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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 1 271-281 (1).mp3
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In a combination reaction two or more substances combine to form a new single substance.
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Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
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Reduction is the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
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Decomposition reactions are opposite to combination reactions.
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 1 271-281 (3).mp3
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In a decomposition reaction, a single substance decomposes to give two or more substances.
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Reactions in which heat is given out along with the products are called exothermic reactions.
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Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as endothermic reactions.
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When an element displaces another element from its compound, a displacement reaction occurs.
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Two different atoms or groups of atoms (ions) are exchanged in double displacement reactions.
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Precipitation reactions produce insoluble salts.
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Reactions also involve the gain or loss of oxygen or hydrogen by substances.
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This description of a zinc chemical reaction in a sentence form is quite long.
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List the number of atoms of different elements present in the unbalanced equation.
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Does this equation tell us anything about the physical state of each reactant and product.
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No information has been given in this equation about their physical states.
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To make a chemical equation more informative, the physical states of the reactants and products are mentioned along with their chemical formulae.
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The gaseous, liquid, aqueous and solid states of reactants and products are represented by the notations.
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The word aqueous is written if the reactant or product is present as a solution in water.
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Usually physical states are not included in a chemical equation unless it is necessary to specify them.
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Sometimes the reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, catalyst, etc., for the reaction are indicated above and/or below the arrow in the equation.
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QUESTIONS
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Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
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Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
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It is often convenient to start balancing with the compound that contains the maximum number of atoms.
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Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
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Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
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Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
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Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions.
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It may be a reactant or a product.
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In that compound, select the element which has the maximum number of atoms.
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Using these criteria, we select Fe3O4 and the element oxygen in it.
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There are four oxygen atoms on the RHS and only one on the LHS.
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To equalize the number of atoms, it must be remembered that we cannot alter the formulae of the compounds or elements involved in the reactions.
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Writing Symbols of Physical States.
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Carefully examine the above balanced Equation.
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Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base
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You saw the reaction between carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide (lime water).
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Calcium hydroxide, which is a base, reacts with carbon dioxide to produce a salt and water.
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Since this is similar to the reaction between a base and an acid, we can conclude that non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
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QUESTIONS
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Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels?
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Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal?
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Illustrate with an example.
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How will you test for the presence of this gas?
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Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence.
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The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle.
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Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
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WHAT DO ALL ACIDS AND ALL BASES HAVE IN COMMON?
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we have seen that all acids have similar chemical properties.
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What leads to this similarity in properties?
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We saw that all acids generate hydrogen gas on reacting with metals, so hydrogen seems to be common to all acids.
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Let us perform an Activity to investigate whether all compounds containing hydrogen are acidic.
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Take solutions of glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, etc.
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Fix two nails on a cork, and place the cork in a 100 mL beaker.
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Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volt battery through a bulb and a switch.
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Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch on the current.
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Repeat with dilute sulphuric acid.
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What do you observe?
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (54).mp3
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Acid solution in water conducts electricity.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (55).mp3
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Repeat the experiment separately with glucose and alcohol solutions.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (56).mp3
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What do you observe now?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (57).mp3
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Does the bulb glow in all cases?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (58).mp3
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The bulb will start glowing in the case of acids.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (59).mp3
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But you will observe that glucose and alcohol solutions do not conduct electricity.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (60).mp3
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Glowing of the bulb indicates that there is a flow of electric current through the solution.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 114-144 (61).mp3
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The electric current is carried through the solution by ions.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (1).mp3
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Since the cation present in acids is H+, this suggests that acids produce hydrogen ions, H+, in solution, which are responsible for their acidic properties.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (10).mp3
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Is there a gas coming out of the delivery tube?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (11).mp3
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Test the gas evolved successively with dry and wet blue litmus paper.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (12).mp3
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In which case does the litmus paper change colour?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (13).mp3
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On the basis of the above Activity, what do you infer about the acidic character of preparation of dry HCl gas.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (14).mp3
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Note to teachers:
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (15).mp3
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If the climate is very humid, you will have to pass the gas produced through a guard tube (drying tube) containing calcium chloride to dry the gas.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (16).mp3
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This experiment suggests that hydrogen ions in HCl are produced in the presence of water.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (17).mp3
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The separation of H+ ion from HCl molecules cannot occur in the absence of water.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (18).mp3
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Hydrogen ions cannot exist alone, but they exist after combining with water molecules.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (19).mp3
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Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (2).mp3
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Repeat the same Activity using alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (20).mp3
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Do You Know?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (21).mp3
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All bases do not dissolve in water.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (22).mp3
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An alkali is a base that dissolves in water.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (23).mp3
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They are soapy to touch, bitter and corrosive.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (24).mp3
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Never taste or touch them as they may cause harm.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (25).mp3
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Now as we have identified that all acids generate H + and all bases generate OH be C
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (26).mp3
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Acid + Base → Salt + Water
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (27).mp3
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Take 10 mL water in a beaker.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (28).mp3
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Add a few drops of concentrated H2 SO4 to it and swirl the beaker slowly.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (29).mp3
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Touch the base of the beaker.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (3).mp3
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What can you conclude from the results of this Activity?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (30).mp3
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Is there a change in temperature?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (31).mp3
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Is this an exothermic or endothermic process?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (32).mp3
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Repeat the above Activity with sodium hydroxide pellets and record your observations.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (33).mp3
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Warning sign displayed on containers containing concentrated acids and bases
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (34).mp3
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The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is a highly exothermic one.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (35).mp3
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Care must be taken while mixing concentrated nitric acid or sulphuric acid with water.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (4).mp3
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What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water Solution?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (5).mp3
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Do acids produce ions only in aqueous solution?
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (6).mp3
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Let us test this.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (7).mp3
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Take about 1g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube and set up the apparatus.
| 5.003 |
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/storage/hf-datasets-cache/all/datasets/90464960732238-config-parquet-and-info-Achitha-10th_science_tami-3da38f41/downloads/extracted/d9d4926c0124d2e04cd19b14dc563fffc63a20ec0a8fb643177acf601be9c5d5/train/chapter 2 146-180 (8).mp3
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Add some concentrated sulphuric acid to the test tube.
| 5.003 |
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