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Pre-charge | Pre-charge The functional requirement of the high voltage pre-charge circuit is to minimize the peak current out from the power source by slowing down the "dV"/"dT" of the input power voltage such that a new "pre-charge mode" is created. Of course the inductive loads on the distribution system must be switched off during the precharge mode. While pre-charging, the system voltage will rise slowly and controllably with power-up current never exceeding the maximum allowed. As the circuit voltage approaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7817455 |
Cholesterol | in the feces. The excretion and reabsorption of bile acids forms the basis of the enterohepatic circulation, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6437 |
Compressed sensing | Compressed sensing This method would have 2 stages: the first stage would estimate and refine the initial orientation field – which is defined as a noisy point-wise initial estimate, through edge-detection, of the given image. In the second stage, the CS reconstruction model is presented by utilizing directional TV regularizer. More details about these TV-based approaches – iteratively reweighted l1 minimization, edge-preserving TV and iterative model using directional orientation field and TV- are provided | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11403316 |
Wavelet | these signals with discontinuities because of their time-localized behavior (both Fourier and wavelet transforms are frequency-localized, but wavelets have an additional time-localization property). Because of this, many types of signals in practice may be non-sparse in the Fourier domain, but very sparse in the wavelet domain. This is particularly useful in signal reconstruction, especially in the recently popular field of compressed sensing. (Note that the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50903 |
Image segmentation | compared to labels of neighboring pixels. The iterated conditional modes (ICM) algorithm tries to reconstruct the ideal labeling scheme by changing the values of each pixel over each iteration and evaluating the energy of the new labeling scheme using the cost function given below, where is the penalty for change in pixel label and is the penalty for difference in label between neighboring pixels and chosen pixel. Here formula_28 is neighborhood of pixel i and is the Kronecker delta function. A major issue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=505717 |
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact | 234 independent stars that all decided to transmit the exact same way." Michaud suggests that an interstellar grouping of civilizations might take the form of an empire, which need not necessarily be a force for evil, but may provide for peace and security throughout its jurisdiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35233688 |
Exact cover | = {1, 2, 5} is an exact hitting set, since each subset in contains exactly one element in "X*", as the highlighting makes clear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2828651 |
Teratoma | Teratoma As is true throughout oncology (the study of tumors, malignant and benign), the nomenclature for these tumors continually evolves on the basis of threads of consensus in the scientific literature regarding the tumors classification (which is based on shared embryologic origins, clinicopathologic characteristics, and so on). As science advances, more is understood about how one can differentiate tumors that formerly seemed alike. For example, the scientific knowledge of tumor markers, genomics, and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=284044 |
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation | widespread attention. This is reflected by the adoption of HIL simulation in the Det Norske Veritas rules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7824361 |
Protein phosphorylation | dehydrogenase. However, in the case of proteins that must be phosphorylated to be active, it is less clear how they could have emerged from non-phosphorylated ancestors. It has been shown that a subset of serine phosphosites are often replaced by acidic residues such as aspartate and glutamate between different species. These anionic residues can interact with cationic residues such as lysine and arginine to form salt bridges, stable non-covalent interactions that alter a protein's structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14854417 |
Soil respiration | the organic matter swept away in floods caused by forest clearing goes into estuaries, wetlands and eventually into the open ocean. Increased turbidity of surface waters causes biological oxygen demand and more autotrophic organisms die. Carbon dioxide levels rise with increased respiration of soil bacteria after temperatures rise due to loss of soil cover. As mentioned earlier, temperature greatly affects the rate of soil respiration. This may have the most drastic influence in the Arctic. Large stores of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12728109 |
Distributed firewall | is to be provided by a distributed firewall, each individual host has to notice probes and forward them to some central location for processing and correlation. The former problem is not hard; many hosts already log such attempts. One can make a good case that such detection should be done in any event. Collection is more problematic, especially at times of poor connectivity to the central site. There is also the risk of coordinated attacks in effect causing a denial-of-service attack against the central | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23870546 |
Robotic governance | Robotic governance the General Atomics MQ-1, and the resulting collateral damage, the discussion on the international regulation of remote controlled, programmable and autonomous machines attracted public attention. Nowadays, this discussion covers the entire range of programmable, intelligent and/or autonomous machines, drones as well as automation technology combined with Big Data and artificial intelligence. Lately, well-known visionaries like Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk and Bill Gates brought the topic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53534260 |
Leased line | is always active. The primary factors affecting the recurring lease fees are distance between end points and the bandwidth of the circuit. Since the connection does not carry third-party communications, the carrier can assure a given level of quality. An Internet leased line is a premium Internet connectivity product, normally delivered over fiber, which provides uncontended, symmetrical bandwidth with full duplex traffic. It is also known as an Ethernet leased line, dedicated line, data circuit or private | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=481814 |
Head-related transfer function | low part of the frequency band, and in the upper frequencies the phase response is affected by the features of the pinna. Earlier studies also show that the HRTF phase response is mostly linear and that listeners are insensitive to the details of the interaural phase spectrum as long as the interaural time delay (ITD) of the combined low-frequency part of the waveform is maintained. This is the modeled phase response of the subject HRTF as a time delay, dependent on the direction and elevation. A scaling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=161005 |
Glossary of video terms | caused by variations in the speed of the turntable or tape drive. The distance from the focal point to the principal point of the lens. The focal length is usually measured in millimeters of the lens. Focal length is an indication of the lens capability to capture a wide angle of view or a narrow view of objects that are far away (telephoto). A plane (through the focal point) at right angles to the principal point of the lens. The point at which a lens or mirror will focus parallel incident radiation. See | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37583418 |
Neuroscience | Neuroscience The drawback of this therapy is that it is invasive and carries a high risk factor due to the necessity of surgery for the treatment to be administered. Because of this, only 3.6% of clinical trials in this field have progressed to stage III since the concept of gene therapy was developed in the 1980s. Another proposed way to cross the BBB is through temporary intentional disruption of the barrier. This method was first inspired by certain pathological conditions that were discovered to break | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21245 |
Mast cell | receptors (e.g., morphine through opioid receptors) or ligand-gated ion channels. Complement proteins can activate membrane receptors on mast cells to exert various functions as well. Mast cells express a high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) for the Fc region of IgE, the least-abundant member of the antibodies. This receptor is of such high affinity that binding of IgE molecules is in essence irreversible. As a result, mast cells are coated with IgE, which is produced by plasma cells (the antibody-producing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=254062 |
Organizationally unique identifier | previously used as the worldwide name (WWN) identifier within some storage systems. Its use is now considered deprecated by the IEEE and the EUI-64 identifier should be used in the future for this and all other purposes for which the EUI-60 was previously used. Some of the storage systems in which an OUI based variant was used are Fibre Channel, and Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The EUI-64 is an identifier that is formed by concatenating the 24-bit OUI with a 40-bit extension identifier that is assigned by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=730796 |
Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases | Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases It is still unknown what the results mean for women who would use the product in real-life settings; for example, the effect of sexual intercourse (or semen) on the gel (which often affects the protective properties of a drug) is unknown. The CAPRISA 004 trial demonstrated that topical tenofovir gel provided 51% protection against HSV-2. Researchers have begun to focus on another class of microbicides, the antiretroviral (ARV) agents. ARVs work either by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=425158 |
Video wall | up close and at a distance, respectively necessitating both high pixel density and large size. For example, the 100-inch video wall located in the main lobby of the Lafayette Library and Learning Center has enough size for the distant passerby to view photos while also providing the nearby observer enough resolution to read about upcoming events. Simple video walls can be driven from multi-monitor video cards, however more complex arrangements may require specialized video processors, specifically designed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8599932 |
Bandwidth (signal processing) | radio communications, for example, bandwidth is the frequency range occupied by a modulated carrier signal. An FM radio receiver's tuner spans a limited range of frequencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3967 |
Computable function | are computable: If "f" and "g" are computable, then so are: "f" + "g", "f" * "g", formula_10 if "f" is unary, max("f","g"), min("f","g"), arg max{"y" ≤ "f"("x")} and many more combinations. The following examples illustrate that a function may be computable though it is not known which algorithm computes it. The Church–Turing thesis states that any function computable from a procedure possessing the three properties listed above is a computable function. Because these three properties are not formally | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1139338 |
Blue whale | m. indica" and "B. m. brevicauda" despite catching thousands of each. Northern Indian Ocean blue whales may be separated into one or more populations as songs are collected from more areas in this region. 5.The Chilean subspecies, "B. m. un-named subsp." , is found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, especially the Chiloé-Corcovado region (, and lower latitude areas including Peru, the Galapagos Islands and the southern portions of the Eastern Tropical Pacific In the North Pacific, blue whales can be seen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4925 |
Punctuated equilibrium | Punctuated equilibrium Separately, recent work using computational phylogenetic methods claims to show that punctuational bursts play an important factor when languages split from one another, accounting for anywhere from 10 to 33% of the total divergence in vocabulary. Punctuational evolution has been argued to explain changes in folktales and mythology over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24980 |
Nitrogen cycle | bedrock, the breakdown of this rock also serves as a nitrogen source. Nitrate reduction is also part of the iron cycle, under anoxic conditions Fe(II) can donate an electron to NO and is oxidized to Fe(III) while NO is reduced to NO, NO, N, and NH depending on the conditions and microbial species involved. The nitrogen cycle is an important process in the ocean as well. While the overall cycle is similar, there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean. Nitrogen enters the water | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59414 |
Geophysical MASINT | Geophysical MASINT Russian Ka-25 helicopters carry dipping sonar, as does the US LAMPS, US MH-60R helicopter, which carries the Thales AQS-22 dipping sonar. The older SH-60F helicopter carries the AQS-13F dipping sonar. Newer Low-Frequency Active (LFA) systems are controversial, as their very high sound pressures may be hazardous to whales and other marine life A decision has been made to employ LFA on SURTASS vessels, after an environmental impact statement that indicated, if LFA is used with decreased | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13793754 |
Smith chart | "x"-axis represents inductive admittances. Capacitive admittances have positive imaginary parts and inductive admittances have negative imaginary parts. Again, if the termination is perfectly matched the reflection coefficient will be zero, represented by a 'circle' of zero radius or in fact a point at the centre of the Smith chart. If the termination was a perfect open or short circuit the magnitude of the voltage reflection coefficient would be unity, all power would be reflected and the point would lie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=492249 |
Saltation (biology) | Barbara McClintock introduced the idea of "jumping genes", chromosome transpositions that can produce rapid changes in the genome. Saltational speciation, also known as abrupt speciation, is the discontinuity in a lineage that occurs through genetic mutations, chromosomal aberrations or other evolutionary mechanisms that cause reproductively isolated individuals to establish a new species population. Polyploidy, karyotypic fission, symbiogenesis and lateral gene transfer are possible mechanisms for | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4131939 |
Image segmentation | Image segmentation It can be used to efficiently address the problem of curve/surface/etc. propagation in an implicit manner. The central idea is to represent the evolving contour using a signed function whose zero corresponds to the actual contour. Then, according to the motion equation of the contour, one can easily derive a similar flow for the implicit surface that when applied to the zero level will reflect the propagation of the contour. The level-set method affords numerous advantages: it is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=505717 |
Voltage optimisation | some variable speed drives (no saving), higher motor efficiencies (so less waste to save). A northern European installation would not have the large number of small single phase motors for air conditioning. Energy saving is possible with older lighting, at the expense of lower light output, (e.g. incandescent or fluorescent and discharge lighting with inefficient ballast or control gear). Therefore, older commercial and office premises may save more than modern buildings or industrial sites. However modern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19972643 |
Multirate filter bank and multidimensional directional filter banks | 1-D and M-D, FIR filter are more popular since they are easier to implement. For 1-D oversampled FIR filter banks, the Euclidean algorithm plays a key role in the matrix inverse problem. However, the Euclidean algorithm fails for multidimensional (MD) filters. For MD filter, we can convert the FIR representation into a polynomial representation. and then use Algebraic geometry and Gröbner bases to get the framework and the reconstruction conditions for the multidimensional oversampled filter banks. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44529150 |
Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cell There are four main categories of photovoltaic cells: conventional mono and multi crystalline silicon (c-Si) cells, thin film solar cells (a-Si, CIGS and CdTe), and multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. The fourth category, emerging photovoltaics, contains technologies that are still in the research or development phase and are not listed in the table below. MJ solar cells and other photovoltaic devices have significant differences "(see the table above)". Physically, the main property | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16531764 |
LC circuit | resonance will occur, and a small driving current can excite large amplitude oscillating voltages and currents. In typical tuned circuits in electronic equipment the oscillations are very fast, from thousands to billions of times per second | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=602264 |
Automatic differentiation | Thus, the completion of the symmetric algebra formula_113 is the "formal power series" formula_119, which is in turn isomorphic to a quotient of "tensor series algebra" formula_120, arriving at For any element formula_122, the expression formula_123 is a map formula_124, mapping a program to a "formal power series" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734787 |
Speaker wire | wire resistance is kept to less than 5 percent of the speaker's impedance, the conductor will be adequate for home use. Speaker wires are selected based on price, quality of construction, aesthetic purpose, and convenience. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire, and is suitable for movable equipment. For a wire that will be exposed rather than run within walls, under floor coverings, or behind moldings (such as in a home), appearance may be a benefit, but it is irrelevant to electrical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2615047 |
Adult neurogenesis | The axolotl is less commonly used than other vertebrates, but is still a classical model for examining regeneration and neurogenesis. Though the axolotl has made its place in biomedical research in terms of limb regeneration, the model organism has displayed a robust ability to generate new neurons following damage . Axolotls have contributed as a bridge organism between invertebrates and mammals, as the species has the regenerative capacity to undergo complete neurogenesis forming a wide range of neuronal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740746 |
List of software based on Kodi and XBMC | ToFu Media Center (Android version) application support was the GameStick video game console developed by PlayJam. Pivos's own first device that comes with the complete TOFU Media Platform (TOFU Media OS and TOFU Media Center) preloaded is their Pivos XIOS XS media player. VidOn.me, or VidOnMe, is a company that maintains a commercial fork and derivative of XBMC media center software, named "VidOn Media Center" (formerly "VidOn XBMC"), and other than offering non-XBMC based media player software for iOS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35442587 |
Capacitor | qualities in an oscillator circuit. In the image example, a capacitor acts to influence the biasing voltage at the npn transistor's base. The resistance values of the voltage-divider resistors and the capacitance value of the capacitor together control the oscillatory frequency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4932111 |
Distributed-element filter | Distributed-element filter Both structures can realize the same range of filter implementations with the same electrical performance. Both types of parallel-coupled filters, in theory, do not have spurious passbands at twice the centre frequency as seen in many other filter topologies (e.g., stubs). However, suppression of this spurious passband requires perfect tuning of the coupled lines which is not realized in practice, so there is inevitably some residual spurious passband at this frequency. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24231219 |
RC circuit | RC circuit Thus, in going from to , the voltage will have moved about 63.2% of the way from its level at toward its final value. So the capacitor will be charged to about 63.2% after , and essentially fully charged (99.3%) after about . When the voltage source is replaced with a short-circuit, with the capacitor fully charged, the voltage across the capacitor drops exponentially with from towards 0. The capacitor will be discharged to about 36.8% after , and essentially fully discharged (0.7%) after about . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299801 |
Ancestral reconstruction | such as phylogenetics to determine the route that evolution has taken and when evolutionary events occurred. No matter how well the model approximates the actual evolutionary history, however, one's ability to accurately reconstruct an ancestor deteriorates with increasing evolutionary time between that ancestor and its observed descendants. Additionally, more realistic models of evolution are inevitably more complex and difficult to calculate. Progress in the field of ancestral reconstruction has relied | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6383817 |
Hydrothermal vent microbial communities | microbial mat at hydrothermal vents. Energy generation via methane oxidation yields the next best source of energy after sulfur oxidation. It has been suggested that microbial oxidation facilitates rapid turnover at hydrothermal vents, thus much of the methane is oxidize within short distance of the vent. In hydrothermal vent communities, aerobic oxidation of methane is commonly found in endosymbiotic microbes of vent animals. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is typically coupled to reduction of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58817607 |
Mathematical optimization | run online and repeatedly determine values for decision variables, such as choke openings in a process plant, by iteratively solving a mathematical optimization problem including constraints and a model of the system to be controlled. Optimization techniques are regularly used in geophysical parameter estimation problems. Given a set of geophysical measurements, e.g. seismic recordings, it is common to solve for the physical properties and geometrical shapes of the underlying rocks and fluids. The majority | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52033 |
Piezoelectricity | Consequently, "s" appears to be a 6-by-6 matrix instead of a rank-3 tensor. Such a relabeled notation is often called Voigt notation. Whether the shear strain components "S", "S", "S" are tensor components or engineering strains is another question. In the equation above, they must be engineering strains for the 6,6 coefficient of the compliance matrix to be written as shown, i.e., 2("s" − "s"). Engineering shear strains are double the value of the corresponding tensor shear, such as "S" = 2"S" and so on. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24975 |
Fluorescence | distinct and in others it is barely noticeable. It can be based on their skin pigmentation, their mucous or their bones. Swallowtail ("Papilio") butterflies have complex systems for emitting fluorescent light. Their wings contain pigment-infused crystals that provide directed fluorescent light. These crystals function to produce fluorescent light best when they absorb radiance from sky-blue light (wavelength about 420 nm). The wavelengths of light that the butterflies see the best correspond to the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11555 |
Cavity magnetron | Cavity magnetron To deal with its drifting frequency, they sampled the output signal and synchronized their receiver to whatever frequency was actually being generated. In 1941, the problem of frequency instability was solved by James Sayers coupling ("strapping") alternate cavities within the magnetron which reduced the instability by a factor of 5–6. (For an overview of early magnetron designs, including that of Boot and Randall, see ) According to Andy Manning from the RAF Air Defence Radar Museum, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20861 |
Marine larval ecology | for settlement. Therefore, they have evolved many sensory systems: Far from shore, larvae are able to use magnetic fields to orient themselves towards the coast over large spatial scales. There is additional evidence that species can recognize anomalies in the magnetic field to return to the same location multiple times throughout their life. Though the mechanisms that these species use is poorly understood, it appears that magnetic fields play an important role in larval orientation offshore, where other | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9494086 |
Nucleic acid analogue | of DNA and RNA components with high specificity and accuracy; As an enzyme acting on DNA, RNA and XNA substrates - XNA has been shown to have the ability to cleave and ligate DNA, RNA and other XNA molecules similar to the actions of RNA ribozymes; As a tool with resistance to RNA hydrolysis; Investigation of the mechanisms used by enzyme; Investigation of the structural features of nucleic acids. To overcome the fact that ribose's 2' hydroxy group that reacts with the phosphate linked 3' hydroxy group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14039006 |
Misattribution of memory | Subjects were more likely to plagiarize solutions given by the computer opponent than their own solutions after indicating that they were very confident that the solution was truly novel; when subjects indicated that they were "guessing" whether the solution had been seen before, they were more likely to duplicate solutions they had found during the first round of the test. In an extension of this test, after each puzzle solution was generated, participants were asked one of two questions: is this word | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31133385 |
Pioneer 10 | by the Deep Space Network to aid the training of flight controllers in the process of acquiring deep-space radio signals. There was an Advanced Concepts study applying chaos theory to extract coherent data from the fading signal. The last successful reception of telemetry was received from "Pioneer 10" on April 27, 2002; subsequent signals were barely strong enough to detect and provided no usable data. The final, very weak signal from "Pioneer 10" was received on 23 January 2003 when it was 12 billion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38198 |
Content delivery network interconnection | Content delivery network interconnection What consequences a security breakage would have depends on the interface and its function; for example, a corruption of the control interface could corrupt other interfaces, while a corrupted logging interface could enable a fraud in charging. A number of organisations and projects, i.e. IETF, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) and Open ContEnt Aware Networks (OCEAN), have been working or | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41012467 |
Platelet | remaining blood is returned to the donor. The advantage to this method is that a single donation provides at least one therapeutic dose, as opposed to the multiple donations for whole-blood platelets. This means that a recipient is not exposed to as many different donors and has less risk of transfusion-transmitted disease and other complications. Sometimes a person such as a cancer patient who requires routine transfusions of platelets will receive repeated donations from a specific donor to further | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196121 |
Dynamic epistemic logic | is related and has applications to numerous research areas, such as computer science (artificial intelligence), philosophy (formal epistemology), economics (game theory) and cognitive science. In computer science, DEL is for example very much related to multi-agent systems, which are systems where multiple intelligent agents interact and exchange information. As a combination of dynamic logic and epistemic logic, dynamic epistemic logic is a young field of research. It really started in 1989 with Plaza’s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48791499 |
AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types | and in the case of non-rewirable plugs the marking must be the value of the fuse fitted by the plug manufacturer in accordance with table 2 of the standard. Typical ratings for non-rewirable plugs are 3 A, 5 A, 10 A and 13 A. Plugs which do not meet BS 1363 often find their way into the UK. Some of these are legal in the country they are manufactured in, but do not meet BS 1363 – these can be brought into the UK by unsuspecting travellers, or people purchasing electrical goods online. They can also be | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41546457 |
Neural tissue engineering | or human ESCs. Mouse ESCs are cultured in a protein called Sonic Hedgehog inhibitor to promote the development of dorsal forebrain and study cortical fate. This method has been shown to produce axonal layers that mimic a broad range of cortical layers. Human ESC-derived tissues use pluripotent stem cells to form tissues on scaffold, forming human EBs. These human ESC-derived tissues are formed by culturing human pluripotent EBs in a spinning bioreactor. Targeted reinnervation is a method to reinnervate the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11038447 |
Excimer lamp | of excitation, namely dielectric barrier discharge, are the most widely spread. Excimer lamps using this type of discharge are the most common commercially available. A benefit of the DBD excimer lamps is that the electrodes are not in direct contact with the active medium (plasma). Absence of interaction between the electrodes and the discharge eliminates electrode corrosion as well as contamination of the active medium by sputtered electrode material that considerably increases the lifetime of the DBD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39632612 |
Asymptotic gain model | Asymptotic gain model To find the direct feedthrough formula_11 we simply let "g" → 0 and compute the resulting gain. The currents through "R" and the parallel combination of "R" || "r" must therefore be the same and equal to "i". The output voltage is therefore "i" "(R" "|| r"")". Hence where the approximation is accurate in the common case where "r" » "R". The overall transresistance gain of this amplifier is therefore: Examining this equation, it appears to be advantageous to make "R" large in order make | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=997021 |
HCL Domino | versions of Lotus Notes also suffered from similar user interaction choices, many of which were also corrected in subsequent releases. One example that was corrected in Release 8.5: In earlier versions the out-of-office agent needed to be manually enabled when leaving and disabled when coming back, even if start and end date have been set. As of Release 8.5 the out-of-office notification now automatically shuts off without a need for a manual disable. Unlike some other e-mail client software programs, IBM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60408 |
Electrical conduit | coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required. Beyond the basic profiles or contours (smoothwall, corrugated, or ribbed), innerduct is also available in an increasing variety of multiduct designs. Multiduct may be either a composite unit consisting of up to four or six individual innerducts that are held together by some mechanical means, or a single extruded product having multiple channels through which to pull several cables. In either case, the multiduct is coilable, and can be | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43657450 |
Cogeneration | Consolidated Edison distributes 66 billion kilograms of 350 °F (180 °C) steam each year through its seven cogeneration plants to 100,000 buildings in Manhattan—the biggest steam district in the United States. The peak delivery is 10 million pounds per hour (or approximately 2.5 GW) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=763555 |
Thermal management (electronics) | Thermal management (electronics) Thermal simulation allows experimentation with optimisation, such as modifying heatsink geometry or reducing fan speeds in a virtual environment, which is faster, cheaper and safer than physical experiment and measurement. Traditionally, the first time the thermal design of the equipment is verified is after a prototype has been built. The device is powered up, perhaps inside an environmental chamber, and temperatures of the critical parts of the system are measured using | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4177188 |
Dementia with Lewy bodies | Japan for treating Parkinson's disease and is in clinical trials for treating parkinsonism symptoms in DLB. The identification of biomarkers for DLB will enable treatments to begin sooner and improve the ability to select subjects and measure efficacy in clinical trials. , the diagnosis of DLB is made using the DLB Consortium criteria, but a 2017 study of skin samples from 18 people with DLB found that all of them had deposits of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein, while none of the controls did, suggesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227167 |
Distributed-element circuit | to implement. Conventional circuits consist of individual components manufactured separately then connected together with a conducting medium. Distributed-element circuits are built by forming the medium itself into specific patterns. A major advantage of distributed-element circuits is that they can be produced cheaply as a printed circuit board for consumer products, such as satellite television. They are also made in coaxial and waveguide formats for applications such as radar, satellite communication, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57021483 |
Electrical wiring | current based on size of conductor, voltage potential, insulation type and thickness, and the temperature rating of the cable itself. The allowable current will also be different for wet or dry locations, for hot (attic) or cool (underground) locations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1105937 |
Mind–body problem | Mind–body problem In this context, neuronal correlates may be viewed as causing consciousness, where consciousness can be thought of as an undefined property that depends upon this complex, adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system. However, it's unknown if discovering and characterizing neural correlates may eventually provide a theory of consciousness that can explain the first-person experience of these "systems", and determine whether other systems of equal complexity lack such features. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11081176 |
Refrigeration | of perishable commodities, which could then be shipped throughout the United States. As a result, the United States farmers quickly became the most productive in the world, and entire new food systems arose. In order to reduce humidity levels and spoiling due to bacterial growth, refrigeration is used for meat, produce, and dairy processing in farming today. systems are used the heaviest in the warmer months for farming produce, which must be cooled as soon as possible in order to meet quality standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46238 |
Computer simulation | process establishes the credibility of the model by demonstrating its ability to replicate reality. The importance of model validation underscores the need for careful planning, thoroughness and accuracy of the input data collection program that has this purpose. Efforts should be made to ensure collected data is consistent with expected values. For example, in traffic analysis it is typical for a traffic engineer to perform a site visit to verify traffic counts and become familiar with traffic patterns in | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=375416 |
Steady state | Steady state Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis is a method for analyzing alternating current circuits using the same techniques as for solving DC circuits. The ability of an electrical machine or power system to regain its original/previous state is called Steady State Stability. The stability of a system refers to the ability of a system to return to its steady state when subjected to a disturbance. As mentioned before, power is generated by synchronous generators that operate in synchronism with the rest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1326107 |
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact | including the SETI Institute. The Declaration of Principles contains the following broad provisions: A separate "Proposed Agreement on the Sending of Communications to Extraterrestrial Intelligence" was subsequently created. It proposes an international commission, membership of which would be open to all interested nations, to be constituted on detection of extraterrestrial intelligence. This commission would decide whether to send a message to the extraterrestrial intelligence, and if so, would determine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35233688 |
Alien abduction | Alien abduction " There have been a variety of explanations offered for abduction phenomena, ranging from sharply skeptical appraisals, to uncritical acceptance of all abductee claims, to the demonological, to everything in between. Some have elected not to try explaining things, instead noting similarities to other phenomena, or simply documenting the development of the alien abduction phenomenon. Others are intrigued by the entire phenomenon, but hesitate in making any definitive conclusions. The late | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558847 |
Virtual channel | York City's WNYZ-LP, which was temporarily broadcasting on VHF channel 6 in digital, but used the virtual channel 1.1, instead of 6. This operation lasted for approximately one year beginning in November 2008, after which WNYZ-LP reverted to low-power analog. The assignment of virtual channels in the United States is defined within the stream via terrestrial or cable versions of a "Virtual Channel Table" as outlined by ATSC document "A/65", Annex B. Rules for assignment of major channel numbers are as | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1453315 |
Microvia | this translates to components with increased I/Os with smaller footprint areas (e.g. flip-chip packages, chip-scale packages, and direct chip attachments), and on the printed circuit board and package substrate level, to the use of high density interconnects (HDIs) (e.g. finer lines and spaces, and smaller vias). IPC standards revised the definition of a microvia in 2013 to a hole with an aspect ratio of 1:1. Which is ratio of the hole diameter to depth (not to exceed 0.25 mm). Previously, microvia was any | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19888524 |
Wireless security | Wireless security 14 random letters) or passphrase (e.g. 5 randomly chosen words) makes pre-shared key WPA virtually uncrackable. The second generation of the WPA security protocol (WPA2) is based on the final IEEE 802.11i amendment to the 802.11 standard and is eligible for FIPS 140-2 compliance. With all those encryption schemes, any client in the network that knows the keys can read all the traffic. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a software/firmware improvement over WEP. All regular WLAN-equipment that | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2681135 |
Point set registration | phases of the algorithm from the selection and matching of points to the minimization strategy. For example, the expectation maximization algorithm is applied to the ICP algorithm to form the EM-ICP method, and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is applied to the ICP algorithm to form the LM-ICP method. Robust point matching (RPM) was introduced by Gold et al. The method performs registration using deterministic annealing and soft assignment of correspondences between point sets. Whereas in ICP the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40374554 |
Total harmonic distortion | suitable in applications such as spectrum sharing and spectrum sensing. In power systems, lower THD implies lower peak currents, less heating, lower electromagnetic emissions, and less core loss in motors. IEEE std 519-2014 covers the recommended practice and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems. To understand a system with an input and an output, such as an audio amplifier, we start with an ideal system where the transfer function is linear and time-invariant. When a sinusoidal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41802 |
Human interactions with insects | water in arid regions. Silkworms, the caterpillars and pupae of the moth "Bombyx mori", have been reared to produce silk in China from the Neolithic Yangshao period onwards, c. 5000 BC. Production spread to India by 140 AD. The caterpillars are fed on mulberry leaves. The cocoon, produced after the fourth moult, is covered with a continuous filament of the silk protein, fibroin, gummed together with sericin. In the traditional process, the gum is removed by soaking in hot water, and the silk is then | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37360538 |
Antiviral drug | Antiviral drug In their natural course, ribozymes are used as part of the viral manufacturing sequence, but these synthetic ribozymes are designed to cut RNA and DNA at sites that will disable them. A ribozyme antiviral to deal with hepatitis C has been suggested, and ribozyme antivirals are being developed to deal with HIV. An interesting variation of this idea is the use of genetically modified cells that can produce custom-tailored ribozymes. This is part of a broader effort to create genetically | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49197 |
Natural computing | Leonard Adleman who solved a 7-node instance of the Hamiltonian Path Problem solely by manipulating DNA strands in test tubes. DNA computations start from an initial input encoded as a DNA sequence (essentially a sequence over the four-letter alphabet {A, C, G, T}), and proceed by a succession of bio-operations such as cut-and-paste (by restriction enzymes and ligases), extraction of strands containing a certain subsequence (by using Watson-Crick complementarity), copy (by using polymerase chain reaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27075922 |
Quadtree | pixel in the image, a quadtree can capture the same information potentially many divisive levels higher than the pixel-resolution sized cells that we would otherwise require. The tree resolution and overall size is bounded by the pixel and image sizes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=577097 |
RC circuit | together may be substituted into the usual expression for the phasor representing the output: The current in the circuit is the same everywhere since the circuit is in series: The impulse response for each voltage is the inverse Laplace transform of the corresponding transfer function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299801 |
Induction motor | bar shapes can give usefully different speed-torque characteristics as well as some control over the inrush current at startup. Although polyphase motors are inherently self-starting, their starting and pull-up torque design limits must be high enough to overcome actual load conditions. In wound rotor motors, rotor circuit connection through slip rings to external resistances allows change of speed-torque characteristics for acceleration control and speed control purposes. Before the development of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251075 |
Features new to Windows 8 | Features new to Windows 8 Metro-style apps can either run in a full-screen environment, or be snapped to the side of a screen alongside another app or the desktop; snapping requires a screen resolution of 1366×768 or higher. Windows 8.1 lowers the snapping requirement to a screen resolution of 1024x768. Users can switch between apps and the desktop by clicking on the top left corner or by swiping the left side of the touchscreen to invoke a sidebar that displays all currently opened Metro-style apps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32918892 |
Ground loop (electricity) | The driver amplifier in component 1 "(left)" applies signal "V" between the signal and ground conductors of the cable. At the destination end "(right)", the signal and ground conductors are connected to a differential amplifier. This produces the signal input to component 2 by subtracting the shield voltage from the signal voltage to eliminate common-mode noise picked up by the cable If a current "I" from a separate source is flowing through the ground conductor, the resistance "R" of the conductor will | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=940296 |
Phase detector | remainder of its characteristics are very similar to the analog mixer for capture range, lock time, reference spurious and low-pass filter requirements. Digital phase detectors can also be based on a sample and hold circuit, a charge pump, or a logic circuit consisting of flip-flops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=359281 |
Extinction debt | Extinction debt If one has information on species populations from the past in addition to the present, the magnitude of extinction debt can be estimated. One can use the relationship between species and habitat from the past to predict the number of species expected in the present. The difference between this estimate and the actual number of species is the extinction debt. This method requires the assumption that in the past species and their habitat were in equilibrium, which is often unknown. Also, a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30389209 |
Philopatry | can result in reproductive enhancement, as greater access to females is available. On the other hand, the cost of dispersal to females is high, and thus they are philopatric. This hypothesis also applies to natal philopatry, but is primarily concerned with breeding-site fidelity. A more recent hypothesis builds on Greenwood’s findings, suggesting that parental influence may play a large role. Because birds lay eggs, adult females are at risk of being cuckolded by their daughters, and thus would drive them | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2988185 |
Amplifier | Amplifier Any real amplifier is an imperfect realization of an ideal amplifier. An important limitation of a real amplifier is that the output it generates is ultimately limited by the power available from the power supply. An amplifier saturates and clips the output if the input signal becomes too large for the amplifier to reproduce or exceeds operational limits for the device. The power supply may influence the output, so must be considered in the design. The power output from an amplifier cannot exceed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9931 |
Oscilloscope | the bandwidth. Analog oscilloscopes have been almost totally displaced by digital storage scopes except for use exclusively at lower frequencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15361791 |
Microcontroller | and may lack human interaction devices of any kind. Microcontrollers must provide real-time (predictable, though not necessarily fast) response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine (ISR, or "interrupt handler") which will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt, before returning to the original | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21017 |
Mm'-type filter | pole of attenuation occurs at; The following expressions for image impedances are all referenced to the low-pass prototype section. They are scaled to the nominal impedance "R" = 1 and the frequencies in those expressions are all scaled to the cut-off frequency ω = 1. The image impedance looking into a "T" topology port of a shunt derived section is given by, For comparison; The image impedance looking into a "Π" topology port of a series derived section is given by, For comparison; Note that formula_9 can | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17721090 |
Information theory | asymptotic distribution. The "Kullback–Leibler divergence" (or "information divergence", "information gain", or "relative entropy") is a way of comparing two distributions: a "true" probability distribution "p(X)", and an arbitrary probability distribution "q(X)". If we compress data in a manner that assumes "q(X)" is the distribution underlying some data, when, in reality, "p(X)" is the correct distribution, the Kullback–Leibler divergence is the number of average additional bits per datum necessary for | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14773 |
Allometry | that contribute are: The resistance to the motion of an approximately stream-lined solid through a fluid can be expressed by the formula: "C"(total surface)"V"2/2 V = velocity Notable Reynolds numbers: Scaling also has an effect on the performance of organisms in fluid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1663537 |
Air Force Network | Air Force. The former Defence Minister of India Shri AK Antony inaugurated the IAF's the AFNET on 14 September 2010 dedicating it to the people of India, for their direct or indirect participation in the communication revolution. Armed Forces in India has been using troposcatters as primary means of military communications since the 1950s, thereby occupying huge and expensive 2G and 3G spectrums which otherwise could have been used for expanding and de-clogging the civilian wireless communication network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28958727 |
Quantitative comparative linguistics | Quantitative comparative linguistics The proportion of words with the same meaning judged to be similar for a pair of languages is the Lexical Similarity Percentage (LSP). The Phonological Similarity Percentage (PSP) is also calculated. PSP is then subtracted from the LSP yielding the Subtracted Similarity Percentage (SSP) and the ASJP distance is 100-SSP. Currently there are data on over 4,500 languages and dialects in the ASJP database from which a tree of the world's languages was generated. This | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21312140 |
EPROM | Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) was developed to provide an electrical erase function and has now mostly displaced ultraviolet-erased parts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73333 |
Embedded system | for embedded systems use. General-purpose microprocessors are also used in embedded systems, but generally, require more support circuitry than microcontrollers. PC/104 and PC/104+ are examples of standards for "ready-made" computer boards intended for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized systems, mostly x86-based. These are often physically small compared to a standard PC, although still quite large compared to most simple (8/16-bit) embedded systems. They often use DOS, Linux, NetBSD, or an embedded | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46630 |
Display contrast | with 0 ≤ C ≤ 1. C = 0 means no contrast, while maximum contrast, C equals one, or more commonly described as a percentage like Michelson, 100%. A modification of Weber by Hwaung/Peli adds a glare offset to the denominator to more accurately model computer displays. Thus the modified Weber is: formula_5 This more accurately models the loss of contrast that occurs on darker display luminance due to ambient light conditions. Two parts of a visual field can be of equal luminance, but their color (chromaticity) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15542466 |
Switch | "on" or "off") or ""momentary"" (push for "on" and release for "off") type. A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28284 |
History of biology | must somehow determine amino acid sequence in proteins; physicist George Gamow proposed that a fixed genetic code connected proteins and DNA. Between 1953 and 1961, there were few known biological sequences—either DNA or protein—but an abundance of proposed code systems, a situation made even more complicated by expanding knowledge of the intermediate role of RNA. To actually decipher the code, it took an extensive series of experiments in biochemistry and bacterial genetics, between 1961 and 1966—most | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=322460 |
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