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Hall effect | it gets into orbit or farther out into space. In the HET, atoms are ionized and accelerated by an electric field. A radial magnetic field established by magnets on the thruster is used to trap electrons which then orbit and create an electric field due to the Hall effect. A large potential is established between the end of the thruster where neutral propellant is fed, and the part where electrons are produced; so, electrons trapped in the magnetic field cannot drop to the lower potential. They are thus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14307 |
Gene expression profiling | Gene expression profiling For a type of cell, the group of genes whose combined expression pattern is uniquely characteristic to a given condition constitutes the gene signature of this condition. Ideally, the gene signature can be used to select a group of patients at a specific state of a disease with accuracy that facilitates selection of treatments. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and similar methods take advantage of this kind of logic but uses more sophisticated statistics, because component genes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4007073 |
Pulse compression | is weighted by an additional factor. If two pulses come back (nearly) at the same time, the intercorrelation is equal to the sum of the intercorrelations of the two elementary signals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8433728 |
Cactus graph | all three edges in a single class of the edge partition; they call a pair of partitions with this property "valid". Then the number of triangles in the largest triangular cactus equals the maximum, over pairs of valid partitions formula_1 and formula_2, of where formula_4 is the number of vertices in the given graph and formula_5 is the number of vertex classes met by edge class formula_6. Recently, a tight extremal bound was proven which showed that given any plane graph formula_7, there always exist a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9944209 |
Backlight | for "local dimming" to obtain darker "black" pixels depending on the image displayed. LED backlight are often dynamically controlled using the video information (dynamic backlight control or dynamic “local dimming” LED backlight, also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan). Using PWM (pulse-width modulation, a technology where the intensity of the LEDs are kept constant, but the brightness adjustment is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=952677 |
Birefringence | for analyzing stress distribution in solids is based on the same principle. There has been recent research on using stress induced birefringence in a glass plate to generate an Optical vortex and full Poincare beams (optical beams that have every possible polarization state across a cross-section). is observed in anisotropic elastic materials. In these materials, the two polarizations split according to their effective refractive indices, which are also sensitive to stress. The study of birefringence in | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174412 |
Leo Fitz | Hunter's help. Enoch, a Chronicom, helps him escape to a secret bunker where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team. Aboard Enoch's ship, Fitz goes into stasis until Enoch awakens him 74 years later when they reach their destination. After Fitz and the team return to the present, Fitz and Simmons marry in a ceremony organized by S.H.I.E.L.D. Due to multiple stressful factors, Fitz experiences a psychic split which enables his "Doctor" personality from the Framework to temporarily | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47743921 |
Very Large Scale Integration | improvements led to "large-scale integration" (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and billions of individual transistors. At one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale integration above VLSI. Terms like "ultra-large-scale integration" (ULSI) were used. But the huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32823 |
Time-sharing | paper published in December 1958 by W. F. Bauer, he wrote that "The computers would handle a number of problems concurrently. Organizations would have input-output equipment installed on their own premises and would buy time on the computer much the same way that the average household buys power and water from utility companies." Christopher Strachey, who became Oxford University's first professor of computation, filed a patent application for time-sharing in February 1959. He passed the concept on to J. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30958 |
Content delivery network | mobile content acceleration, licensed/managed CDN, transparent caching, and services to measure CDN performance, load balancing, Multi CDN switching and analytics and cloud intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=880860 |
Cooling tower | bacteria. However, scheduled monitoring of potable water within a hospital might be considered in certain settings where persons are highly susceptible to illness and mortality from "Legionella" infection (e.g. hematopoietic stem cell transplantation units, or solid organ transplant units) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=750772 |
Genomic imprinting | autism and psychosis. In insects, imprinting affects entire chromosomes. In some insects the entire paternal genome is silenced in male offspring, and thus is involved in sex determination. The imprinting produces effects similar to the mechanisms in other insects that eliminate paternally inherited chromosomes in male offspring, including arrhenotoky. In placental species, parent-offspring conflict can result in the evolution of strategies, such as genomic imprinting, for embryos to subvert maternal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15235 |
Attention | participate. In 1955, Jules Henry suggested that there are societal differences in sensitivity to signals from many ongoing sources that call for the awareness of several levels of attention simultaneously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68753 |
Systems development life cycle | method, focus on limited project scope and expanding or improving products by multiple iterations. Sequential or big-design-up-front (BDUF) models, such as waterfall, focus on complete and correct planning to guide large projects and risks to successful and predictable results. Other models, such as anamorphic development, tend to focus on a form of development that is guided by project scope and adaptive iterations of feature development. In project management a project can be defined both with a project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=573528 |
Hydrothermal vent microbial communities | Hydrothermal vent microbial communities The major metabolic pathways used for sulfur oxidation includes the "SOX" pathway and dissimilatory oxidation. The Sox pathway is a multi enzyme pathway capable of oxidizing sulfide, sulfite, elemental sulfur, and thiosulfate to sulfate. Dissimilatory oxidation converts sulfite to elemental sulfur. Sulfur oxidizing species include and the genera of "Thiomicrospira, Halothiobacillus, Beggiatoa, Persephonella," and "Sulfurimonas." Symbiotic species of the class | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58817607 |
Sea anemone | Sea anemone These fibers are not true muscles because they are not freely suspended in the body cavity as they are in more developed animals. Longitudinal fibres are found in the tentacles and oral disc, and also within the mesenteries, where they can contract the whole length of the body. Circular fibers are found in the body wall and, in some species, around the oral disc, allowing the animal to retract its tentacles into a protective sphincter. Since the anemone lacks a rigid skeleton, the contractile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19333613 |
Stage monitor system | the San Francisco Civic Auditorium on September 13, 1961; provided by McCune Sound Service. Early stage monitors were simply speakers on each side of the stage pointed at the performers driven by the same mix as the FOH because PA mixers rarely had auxiliary send mixes. Today these would be called "sidefill" monitors. F.B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21051128 |
Computer network | Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN). A network can be characterized by its physical capacity or its organizational purpose. Use of the network, including user authorization and access rights, differ accordingly. A nanoscale communication network has key components implemented at the nanoscale including message carriers and leverages physical principles that differ from macroscale communication mechanisms. Nanoscale | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4122592 |
Embedded system | Embedded system Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46630 |
Captive portal | action (often, providing personal data to enable commercial contact); thus, the marketing use of the captive portal is a tool for lead generation (business contacts or potential clients). There is more than one way to implement a captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536539 |
Cooling tower | Cooling tower This is due to lesser salt content in fresh water drift (below 2,000 ppm) compared to the salt content of sea water drift (60,000 ppm). At some modern power stations equipped with flue gas purification, such as the Großkrotzenburg Power Station and the Rostock Power Station, the cooling tower is also used as a flue-gas stack (industrial chimney), thus saving the cost of a separate chimney structure. At plants without flue gas purification, problems with corrosion may occur, due to reactions of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=750772 |
FM broadcasting | other non-broadcast purposes. The Halstead system was rejected due to lack of high frequency stereo separation and reduction in the main channel signal-to-noise ratio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1607203 |
DO-254 | DO-254 A Plan for Hardware Aspects of Certification (PHAC) should be submitted to communicate the justification and means of certification, and a Hardware Verification Plan should be submitted to communicate the rigor and methods of the deterministic testing and analysis. Hardware Accomplishment Summary should be submitted to show compliance to the PHAC, and a Hardware Configuration Index should be submitted to define the production baseline that is the subject of the Hardware Identification and Compliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3296562 |
Dementia with Lewy bodies | Dementia with Lewy bodies Known as Lewy bodies (discovered in 1912 by Frederic Lewy) and Lewy neurites, these clumps affect both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Heart function and every level of gastrointestinal function—from chewing to defecation—can be affected, with constipation as one of the most common symptoms. Low blood pressure upon standing can also be a symptom. DLB also affects behavior; mood changes such as depression and lack of interest are common. DLB typically | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227167 |
Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship | mechanism for social behaviors, independently of genetic relatedness "per se". On the basis of the preceding theoretical analysis and review of evidence, at the end of chapter five, Holland argues that; It is entirely erroneous, both in reference to theory and in reference to the evidence, to claim or suggest that 'the facts of biology' support the claim that organisms have evolved to cooperate with genetic relatives "per se". Having argued for the above position on the lack of necessity for genetic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43868891 |
Selective calling | This means system users with CTCSS decoders do not have to listen to the paging tones. Quik-Call I, also known as 2+2, is a selective calling method originally used in one-way paging receivers. The "Quik-Call" name is a trademark of Motorola. It sends a pair of tones followed by 50 to 1,000 milliseconds of silence and then a second pair of tones. Decoders look for a valid first tone pair followed by a valid second tone pair within a defined length of time, (a "time window"). For example, a decoder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7342571 |
Transformation (genetics) | induces expression of competence genes, thus enhancing the frequency of transformation Using "Legionella pneumophila", Charpentier et al. tested 64 toxic molecules to determine which of these induce competence. Of these, only six, all DNA damaging agents, caused strong induction. These DNA damaging agents were mitomycin C (which causes DNA inter-strand crosslinks), norfloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid (inhibitors of DNA gyrase that cause double-strand breaks), bicyclomycin (causes single- and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=583438 |
Bacteriophage | Alfred Hershey, and Salvador Luria were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of the replication of viruses and their genetic structure. Phages were discovered to be antibacterial agents and were used in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia (pioneered there by Giorgi Eliava with help from the co-discoverer of bacteriophages, Félix d'Herelle) during the 1920s and 1930s for treating bacterial infections. They had widespread use, including treatment of soldiers in the Red | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4185 |
List of types of proteins | organism that produces it, then it can enjoy (as a last resort) being categorized according to the organism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2610228 |
Cyborg (comics) | Cyborg (comics) According to "52" Week 5, Cyborg was fused together with Firestorm after returning to Earth. This was caused by the energy ripples caused by Alexander Luthor Jr. which altered the Zeta Ray Beams the heroes were going to use to return home. After being severely damaged during the events of "Infinite Crisis", Cyborg was rebuilt over time in thanks to Tower caretakers Wendy and Marvin. He awoke a year later to find a wholly different being led by Robin, the only member from the team he formed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676520 |
Regime shift | Regime shift Regime shifts are triggered either by the weakening of stabilizing internal processes – feedbacks – or by external shocks which exceed the stabilizing capacity of a system. Systems prone to regime shifts can show three different types of change: smooth, abrupt or discontinuous, depending on the configuration of processes that define a system – in particular the interaction between a system's fast and slow processes. Smooth change can be described by a quasi-linear relationship between fast and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2515784 |
Interactive whiteboard | local authorities for the acquisition and use of interactive whiteboards in UK primary schools. The BECTA-sponsored study investigated the impact of this investment with 20 local authorities, using data for 7272 learners in 97 schools. Variables considered in the research included length of exposure to interactive whiteboard technology, the age of pupils (down to individual birthdays), gender, special needs, entitlement to free schools meals and other socio-economic groupings. The implementation and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1890199 |
Lateral computing | and honeybees, solve a problem; how pure crystals are formed by annealing, or evolution of living beings or quantum mechanics etc. Lateral thinking is technique for creative thinking for solving problems. The brain as center of thinking has a self-organizing information system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20914512 |
Signal-flow graph | edges; therefore, N, and its inflowing edges, can be eliminated. Self-looping edge. Replace looping edges by adjusting the gains on the incoming edges. The graph on the left has a looping edge at node N, with a gain of g. On the right, the looping edge has been eliminated, and all inflowing edges have their gain divided by (1-g).The equations corresponding to the reduction between N and all its input signals are: The above procedure for building the SFG from an acausal system of equations and for solving | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15175696 |
Semiconductor device | that transformed life and culture around the world". CMOS (complementary MOS) was invented by Chih-Tang Sah and Frank Wanlass at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963. The first report of a floating-gate MOSFET was made by Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze in 1967. FinFET (fin field-effect transistor), a type of 3D multi-gate MOSFET, was developed by Digh Hisamoto and his team of researchers at Hitachi Central Research Laboratory in 1989. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40344 |
Stray voltage | distribution lines built under high-power transmission lines. may be caused by damaged or degraded insulation. Failing insulation is essentially a high impedance fault which will allow current to flow through any available path to ground, a condition which can cause shocks or fires if left unmitigated. This leakage can occur when there is damage caused by physical, thermal, or chemical stresses to insulation on power lines, especially but not limited to underground or underwater cables. Examples of this | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11513302 |
Bode plot | margins may be computed using Nevanlinna–Pick interpolation theory. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the gain behavior and terminology. For a three-pole amplifier, Figure 6 compares the for the gain without feedback (the "open-loop" gain) "A" with the gain with feedback "A" (the "closed-loop" gain). See negative feedback amplifier for more detail. In this example, "A" = 100 dB at low frequencies, and 1 / β = 58 dB. At low frequencies, "A" ≈ 58 dB as well. Because the open-loop gain "A" is plotted and not the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155562 |
Loudspeaker enclosure | or drone, to produce similar low-frequency extension, or efficiency increase, or enclosure size reduction, similar to ported enclosures. The passive driver is not wired to an amplifier; instead, it moves in response to changing enclosure pressures. In theory, such designs are variations of the bass reflex type, but with the advantage of avoiding a relatively small port or tube through which air moves, sometimes noisily. Tuning adjustments for a passive radiator are usually accomplished more quickly than | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4335254 |
Windows Vista networking technologies | Windows Vista networking technologies Another significant change that aims to improve network throughput is the automatic resizing of TCP Receive window. The receive window (RWIN) specifies how much data a host is prepared to receive, and is limited by, among other things, the available buffer space. In other words, it is a measure of how much data the remote transmitter can send before requiring an acknowledgement for the outstanding data. When the receive window is too small, the remote transmitter will | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10541907 |
Orthogenesis | Orthogenesis Orthogenesis, also known as orthogenetic evolution, progressive evolution, evolutionary progress, or progressionism, is the biological hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite direction towards some goal (teleology) due to some internal mechanism or "driving force". According to the theory, the largest-scale trends in evolution have an absolute goal such as increasing biological complexity. Prominent historical figures who have championed some form of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062901 |
Network analysis (electrical circuits) | An important consideration in non-linear analysis is the question of uniqueness. For a network composed of linear components there will always be one, and only one, unique solution for a given set of boundary conditions. This is not always the case in non-linear circuits. For instance, a linear resistor with a fixed current applied to it has only one solution for the voltage across it. On the other hand, the non-linear tunnel diode has up to three solutions for the voltage for a given current. That is, a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=735611 |
Recurrent neural network | the post-synaptic node activation functions formula_25 have been low-pass filtered but prior to sampling. Hierarchical RNNs connect their neurons in various ways to decompose hierarchical behavior into useful subprograms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1706303 |
RNA interference | RNA interference This "delivery by feeding" is just as effective at inducing gene silencing as more costly and time-consuming delivery methods, such as soaking the worms in dsRNA solution and injecting dsRNA into the gonads. Although delivery is more difficult in most other organisms, efforts are also underway to undertake large-scale genomic screening applications in cell culture with mammalian cells. Approaches to the design of genome-wide RNAi libraries can require more sophistication than the design of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29188721 |
Mercury-arc valve | the rectifying properties of a mercury arc. The mercury arc rectifier was invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902 and further developed throughout the 1920s and 1930s by researchers in both Europe and North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1618669 |
Flashbulb memory | the incident. If they said yes, there were asked questions about the details of the crash and most falsely reported that they had the fire start immediately | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250199 |
Headphones | mode (stand by or background voice/music listening). A headset is a headphone combined with a microphone. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. Among applications for headsets, besides telephone use, are aviation, theatre or television studio intercom systems, and console or PC gaming. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or a double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo). The microphone arm of headsets is either an external | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=191884 |
Co-operation (evolution) | with a scenario having two hunters, each hunter having the choice of hunting (cooperate) or not hunting (free-riding) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4839105 |
Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System | reuse. This is a practice linked back to an old FCC practice of coordinating CTCSS tones for business services. In many rural areas of the USA where no coordination is necessary, a default of 100 Hz has become a de facto standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315928 |
Gate array | it used in mainframe manufacturing in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but never commercialized them externally. Fairchild Semiconductor also flirted briefly in the late 1960s with bipolar arrays diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) called Micromosaic and Polycell. CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology opened the door to broad commercialization of gate arrays. The first CMOS gate arrays were developed by Robert Lipp in 1974 for International Microcircuits, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=592816 |
Interplanetary contamination | with a simulated Martian UV flux, perchlorates become even more lethal to bacteria (bactericide effect). Even dormant spores lost viability within minutes. In addition, two other compounds of the Martian surface, iron oxides and hydrogen peroxide, act in synergy with irradiated perchlorates to cause a 10.8-fold increase in cell death when compared to cells exposed to UV radiation after 60 seconds of exposure. It was also found that abraded silicates (quartz and basalt) lead to the formation of toxic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31028310 |
Kernel (operating system) | Kernel (operating system) On the other end, the hierarchical protection domains architecture that leads to the design of a monolithic kernel has a significant performance drawback each time there's an interaction between different levels of protection (i.e., when a process has to manipulate a data structure both in "user mode" and "supervisor mode"), since this requires message copying by value. Hybrid kernels are used in most commercial operating systems such as Microsoft Windows NT 3.1, NT 3.5, NT 3.51, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21346982 |
Type system | compatibility relation is more complex. In particular, if codice_18 is a subtype of codice_19, then a value of type codice_18 can be used in a context where one of type codice_19 is expected (covariant), even if the reverse is not true. Like equivalence, the subtype relation is defined differently for each programming language, with many variations possible. The presence of parametric or ad hoc polymorphism in a language may also have implications for type compatibility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199701 |
Television receive-only | BUDs are helpful in places like Alaska, or parts of the Caribbean. Large parabolic antennas similar to BUDs are still in production. New dishes differ in their construction and materials. New mesh dishes have much smaller perforations and solid dishes are now made with steel instead of fiberglass. New systems usually include a universal LNB that is switched electronically between horizontal and vertical polarization, obviating the need for a failure-prone polar rotor. As a complete system they have a much | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77904 |
Herbicide | Company) has claimed Tordon 101 has no effects on animals and insects, in spite of evidence of strong carcinogenic activity of the active ingredient Picloram in studies on rats. The risk of Parkinson's disease has been shown to increase with occupational exposure to herbicides and pesticides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53916 |
Content centric networking | It provides flexibility by using data names instead of host names (IP addresses). Additionally, named and secured content resides in distributed caches automatically populated on demand or selectively pre-populated. When requested by name, CCN delivers named content to the user from the nearest cache, traversing fewer network hops, eliminating redundant requests, and consuming less resources overall. CCN began as a research project at the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 2007. The first software release | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31590539 |
JTAG | file provided by the manufacturer. They are often only marked as PRIVATE. Devices communicate to the world via a set of input and output pins. By themselves, these pins provide limited visibility into the workings of the device. However, devices that support boundary scan contain a shift-register cell for each signal pin of the device. These registers are connected in a dedicated path around the device's boundary (hence the name). The path creates a virtual access capability that circumvents the normal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638112 |
Transitional fossil | falls midway between mosses and early vascular plants like ferns and clubmosses. From a carpet of moss-like gametophytes, the larger "Rhynia" sporophytes grew much like simple clubmosses, spreading by means of horizontal growing stems growing rhizoids that anchored the plant to the substrate. The unusual mix of moss-like and vascular traits and the extreme structural simplicity of the plant had huge implications for botanical understanding. The term "missing link" refers back to the originally static | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=331755 |
Pixel | displays. For example, a camera that makes a 2048 × 1536 pixel image (3,145,728 finished image pixels) typically uses a few extra rows and columns of sensor elements and is commonly said to have "3.2 megapixels" or "3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23665 |
Scopes Trial | Scopes Trial Butler, a Tennessee farmer and head of the World Christian Fundamentals Association, lobbied state legislatures to pass anti-evolution laws. He succeeded when the Butler Act was passed in Tennessee, on March 25, 1925. Butler later stated, "I didn't know anything about evolution... I'd read in the papers that boys and girls were coming home from school and telling their fathers and mothers that the Bible was all nonsense." Tennessee governor Austin Peay signed the law to gain support among rural | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28406 |
Pursuit predation | pursuit predation tactics on flightless geese. This alternative predatory strategy may serve as a back-up resource when optimal foraging is circumstantially impossible, or may even be a function of filling dietary needs. revolves around a distinct movement interaction between predator and prey; as prey move to find new foraging areas, predators should move with them. Predators congregate in areas of high prey density, and prey should therefore avoid these areas. However, dilution factor may be a reason to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48264022 |
Protein phosphorylation | mechanisms are ancestral and have diverged greatly between different species. In eukaryotes, it is estimated that between 30 - 65% of all proteins may be phosphorylated, with tens or even hundreds of thousands of distinct phosphorylation sites. Some phosphorylation sites appear to have evolved as conditional "off" switches, blocking the active site of an enzyme, such as in the prokaryotic metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. However, in the case of proteins that must be phosphorylated to be active, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14854417 |
Recursion (computer science) | case of tail recursion. Because recursive algorithms can be subject to stack overflows, they may be vulnerable to pathological or malicious input. Some malware specifically targets a program's call stack and takes advantage of the stack's inherently recursive nature. Even in the absence of malware, a stack overflow caused by unbounded recursion can be fatal to the program, and exception handling logic may not prevent the corresponding process from being terminated. Multiply recursive problems are | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4044867 |
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom | incentive for pure electrics over plug-in hybrids, as the grant amount available for purchase of both types of powertrain was reduced, but the grant for plug-in hybrids was cut by half. During the first quarter of 2016, Outlander P-HEV sales totalled 3,906 units, representing 52.3% of all plug-in hybrid registered in the UK during the quarter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38487739 |
Utility frequency | changers. Industrial plants and mines in North America and Australia sometimes were built with 40 Hz electrical systems which were maintained until too uneconomic to continue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=488815 |
Relational database | "derived relations". In implementations these are called "views" or "queries". Derived relations are convenient in that they act as a single relation, even though they may grab information from several relations. Also, derived relations can be used as an abstraction layer. A domain describes the set of possible values for a given attribute, and can be considered a constraint on the value of the attribute. Mathematically, attaching a domain to an attribute means that any value for the attribute must be an | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25873 |
Mucoadhesion | Mucoadhesion Some advanced eye drop formulations may also turn from a liquid to a gel (so called in situ gelling systems) upon drug administration. For example, gel-forming solutions containing Pluronics could be used to improve the efficiency of eye drops and provide better retention on ocular surfaces. With a 0.1-0.7 mm thick mucus layer, the oral cavity serves as an important route of administration for mucoadhesive dosages. Permeation sites can be separated into two groups: sublingual and buccal, in | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21017672 |
Electrical impedance tomography | lower number of electrodes required for recording global instead of regional parameters in healthy individuals can be used for non-invasive determination of e.g. VO or arterial blood pressure in sports medicine or home care. Even though medical EIT systems had not been used broadly until recently, several medical equipment manufacturers have been supplying commercial versions of lung imaging systems developed by university research groups. The first such system is produced by Maltron International who | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904056 |
Dynamic range | Ray Dolby developed the Dolby A-Type noise reduction system that increased low- and mid-frequency dynamic range on magnetic tape by 10 dB, and high-frequency by 15 dB, using companding (compression and expansion) of four frequency bands. The peak of professional analog magnetic recording tape technology reached 90 dB dynamic range in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion, or about 80 dB in practical broadband applications. The Dolby SR noise reduction system gave a 20 dB further increased range | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41079 |
RNA-targeting small molecule drugs | recent reports have shown that there are a large number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are not translated into protein. Whereas 85% of the human genome is transcribed into RNA only 3% of the transcripts code for functional protein. Although, ncRNAs do affect gene expression levels by a variety of mechanisms. Further, RNA can adopt discrete secondary or tertiary structures which play a pivotal role in many biological processes and disease pathology. For these reasons, RNA is being recognized as an | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56731305 |
Fade (audio engineering) | and that the final bar (scored for choruses alone) is "to be repeated until the sound is lost in the distance". Although commonplace today, the effect bewitched audiences in the era before widespread recorded sound—after the initial 1918 run-through, Holst's daughter Imogen (in addition to watching the charwomen dancing in the aisles during "Jupiter") remarked that the ending was "unforgettable, with its hidden chorus of women's voices growing fainter and fainter ... until the imagination knew no | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1519744 |
Satellite dish | signals from the downlinked C-band and/or K-band to the L-band range. Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. A new form of omnidirectional satellite antenna, which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle was announced by the University of Waterloo in 2004. The theoretical gain (directive gain) of a dish increases as the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192615 |
Comparator | Comparator These comparators make it possible to add a programmable hysteresis without feedback or complicated equations. Using a dedicated hysteresis pin is also convenient if the source impedance is high since the inputs are isolated from the hysteresis network. When hysteresis is added then a comparator cannot resolve signals within the hysteresis band. Because comparators have only two output states, their outputs are either near zero or near the supply voltage. Bipolar rail-to-rail comparators have a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40929 |
Solar car racing | route. Combined with CAE and systems modeling, the power equation can be a useful tool in solar car design. The directional orientation of a solar car race route affects the apparent position of the sun in the sky during a race day, which in turn affects the energy input to the vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14846664 |
Computer monitor | and other components of the system in a single large chassis. The display was monochrome and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern flat-panel monitor, necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed at one time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7677 |
Behavioral epigenetics | need for immediate gratification; high rates of relapse following treatment; and, the feeling of loss of control. Evidence for related epigenetic changes has come from human studies involving alcohol, nicotine, and opiate abuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37122597 |
Historical ecology | specific environment until it is no longer classified as invasive. European forestry defines plants as being archaeotypes if they existed in Europe before 1500 and neophytes if they arrived after 1500. This classification is still arbitrary and some species have unknown origins while others have become such key components of their landscape that they are best understood as keystone species. As a result, their removal would have an enormous impact on the landscape, but not necessarily cause a return to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1881089 |
Aliasing | the wagon-wheel effect, whereby a spoked wheel appears to rotate too slowly or even backwards. has changed its apparent frequency of rotation. A reversal of direction can be described as a negative frequency. Temporal aliasing frequencies in video and cinematography are determined by the frame rate of the camera, but the relative intensity of the aliased frequencies is determined by the shutter timing (exposure time) or the use of a temporal aliasing reduction filter during filming. Like the video camera, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=151474 |
Distributed-element circuit | to implement. Conventional circuits consist of individual components manufactured separately then connected together with a conducting medium. Distributed-element circuits are built by forming the medium itself into specific patterns. A major advantage of distributed-element circuits is that they can be produced cheaply as a printed circuit board for consumer products, such as satellite television. They are also made in coaxial and waveguide formats for applications such as radar, satellite communication, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57021483 |
Passive solar building design | glass in intense sunlight. Hail, sleet, snow, and wind may cause material failure. For occupant safety, regulatory agencies usually require sloped glass to be made of safety glass, laminated, or a combination thereof, which reduce solar gain potential. Most of the roof-angled glass on the Crowne Plaza Hotel Orlando Airport sunspace was destroyed in a single windstorm. Roof-angled glass increases construction cost, and can increase insurance premiums. Vertical glass is less susceptible to weather damage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67029 |
Intermodulation | can, at the same time, also produce unwanted intermodulation effects from strong signals near in frequency to the desired signal that fall within the passband of the receiver. A linear system cannot produce intermodulation. If the input of a linear time-invariant system is a signal of a single frequency, then the output is a signal of the same frequency; only the amplitude and phase can differ from the input signal. Non-linear systems generate harmonics in response to sinusoidal input, meaning that if the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=590995 |
Desert | winds blowing across a level surface and are crescent-shaped with the concave side away from the wind. When there are two directions from which winds regularly blow, a series of long, linear dunes known as seif dunes may form | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18955999 |
Wireless Communications of the German Army in World War II | Wireless Communications of the German Army in World War II Operating on the 600 - 650 MHz band, two channels. Channel 1 control channel voice, Channel 2 nine voice channels or p x 3 Teletype. Range up to 100 km. Tower up to 50 m. Transmission power 3.5 watts. Power 220 V AC 50 Hz 680 VA. Stuttgaret - FuG D 3: Development item, possible none deployed. Operating on the 1250 - 1390 MHz band, two channels. Range up to 100 km. Tower up to 50 m. DM 43: Development item, possible none deployed. Operating on the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48968962 |
Ultra-high-purity steam for oxidation and annealing | Ultra-high-purity steam for oxidation and annealing Ultra-high-purity steam, also called clean steam, UHP steam or high purity water vapor, is used in a variety of industrial manufacturing processes that require oxidation or annealing. These processes include the growth of oxide layers on silicon wafers for the semiconductor industry, originally described by the Deal-Grove model, and for the formation of passivation layers used to improve the light capture ability of crystalline photovoltaic cells. Several | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29177467 |
UHF television broadcasting | October 31 of the same year as CTV-31 from 1992-2000 (then E! from 2000–03 and BEAM in 2011). The third channel, DZRJ-TV (channel 29) was also launched in 1993 for the Rajah Broadcasting Network, Inc. which specializes niche programing (mostly infomercials, foreign shows and cartoons) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35520567 |
PAL | Enhanced Definition standard (854x486). Most TV output for and NTSC use interlaced frames meaning that even lines update on one field and odd lines update on the next field. Interlacing frames gives a smoother motion with half the frame rate. NTSC is used with a frame rate of 60i or 30p whereas generally uses 50i or 25p; both use a high enough frame rate to give the illusion of fluid motion. This is due to the fact that NTSC is generally used in countries with a utility frequency of 60 Hz and in countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24438 |
Green fluorescent protein | chloride (GdmCl) treatments, and drastic temperature changes. Due to the potential for widespread usage and the evolving needs of researchers, many different mutants of GFP have been engineered. The first major improvement was a single point mutation (S65T) reported in 1995 in "Nature" by Roger Tsien. This mutation dramatically improved the spectral characteristics of GFP, resulting in increased fluorescence, photostability, and a shift of the major excitation peak to 488 nm, with the peak emission kept at | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=143533 |
Indium tin oxide | Indium tin oxide Areas of poor electrode performance in organic solar cells render a percentage of the cell's area unusable. ITO has been popularly used as a high-quality flexible substrate to produce flexible electronics. However, this substrate's flexibility decreases as its conductivity improves. Previous research have indicated that the mechanical properties of ITO can be improved through increasing the degree of crystallinity. Doping with silver (Ag) can improve this property, but results in a loss of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=362598 |
Bode plot | 4 that the 20 dB/decade drop of the pole is arrested by the 20 dB/decade rise of the zero resulting in a horizontal magnitude plot for frequencies above the zero location | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155562 |
Sound reinforcement system | the mixing console, or the headphone output of the CD player or tape deck). One can then use this direct signal as a near-perfect reference with which to find any differences in frequency response. This method may not be perfect, but it can be very helpful with limited resources or time, such as using pre-show music to correct for the changes in response caused by the arrival of a crowd. Because this is still a very subjective method of calibration, and because the human ear is so dynamic in its own | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=764380 |
Frame (linear algebra) | Frame (linear algebra) Because of the various mathematical components surrounding frames, frame theory has roots in harmonic and functional analysis, operator theory, linear algebra, and matrix theory. The Fourier transform has been used for over a century as a way of decomposing and expanding signals. However, the Fourier transform masks key information regarding the moment of emission and the duration of a signal. In 1946, Dennis Gabor was able to solve this using a technique that simultaneously reduced | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4504771 |
General Mobile Radio Service | directly between two GMRS channels. FRS radios generally utilize a 11 kHz transmitter bandwidth and a lower power than GMRS so the interference to an adjacent GMRS channel is minimized. The predecessor to GMRS was named Class A Citizens Radio Service when it was rolled out in the 1960s. Tube type transceivers were used, and transmitter power was limited to 60 watts (plate input power to the final amplifier tube). The original service ran wideband FM with ±15 kHz transmitter deviation and 50 kHz channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=489558 |
Barcode reader | option. To retain the easy integration with existing programs, a device driver called a "software wedge" could be used, to emulate the keyboard-impersonating behavior of the old "keyboard wedge" hardware. In many cases, a choice of USB interface types (HID, CDC) are provided. Some have PoweredUSB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309457 |
Integrating ADC | Integrating ADC The required resolution (in number of bits) dictates the minimum length of the run-down period for a full-scale input (formula_7): During the measurement of a full-scale input, the slope of the integrator's output will be the same during the run-up and run-down phases. This also implies that the time of the run-up period and run-down period will be equal (formula_9) and that the total measurement time will be formula_10. Therefore, the total measurement time for a full-scale input will be | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22269055 |
Feed forward (control) | disturbance or receive an input and process that input through the mathematical model to determine the required modification to the control action, it is not true feedforward control. In systems theory, an open system is a feed forward system that does not have any feedback loop to control its output. In contrast, a closed system uses on a feedback loop to control the operation of the system. In an open system, the output of the system is not fed back into the input to the system for control or operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=574759 |
Residual-current device | Residual-current device In addition to Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs), Arc-fault circuit interrupter devices (AFCI) are equally important as they offer added protection from potentially hazardous arc-faults resulting from damage in branch circuit wiring as well as extensions to branches such as appliances and cord sets. By detecting hazardous arc-faults and responding by interrupting power, AFCIs helps reduce the likelihood of the home's electrical system being an ignition source of a fire. Dual | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=530715 |
Phosphor | to produce different colors of light. Electroluminescent displays found, for example, in aircraft instrument panels, use a phosphor layer to produce glare-free illumination or as numeric and graphic display devices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=88444 |
List of ZX Spectrum clones | a requirement for Hungarian school computers, because all school computers in Hungary had 64 KB). It had a Commodore serial port so you could also connect peripherals made for the C64 to it, for instance the 1541 disk drive. A East-German private clone of the ZX Spectrum. A South Korean clone of the ZX Spectrum+ with the same design. An East-German clone of the ZX Spectrum. It came with built-in joystick interface and either 48 or 128 KB RAM. It was sold in kit form by Hübner Elektronik. Several emulators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1172401 |
Soldering | Soldering Multiple tips were used; when one tip cooled down from use, it was placed back in the brazier of charcoal and the next tip was used. More recently, electrically heated soldering irons are used. These are heated by a coil or ceramic heating element inside the tip of the iron. Different power ratings are available, and temperature can be controlled electronically. These characteristics allow longer beads to be run without interrupting the work to change tips. irons designed for electronic use are | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25067088 |
Punctuated equilibrium | Punctuated equilibrium Smaller populations on the other hand, which are isolated from the parental stock, are decoupled from the homogenizing effects of gene flow. In addition, pressure from natural selection is especially intense, as peripheral isolated populations exist at the outer edges of ecological tolerance. If most evolution happens in these rare instances of allopatric speciation then evidence of gradual evolution in the fossil record should be rare. This hypothesis was alluded to by Mayr in the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24980 |
Gender typing | most children that exhibit GID before puberty will not experience it once they become an adult and will instead most likely fall under the category of gay, lesbian, or bisexual. If a child's GID does persist into adulthood however, it will most likely be permanent with medical intervention being the only solution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29880293 |
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