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is 'malware'? A. A virus or worm B. A Trojan horse C. A hacker tool D. A corrupted program The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: What is 'malware'?\n\nA. A virus or worm\nB. A Trojan horse\nC. A hacker tool\nD. A corrupted program\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: For post-structuralists, which of the following is the most important impact of security studies? A. Security studies contributes to the literature and builds greater theoretical understanding of the subject. B. Security studies records the history of modern warfare. C. Security studies teaches a new generation about the reality of warfare and strategy. D. Security studies creates and perpetuates claims that shape warfare, defining legitimacy, favouring some subjects and marginalising others. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: For post-structuralists, which of the following is the most important impact of security studies?\n\nA. Security studies contributes to the literature and builds greater theoretical understanding of the subject.\nB. Security studies records the history of modern warfare.\nC. Security studies teaches a new generation about the reality of warfare and strategy.\nD. Security studies creates and perpetuates claims that shape warfare, defining legitimacy, favouring some subjects and marginalising others.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: In what ways can the different relationship between US and European security studies be explained? A. The different relationship to the concept of security: in Europe the debate has stayed as part of politico-self-reflection of the scholar who 'does security;' whereas in the US, the question of the concept of security is seen at the most a necessary 'define your' terms' operation. B. The different relationship to the exact form of knowledge that is valued. The US is more rationalist, Europe the more reflectivist. In the US security studies debate hypothesis is typically examined as cause-effect relationships, tied into general debates and with measurement of ideational variables. C. In the US major competing explanations emphasized, on the one hand, the US's liberal hegemony, and, on the other hand, the purely power based stability of presumed unipolarity in which balancing becomes impossible. D. All of these options. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: In what ways can the different relationship between US and European security studies be explained?\n\nA. The different relationship to the concept of security: in Europe the debate has stayed as part of politico-self-reflection of the scholar who 'does security;' whereas in the US, the question of the concept of security is seen at the most a necessary 'define your' terms' operation.\nB. The different relationship to the exact form of knowledge that is valued. The US is more rationalist, Europe the more reflectivist. In the US security studies debate hypothesis is typically examined as cause-effect relationships, tied into general debates and with measurement of ideational variables.\nC. In the US major competing explanations emphasized, on the one hand, the US's liberal hegemony, and, on the other hand, the purely power based stability of presumed unipolarity in which balancing becomes impossible.\nD. All of these options.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Which of the following statements does not describe 'nations'? A. Nations may be made up of different ethnic-identity groups. B. Nations may be difficult to distinguish from societies. C. Nations are defined by the boundaries and borders of the state. D. Nations may contain multiple religious identity groups. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Which of the following statements does not describe 'nations'?\n\nA. Nations may be made up of different ethnic-identity groups.\nB. Nations may be difficult to distinguish from societies.\nC. Nations are defined by the boundaries and borders of the state.\nD. Nations may contain multiple religious identity groups.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: In what ways have feminist and critical security investigations of the 1980s and 1990s expanded our understanding of gender security issues? A. Investigations into the consequences of state security policies showed that women were subject to masculine dominated war policies as the likely victims as casualties of war or as post conflict targets. Women are increasingly subject to violence as a product of social circumstance. B. Gendered consequences of security issues have not challenged international relations theory. Constructivist theories of the state were mainstreamed without undermining the ideas of state as the centre of military power, or as the highest organization of human community. C. Feminist and critical security theory shows us that war can have gendered consequences. Recognition of those consequences has allowed us to address the way in which we think about 'male' and 'female' expectations in warfare, and has shaped the way in which we theorise, participate, and protest against those roles. D. The literature that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s was primarily concerned with the ways in which women had served the purposes of nationalist campaigns, focusing on the biological characteristics of women as sexually reproductive beings, and with little focus on critical analysis. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: In what ways have feminist and critical security investigations of the 1980s and 1990s expanded our understanding of gender security issues?\n\nA. Investigations into the consequences of state security policies showed that women were subject to masculine dominated war policies as the likely victims as casualties of war or as post conflict targets. Women are increasingly subject to violence as a product of social circumstance.\nB. Gendered consequences of security issues have not challenged international relations theory. Constructivist theories of the state were mainstreamed without undermining the ideas of state as the centre of military power, or as the highest organization of human community.\nC. Feminist and critical security theory shows us that war can have gendered consequences. Recognition of those consequences has allowed us to address the way in which we think about 'male' and 'female' expectations in warfare, and has shaped the way in which we theorise, participate, and protest against those roles.\nD. The literature that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s was primarily concerned with the ways in which women had served the purposes of nationalist campaigns, focusing on the biological characteristics of women as sexually reproductive beings, and with little focus on critical analysis.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What preventative security measures might a government take in defence of a potential future terrorist attack? A. Prevention is normally associated with the concept of terrorism as war or crime. All governments will practice prevention (seen as repression from the terrorist perspective) by seeking to arrest or eliminate those actively involved in the violence. Security forces attack the terrorists before they strike (war) or they are arrested after the attack (crime). B. Large terrorist organizations are hard to penetrate, being highly cohesive and centralized in structure. In both the warfare and criminal model, intelligence is obtained by two methods; firstly to elicit information from captured terrorists or secondly from an informer within the group. An intelligence coup greatly enhances the prospect of stopping terrorist operations once the larger group has been compromised. C. Prevention of terrorism is a highly controversial policy designed to reduce the appeal of terrorism within the population through reform packages. The method is characterized by diplomatic exchanges. However, as a preventative method it has been questioned and it is argued to resemble concessionary politics. D. Prevention is conceived as securing the physical integrity of targets and key political installations, particularly weapons installations, national buildings, national or cultural symbols, or defence deployments. Protecting possible targets of the state enhances the wellbeing of more vulnerable targets. Terrorists may move to more convenient territory to target their objectives which make it more difficult to control. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: What preventative security measures might a government take in defence of a potential future terrorist attack?\n\nA. Prevention is normally associated with the concept of terrorism as war or crime. All governments will practice prevention (seen as repression from the terrorist perspective) by seeking to arrest or eliminate those actively involved in the violence. Security forces attack the terrorists before they strike (war) or they are arrested after the attack (crime).\nB. Large terrorist organizations are hard to penetrate, being highly cohesive and centralized in structure. In both the warfare and criminal model, intelligence is obtained by two methods; firstly to elicit information from captured terrorists or secondly from an informer within the group. An intelligence coup greatly enhances the prospect of stopping terrorist operations once the larger group has been compromised.\nC. Prevention of terrorism is a highly controversial policy designed to reduce the appeal of terrorism within the population through reform packages. The method is characterized by diplomatic exchanges. However, as a preventative method it has been questioned and it is argued to resemble concessionary politics.\nD. Prevention is conceived as securing the physical integrity of targets and key political installations, particularly weapons installations, national buildings, national or cultural symbols, or defence deployments. Protecting possible targets of the state enhances the wellbeing of more vulnerable targets. Terrorists may move to more convenient territory to target their objectives which make it more difficult to control.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: In what ways can a distinction be made between limited force and full-scale force? A. The distinction between limited force and full-scale force is the second process of coercive diplomacy. Coercive diplomacy only fails if the coercer fails to achieve its defined goals and fails to defeat its adversary in the second stage. B. Generally the distinction between brute and limited force is negligible. Resort to air or sea power constitutes an equal coercive capacity to a conventional ground offensive. Military action always results from a failure of negotiations and from a shift from the diplomatic to the military sphere. C. The distinction between limited force and brute force is important because the amount of force that is used to attain the coercer's interests defines the type of outcome that is achieved. If a positive policy outcome is achieved, then we can say that limited force has been employed. D. The distinction between limited force and full-scale war is crucial because resort to brute force means that diplomacy has failed. The distinction is not based on the amount of force or the type, but on the purpose that the use of force seeks to accomplish and the element of choice left to the adversary. In essence, limited force is a bargaining tool. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: In what ways can a distinction be made between limited force and full-scale force?\n\nA. The distinction between limited force and full-scale force is the second process of coercive diplomacy. Coercive diplomacy only fails if the coercer fails to achieve its defined goals and fails to defeat its adversary in the second stage.\nB. Generally the distinction between brute and limited force is negligible. Resort to air or sea power constitutes an equal coercive capacity to a conventional ground offensive. Military action always results from a failure of negotiations and from a shift from the diplomatic to the military sphere.\nC. The distinction between limited force and brute force is important because the amount of force that is used to attain the coercer's interests defines the type of outcome that is achieved. If a positive policy outcome is achieved, then we can say that limited force has been employed.\nD. The distinction between limited force and full-scale war is crucial because resort to brute force means that diplomacy has failed. The distinction is not based on the amount of force or the type, but on the purpose that the use of force seeks to accomplish and the element of choice left to the adversary. In essence, limited force is a bargaining tool.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What are the challenges for the future of security studies? A. The most obvious issue of joint concern during the 2000s was terror and order, although fast- rising concerns over environmental/climate security could easily provide another big linking issue. B. The fate of security studies depends on its ability to prevail in the general debates in the discipline of IR. It is very unlikely that the internal dynamics of the theory debate will be decided by a general prevalence of one of the current debates. C. Both the US and European analysts will be working on the role and nature of technology, globalization, risk society and the international economic order. This picture shows that there will be a lot of points of contact between the currently disconnected fields of theory. D. All of these options. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: What are the challenges for the future of security studies?\n\nA. The most obvious issue of joint concern during the 2000s was terror and order, although fast- rising concerns over environmental/climate security could easily provide another big linking issue.\nB. The fate of security studies depends on its ability to prevail in the general debates in the discipline of IR. It is very unlikely that the internal dynamics of the theory debate will be decided by a general prevalence of one of the current debates.\nC. Both the US and European analysts will be working on the role and nature of technology, globalization, risk society and the international economic order. This picture shows that there will be a lot of points of contact between the currently disconnected fields of theory.\nD. All of these options.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Which of the following is the odd one out? A. Institutional constraints and resource constraints. B. Information and time horizon. C. Goals. D. Vectors of economic incentives. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Which of the following is the odd one out?\n\nA. Institutional constraints and resource constraints.\nB. Information and time horizon.\nC. Goals.\nD. Vectors of economic incentives.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Within Critical Security Studies, what is the referent object of security? A. There is no specific referent point. B. The state and state apparatus. C. The environment. D. The people and their collectives. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Within Critical Security Studies, what is the referent object of security?\n\nA. There is no specific referent point.\nB. The state and state apparatus.\nC. The environment.\nD. The people and their collectives.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Why is coercive diplomacy hard? What are the inherent difficulties? A. Perpetual, psychological and emotional factors are precluded from the adversary's calculations. In no-win situations therefore the adversary might calculate that temporary compliance is the best strategic option to buy time. B. Coercive diplomacy leaves too much room for compromise. Actors engaging in such behaviour are unlikely to perceive their vital interests as threatened and regard issues as zero-sum because they are aware that force will be used. As a consequence coercive diplomacy can lead to lengthy resolution discussions. C. The success ultimately rests on perceptual, psychological and emotional factors, giving rise to the risk that misperception or miscalculation will defeat even a well-executed strategy that otherwise meets all the requirements for success. D. The political scope for offering inducements can become unlimited. The problem becomes particularly underlined when the risk of terrorism, WMD or equal military capability comes into play. Inducements can appear to look like concessionary politics and blur the line of what constitutes a success defined as the fear of inescapable escalation. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Why is coercive diplomacy hard? What are the inherent difficulties?\n\nA. Perpetual, psychological and emotional factors are precluded from the adversary's calculations. In no-win situations therefore the adversary might calculate that temporary compliance is the best strategic option to buy time.\nB. Coercive diplomacy leaves too much room for compromise. Actors engaging in such behaviour are unlikely to perceive their vital interests as threatened and regard issues as zero-sum because they are aware that force will be used. As a consequence coercive diplomacy can lead to lengthy resolution discussions.\nC. The success ultimately rests on perceptual, psychological and emotional factors, giving rise to the risk that misperception or miscalculation will defeat even a well-executed strategy that otherwise meets all the requirements for success.\nD. The political scope for offering inducements can become unlimited. The problem becomes particularly underlined when the risk of terrorism, WMD or equal military capability comes into play. Inducements can appear to look like concessionary politics and blur the line of what constitutes a success defined as the fear of inescapable escalation.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Mass-society theory suggests that: A. the content of the media is determined by market forces B. the subordinate classes are dominated by the ideology of the ruling class C. the media manipulate 'the masses' as vulnerable, passive consumers D. audiences make selective interpretations of media messages The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Mass-society theory suggests that:\n\nA. the content of the media is determined by market forces\nB. the subordinate classes are dominated by the ideology of the ruling class\nC. the media manipulate 'the masses' as vulnerable, passive consumers\nD. audiences make selective interpretations of media messages\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The ecological approach to urban sociology involved studying: A. how social groups colonized different areas of the city and competed for resources B. the forms of wildlife and natural habitats that could be found on the edges of the city C. the way in which people organized collective protests about environmental issues D. how men and women used the city's public spaces differently The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: The ecological approach to urban sociology involved studying:\n\nA. how social groups colonized different areas of the city and competed for resources\nB. the forms of wildlife and natural habitats that could be found on the edges of the city\nC. the way in which people organized collective protests about environmental issues\nD. how men and women used the city's public spaces differently\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Becker proclaimed that cannabis use was: A. increasing throughout all sections of youth in the 1970s B. learned gradually through the social processes of a deviant career C. a dangerous pastime that young people should not be allowed to pursue D. not as enjoyable as other sociologists had suggested The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Becker proclaimed that cannabis use was:\n\nA. increasing throughout all sections of youth in the 1970s\nB. learned gradually through the social processes of a deviant career\nC. a dangerous pastime that young people should not be allowed to pursue\nD. not as enjoyable as other sociologists had suggested\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	B
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The middle classes that developed over the nineteenth century were: A. an urban set, involved in civic bodies and voluntary associations B. too diverse to have a strong sense of class consciousness C. often involved in 'white collar' work D. all of the above The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: The middle classes that developed over the nineteenth century were:\n\nA. an urban set, involved in civic bodies and voluntary associations\nB. too diverse to have a strong sense of class consciousness\nC. often involved in 'white collar' work\nD. all of the above\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Technological forms of surveillance have made it easier to: A. access and exchange 'private' information about consumers B. reduce prison overcrowding by the use of electronic tagging C. monitor employees' activities at work D. all of the above The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Technological forms of surveillance have made it easier to:\n\nA. access and exchange 'private' information about consumers\nB. reduce prison overcrowding by the use of electronic tagging\nC. monitor employees' activities at work\nD. all of the above\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The concept of gemeinschaft developed by Ferdinand Tönnies describes basically the same relational characteristics as A. organic solidarity B. mechanical solidarity C. gesellschaft D. anomie The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: The concept of gemeinschaft developed by Ferdinand Tönnies describes basically the same relational characteristics as\n\nA. organic solidarity\nB. mechanical solidarity\nC. gesellschaft\nD. anomie\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	B
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: There was a growth in income inequality in the 1980s because: A. rates of income tax increased equally for all occupational groups B. there were more professional jobs available but not enough people to fill them C. the price of consumer goods rose at a higher rate than earnings D. growing unemployment made more people dependent on welfare benefits The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: There was a growth in income inequality in the 1980s because:\n\nA. rates of income tax increased equally for all occupational groups\nB. there were more professional jobs available but not enough people to fill them\nC. the price of consumer goods rose at a higher rate than earnings\nD. growing unemployment made more people dependent on welfare benefits\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: If a deviant act is 'normalized', it is: A. recognised as breaking an important norm of behaviour B. seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise 'normal' character C. the first step in establishing a deviant career D. attributed to the person's genetic or anatomical make up The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: If a deviant act is 'normalized', it is:\n\nA. recognised as breaking an important norm of behaviour\nB. seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise 'normal' character\nC. the first step in establishing a deviant career\nD. attributed to the person's genetic or anatomical make up\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	B
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: In the debate about the 'managerial revolution', John Scott (1997) argued that: A. owners still exercised control through groups of shareholders and interlocking directorships B. ownership and management were becoming increasingly separate functions C. the techniques of scientific management were overly bureaucratic and inefficient D. managers were becoming dissatisfied with their working conditions and planned to overthrow the owners of businesses The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: In the debate about the 'managerial revolution', John Scott (1997) argued that:\n\nA. owners still exercised control through groups of shareholders and interlocking directorships\nB. ownership and management were becoming increasingly separate functions\nC. the techniques of scientific management were overly bureaucratic and inefficient\nD. managers were becoming dissatisfied with their working conditions and planned to overthrow the owners of businesses\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Marxist feminists explain patriarchy in terms of: A. a lack of equal rights and opportunities for men and women B. sex classes, through which men oppress women economically, politically and sexually C. women's domestic labour being exploited by the capitalist economy D. the dual systems of capitalism and male domination The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Marxist feminists explain patriarchy in terms of:\n\nA. a lack of equal rights and opportunities for men and women\nB. sex classes, through which men oppress women economically, politically and sexually\nC. women's domestic labour being exploited by the capitalist economy\nD. the dual systems of capitalism and male domination\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Which of the following was not defined by Giddens (1998) as part of New Labour's 'third way': A. the democratization of the family B. putting an end to privatization C. positive welfare: 'a hand up, not a hand-out' D. the strengthening of civil society The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Which of the following was not defined by Giddens (1998) as part of New Labour's 'third way':\n\nA. the democratization of the family\nB. putting an end to privatization\nC. positive welfare: 'a hand up, not a hand-out'\nD. the strengthening of civil society\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	B
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Anti-psychiatrists like Laing & Esterson believed that: A. Psychiatry was an out-moded form of treatment and should be replaced by alternative therapies like aromatherapy and kinesiology B. Mental illnesses were biological in origin, so there was no point in studying 'the mind' as experienced by the patient C. Psychiatrists were agents of capitalism who tried to instill ruling class ideology into their patients D. Behaviour that seemed bizarre could be seen as a reasonable response to disturbed patterns of family interaction The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Anti-psychiatrists like Laing & Esterson believed that:\n\nA. Psychiatry was an out-moded form of treatment and should be replaced by alternative therapies like aromatherapy and kinesiology\nB. Mental illnesses were biological in origin, so there was no point in studying 'the mind' as experienced by the patient\nC. Psychiatrists were agents of capitalism who tried to instill ruling class ideology into their patients\nD. Behaviour that seemed bizarre could be seen as a reasonable response to disturbed patterns of family interaction\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Butler & Stokes (1969) suggested that working class support for the Labour Party arose from: A. socialization into working class families and communities B. rational calculation of self-interest C. issue-based concerns about culture and lifestyle D. false consciousness and the acceptance of hegemonic values The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Butler & Stokes (1969) suggested that working class support for the Labour Party arose from:\n\nA. socialization into working class families and communities\nB. rational calculation of self-interest\nC. issue-based concerns about culture and lifestyle\nD. false consciousness and the acceptance of hegemonic values\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: In contemporary societies, social institutions are: A. highly specialized, interrelated sets of social practices B. disorganized social relations in a postmodern world C. virtual communities in cyberspace D. no longer relevant to sociology The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: In contemporary societies, social institutions are:\n\nA. highly specialized, interrelated sets of social practices\nB. disorganized social relations in a postmodern world\nC. virtual communities in cyberspace\nD. no longer relevant to sociology\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The term 'emotion work' (Hochschild 1983) refers to: A. the techniques used to consciously manage and present emotions that are deemed appropriate for public settings of interaction B. the work done by psychologists, counselors and therapists to help clients with mental and emotional problems C. experiences such as grieving and falling in love, which demand a lot of emotional energy from a person D. the way in which increasing levels of risk and anxiety have made us think more reflexively about our self-identities The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: The term 'emotion work' (Hochschild 1983) refers to:\n\nA. the techniques used to consciously manage and present emotions that are deemed appropriate for public settings of interaction\nB. the work done by psychologists, counselors and therapists to help clients with mental and emotional problems\nC. experiences such as grieving and falling in love, which demand a lot of emotional energy from a person\nD. the way in which increasing levels of risk and anxiety have made us think more reflexively about our self-identities\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: When sociologists study the structure of layers in society and people's movement between them, they call this: A. social stratification B. social control C. social conflict D. social solidarity The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: When sociologists study the structure of layers in society and people's movement between them, they call this:\n\nA. social stratification\nB. social control\nC. social conflict\nD. social solidarity\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The four ideal types of social action that Weber identified were as follows: instrumentally-rational, value-rational, traditional, and... A. affectual B. affective C. effective D. infected The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: The four ideal types of social action that Weber identified were as follows: instrumentally-rational, value-rational, traditional, and...\n\nA. affectual\nB. affective\nC. effective\nD. infected\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: An ecclesia is: A. a religious organization that claims total spiritual authority over its members B. a church organized around voluntary rather than compulsory membership C. a sect or cult with a very small following D. a hierarchy of priests or other spiritual leaders The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: An ecclesia is:\n\nA. a religious organization that claims total spiritual authority over its members\nB. a church organized around voluntary rather than compulsory membership\nC. a sect or cult with a very small following\nD. a hierarchy of priests or other spiritual leaders\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: After slavery was abolished in the USA and British Empire, policy makers claimed that former slaves migrating to these cities would experience: A. assimilation B. adaptation C. discrimination D. compensation The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: After slavery was abolished in the USA and British Empire, policy makers claimed that former slaves migrating to these cities would experience:\n\nA. assimilation\nB. adaptation\nC. discrimination\nD. compensation\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Sutherland's study of the 'professional thief' suggested that: A. people are socialized into a life of crime by associating with others who define it in positive terms B. the majority of crime is committed by middle class people in professional occupations C. those who were arrested and charged with theft did not define themselves as thieves D. the most dangerous criminals on the street were those who were highly skilled thieves The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Sutherland's study of the 'professional thief' suggested that:\n\nA. people are socialized into a life of crime by associating with others who define it in positive terms\nB. the majority of crime is committed by middle class people in professional occupations\nC. those who were arrested and charged with theft did not define themselves as thieves\nD. the most dangerous criminals on the street were those who were highly skilled thieves\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	A
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Which of the following policies did the New Labour government not pursue? A. setting and streaming pupils by ability B. parental choice of school C. supporting LEAs that appeared to be failing D. state regulation and control of the curriculum The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Which of the following policies did the New Labour government not pursue?\n\nA. setting and streaming pupils by ability\nB. parental choice of school\nC. supporting LEAs that appeared to be failing\nD. state regulation and control of the curriculum\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Stone's research suggests that prior to industrialization, the nuclear family: A. did not exist in any form B. had begun to disappear, as extended networks of kin became more important C. had begun to emerge through the separation of work and home life D. was simply another institution of patriarchal control The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Stone's research suggests that prior to industrialization, the nuclear family:\n\nA. did not exist in any form\nB. had begun to disappear, as extended networks of kin became more important\nC. had begun to emerge through the separation of work and home life\nD. was simply another institution of patriarchal control\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	C
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Statistics about rural, suburban, and urban patterns of development and mobility are almost always reported based on a geographical area labeled as Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA). What constitutes an MSA? A. It includes only the 10 largest cities in the United States. B. It is composed of at least one central city with a population of at least 50,000 and it surrounds densely urbanized counties. C. It is an area that experiences strong storms at least 50 percent of the year. D. It is a large city with a population of at least 1 million and is immediately surrounded by suburbs. The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Statistics about rural, suburban, and urban patterns of development and mobility are almost always reported based on a geographical area labeled as Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA). What constitutes an MSA?\n\nA. It includes only the 10 largest cities in the United States.\nB. It is composed of at least one central city with a population of at least 50,000 and it surrounds densely urbanized counties.\nC. It is an area that experiences strong storms at least 50 percent of the year.\nD. It is a large city with a population of at least 1 million and is immediately surrounded by suburbs.\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	B
Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Mosca and Pareto identified the ruling elite as: A. a minority group who fill all the top positions of political authority B. a coalition of social forces with specific skills and abilities C. a group who circulate between high status positions and exclude others D. all of the above The last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.	[{'role': 'user', 'content': "\nGiven the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. \n\nQuestion: Mosca and Pareto identified the ruling elite as:\n\nA. a minority group who fill all the top positions of political authority\nB. a coalition of social forces with specific skills and abilities\nC. a group who circulate between high status positions and exclude others\nD. all of the above\n\nThe last line of your response should be of the following format: 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes) where LETTER is one of ABCD.\n"}]	D