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Brushless DC electric motor | Brushless DC electric motor They have also encouraged a growth of simple, lightweight electric model aircraft, rather than the previous internal combustion engines powering larger and heavier models. The increased power-to-weight ratio of modern batteries and brushless motors allows models to ascend vertically, rather than climb gradually. The low noise and lack of mass compared to small glow fuel internal combustion engines is another reason for their popularity. Legal restrictions for the use of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=707787 |
Optical spectrometer | for studying astronomical phenomena and testing astronomical theories. In modern spectrographs in the UV, visible, and near-IR spectral ranges, the spectrum is generally given in the form of photon number per unit wavelength (nm or μm), wavenumber (μm, cm), frequency (THz), or energy (eV), with the units indicated by the abscissa. In the mid- to far-IR, spectra are typically expressed in units of Watts per unit wavelength (μm) or wavenumber (cm). In many cases, the spectrum is displayed with the units left | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29293 |
Leased line | that the Internet brought in the networking world other technologies were developed to propose alternatives to frame-relay or ATM networks such as VPNs (hardware and software) and MPLS networks (that are in effect an upgrade to TCP/IP of existing ATM/frame-relay infrastructures). In the UK, leased lines are available at speeds from 64 kbit/s increasing in 64 kbit/s increments to 2.048 Mbit/s over a channelised E1 tail circuit and at speeds between 2.048 Mbit/s to 34.368 Mbit/s via channelised E3 tail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=481814 |
Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions | that is unbound and bound to the other protein, allowing you to get a measure of K and binding affinity. You can also take time-course measurements to characterize binding kinetics. FCS also tells you the size of the formed complexes so you can measure the stoichiometry of binding. A more powerful methods is fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) that employs double labeling techniques and cross-correlation resulting in vastly improved signal-to-noise ratios over FCS. Furthermore, the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31045573 |
Applications of artificial intelligence | displace between 400 and 800 million employees. Glassdoor's research report states that recruiting and HR are expected to see much broader adoption of AI in job market 2018 and beyond. Some AI applications are geared towards the analysis of audiovisual media content such as movies, TV programs, advertisement videos or user-generated content. The solutions often involve computer vision, which is a major application area of AI. Typical use case scenarios include the analysis of images using object | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15893057 |
German Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine Radar Equipment of World War II | (FuMG 404): Jagdhaus was designed and built by Lorenz in 1944 as an early warning radar. It was the most powerful radar built by the Germans, with a peak pulse power of 300 kW, which Lorenz planned to increase to 750 kW. The whole assembly was the size of a house, which is possibly how it got its name; ‘haus’ being the German for ‘house’ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49072410 |
Financial incentives for photovoltaics | no grant aid, no subsidy and no tax deductions are available. No Feed-In tariffs are available for these customers and net-metering is similarly unavailable. Co-operative and privately shared electricity between separate properties is illegal. A 9c/kWh Feed-In tariff was available from Electric Ireland until December 2014, when it was withdrawn without replacement. Income from this feed-in tariff was subject to income tax at up to 58%. No other Micro-scale Feed-In tariffs are available. Homeowners with | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11612450 |
Quantum tunnelling | is one transmission medium through which the wave propagates that is the same or nearly the same throughout, and a second medium through which the wave travels differently. This can be described as a thin region of medium B between two regions of medium A. The analysis of a rectangular barrier by means of the Schrödinger equation can be adapted to these other effects provided that the wave equation has travelling wave solutions in medium A but real exponential solutions in medium B. In optics, medium A is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=643769 |
Issues relating to biofuels | Act mandates for renewable fuels by 2022 would take a heavy toll in the states of Florida and Georgia. The sweet sorghum, which performed the best of the four, would increase the amount of freshwater withdrawals from the two states by almost 25%. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and other aldehydes are produced when alcohols are oxidized. When only a 10% mixture of ethanol is added to gasoline (as is common in American E10 gasohol and elsewhere), aldehyde emissions increase 40%. Some study results are | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19242924 |
Passive solar building design | areas of a building and offer a room to grow plants and other vegetation. In moderate and cold climates, however, supplemental space heating is required to keep plants from freezing during extremely cold weather. An attached sunspace’s south-facing glass collects solar energy as in a direct-gain system. The simplest sunspace design is to install vertical windows with no overhead glazing. Sunspaces may experience high heat gain and high heat loss through their abundance of glazing. Although horizontal and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67029 |
Multivibrator | base-emitter junction of the switched-on bipolar transistor can provide a path for the capacitor restoration. State 1 (Q1 is switched on, Q2 is switched off) In the beginning, the capacitor C1 is fully charged (in the previous State 2) to the power supply voltage "V" with the polarity shown in Figure 1. Q1 is "on" and connects the left-hand positive plate of C1 to ground. As its right-hand negative plate is connected to Q2 base, a maximum negative voltage (-"V") is applied to Q2 base that keeps Q2 firmly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21008 |
Refrigeration | the interior e particle is replaced by a new g particle, restarting the cycle. MIT researchers have devised a new way of providing cooling on a hot sunny day, using inexpensive materials and requiring no fossil fuel-generated power | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46238 |
Nucleic acid structure determination | open up. Moreover, since modified sites cannot be base-paired, modification sites can be detected by RT-PCR, where the reverse transcriptase falls off at methylated bases and produces different truncated cDNAs. These truncated cDNAs can be identified through gel electrophoresis or high-throughput sequencing. Improving upon truncation-based methods, DMS mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) can detect multiple DMS modifications in a single RNA molecule, which enables one to obtain more | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22217265 |
Programmable Array Logic | Programmable Array Logic Early PALs were 20-pin DIP components fabricated in silicon using bipolar transistor technology with one-time programmable (OTP) titanium-tungsten programming fuses. Later devices were manufactured by Cypress, Lattice Semiconductor and Advanced Micro Devices using CMOS technology. The original 20 and 24-pin PALs were denoted by MMI as medium-scale integration (MSI) devices. The PAL architecture consists of two main components: a logic plane and output logic macrocells. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=578693 |
IBM System/360 architecture | into the old PSW location and then loads the PSW from the new PSW location. This generally replaces the instruction address, thereby effecting a branch, and (optionally) sets and/or resets other fields within the PSW, thereby effecting a mode change. The S/360 architecture defines a priority to each interruption class, but it is only relevant when two interruptions occur simultaneously; an interruption routine can be interrupted by any other enabled interruption, including another occurrence of the initial | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28739443 |
Capacitor plague | out. Otherwise, the electrolyte has to deliver the oxygen for self-healing processes, and water is the best chemical substance to do that. Attempt at a pictorial representation of the formation of aluminum hydroxidein a pore of a roughened electrolytic capacitor anode foil It is known that the "normal" course of building a stable aluminum oxide layer by the transformation of aluminum, through the intermediate step of aluminum hydroxide, can be interrupted by an excessively alkaline or basic electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1342988 |
CMOS | introduced 150nm in 1996, and then Samsung Electronics introduced 140nm in 1999. In 2000, Gurtej Singh Sandhu and Trung T. Doan at Micron Technology invented atomic layer deposition High-κ dielectric films, leading to the development of a cost-effective 90 nm process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49420 |
Filter (signal processing) | Filter (signal processing) The modern design methodology for linear continuous-time filters is called network synthesis. Some important filter families designed in this way are: The difference between these filter families is that they all use a different polynomial function to approximate to the ideal filter response. This results in each having a different transfer function. Another older, less-used methodology is the image parameter method. Filters designed by this methodology are archaically called | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23434533 |
IC power-supply pin | converter. Systems combining both digital and analog circuits often distinguish digital and analog grounds (GND and AGND), helping isolate digital noise from sensitive analog circuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1625348 |
Thermal copper pillar bump | amplifiers (SOA). Unlike conventional solder bumps that provide an electrical path and a mechanical connection to the package, thermal bumps act as solid-state heat pumps and add thermal management functionality locally on the surface of a chip or to another electrical component. The diameter of a thermal bump is 238 μm and 60 μm high. The thermal bump uses the thermoelectric effect, which is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa. Simply put, a thermoelectric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16437835 |
Mind | Phenomenal consciousness has many different experienced qualities, often referred to as qualia. Phenomenal consciousness is usually consciousness "of" something or "about" something, a property known as intentionality in philosophy of mind. Mental contents are those items that are thought of as being "in" the mind, and capable of being formed and manipulated by mental processes and faculties. Examples include thoughts, concepts, memories, emotions, percepts and intentions. Philosophical theories of mental | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19378 |
Institution of Engineering and Technology | started in 2004 between the IEE and the IIE about merging to form a new institution. In September 2005, both institutions held votes of the merger and the members voted in favour (73.5% IEE, 95.7% IIE). This merger also needed government approval, so a petition was then made to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom for a Supplemental Charter, to allow the creation of the new institution. This was approved by the Privy Council on December 14, 2005, and the new institution emerged on March 31, 2006. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1963187 |
Safe operating area | are specified for operation in the linear region and include DC SOA diagrams, e.g. IXYS IXTK8N150L. Transistors require some time to turn off, due to effects such as minority carrier storage time and capacitance. While turning off, they may be damaged depending on how the load responds (especially with poorly snubbed inductive loads). The reverse bias safe operating area (or RBSOA) is the SOA during the brief time before turning the device into the off state—during the short time when the base current bias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=976730 |
Amiga support and maintenance software | Amiga support and maintenance software Some floppy drives included LED track indicators to show if the disks were hacked by the original programmers to support up to track 82 of the disk. There were also copying solutions that included both hardware and software, like Super Card Ami II and Syncro Express I/II/III. DFC5 could only copy standard AmigaOS formatted disks for backup purposes; however, it multitasked inside of the Amiga Workbench GUI. X-COPY III, and later the final version, X-COPY Pro, were the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14436015 |
Antibody | (see below). The main categories of antibody action include the following: Activated B cells differentiate into either antibody-producing cells called plasma cells that secrete soluble antibody or memory cells that survive in the body for years afterward in order to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures. At the prenatal and neonatal stages of life, the presence of antibodies is provided by passive immunization from the mother. Early endogenous antibody | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2362 |
Myokine | Myokine Pedersen writes, "Neurotrophins are a family of structurally related growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which exert many of their effects on neurons primarily through Trk receptor tyrosine kinases. Of these, BDNF and its receptor TrkB are most widely and abundantly expressed in the brain. However, recent studies show that BDNF is also expressed in non-neurogenic tissues, including skeletal muscle. BDNF has been shown to regulate neuronal development and to modulate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34368888 |
ICE (FPGA) | ICE (FPGA) This means that, generally, an engineer creating a design for an FPGA must use the tools provided by the FPGA's manufacturer. In December 2015, at 32C3, a toolchain consisting of "Yosys" (Verilog synthesis frontend), "Arachne-pnr" (place and route and bitstream generation), and "icepack" (plain text-to-binary bitstream conversion) tools was presented by Clifford Wolf, one of the two developers (along with Mathias Lasser) of the toolchain. The toolchain is notable for being one of, if not the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50058104 |
Systems biology | biology throughout the 1980s, coupled with a skepticism toward theoretical biology, that then promised more than it achieved, caused the quantitative modeling of biological processes to become a somewhat minor field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=467899 |
Cultural depictions of dinosaurs | were "monsters," yet are safely extinct, allowing for vicarious thrills. They appeal to the imagination, and there are many ways to approach them intellectually. Finally, they appeal to adults nostalgic for what they enjoyed as children. Children have been particularly drawn to dinosaurs over the years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6139861 |
Home network | The following standards allow devices to communicate over coaxial cables, which are frequently installed to support multiple television sets throughout homes. The ITU-T G.hn and IEEE Powerline standard, which provide high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networking over existing home wiring, are examples of home networking technology designed specifically for IPTV delivery. Recently, the IEEE passed proposal P1901 which grounded a standard within the Market for wireline products produced and sold by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3509706 |
Computer keyboard | a dark room. Many keyboards not otherwise illuminated may have small LED indicator lights in a few important function keys, or elsewhere on the housing, if their function is activated (see photo). In the first electronic keyboards in the early 1970s, the key switches were individual switches inserted into holes in metal frames. These keyboards cost from 80 to 120 USD and were used in mainframe data terminals. The most popular switch types were reed switches (contacts enclosed in a vacuum in a glass | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18842281 |
Artificial intelligence | things from several categories. Regression is the attempt to produce a function that describes the relationship between inputs and outputs and predicts how the outputs should change as the inputs change. Both classifiers and regression learners can be viewed as "function approximators" trying to learn an unknown (possibly implicit) function; for example, a spam classifier can be viewed as learning a function that maps from the text of an email to one of two categories, "spam" or "not spam". Computational | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 |
Overgeneral autobiographical memory | graduation." Research shows a correlation between OGM and certain mental illnesses, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The most common way to test for OGM is with the autobiographical memory test (AMT). A participant views cue cards with varying emotional cues (happy, sad, excited, scared, etc.) and is then asked to think of a specific memory in response to it. Most studies utilize the ten word paradigm on the cue cards, where five words are positive and five | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41783961 |
Human–computer interaction | users could routinely tailor applications to their own needs and to invent new applications based on their understanding of their own domains. With their deeper knowledge, users could increasingly be important sources of new applications at the expense of generic programmers with systems expertise but low domain expertise. Computation is passing beyond computers into every object for which uses can be found. Embedded systems make the environment alive with little computations and automated processes, from | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23534602 |
History of operating systems | 8 operating system for the 1108; it was the basis for operating systems for later members of the family. Like all early mainframe systems, EXEC I and EXEC II were a batch-oriented system that managed magnetic drums, disks, card readers and line printers; EXEC 8 supported both batch processing and on-line transaction processing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55395 |
Water heating | Water heating When the panels are cooler than the storage tank or when the storage tank has already reached its maximum temperature, the controller in closed-loop systems stops the circulation pumps. In a "drainback" system, the water drains into a storage tank contained in conditioned or semi-conditioned space, protected from freezing temperatures. With antifreeze systems, however, the pump "must" be run if the panel temperature gets too hot (to prevent degradation of the antifreeze) or too cold (to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=521801 |
Image segmentation | Image segmentation Simulated annealing requires the input of temperature schedules which directly affects the speed of convergence of the system, as well as energy threshold for minimization to occur. A range of other methods exist for solving simple as well as higher order MRFs. They include Maximization of Posterior Marginal, Multi-scale MAP estimation, Multiple Resolution segmentation and more. Apart from likelihood estimates, graph-cut using maximum flow and other highly constrained graph based methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=505717 |
Utility frequency | and those that now use 60 Hz tend to use 100–127 V. Both frequencies coexist today (Japan uses both) with no great technical reason to prefer one over the other and no apparent desire for complete worldwide standardization. In practice, the exact frequency of the grid varies around the nominal frequency, reducing when the grid is heavily loaded, and speeding up when lightly loaded. However, most utilities will adjust the frequency of the grid over the course of the day to ensure a constant number of cycles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=488815 |
Electronic engineering | Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, Power supplies. Digital circuits: Boolean functions (NOT, AND, OR, XOR...). Logic gates digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28923910 |
Desoldering | is impractical, as the solder between the component and the pads remains in place, unlike solder which can be removed from a hole. Hot air (or gas) may be applied with tools ranging from some portable gas soldering irons such as the Weller Portasol Professional which can be fitted with a narrow hot-air nozzle, set to a temperature not controlled but approximately correct, to an industrial rework station with many facilities including hot-gas blowing, vacuum part holding, soldering iron head, and nozzles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874838 |
Cellular senescence | post-mitotic in some species has been the subject of much research and speculation, but it has been suggested that cellular senescence evolved as a way to prevent the onset and spread of cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15354795 |
Stem-cell niche | Stem-cell niche This presents a challenge to the maintenance of multicellular tissues, as small populations of asexually dividing individuals will accumulate deleterious mutations through genetic drift and succumb to mutational meltdown. Mathematical modeling of the intestinal gland reveals that the small population size within the stem cell niche minimizes the probability of carcinogenesis occurring anywhere, at the expense of gradually accumulated deleterious mutations throughout organismal lifetime—a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10213576 |
Neural network | became popular under the name connectionism. The text by Rumelhart and McClelland (1986) provided a full exposition on the use of connectionism in computers to simulate neural processes. Neural networks, as used in artificial intelligence, have traditionally been viewed as simplified models of neural processing in the brain, even though the relation between this model and brain biological architecture is debated, as it is not clear to what degree artificial neural networks mirror brain function. A "neural | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1729542 |
Termite | to winnowing. The best result comes when they are lightly roasted on a hot plate or fried until crisp. Oil is not required as their bodies usually contain sufficient amounts of oil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54808 |
Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands | plug-in hybrid cars took the lead over all-electric cars during 2012. The Opel Ampera was the best selling plug-in electric car in 2012 with 2,696 units sold, and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid ranked second, with 1,184 units, followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 306 units sold during the year. Adding 140 Fisker Karmas sold during 2012, the plug-in hybrid segment led the Dutch EV market with 4,326 units sold during 2012, representing 84.9% of all plug-in electric car sales in the country that year. The Nissan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37528185 |
Scopes Trial | more questions followed in the charged open-air courtroom. Darrow asked where Cain got his wife; Bryan answered that he would "leave the agnostics to hunt for her" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28406 |
Refrigeration | technique and a relatively new area of study comes from a special property of super elastic materials. These materials undergo a temperature change when experiencing an applied mechanical stress (called the elastocaloric effect). Since super elastic materials deform reversibly at high strains, the material experiences a flattened elastic region in its stress-strain curve caused by a resulting phase transformation from an austenitic to a martensitic crystal phase. When a super elastic material experiences a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46238 |
Zobel network | can be converted into a constant resistance filter by using the entire Bode network as the Z branch of a Zobel network, resulting in a rather complex network of bridge T networks embedded in a larger bridge T | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10760797 |
Named data networking | Named data networking The contemporary Internet architecture revolves around a host-based conversation model, created in the 1970s to allow geographically distributed users to use a few big, immobile computers. This thin waist enabled the Internet's explosive growth by allowing both lower and upper layer technologies to innovate independently. However, IP was designed to create a communication network, where packets named only communication endpoints. Sustained growth in e-commerce, digital media, social | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11092014 |
Empathizing–systemizing theory | approach, arguing "The hunt for male and female distinctions inside the skull is a lesson in bad research practice". Rippon also argues against using "male" and "female" for describing different types of brains which do not correspond to genders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5750673 |
Fructose | Fructose The European Food Safety Authority stated that fructose may be preferable over sucrose and glucose in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages because of its lower effect on postprandial blood sugar levels, and noted that "high intakes of fructose may lead to metabolic complications such as dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and increased visceral adiposity". The UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition in 2015 disputed the claims of fructose causing metabolic disorders, stating that "there is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50337 |
RMX (operating system) | written for INtime can only operate using unsegmented flat-mode addressing, it is possible to port and run some older iRMX applications that use segmented addressing to the INtime kernel. When Intel introduced the Intel 80386 processor, in addition to expanding the iRMX RTOS to support 32-bit registers, iRMX III also included support for the four distinct protection rings (named rings 0 through 3) which "describe" the protected-mode mechanism of the Intel 32-bit architecture. In practice very few systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1209130 |
Reciprocity (electromagnetism) | circuit due to the first. Reciprocity is useful in optics, which (apart from quantum effects) can be expressed in terms of classical electromagnetism, but also in terms of radiometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2421650 |
Electrician | or Testing and Inspection among others. These additional qualifications can be listed on the reverse of the JIB card. Beyond this level is additional training and qualifications such as EV charger installations or training and working in specialist areas such as street furniture or within industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196141 |
Sex-limited genes | time) is only expressed in females, the trait is only heritable in males. This is atypical because sex-limited traits are almost always heritable within the sex in which they are expressed. For this species, the timing of egg-laying has much to do with male behavior. Males can affect female reproductive success so strongly because for the 20 days up to egg-laying, females spend up to 80% of their time in the nest. This leaves males with the responsibility of providing food regularly and securing (and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12664042 |
Psychological warfare | Psychological warfare It was also possible to transmit propaganda to the enemy via the use of airborne leaflets or through explosive delivery systems like modified artillery or mortar rounds. At the start of the war, the belligerents, especially the British and Germans, began distributing propaganda, both domestically and on the Western front. The British had several advantages that allowed them to succeed in the battle for world opinion; they had one of the world's most reputable news systems, with much | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=144615 |
Electronic speed control | vessels or aircraft use onboard electronics that combine the two on a single circuit board. Electronic speed controls for model RC vehicles may incorporate a battery eliminator circuit to regulate voltage for the receiver, removing the need for separate receiver batteries. The regulator may be linear or switched mode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2704993 |
Relational aggression | rather large friendship networks when compared to outsiders, victims, and their defenders. These individuals are similar to bullies in regards of their personal characteristics. Female bully-reinforcers and assistants usually score low on social acceptance and high on rejection by their peers while male bully assistants have average scores on both and bully-reinforcers are often quite popular among their peers. The characteristic that is common among all these individuals across both genders is low level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2466490 |
Plant tolerance to herbivory | may have a higher capacity for regrowth after receiving damage (Hilbert et al. 1981). In contrast, plants in relatively benign conditions are growing near their maximum growth rate. These plants are less able to recover from damage since they are already near their innate maximum growth rate (Hilbert et al. 1981). The CCH suggests that there is a continuum of responses to herbivory (Maschinski and Whitham 1989). It predicts that plants growing in less stressful environment conditions, such as high resource | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31477370 |
Sequential hermaphroditism | decrease genetic diversity and effective population size (Ne). However, a study of two ecologically similar santer sea bream (gonochoric) and slinger sea bream (protogynous) in South African waters found that genetic diversities were similar in the two species, and while Ne was lower in the instant for the sex-changer, they were similar over a relatively short time horizon. The ability of these organisms to change biological sex has allowed for better reproductive success based on the ability for certain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1656730 |
Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets | are available as 4-pin (without neutral) or 5-pin (with neutral). A plug without a neutral pin can be inserted into a socket carrying neutral, but the reverse is not possible as the neutral pin blocks insertion into a socket that does not have a hole for the neutral conductor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=976663 |
Indium tin oxide | must be made between conductivity and transparency, since increasing the thickness and increasing the concentration of charge carriers increases the material's conductivity, but decreases its transparency. Thin films of indium tin oxide are most commonly deposited on surfaces by physical vapor deposition. Often used is electron beam evaporation, or a range of sputter deposition techniques. ITO is a mixed oxide of indium and tin with a melting point in the range 1526–1926 °C (1800–2200 K, 2800–3500 °F), | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=362598 |
Sensory stimulation therapy | which measure the smallest distance between two points that can be felt by the subject. It has been shown that the use of this technique can rest as much as 30 years of sensory loss. In the study by Dinse "et al.", 28 patients between the ages of 66 to 86 tested similarly to participants 30 years younger than themselves after treatment. These participants had the device attached for 3 hours while undergoing stimulation. Other studies have used shorter periods of stimulation and achieved similar results. A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29805136 |
Kalman filter | at the same time the covariance of the prediction error (or "innovation") formula_256; these covariances are equal only in the case of continuous time. The distinction between the prediction and update steps of discrete-time Kalman filtering does not exist in continuous time. The second differential equation, for the covariance, is an example of a Riccati equation. Most physical systems are represented as continuous-time models while discrete-time measurements are frequently taken for state estimation via | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=180855 |
Miller theorem | Miller theorem According to its polarity, "V" is subtracted from or added to "V"; so, the input current decreases/increases and the input impedance of the circuit seen from the side of the input source accordingly increases/decreases So, expresses the fact that connecting a second voltage source with proportional voltage formula_1 in series with the input voltage source changes the effective voltage, the current and respectively, the circuit impedance seen from the side of the input source. Depending on the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28211376 |
Autoregressive model | formula_47 is also a Gaussian process. In other cases, the central limit theorem indicates that formula_47 will be approximately normally distributed when formula_34 is close to one. The AR(1) model is the discrete time analogy of the continuous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. It is therefore sometimes useful to understand the properties of the AR(1) model cast in an equivalent form. In this form, the AR(1) model, with process parameter formula_75 is given by: By putting this in the form formula_79, and then | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1434444 |
Enphase Energy | million inverters and 34.4% market share. A 4th generation, the M250, was released in 2013. , their inverters captured 53.5% market share for residential installations in the US, which represents 72% of the entire world micro-inverter market. This makes them the sixth largest inverter manufacturer, of any kind, worldwide. Enphase has experimented with the European market starting in France and offering sales in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Italy. However, they had considerably more | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41089823 |
Negative-feedback amplifier | Negative-feedback amplifier A (or feedback amplifier) is an electronic amplifier that subtracts a fraction of its output from its input, so that negative feedback opposes the original signal. The applied negative feedback can improve its performance (gain stability, linearity, frequency response, step response) and reduces sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environment. Because of these advantages, many amplifiers and control systems use negative feedback. An idealized | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181384 |
Milieu intérieur | including membrane transport, antigen–antibody interactions, protein synthesis, oxidation reactions, actin–myosin interactions, sol to gel transformations in polysaccharides. One description of the charge transfer process in the matrix is, "highly vectoral electron transport along biopolymer pathways". Other mechanisms involve clouds of negative charge created around the proteoglycans in the matrix. There are also soluble and mobile charge transfer complexes in cells and tissues (e.g. Slifkin, 1971; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20542082 |
Projection screen | Projection screen Semi-specular high gain screen materials are suited to ceiling-mounted projector setups since the greatest intensity of light will be reflected downward toward the audience at an angle equal and opposite to the angle of incidence. However, for a viewer seated to one side of the audience the opposite side of the screen is much darkened for the same reason. Some structured screen materials are semi-specularly reflective in the vertical plane while more perfectly diffusely reflective in the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238936 |
Long-term memory | (several recalls/retrievals of memory) may be needed to preserve long-term memories. Individual retrievals can take place in increasing intervals in accordance with the principle of spaced repetition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17995 |
Image segmentation | method to clusters in the image in order to divide them into smaller clusters. This operation is repeated with smaller and smaller clusters until no more clusters are formed. One disadvantage of the histogram-seeking method is that it may be difficult to identify significant peaks and valleys in the image. Histogram-based approaches can also be quickly adapted to apply to multiple frames, while maintaining their single pass efficiency. The histogram can be done in multiple fashions when multiple frames are | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=505717 |
Pharmacometabolomics | before processing them for identification and quantification by mass spectrometry (MS). Overall, LC-MS is an extremely flexible method for processing most compound types in a somewhat high-throughput manner (20-100 samples a day), also with greater sensitivity than NMR analysis. For both GC-MS and LC-MS there are limitations in the reproducibility of metabolite quantification. Furthermore, sample processing for downstream mass spectrometry (MS) analysis is much more intensive than in NMR application, and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34939027 |
Three-phase electric power | that utilize rectifier-capacitor front-end such as switch-mode power supplies, computers, office equipment and such produce third-order harmonics that are in-phase on all the supply phases. Consequently, such harmonic currents add in the neutral in a wye system (or in the grounded (zigzag) transformer in a delta system), which can cause the neutral current to exceed the phase current. An important class of three-phase load is the electric motor. A three-phase induction motor has a simple design, inherently | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38829 |
Nanorobotics | unconstrained in the natural environment (as in grey goo and synthetic biology), are found in many science fiction stories, such as the Borg nano-probes in "Star Trek" and "The Outer Limits" episode "The New Breed" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1006597 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics | are based on simple models fail to even qualitatively describe experiments in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures has received significant attention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Direct bonding | Direct bonding The interface energy increases to more than 2 at 800 °C with a native oxide layer or at 1000 °C if the wafers are covered by thermal oxide (compare diagram of surface energy). In case one wafer contains a layer of thermal oxide and the other wafer is covered by a native oxide, the surface energy development is similar to a wafer pair both covered with a native oxide layer. A hydrophobic surface is generated if the native oxide layer is removed by either plasma treatment or by fluoride | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31321957 |
Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications | such as electronic cash terminals, traffic lights, and remote door openers also exist, but have been eclipsed by Wi-Fi, 3G and 4G which compete with DECT for both voice and data. DECT 6.0 is a North American marketing term for DECT devices manufactured for the United States and Canada operating at 1.9 GHz. The "6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8674 |
Features new to Windows XP | formats like JPEG and PNG, and support for composition of affine transformations in the 2D view pipeline. GDI+ uses ARGB values to represent color. Use of these features is apparent in Windows XP's user interface (transparent desktop icon labels, drop shadows for icon labels on the desktop, shadows under menus, translucent blue selection rectangle in Windows Explorer, sliding task panes and taskbar buttons), and several of its applications such as Microsoft Paint, Windows Picture and Fax Viewer, "Photo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3463130 |
Algorithm | Algorithm Observe that steps 4, 5 and 6 are repeated in steps 11, 12 and 13. Comparison with "Elegant" provides a hint that these steps, together with steps 2 and 3, can be eliminated. This reduces the number of core instructions from thirteen to eight, which makes it "more elegant" than "Elegant", at nine steps. The speed of "Elegant" can be improved by moving the "B=0?" test outside of the two subtraction loops. This change calls for the addition of three instructions (B = 0?, A = 0?, GOTO). Now "Elegant" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=775 |
Microbial genetics | a type of bacteria, in order to develop the operon model of gene expression, which lay down the basis of gene expression and regulation. Furthermore, the hereditary processes of single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms are similar to those in multi-cellular organisms allowing researchers to gather information on this process as well. Another bacterium which has greatly contributed to the field of genetics is "Thermus aquaticus", which is a bacterium that tolerates high temperatures. From this microbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5762008 |
Neuroanatomy of memory | Neuroanatomy of memory Through comparison to a control group of patients it was found that parenchymal volumes increased during episodic recall, and decreased during semantic recall. The experimenters discussed that lifespan autobiographical episodic recall was largely damaged in FTLD patients and semantic autobiographical memory seemed to be spared. Parkinson's disease involves both damage to the basal ganglia and certain memory dysfunctions, suggesting that the basal ganglia are involved in specific types | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21312312 |
Cofactor engineering | Cofactor engineering Inactivating the expression of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, which is NADPH dependent, and over expressing the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase, which rely on NADH as a cofactor shifted the cofactor balance in glutamate synthesis pathway. The pathway is now dependent on NADH rather than NADPH, which decreases NADH availability in the fermentation pathway. This in turn causes increased ethanol production and decreased glycerol production. This method of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31356226 |
Current mirror | Current mirror A small-signal analysis for an op amp with finite gain "A" but otherwise ideal is based upon Figure 5 (β, r and "r" refer to "Q"). To arrive at Figure 5, notice that the positive input of the op amp in Figure 3 is at AC ground, so the voltage input to the op amp is simply the AC emitter voltage "V" applied to its negative input, resulting in a voltage output of −"A" "V". Using Ohm's law across the input resistance r determines the small-signal base current "I" as: Combining this result with | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=554291 |
AVR microcontrollers | AVR microcontrollers The mostly regular instruction set makes programming it using C (or even Ada) compilers fairly straightforward. GCC has included AVR support for quite some time, and that support is widely used. In fact, Atmel solicited input from major developers of compilers for small microcontrollers, to determine the instruction set features that were most useful in a compiler for high-level languages. The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0 to 20 MHz, with some devices reaching | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=100290 |
Neurodegeneration | due to their strong metabolic activity associated with high transcription levels, high oxygen consumption, and weak antioxidant defense. The brain metabolizes as much as a fifth of consumed oxygen, and reactive oxygen species produced by oxidative metabolism are a major source of DNA damage in the brain. Damage to a cell’s DNA is particularly harmful because DNA is the blueprint for protein production and unlike other molecules it cannot simply be replaced by re-synthesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4464817 |
Phase margin | Phase margin In electronic amplifiers, the phase margin (PM) is the difference between the phase lag (< 0) and -180°, for an amplifier's output signal (relative to its input) at zero dB gain or output is same as of input. For example, if the amplifier's open-loop gain crosses 0 dB at a frequency where the phase lag is -135°, then the phase margin of this feedback system is -135° - (-180°) = 45°. See Bode plot#Gain margin and phase margin for more details. Typically the open-loop phase lag (relative to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6768984 |
POKEY | POKEY When the port is ready to accept data for output a Serial Data Out interrupt informs the Operating System that it can write a byte to this output register. Serial port data input byte. Like SEROUT, also a parallel "holding" register. This holds the eight bit (one byte) value assembled by the serial shift register reading the data input one bit at a time. When a full byte is read a Serial Data In interrupt occurs informing the Operating System that it can read the byte from this register. Serial Port | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=466494 |
Submarine Command System | Submarine Command System Although the Defence Minister Adam Ingram told the UK Parliament in October 2004 that no decision had been made about conversion of the "Vanguard" fleet to run SMCS-NG, the MoD placed the contracts the following month. By December 2008, all of the active Royal Navy submarines had been retrofitted with SMCS-NG. Unlike with previous versions of SMCS, the software is supplied as a single-fit release which is intended to be configured for the sensor and weapon fit of each submarine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6244738 |
Biochemical cascade | respectively. These kinase cascades implicates also Tau and others MAP. An extended knowledge of these and others neuronal pathways could provide new potential therapeutic targets for several neurodegenerative chronic diseases as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, and also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) are produced by hematopoiesis. The erythrocytes have as main function the O delivery to the tissues, and this transfer occurs by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1872854 |
Boolean satisfiability problem | it does not matter whether duplicate literals are allowed in clauses (like e.g. ), or not. A variant of the 3-satisfiability problem is the one-in-three 3-SAT (also known variously as 1-in-3-SAT and exactly-1 3-SAT). Given a conjunctive normal form with three literals per clause, the problem is to determine whether there exists a truth assignment to the variables so that each clause has "exactly" one TRUE literal (and thus exactly two FALSE literals). In contrast, ordinary 3-SAT requires that every clause | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4715 |
Random-access memory | developed by Crocus Technology, and spin-transfer torque (STT) on which Crocus, Hynix, IBM, and several other companies are working. Nantero built a functioning carbon nanotube memory prototype 10 GiB (10 × 2 bytes) array in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21306150 |
Computational neuroscience | and databases of behavioral measures and recordings. These are the bases for some quantitative modeling of large-scale brain activity. The Computational Representational Understanding of Mind (CRUM) is another attempt at modeling human cognition through simulated processes like acquired rule-based systems in decision making and the manipulation of visual representations in decision making. One of the ultimate goals of psychology/neuroscience is to be able to explain the everyday experience of conscious | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=271430 |
Passive solar building design | Passive solar building design Leaves and twigs on skylights are unappealing, difficult to clean, and can increase the glazing breakage risk in wind storms. "Sawtooth roof glazing" with vertical-glass-only can bring some of the passive solar building design benefits into the core of a commercial or industrial building, without the need for any roof-angled glass or skylights. Skylights provide daylight. The only view they provide is essentially straight up in most applications. Well-insulated light tubes can | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67029 |
Bioelectricity | to share their resting potential with neighbors. Aligned and stacked cells (such as in epithelia) generate transepithelial potentials (battery in series) and electric fields (Figures 2 and 3), which likewise propagate across tissues. Tight junctions (resistors) efficiently mitigate the paracellular ion diffusion and leakage, precluding the voltage short-circuit. Together, these voltages and electric fields form rich and dynamic and patterns (Figure 5) inside living bodies that demarcate anatomical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55498066 |
Assembly language | procedure interpreting the specification. An organization using assembly language that has been heavily extended using such a macro suite can be considered to be working in a higher-level language since such programmers are not working with a computer's lowest-level conceptual elements. Underlining this point, macros were used to implement an early virtual machine in SNOBOL4 (1967), which was written in the SNOBOL Implementation Language (SIL), an assembly language for a virtual machine. The target machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1368 |
Hilbert transform | It is by no means obvious that the is well-defined at all, as the improper integral defining it must converge in a suitable sense. However, the is well-defined for a broad class of functions, namely those in "L"(R) for 1 < "p" < ∞. More precisely, if "u" is in "L"(R) for 1 < "p" < ∞, then the limit defining the improper integral exists for almost every "t". The limit function is also in "L"(R) and is in fact the limit in the mean of the improper integral as well. That is, as ε→0 in the "L"-norm, as well as | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=574024 |
Neural tissue engineering | Neural tissue engineering The use of synthetic materials come with certain concerns, such as: easy formation of the graft material into the necessary dimensions, biodegradable, sterilizable, tear resistant, easy to operate with, low risk of infection, and low inflammation response due to the material. The material must also maintain the channel during the nerve regeneration. Currently, the materials most commonly researched mainly focus on polyesters, but biodegradable polyurethane, other polymers, and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11038447 |
Multiple-criteria decision analysis | For a bibliometric study showing their development over time, see Bragge, Korhonen, H. Wallenius and J. Wallenius [2010]. Multiple objective mathematical programming school (1) "Vector maximization": The purpose of vector maximization is to approximate the nondominated set; originally developed for Multiple Objective Linear Programming problems (Evans and Steuer, 1973; Yu and Zeleny, 1975). (2) "Interactive programming": Phases of computation alternate with phases of decision-making (Benayoun et al., 1971; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1050551 |
Reproductive isolation | in post-copulatory isolation. It regulates the production of one of the approximately 30 proteins required to form a nuclear pore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5146476 |
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