metadata

language:
  - en
license: apache-2.0
tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - dataset_size:1K<n<10K
  - loss:MatryoshkaLoss
  - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5
widget:
  - source_sentence: What is the Path to Pro program related to?
    sentences:
      - What types of programs are developed to upskill manufacturing employees?
      - What was the overall turnover rate at the company in fiscal year 2023?
      - >-
        What was the net interest revenue of The Charles Schwab Corporation in
        2023?
  - source_sentence: What types of businesses does HPE serve?
    sentences:
      - What types of industries does TTI service?
      - What interest rates are applicable to the notes issued in April 2022?
      - >-
        The total unrealized losses on U.S. Treasury securities amounted to $134
        million.
  - source_sentence: What is the title of Item 6 in the text?
    sentences:
      - Item 6—Reserved
      - The operating income for the year 2023 was reported as -$74.3 million.
      - >-
        Commission revenues at Schwab experienced a 10% decrease from 2022 to
        2023.
  - source_sentence: How is Dynamics' revenue mainly driven?
    sentences:
      - >-
        What are the primary sources of revenue for the company mentioned in the
        text?
      - How many new stores did the company open in Mexico during fiscal 2022?
      - >-
        Legal proceedings are discussed in Item 3 of the Annual Report on Form
        10-K.
  - source_sentence: What is basic earnings per share based on?
    sentences:
      - How is basic net income per share calculated?
      - How did NIKE's fiscal 2023 revenue compare to its fiscal 2022 revenue?
      - What types of vessels are included in Chevron's operated marine fleet?
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
  - cosine_accuracy@1
  - cosine_accuracy@3
  - cosine_accuracy@5
  - cosine_accuracy@10
  - cosine_precision@1
  - cosine_precision@3
  - cosine_precision@5
  - cosine_precision@10
  - cosine_recall@1
  - cosine_recall@3
  - cosine_recall@5
  - cosine_recall@10
  - cosine_ndcg@10
  - cosine_mrr@10
  - cosine_map@100
model-index:
  - name: BGE base Financial Matryoshka
    results:
      - task:
          type: information-retrieval
          name: Information Retrieval
        dataset:
          name: dim 768
          type: dim_768
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.6828571428571428
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.82
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.8628571428571429
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.91
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.6828571428571428
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.2733333333333334
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.17257142857142854
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.091
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.6828571428571428
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.82
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.8628571428571429
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.91
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.7970675337008412
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.7608446712018138
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.7643786819951583
            name: Cosine Map@100
      - task:
          type: information-retrieval
          name: Information Retrieval
        dataset:
          name: dim 512
          type: dim_512
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.68
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.8185714285714286
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.8657142857142858
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.9114285714285715
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.68
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.27285714285714285
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.17314285714285713
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.09114285714285712
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.68
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.8185714285714286
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.8657142857142858
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.9114285714285715
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.7954799079266202
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.7583633786848069
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.7618248215296402
            name: Cosine Map@100
      - task:
          type: information-retrieval
          name: Information Retrieval
        dataset:
          name: dim 256
          type: dim_256
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.6785714285714286
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.81
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.8571428571428571
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.9142857142857143
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.6785714285714286
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.27
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.1714285714285714
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.09142857142857141
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.6785714285714286
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.81
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.8571428571428571
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.9142857142857143
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.7954881703263427
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.7577579365079364
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.7606385177656011
            name: Cosine Map@100
      - task:
          type: information-retrieval
          name: Information Retrieval
        dataset:
          name: dim 128
          type: dim_128
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.6571428571428571
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.7957142857142857
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.8471428571428572
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.9
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.6571428571428571
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.2652380952380952
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.16942857142857143
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.09
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.6571428571428571
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.7957142857142857
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.8471428571428572
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.9
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.7770789777970544
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.7379240362811791
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.7420186535175607
            name: Cosine Map@100
      - task:
          type: information-retrieval
          name: Information Retrieval
        dataset:
          name: dim 64
          type: dim_64
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.6342857142857142
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.7642857142857142
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.8057142857142857
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.8657142857142858
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.6342857142857142
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.25476190476190474
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.16114285714285712
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.08657142857142856
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.6342857142857142
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.7642857142857142
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.8057142857142857
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.8657142857142858
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.7466817341215128
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.70906462585034
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.7141559106614794
            name: Cosine Map@100

BGE base Financial Matryoshka

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Language: en
License: apache-2.0

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': True}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("xiaofengzi/bge-base-financial-matryoshka")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What is basic earnings per share based on?',
    'How is basic net income per share calculated?',
    "How did NIKE's fiscal 2023 revenue compare to its fiscal 2022 revenue?",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_768
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.6829
cosine_accuracy@3	0.82
cosine_accuracy@5	0.8629
cosine_accuracy@10	0.91
cosine_precision@1	0.6829
cosine_precision@3	0.2733
cosine_precision@5	0.1726
cosine_precision@10	0.091
cosine_recall@1	0.6829
cosine_recall@3	0.82
cosine_recall@5	0.8629
cosine_recall@10	0.91
cosine_ndcg@10	0.7971
cosine_mrr@10	0.7608
cosine_map@100	0.7644

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_512
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.68
cosine_accuracy@3	0.8186
cosine_accuracy@5	0.8657
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9114
cosine_precision@1	0.68
cosine_precision@3	0.2729
cosine_precision@5	0.1731
cosine_precision@10	0.0911
cosine_recall@1	0.68
cosine_recall@3	0.8186
cosine_recall@5	0.8657
cosine_recall@10	0.9114
cosine_ndcg@10	0.7955
cosine_mrr@10	0.7584
cosine_map@100	0.7618

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_256
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.6786
cosine_accuracy@3	0.81
cosine_accuracy@5	0.8571
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9143
cosine_precision@1	0.6786
cosine_precision@3	0.27
cosine_precision@5	0.1714
cosine_precision@10	0.0914
cosine_recall@1	0.6786
cosine_recall@3	0.81
cosine_recall@5	0.8571
cosine_recall@10	0.9143
cosine_ndcg@10	0.7955
cosine_mrr@10	0.7578
cosine_map@100	0.7606

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_128
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.6571
cosine_accuracy@3	0.7957
cosine_accuracy@5	0.8471
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9
cosine_precision@1	0.6571
cosine_precision@3	0.2652
cosine_precision@5	0.1694
cosine_precision@10	0.09
cosine_recall@1	0.6571
cosine_recall@3	0.7957
cosine_recall@5	0.8471
cosine_recall@10	0.9
cosine_ndcg@10	0.7771
cosine_mrr@10	0.7379
cosine_map@100	0.742

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_64
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.6343
cosine_accuracy@3	0.7643
cosine_accuracy@5	0.8057
cosine_accuracy@10	0.8657
cosine_precision@1	0.6343
cosine_precision@3	0.2548
cosine_precision@5	0.1611
cosine_precision@10	0.0866
cosine_recall@1	0.6343
cosine_recall@3	0.7643
cosine_recall@5	0.8057
cosine_recall@10	0.8657
cosine_ndcg@10	0.7467
cosine_mrr@10	0.7091
cosine_map@100	0.7142

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 6,300 training samples
Columns: anchor and positive
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive
type string string
details
min: 7 tokens
mean: 20.44 tokens
max: 51 tokens

min: 6 tokens
mean: 47.22 tokens
max: 512 tokens

	anchor	positive
type	string	string
details	min: 7 tokens mean: 20.44 tokens max: 51 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 47.22 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive
`How did the Energy & Transportation segment's sales and profit change in 2023?`	`Energy & Transportation's total sales were $28.001 billion in 2023, an increase of $4.249 billion, or 18... and profit was $4.936 billion in 2023, an increase of $1.627 billion, or 49 percent...`
`In which segments were acquisitions made in 2022?`	`During 2022, acquisitions occurred in Workforce Solutions and USIS operating segments, and the International segment.`
`What are the contents found on pages 163 to 309 in the document?`	`The Consolidated Financial Statements, together with the Notes thereto and the report thereon dated February 16, 2024, of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, appear on pages 163–309.`

Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:

{
    "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
    "matryoshka_dims": [
        768,
        512,
        256,
        128,
        64
    ],
    "matryoshka_weights": [
        1,
        1,
        1,
        1,
        1
    ],
    "n_dims_per_step": -1
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: epoch
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
learning_rate: 2e-05
num_train_epochs: 4
lr_scheduler_type: cosine
warmup_ratio: 0.1
bf16: True
tf32: True
load_best_model_at_end: True
optim: adamw_torch_fused
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: epoch
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
eval_accumulation_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 4
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: cosine
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: True
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: True
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	dim_128_cosine_map@100	dim_256_cosine_map@100	dim_512_cosine_map@100	dim_64_cosine_map@100	dim_768_cosine_map@100
0.8122	10	1.5644	-	-	-	-	-
0.9746	12	-	0.7186	0.7399	0.7414	0.6757	0.7445
1.6244	20	0.6502	-	-	-	-	-
1.9492	24	-	0.7379	0.7544	0.7573	0.7069	0.7600
2.4365	30	0.434	-	-	-	-	-
2.9239	36	-	0.7426	0.7614	0.7616	0.7134	0.7634
3.2487	40	0.3627	-	-	-	-	-
3.8985	48	-	0.7420	0.7606	0.7618	0.7142	0.7644

The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.4
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.0
Transformers: 4.41.2
PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu118
Accelerate: 1.6.0
Datasets: 2.19.1
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning}, 
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, 
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}