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Computer vision | problems in physics can be addressed using computer vision, for example motion in fluids. A third field which plays an important role is neurobiology, specifically the study of the biological vision system. Over the last century, there has been an extensive study of eyes, neurons, and the brain structures devoted to processing of visual stimuli in both humans and various animals. This has led to a coarse, yet complicated, description of how "real" vision systems operate in order to solve certain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6596 |
Remote Desktop Services | Remote Desktop Services When creating the new session, the graphics and keyboard/mouse device drivers are replaced with RDP-specific drivers: codice_2 and codice_3. The codice_2 is the device driver and it captures the UI rendering calls into a format that is transmittable over RDP. codice_3 acts as keyboard and mouse driver; it receives keyboard and mouse input over the TCP connection and presents them as keyboard or mouse inputs. It also allows creation of "virtual channels", which allow other devices, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16575110 |
Hot-carrier injection | bulk temperature of the semiconductor (which can be physically cold, although the warmer it is, the higher the population of hot electrons it will contain all else being equal). The term “hot electron” was originally introduced to describe non-equilibrium electrons (or holes) in semiconductors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7084895 |
Phosphor | while the other one's brightness saturates at higher fluxes—the phosphor does not emit any more light regardless of how many more electrons impact it. At low electron flux, both phosphors emit together; at higher fluxes, the luminous contribution of the nonsaturating phosphor prevails, changing the combined color. Such displays can have high resolution, due to absence of two-dimensional structuring of RGB CRT phosphors. Their color palette is, however, very limited. They were used e.g. in some older | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=88444 |
International Institute of Refrigeration | emissions of greenhouse gases in refrigeration, refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems, magnetic cooling, life cycle climate performance evaluation, and refrigerant system safety. Section B has more than 120 members from across the globe. The president of Section B is Prof. Eckhard Groll (Purdue University). The objectives of Commission B1 on Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes are to provide academic and industrial information and data, and to propose any solutions on thermodynamics and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32484563 |
Radio-frequency microelectromechanical system | which is important at the subarray level. Analog phase shifters are biased through a single bias line, whereas multibit digital phase shifters require a parallel bus along with complex routing schemes at the subarray level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12368347 |
Software development | that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure. A modeling language can be graphical or textual. Graphical modeling languages use a diagram techniques with named symbols that represent concepts and lines that connect the symbols and that represent relationships and various other graphical annotation to represent constraints. Textual modeling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248932 |
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle | the cyclin B-Cdk1 complex in order to exit the mitotic stage of the cell cycle. The cells can then return to the first gap phase G1 and wait until the cycle proceeds yet again. In 2003 Pomerening et al | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25368725 |
Negative-feedback amplifier | transmitting the voltage at the collector of the input transistor to the top of "R". That is, the monitored output signal is really the voltage at the collector of the input transistor. That view is legitimate, but then the voltage follower stage becomes part of the feedback network. That makes analysis of feedback more complicated. An alternative view is that the voltage at the top of "R" is set by the emitter current of the output transistor. That view leads to an entirely passive feedback network made | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181384 |
Quaternary extinction event | Quaternary extinction event The extinctions in the Pacific included: Some extinct megafauna, such as the bunyip-like "Diprotodon", may remain in folk memory or be the sources of cryptozoological legends. There is no general agreement on where the Holocene, or anthropogenic, extinction begins, and the ends, or if they should be considered separate events at all. Some have suggested that anthropogenic extinctions may have begun as early as when the first modern humans spread out of Africa between 100,000 and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18783051 |
Climate resilience | and political strategies that are being implemented at all scales of society. From local community action to global treaties, addressing climate resilience is becoming a priority, although it could be argued that a significant amount of the theory has yet to be translated into practice. Despite this, there is a robust and ever-growing movement fueled by local and national bodies alike geared towards building and improving climate resilience. The definition of climate resilience is heavily debated, in both | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42673705 |
Power network design (IC) | Power network design (IC) Therefore, the voltage seen at the devices is the supply voltage minus the IR-drop and di/dt-drop. Excessive voltage drops in the power grid reduce switching speeds and noise margins of circuits, and inject noise which might lead to functional failures. High average current densities lead to undesirable wearing out of metal wires due to electromigration (EM). Therefore, the challenge in the design of a power distribution network is in achieving excellent voltage regulation at the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5288063 |
Point set registration | value formula_131. The summations in the normalization steps sum to formula_132 and formula_133 instead of just formula_3 and formula_4 because the constraints on formula_74 are inequalities. As such the formula_132th and formula_133th elements are slack variables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40374554 |
Thermal simulations for integrated circuits | time-domain (FDTD) method is a robust and popular technique that consists in solving differential equations numerically as well as certain boundary conditions defined by the problem. This is done by discretizing the space and time, and using finite differencing formulas, thus the partial differential equations that describe the physics of the problem can be solved numerically by computer programs. The FEM is also a numerical scheme employed to solve engineering and mathematical problems described by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21884508 |
Counter-IED equipment | threats. Joint IED Neutralizer (JIN): In 2005, Ionatron attempted to develop an anti IED device that would "zap" IEDs from a distance by using lasers to ionize the air and allow man-made lightning to shoot towards the devices detonating them at a safe distance. By using femtosecond lasers light pulses that last less than a ten-trillionth of a second JIN could carve conductive channels of ionized oxygen in the air. Through these channels, Ionatron's blaster sent man-made lightning bolts. Thor IED Zappers: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41273531 |
Workplace robotics safety | speed of the robot can be reduced to insure that the operator is in full control. This can be done by placing the robot in the manual or teach mode. It is also crucial to inform the programmer of the robot of what type of work the robot will be doing, how it will interact with other robots, and how it will work in relation to an operator. Proper maintenance of robotic equipment is also critical in order to reduce hazards. Maintaining a robot insures that it continues to function properly, thereby reducing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56830451 |
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States | sold direct by a manufacturer to 150, setting a restrictive limit to Tesla Model S sales, and the law excluded plug-in hybrids for eligibility to the state's tax credit. The State of Georgia considers alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) those that run solely on alternative fuel and do not run on regular gasoline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24620684 |
Marine larval ecology | of purposefully returning to their natal sites. Ichthyoplankton have a high mortality rate as they transition their food source from yolk sac to zooplankton. It is proposed that this mortality rate is related to inadequate zooplankton as well as an inability to move through the water effectively at this stage of development, leading to starvation. Many ichthyoplankton use suction to feed. Turgidity of water impairs the organisms’ ability to feed even when there is a high density of prey. Reducing these | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9494086 |
Heat pipe | are designed to last for 20 years, so heat transport without electrical power or moving parts is desirable. Rejecting the heat by thermal radiation means that large radiator panes (multiple square meters) are required. Heat pipes and loop heat pipes are used extensively in spacecraft, since they don't require any power to operate, operate nearly isothermally, and can transport heat over long distances. Grooved wicks are used in spacecraft heat pipes, as shown in the first photograph in this section. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=517241 |
Bond graph | Bond graph A bond graph is a graphical representation of a physical dynamic system. It allows the conversion of the system into a state-space representation. It is similar to a block diagram or signal-flow graph, with the major difference that the arcs in bond graphs represent bi-directional exchange of physical energy, while those in block diagrams and signal-flow graphs represent uni-directional flow of information. Bond graphs are multi-energy domain (e.g. mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, etc.) and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3783853 |
Human reproductive ecology | the depletion of the ovarian follicular pool. At the fourth month of the fetal life, the ovarian follicles reach to the number 6-7 million. At birth, the number of ovarian follicles in the ovary decline to 1-2 million. The follicle number decrease to 300,000-400,000 at the age of menarche. In the entire reproductive age, these follicles undergo atresia and at the time of menopause, the ovaries are left with approximately 1000 follicles. Below this threshold regular ovarian cycles cannot be maintained. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58645929 |
Hidden Markov model | The transition probabilities control the way the hidden state at time is chosen given the hidden state at time formula_21. The hidden state space is assumed to consist of one of possible values, modelled as a categorical distribution. (See the section below on extensions for other possibilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=98770 |
Rechargeable battery | fuel cell. research includes development of new electrochemical systems as well as improving the life span and capacity of current types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201487 |
EPROM | EPROM As the quartz window is expensive to make, OTP (one-time programmable) chips were introduced; here, the die is mounted in an opaque package so it cannot be erased after programming – this also eliminates the need to test the erase function, further reducing cost. OTP versions of both EPROMs and EPROM-based microcontrollers are manufactured. However, OTP (whether separate or part of a larger chip) is being increasingly replaced by Efor small sizes, where the cell cost isn't too important, and flash for | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73333 |
Autonomous robot | orientation and position of the next object of work and (in the more advanced factories) even the type of object and the required task must be determined. This can vary unpredictably (at least from the robot's point of view). One important area of robotics research is to enable the robot to cope with its environment whether this be on land, underwater, in the air, underground, or in space. A fully autonomous robot can: An autonomous robot may also learn or gain new knowledge like adjusting for new methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48049 |
Beamforming | and the sidelobe levels, the position of a null can be controlled. This is useful to ignore noise or jammers in one particular direction, while listening for events in other directions. A similar result can be obtained on transmission. For the full mathematics on directing beams using amplitude and phase shifts, see the mathematical section in phased array. techniques can be broadly divided into two categories: Conventional beamformers, such as the Butler matrix, use a fixed set of weightings and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1326932 |
Three-phase electric power | load is the electric motor. A three-phase induction motor has a simple design, inherently high starting torque and high efficiency. Such motors are applied in industry for many applications. A three-phase motor is more compact and less costly than a single-phase motor of the same voltage class and rating, and single-phase AC motors above 10HP (7.5 kW) are uncommon. Three-phase motors also vibrate less and hence last longer than single-phase motors of the same power used under the same conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38829 |
UML state machine | the system being in state "result" as well as "on". Of course, state nesting is not limited to one level only, and the simple rule of event processing applies recursively to any level of nesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23959612 |
SNP genotyping | several different temperatures. There is also a restriction on the length of fragment because the sensitivity drops when sequences longer than 400 bp are used (Costabile et al. 2006). The temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) or temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE) method is based on the principle that partially denatured DNA is more restricted and travels slower in a porous material such as a gel. This property allows for the separation of DNA by melting temperature. To adapt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9007251 |
Forth (programming language) | of fetch and store that can be redirected to a buffer area in memory. The buffer area simulates or accesses a memory area beginning at a different address than the code buffer. Such compilers define words to access both the target computer's memory, and the host (compiling) computer's memory. After the fetch and store operations are redefined for the code space, the compiler, assembler, etc. are recompiled using the new definitions of fetch and store. This effectively reuses all the code of the compiler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11012 |
Mobile membranes | The next result claims that two PEP systems which are structurally equivalent are translated into systems of mutual membranes with objects on surface which are structurally equivalent. Proposition. If formula_194 is a PEP system and formula_214 is a system of mutual membranes with objects on surface, then there exists formula_10 such that formula_216 and formula_217, whenever formula_218. Proposition. If formula_194 is a PEP system and formula_214 is a system of mutual membranes with objects on surface, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25513182 |
Relay | relays as a kind of latch—they store bits in ordinary wire spring relays or reed relays by feeding an output wire back as an input, resulting in a feedback loop or sequential circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26590 |
Semiconductor memory | of a binary number called a memory address applied to the chip's address pins, which specifies which word in the chip is to be accessed. If the memory address consists of "M" bits, the number of addresses on the chip is 2, each containing an "N" bit word. Consequently, the amount of data stored in each chip is "N"2 bits. The memory storage capacity for "M" number of address lines is given by 2, which is usually in power of two: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 and measured in kibibits, mebibits, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1313007 |
Allopatric speciation | evidence to determine the mode of a speciation event; that is, determining patterns of geographic distribution in conjunction with phylogenetic relatedness based on molecular techniques. This method was effectively introduced by John D. Lynch in 1986 and numerous researchers have employed it and similar methods, yielding enlightening results. Correlation of geographic distribution with phylogenetic data also spawned a sub-field of biogeography called vicariance biogeography developed by Joel Cracraft, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334986 |
Computational anatomy | where the diffeomorphic change in coordinates is generated randomly via the geodesic flows. The prior on random transformations formula_225 on formula_226 is induced by the flow formula_227, with formula_228 constructed as a Gaussian random field prior formula_229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Clock skew | clock tick to clock tick. If the source register receives its clock signal from a leaf buffer of the clock distribution network that is far removed from the leaf buffer feeding the destination register, then the jitter bound will have to be larger to account for the different clock paths to the two registers, which may have different noise sources coupling into them. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a situation where intentional clock skew can benefit a synchronous circuit. In the zero-skew circuit of Figure 1, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1823104 |
Binomial nomenclature | family, or it is split from its old genus and placed in a newly created genus. The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera. Taxonomy includes both nomenclature and classification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39736 |
Snowball Earth | not necessary. The evidence for low-latitude glacial deposits during the supposed snowball Earth episodes has been reinterpreted via the concept of inertial interchange true polar wander (IITPW). This hypothesis, created to explain palaeomagnetic data, suggests that Earth's axis of rotation shifted one or more times during the general time-frame attributed to snowball Earth. This could feasibly produce the same distribution of glacial deposits without requiring any of them to have been deposited at | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28982 |
Miranda Lawson | in the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards. However, various sources criticized the game's numerous camera shots of her buttocks, something BioWare marketing director, David Silverman has defended as an integral part of her character | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34501159 |
Power factor | capacitors or inductors, and makes a non-linear device look more like a linear load. An example of passive PFC is a valley-fill circuit. A disadvantage of passive PFC is that it requires larger inductors or capacitors than an equivalent power active PFC circuit. Also, in practice, passive PFC is often less effective at improving the power factor. Active PFC is the use of power electronics to change the waveform of current drawn by a load to improve the power factor. Some types of the active PFC are buck, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41568 |
MineCam | a disadvantage for the MineCam. The lamp head has to be enclosed to protect it and to screen the power supply interference, but without careful internal design of reflectors and baffles, the housing can get very hot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22259308 |
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom | Vauxhall. The campaign has a cost of and its objective is to promote the benefits of electric and plug-in hybrid cars to buyers. The government classifies any car emitting less than 75g/km of as ultra-low emission. The British government also announced its commitment to invest to install more rapid charge-points to make motorway journeys by electric car feasible. According to Nicholas Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister, “Our clear objective is to move the car fleet in this country to ultra low-emission vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38487739 |
Nutrition and cognition | to make, or synthesize, omega 3 or DHA acids on its own. This means that the only source we have for these vital fatty acids comes directly form the food that we eat. Many studies have shown that people who consume larger amounts of fish in their diet are less likely to suffer from depression. Fish, especially salmon, have large amounts of omega 3 fatty acids and docosahexaonic acid (DHA). In the last 100 years, the western civilizations have shown a significant decrease in DHA and omega 3 intake, and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34730803 |
Turing's proof | by a circle-free machine 11 S.D – Standard Description: a sequence of symbols A, C, D, L, R, N, “;” on a Turing machine tape 12 D.N — Description Number: an S.D converted to a number: 1=A, 2=C, 3 =D, 4=L, 5=R, 6=N, 7=; 13 M(n) — a machine whose D.N is number “n” 14 satisfactory — a S.D or D.N that represents a circle-free machine 15 U — a machine equipped with a “universal” table of instructions. If U is “supplied with a tape on the beginning of which is written the S.D of some computing machine M, U will | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3739933 |
Functional ecology | Functional ecology To distinguish between functional traits at different scales, the classification scheme adopts the following nomenclature. Individual organisms have Ecophysiological traits and life-history traits; populations have demographic traits; communities have response traits; and ecosystems have effect traits. At each level, functional traits can directly and indirectly influence functional traits in the levels above or below them. For example, when averaged over an ecosystem, individual plants' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3269260 |
Brushed DC electric motor | Brushed DC electric motor To make the motor rotate in a constant direction, "direct current" commutators make the current reverse in direction every half a cycle (in a two-pole motor) thus causing the motor to continue to rotate in the same direction. A problem with the motor shown above is that when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field—i.e. when the rotor poles are 90 degrees from the stator poles—the torque is zero. In the pictures above, this occurs when the core of the coil is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10004115 |
Distributed-element circuit | around the circle (clockwise or anticlockwise), and no power is transferred to any of the other ports. Most distributed-element circulators are based on ferrite materials. Uses of circulators include as an isolator to protect a transmitter (or other equipment) from damage due to reflections from the antenna, and as a duplexer connecting the antenna, transmitter and receiver of a radio system. An unusual application of a circulator is in a reflection amplifier, where the negative resistance of a Gunn diode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57021483 |
Atanasoff–Berry computer | 1600 capacitors that rotated on a common shaft once per second. The capacitors on each drum were organized into 32 "bands" of 50 (30 active bands and two spares in case a capacitor failed), giving the machine a speed of 30 additions/subtractions per second. Data was represented as 50-bit binary fixed-point numbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1349 |
Interferon | in microbes—viral glycoproteins, viral RNA, bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), bacterial flagella, CpG motifs—by pattern recognition receptors, such as membrane bound Toll like receptors or the cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I or MDA5, can trigger release of IFNs. Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) is important for inducing interferons in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA viruses; the ligand for this receptor is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). After binding dsRNA, this receptor activates the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15120 |
Quantum well | They were initially used in a Resonant Pulse Modelocking (RPM) scheme as starting mechanisms for Ti:sapphire lasers which employed KLM as a fast saturable absorber. RPM is another coupled-cavity mode-locking technique. Different from APM lasers that employ non-resonant Kerr-type phase nonlinearity for pulse shortening, RPM employs the amplitude nonlinearity provided by the resonant band filling effects of semiconductors. SESAMs were soon developed into intracavity saturable absorber devices because of more | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=642886 |
Fluorescence in situ hybridization | decreasing expensive FISH probe consumption and reduce the hybridization time. MA-FISH is applied for detecting the "HER2" gene in breast cancer tissues. Hybrid Fusion FISH (HF-FISH) uses primary additive excitation/emission combination of fluorophores to generate additional spectra through a labeling process known as dynamic optical transmission (DOT). Three primary fluorophores are able to generate a total of 7 readily detectable emission spectra as a result of combinatorial labeling using DOT. Hybrid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1690338 |
Urea | the blood that comes from urea. It is used as a marker of renal function, though it is inferior to other markers such as creatinine because blood urea levels are influenced by other factors such as diet and dehydration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31734 |
Automated teller machine | to withdraw cash up to £130 without a card by inputting a six-digit code requested through their smartphones. ATMs can be placed at any location but are most often placed near or inside banks, shopping centers/malls, airports, railway stations, metro stations, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, and other locations. ATMs are also found on cruise ships and on some US Navy ships, where sailors can draw out their pay. ATMs may be on- and off-premises. On-premises ATMs are typically more | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46628 |
Multiplexing | modems and one dedicated analog communications circuit from the airport ticket desk back to the airline data center are also installed. Some web proxy servers (e.g. polipo) use TDM in HTTP pipelining of multiple HTTP transactions onto the same TCP/IP connection. Carrier sense multiple access and multidrop communication methods are similar to time-division multiplexing in that multiple data streams are separated by time on the same medium, but because the signals have separate origins instead of being | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41389 |
Whisker (metallurgy) | electrical contacts operating in an atmosphere rich in hydrogen sulfide and high humidity. Such atmospheres can exist in sewage treatment and paper mills. Whiskers over 20 µm in length were observed on gold-plated surfaces and noted in a 2003 NASA internal memorandum. The effects of metal whiskering were chronicled on History Channel's program Engineering Disasters 19. Several approaches are used to reduce or eliminate whisker growth with ongoing research in the area. Conformal compound coatings stop the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378439 |
Low-pass filter | a high-pass filter. In optics, high-pass and low-pass may have the different meanings, depending on whether referring to frequency or wavelength of light, since these variable are inversely related. High-pass frequency filters would act as low-pass wavelength filters, and vice versa. For this reason it is a good practice to refer to wavelength filters as "Short-pass" and "Long-pass" to avoid confusion, which would correspond to "high-pass" and "low-pass" frequencies. Low-pass filters exist in many | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56484 |
Semiconductor memory | memory that can be written to, as well as read from, in contrast to ROM "(below)", which can only be read. All semiconductor memory, not just RAM, has the property of random access. Non-volatile memory (NVM) preserves the data stored in it during periods when the power to the chip is turned off | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1313007 |
Breadboard | This type of breadboard may be slightly easier to handle. Several images in this article show such solderless breadboards. A "full size" terminal breadboard strip typically consists of around 56 to 65 rows of connectors, each row containing the above-mentioned two sets of connected clips (A to E and F to J). Together with bus strips on each side this makes up a typical 784 to 910 tie point solderless breadboard. "Small size" strips typically come with around 30 rows. Miniature solderless breadboards as | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=80799 |
Marx generator | each of the two electrodes of the Pockels cell being connected to a positive pulse generator and a negative pulse generator. Two generators of opposite polarity, one on each electrode, are first fired to charge the Pockels cell into one polarity. This will also partly charge the other two generators but not trigger them, because they have been only partly charged beforehand. Leakage through the Marx resistors needs to be compensated by a small bias current through the generator. At the trailing edge of the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1102240 |
Autobiographical memory | Autobiographical memory The social function of autobiographical memory develops and maintains social bonds by providing material for people to converse about. Sharing personal memories with others is a way to facilitate social interaction. Disclosing personal experiences can increase the intimacy level between people and reminiscing of shared past events strengthens pre-existing bonds. The importance of this function can easily be seen in individuals with impaired episodic or autobiographical memory, where | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21312298 |
Wire wrap | around binding posts or spade lugs and then soldered. Modern wire wrapping technology was developed after WWII at Bell Laboratories as a means of making electrical connections in a new relay being designed for use in the Bell Telephone system. A design team headed by Arthur C. Keller developed the “Keller Wrap Gun”, and the entire wrap system was passed over to Western Electric for industrial application. After a “make or buy” committee at Western Electric decided to have the hand tool manufactured by an | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65897 |
Computational anatomy | Computational anatomy The 0-dimensional manifolds are landmarks or fiducial points; 1-dimensional manifolds are curves such as sulcul and gyral curves in the brain; 2-dimensional manifolds correspond to boundaries of substructures in anatomy such as the subcortical structures of the midbrain or the gyral surface of the neocortex; subvolumes correspond to subregions of the human body, the heart, the thalamus, the kidney. The landmarks formula_21 are a collections of points with no other structure, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Wireless USB | up to the necessary agreements for the intellectual property transfer. The Bluetooth group is now turning its attention from UWB to 60 GHz. On September 29, 2010, version 1.1 of the specification was announced. It delivers several backwards-compatible improvements: UWB upper band support for frequencies 6 GHz and above, improved power management and consumption, and support for NFC and proximity based association. As mentioned, the USB model is preserved, and generally minor adjustments made to fit the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1462445 |
Agricultural robot | Agricultural robot According to Gary Wishnatzki, the co-founder of Harvest Croo Robotics, one of their strawberry pickers currently being tested in Florida can "pick a 25-acre field in just three days and replace a crew of about 30 farm workers". Similar progress is being made in harvesting apples, grapes, and other crops. Another goal being set by agricultural companies involves the collection of data. There are rising concerns over the growing population and the decreasing labor available to feed them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11005995 |
Wafer-scale integration | plant and later ruined the clean-room interior. After burning through about 1/3 of the capital with nothing to show for it, Amdahl eventually declared the idea would only work with a 99.99% yield, which wouldn't happen for 100 years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2052726 |
Primitive recursive function | those obtained from the basic functions by applying these operations a finite number of times. The projection functions can be used to avoid the apparent rigidity in terms of the arity of the functions above; by using compositions with various projection functions, it is possible to pass a subset of the arguments of one function to another function. For example, if "g" and "h" are 2-ary primitive recursive functions then is also primitive recursive. One formal definition using projection functions is In | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24829 |
Collaborative information seeking | environment that was not originally designed for carrying out collaboration is an interesting way of encouraging collaboration. Awareness, in the context of CSCW, has been defined as ""an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity"" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26143506 |
Anonymous function | Anonymous function The first provides no syntactic hint of any resident function but the second MUST evaluate the first parenthetical as a function to be legal JavaScript. (Aside: for instance, the codice_58's could be ([],{},42,"abc",function(){}) as long as the expression evaluates to a function.) Also, a function is an Object instance (likewise objects are Function instances) and the object literal notation brackets, codice_59 for braced code, are used when defining a function this way (as opposed to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7018181 |
Organ-on-a-chip | made toward the development of micro fabricated cell culture systems that aim to create models that replicate aspects of the human body as closely as possible and give examples that demonstrate their potential use in drug development, such as identifying synergistic drug interactions as well as simulating multi-organ metabolic interactions. Multi compartment micro fluidic-based devices, particularly those that are physical representations of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33980770 |
Short interspersed nuclear element | evidence is a basis for the proposed mechanism in which integration of the SINE transcript can be co-opted with LINE-coded protein products. This is specifically demonstrated by a detailed analysis of over 20 rodent species profiled LINEs and SINEs, mainly L1’s and B1’s respectively; these are families of LINEs and SINEs found at high frequencies in rodents along with other mammals. The study sought to provide phylogenetic clarity within the context of LINE and SINE activity. The study arrived at a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49982814 |
DNA barcoding | (biovolume, size dimensions, etc.), life-forms (mobility, colony-type, etc.) or ecological features (pollution sensitivity, etc.). In order to obtain well structured, clean and interpretable data, raw sequencing data must be processed using bioinformatic analysis. The FASTQ file with the sequencing data contains two types of information: the sequences detected in the sample (FASTA file) and a quality file with quality scores (PHRED scores) associated with each nucleotide of each DNA sequence. The PHRED | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30872162 |
Coilgun | Coilgun However, as speeds climb, mechanical power grows proportional to the speed, but, correctly switched, the resistive losses are largely unaffected, and thus these resistive losses become much smaller in percentage terms. Ideally, 100% of the magnetic flux generated by the coil would be delivered to and act on the projectile; in reality this is impossible due to energy losses always present in a real system, which cannot be entirely eliminated. With a simple air-cored solenoid, the majority of the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=266449 |
Lake ecosystem | light availability because the shallower the angle at which light strikes water, the more light is lost by reflection. This is known as Beer's law. Once light has penetrated the surface, it may also be scattered by particles suspended in the water column. This scattering decreases the total amount of light as depth increases. Lakes are divided into photic and aphotic regions, the prior receiving sunlight and latter being below the depths of light penetration, making it void of photosynthetic capacity. In | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4479734 |
Diode | circuits to de-energize coils rapidly without the damaging voltage spikes that would otherwise occur. (A diode used in such an application is called a flyback diode) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8254 |
Rechargeable battery | weight, and size, and increase lifetime. Older rechargeable batteries self-discharge relatively rapidly, and require charging before first use; some newer low self-discharge NiMH batteries hold their charge for many months, and are typically sold factory-charged to about 70% of their rated capacity. Battery storage power stations use rechargeable batteries for load-leveling (storing electric energy at times of low demand for use during peak periods) and for renewable energy uses (such as storing power | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201487 |
Inverted pendulum | Inverted pendulum Combining the LHS with the RHS and dividing through by m yields which again is identical to the result of Lagrange's method. The benefit of using Newton's method is that all reaction forces are revealed to ensure that nothing will be damaged. An inverted pendulum in which the pivot is oscillated rapidly up and down can be stable in the inverted position. This is called Kapitza's pendulum, after Russian physicist Pyotr Kapitza who first analysed it. The equation of motion for a pendulum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=265421 |
Kinetochore | the centromeres during mitosis, and consequently sister chromatids separate synchronically before anaphase initiates, which triggers a long mitotic arrest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998893 |
Sensor node | in power consumption. Sensors are used by wireless sensor nodes to capture data from their environment. They are hardware devices that produce a measurable response to a change in a physical condition like temperature or pressure. Sensors measure physical data of the parameter to be monitored and have specific characteristics such as accuracy, sensitivity etc. The continual analog signal produced by the sensors is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter and sent to controllers for further processing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11711952 |
Composite image filter | is applied to a shunt m-type or a shunt construction is applied to a series m-type. The advantages of the "mm"<nowiki>'</nowiki>-type filter are achieved at the expense of greater circuit complexity so it would normally only be used where it is needed for impedance matching purposes and not in the body of the filter. The transfer function of an mm'-type is the same as an m-type with "m" set to the product "mm"<nowiki>'</nowiki>. To choose values of "m" and "m"<nowiki>'</nowiki> for best impedance match | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17253501 |
Linear time-invariant system | is uninteresting. (Thus the subscript, n.) In a typical system, y[n] depends most heavily on the elements of x whose indices are near n | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1383899 |
Traffic message channel | Traffic message channel These real-time data are published in XML for access by companies such as Google and TomTom. These incident reports can be delivered to mobile phones and handheld devices in vehicles. However, major real-world traffic incidents usually spread from hundreds of metres up to many kilometres, once traffic backups have developed. On motorways and other major roads, there are typically few or no detours available between significant junctions, which are all included in the TMC location | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=914773 |
Topological insulator | Generally, regardless of the substrate used, the resulting films have a textured surface that is characterized by pyramidal single-crystal domains with quintuple-layer steps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23649871 |
DNA replication | six polypeptides that wrap around only one strand of the DNA being replicated. The two polymerases are bound to the helicase heximer. In eukaryotes the helicase wraps around the leading strand, and in prokaryotes it wraps around the lagging strand. As helicase unwinds DNA at the replication fork, the DNA ahead is forced to rotate. This process results in a build-up of twists in the DNA ahead. This build-up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9015 |
Graphing calculator | Graphing calculator Other on-board programming languages include purpose-made languages, variants of Eiffel, Forth, and Lisp, and Command Script facilities which are similar in function to batch/shell programming and other glue languages on computers but generally not as full featured. Ports of other languages like BBC BASIC and development of on-board interpreters for Fortran, REXX, AWK, Perl, Unix shells (e.g., bash, zsh), other shells (DOS/Windows 9x, OS/2, and Windows NT family shells as well as the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=335004 |
Asynchronous circuit | fixed and based on the module's worst-case timing. The Caltech Asynchronous Microprocessor (1988) was the first asynchronous microprocessor (1988). Caltech designed and manufactured the world's first fully Quasi Delay Insensitive processor. During demonstrations, the researchers loaded a simple program which ran in a tight loop, pulsing one of the output lines after each instruction. This output line was connected to an oscilloscope. When a cup of hot coffee was placed on the chip, the pulse rate (the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1627162 |
Content centric networking | Content centric networking In contrast to IP-based, host-oriented, Internet architecture, content centric networking (CCN) emphasizes content by making it directly addressable and routable. Endpoints communicate based on named data instead of IP addresses. CCN is characterized by the basic exchange of content request messages (called "Interests") and content return messages (called "Content Objects"). It is considered an information-centric networking (ICN) architecture. The goals of CCN are to provide a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31590539 |
Anomalous photovoltaic effect | (or vice versa). Again, domains add in series, so that the overall open-circuit voltage is large. Third, a perfect single crystal with a non-centrosymmetric structure can develop a giant photovoltage. This is specifically called the bulk photovoltaic effect, and occurs because of non-centrosymmetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15482602 |
Internal model (motor control) | path traveled in the internal space, either under the acoustical constraint (the first model), or under the both acoustical and mechanical constraints (the second model). The acoustical constraint is related to the quality of the produced speech (measured in terms of formants), while the mechanical one is related to the stiffness of the tongue's body. The first model, in which the stiffness remains uncontrolled, is in agreement with the standard UCM hypothesis. In contrast, the second optimum internal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22732293 |
Set-top box | Set-top box In IPTV networks, the set-top box is a small computer providing two-way communications on an IP network and decoding the video streaming media. IP set-top boxes have a built-in home network interface that can be Ethernet, Wireless (802.11 g,n,ac), or one of the existing wire home networking technologies such as HomePNA or the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1Gbit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines, and coaxial | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29580 |
Automated teller machine | integrated circuits and have adopted the hardware architecture of a personal computer, such as USB connections for peripherals, Ethernet and IP communications, and use personal computer operating systems. Business owners often lease ATMs from service providers. However, based on the economies of scale, the price of equipment has dropped to the point where many business owners are simply paying for ATMs using a credit card. New ADA voice and text-to-speech guidelines imposed in 2010, but required by March | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46628 |
Dynamometer | Dynamometer These test systems usually include complex emissions sampling equipment (such as constant volume samplers and raw exhaust gas sample preparation systems) and analyzers. These analyzers are much more sensitive and much faster than a typical portable exhaust gas analyzer. Response times of well under one second are common, and are required by many transient test cycles. In retail settings it is also common to tune the air-fuel ratio using a wideband oxygen sensor that is graphed along with the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=908654 |
Klystron | must be careful not to exceed the limits of the graduations, or damage to the klystron can result. Other precautions taken when tuning a klystron include using nonferrous tools. Some klystrons employ permanent magnets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234132 |
CTIA and GTIA | Starting with the background color as the first color, the remaining 22 colors and color merges are possible: When Priority bits are all 0 the Missiles colors function the same way as the corresponding Players as described above | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=931106 |
Vagina | Hormone replacement therapy can treat vaginal dryness, but a personal lubricant may be used to temporarily remedy vaginal dryness specifically for sexual intercourse. Some women have an increase in sexual desire following menopause. It may be that menopausal women who continue to engage in sexual activity regularly experience vaginal lubrication similar to levels in women who have not entered menopause, and can enjoy sexual intercourse fully. They may have less vaginal atrophy and fewer problems concerning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32476 |
Climate resilience | Climate resilience However, the city has recently incorporated climate change into current (and future) water management and urban design. And by doing so, Phoenix has taken steps to ensure sustainable water supplies and to protect populations that are vulnerable to extreme heat, largely through improving the sustainability and efficiency of communal infrastructure. For example, Phoenix uses renewable surface water supplies and reserves groundwater for use during the instance when extended droughts arise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42673705 |
Breadboard | modules can also be found mounted on devices like microcontroller evaluation boards. They provide an easy way to add additional periphery circuits to the evaluation board | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=80799 |
Fermi paradox | in human ability to manage its own inventions. Consequently, disorder increases in the system: global governance may become increasingly destabilized, so worsening humanity's ability to manage the possible means of annihilation listed above, resulting in global societal collapse. Using extinct civilizations such as Easter Island (Rapa Nui) as models, a study conducted in 2018 posited that climate change induced by "energy intensive" civilizations may prevent sustainability within such civilizations, thus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
Catalytic triad | to repeatedly and independently converge on equivalent solutions. The same triad geometries been converged upon by serine proteases such as the chymotrypsin and subtilisin superfamilies. Similar convergent evolution has occurred with cysteine proteases such as viral C3 protease and papain superfamilies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2533237 |
Impedance matching | of the source (see maximum power theorem for a mathematical proof). is not always necessary. For example, if a source with a low impedance is connected to a load with a high impedance the power that can pass through the connection is limited by the higher impedance. This maximum-voltage connection is a common configuration called "impedance bridging" or "voltage bridging", and is widely used in signal processing. In such applications, delivering a high voltage (to minimize signal degradation during | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=320733 |
Habitat | Habitat Marine habitats include brackish water, estuaries, bays, the open sea, the intertidal zone, the sea bed, reefs and deep / shallow water zones. Further variations include rock pools, sand banks, mudflats, brackish lagoons, sandy and pebbly beaches, and seagrass beds, all supporting their own flora and fauna. The benthic zone or seabed provides a home for both static organisms, anchored to the substrate, and for a large range of organisms crawling on or burrowing into the surface. Some creatures float | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1596317 |
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