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Forensic Acquisition of Websites (FAW) is a tool designed to extract data from websites for forensic investigation purposes. FAW is a powerful tool that allows forensic investigators to retrieve data from web servers, web applications, and web content. It provides a user-friendly interface that enables investigators to select specific data for extraction, including HTML pages, images, videos, and documents. FAW is a valuable tool for forensic investigations involving websites. In cases where a website may contain incriminating evidence, such as hacking, fraud, or illegal activity, FAW can be used to extract data for forensic analysis. The tool can also be used to extract data for e-discovery purposes in civil litigation cases. The FAW tool uses a variety of techniques to extract data from websites, including web crawling, web scraping, and HTTP requests. FAW can extract data from a wide range of websites, including static and dynamic websites, as well as web applications. One of the key benefits of FAW is its ability to extract data in a forensically sound manner. The tool uses techniques that ensure the data extracted is authentic and admissible in court. This is critical in forensic investigations, where the integrity of the data is paramount. FAW also provides advanced features for forensic investigators, such as the ability to extract data from password-protected websites and the ability to perform targeted searches for specific keywords or phrases. The tool also provides a range of output options, including HTML, CSV, and XML, making it easy for investigators to analyze the extracted data. In conclusion, FAW is a valuable tool for forensic investigators tasked with extracting data from websites. Its ability to extract data in a forensically sound manner, combined with its user-friendly interface and advanced features, make it an essential tool for any forensic investigation involving websites.
This section of the report forms part of the Kaspersky Security Bulletin 2013 and is based on data obtained and processed using Kaspersky Security Network (KSN). KSN integrates cloud-based technologies into personal and corporate products, and is one of Kaspersky Lab’s most important innovations. The statistics in this report are based on data obtained from Kaspersky Lab products installed on users’ computers worldwide and were obtained with the full consent of the users involved. The mobile world is one the fastest-developing IT security areas. In 2013 security issues around mobiles have reached new heights and attained a new level of maturity in terms of both quality and quantity. If 2011 was the year when mobile malware gained traction, especially in Android-land, and 2012 was the year of mobile malware diversification, then 2013 saw mobile malware come of age. It’s no great surprise that mobile malware is approaching the PC threat landscape in terms of cybercriminal business models and technical methods; however the speed of this development is remarkable. Obad, probably the most remarkable discovery in the mobile field, is being distributed by multiple methods, including an pre-established botnet. Android-based smartphones infected with Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.Opfake.a are used as multipliers, sending text messages containing malicious links to every contact on the victim’s device. This has been common practice in the PC threat landscape and is a popular service provided by bot-herders in underground cybercriminal economy. Mobile botnets actually offer a significant advantage over traditional botnets: smartphones are rarely shut down, making the botnet far more reliable since almost all its assets are always available and ready for new instructions. Common tasks performed by botnets include mass spam mail-outs, DDoS attacks and mass spying on personal information, all of them non-demanding actions in terms of performance and easily achieved on smartphones. The MTK botnet, appearing in early 2013, and Opfake, among many others, are proof that mobile botnets are no longer just a playground for cybercriminals, but have become common practice to serve the main purpose: financial profit. In terms of the mobile operating systems that are being targeted by malware, nothing has significantly changed in 2013. Android is still target number one, attracting a whopping 98.05% of known malware. No other OS gets anywhere close, as seen below. The reasons for this are Android’s leading market position, the prevalence of third party app stores and the fact that Android has a rather open architecture, making it easy to use for both app developers and malware authors alike. We do not expect this trend to change in near future. To date we have collected 8,260,509 unique malware installation packs. Note that different installation packs may launch applications with the same features. The difference is in the malware interface and, for instance, the content of the text messages they send out. The total number of mobile malware samples in our collection is 148,778 at the time of writing – 104,421 of them were found in 2013. October alone has seen 19,966 modifications, half the total that Kaspersky Lab found in the whole of 2012. Fortunately, this is this far from the situation we’re experiencing in the PC world, where we process a stream of more than 315,000 malware samples per day in our lab. Still, the trend is highly visible and continuing. Among mobile malware, SMS Trojans are still leading the field: However, SMS Trojans, with a few exceptions, have evolved into bots, so we can easily unite the leaders of both into a single category – Backdoor Malware. So, 62% of malicious applications are elements of mobile botnets. The following rating of vulnerable applications is based on data about exploits blocked by our products and used by cybercriminals both in Internet attacks and in compromising local applications, including users’ mobile devices. 90.52% of all detected attempts to exploit vulnerabilities targeted Oracle Java. These vulnerabilities are exploited by drive-by attacks conducted via the Internet, and new Java exploits are now present in lots of exploit packs. More details can be found in our article about Java exploits. Second place is taken by the ‘Windows components’ category, including vulnerable Windows OS files that do not apply to Internet Explorer and Microsoft Office – we assigned them to a separate category. Most of the attacks in this category target a vulnerability discovered in win32k.sys – CVE-2011-3402 – which was first used in Duqu. In third place with 2.5% are exploits for Android. Cybercriminals (and sometimes users themselves) use Android vulnerabilities in order to gain root privileges, which grants unlimited abilities to manipulate a system. These breaches are not used in drive-by attacks, and exploits for them are detected either by an antivirus, if there was an attempt to download an application containing an exploit, or by a file antivirus when an exploit is found on a device. It was recently reported that the Chrome browser for Nexus 4 and Samsung Galaxy S4 contained a vulnerability which could be used in future exploitation of Android vulnerabilities in drive-by attacks. Among the users of Kaspersky Lab products who consented to participate in KSN, 61.5% use a version of Windows 7 (5% more than last year); 6.3% use Windows XP (7.75% less than in 2012). The statistics in this section were derived from web antivirus components which protect users when malicious code attempts to download from infected websites. Infected websites might be created by malicious users, or they could also be made up of user-contributed content (such as forums) and legitimate resources that have been hacked. The number of attacks launched from web resources located all over the world increased from 1 595 587 670 in 2012 to 1 700 870 654. That means that Kaspersky Lab products protected users an average of 4 659 920 times every day when they were online. Compared to last year, there has been a fall in the growth rate of browser-based attacks. The number of neutralized web-based attacks in 2013 is 1.07 times more than in 2012, while in 2012 the corresponding figure was 1.7. The main tool behind browser-based attacks is still the exploit pack, which gives cybercriminals a surefire way of infecting victim computers that do not have a security product installed, or have at least one popular application that is vulnerable (requiring security updates). We have identified the top 20 most active malicious programs involved in web attacks on users’ computers. This list accounts for 99.9% of all web attacks. \|Name\|\|% of all attacks\| These statistics represent detection verdicts of the web-based antivirus module and were submitted by users of Kaspersky Lab products who consented to share their local data. *The percentage of unique incidents recorded by web-based antivirus on user computers. Compared to 2012, there was an increase in the proportion of blacklisted malicious links blocked (Malicious URL in 1st place). New, enhanced detection technologies that rely on KSN’s capabilities have resulted in the share of threats detected via heuristic methods rising from 87% to 93% over the past year. Most malicious URL detections were for websites containing exploits and for sites redirecting to exploits. Seven entries in this Top 20 rating were verdicts identifying threats that are blocked during attempted drive-by attacks, which are currently the most common attack method for web-borne malware. They are the heuristic verdicts Trojan.Script.Generic, Trojan.Script.Iframer, Exploit.Script.Blocker, Trojan-Downloader.Script.Generic, Exploit.Java.Generic, Exploit.Script.Generic and the non-heuristic. These verdicts are assigned to scripts that redirect to exploits as well as to the exploits themselves. In 9th place is a flash file detected as Hoax.SWF.FakeAntivirus.i that contains animation imitating the activity of an antivirus program. A “scan” of the victim’s computer reveals a huge number of “infections” that require a specialist security solution. The victim is prompted to send a text message to a short number and receives a link so the so-called solution can be downloaded. Flash files like this can appear on sites with advertising banners that from time to time include redirects to unwanted content. In 18th place is Hoax.HTML.FraudLoad.i, detected as an HTML page that imitates the familiar file download window: Users can end up on these sorts of pages from a variety of Russian-language download sites offering games, software and films. They tend to be hosted on free hosting resources. If users click ‘Save’, they are redirected to a file hosting site where they are prompted to download a file after paying for subscription via a text message. However, after fulfilling all the requirements, instead of receiving the desired content users get a text file with instructions on using search engines or, even worse, malicious programs. There are more adware verdicts in this year’s rating than in 2012, with the overall share rising from 0.3% to 1.04%. The following stats are based on the physical location of the online resources, which were used in attacks, blocked by the antivirus (web pages containing redirects to exploits, sites containing exploits and other malware, botnet command centers, etc.). Any unique host might become a source of one or more web attacks. In order to determine the geographical source of web-based attacks, a method was used by which domain names are matched up against actual domain IP addresses, and then the geographical location of a specific IP address (GEOIP) is established. In order to conduct 1 700 870 654 attacks over the Internet, cybercriminals used 10 604 273 unique hosts, which is 4 million more than in 2012. 82% of notifications on blocked web attacks were generated by blocking web resources located in ten countries, which is 14.1 percentage points less than in 2012. In 2013 there was little change to the Top 10 rating of leading malware sources compared to 2012. China, which was the traditional leader prior to 2010, dropped out of the top 10 and Vietnam appeared in 8th place. In 2010 the Chinese authorities succeeded in shutting down lots of malicious hosting resources in their part of cyberspace, at the same time hardening their legislation on domain names in the .cn domain zone, which resulted in the reduction of malicious sources in China. In 2010 China was in 3rd place, 6th in 2011, 8th in 2012 and in 2013 it fell to 21st place in the rating. In order to assess in which countries users face cyber-threats most often, we calculated how often Kaspersky users encountered detection verdicts on their machines in each country. The resulting data characterizes the risk of infection to which computers are exposed in different countries across the globe, providing an indicator of the aggressiveness of the environment in which computers work in different countries. Top 20 countries with the highest risk of computer infection via Internet: \|Country\|\|% of unique users*\| These statistics are based on the detection verdicts returned by the web antivirus module, received from users of Kaspersky Lab products who have consented to provide their statistical data. We excluded those countries in which the number of Kaspersky Lab product users is relatively small (less than 10,000). ** Unique users whose computers have been targeted by web attacks as a percentage of all unique users of Kaspersky Lab products in the country. In 2013 saw a new leader emerge, with Azerbaijan finishing in first place with 56.3% of attacked users. Russia, which came top in the previous two years, fell to 4th place with 54.4% (4.1 percentage points less than the previous year). The USA, Spain, Oman, Sudan, Bangladesh, the Maldives and Turkmenistan dropped out of the TOP 20 list of countries. Among the newcomers are Austria, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam and Algeria. The USA dropped from 19th to 25th. Its share fell by 7 percentage points to 38.1%. To recap, just two years ago the USA was in 3rd place. The declining level of risk associated with web-based attacks in the USA may be linked with the growing popularity of web surfing via mobile devices. Spain, which rounded off the TOP 20 rating last year, appeared at 31st place in 2013 (36.7% - 8 points less than the previous year). Austria (+8 points) ended the year in 12th place, Germany is in 13th (+9.3 points), and Greece (-1.6 points) is in 19th. Another Western European country – Italy (-6 points) – completes the rating. All countries can be assigned to one of the following categories based on their risk level while surfing the Internet: The African countries with a low risk level turned out to have high and moderate risk of infection by local threats (see below). The Internet in these countries is still not highly developed. Therefore, to share data users still make use of a variety of removable media. That is why web attacks are threatening so few users, while malware, distributed over removable data carriers, is frequently detected on computers. The average global Internet threat level grew by 6.9 percentage points – in 2013, 41.6% of user computers encountered attacks at least once. The Internet is still the main source of malware for users in the majority of countries worldwide. Local infection statistics for user computers are a critically important indicator. This data points to threats that have penetrated a computer system through something other than the Internet, email, or network ports. This section of the report contains an analysis of statistics based on data obtained from the on-access scanner and scanning statistics for different disks, including removable media (the on-demand scanner). Kaspersky Lab antivirus solutions detected nearly 3 billion malware incidents on computers participating in the Kaspersky Security Network. In total, 1.8 million malicious or potentially unwanted programs were detected in these incidents. \|Name\|\|% of individual users\| These statistics are compiled from malware detection verdicts generated by the on-access and on-demand scanner modules on the computers of those users running Kaspersky Lab products that have consented to submit their statistical data. The proportion of individual users on whose computers the antivirus module detected these objects as a percentage of all individual users of Kaspersky Lab products on whose computers a malicious program was detected. In 2013, malicious programs classified as DangerousObject.Multi.Generic and detected using cloud technologies ranked first in the list of the Top 20 malicious objects detected on user computers. Cloud technologies work when there are still no signatures in antivirus databases, and no heuristics for detecting malicious programs, but Kaspersky Lab’s cloud already has data about the threat. This is essentially how the newest malicious programs are detected. With the Urgent Detection System (UDS) implemented in Kaspersky Security Network over 11 million computers received real-time protection. Last year’s leader Trojan.Win32.Generic came second based on verdicts issued by the heuristic analyzer. Exploit.Win32.CVE-2010-2568.gen (5th place) and Trojan.WinLNK.Runner.ea (20th place) are the verdicts assigned to malicious Ink files (shortcuts) are detected. The Ink files of these families launch other malicious executable files. They are actively used by worms for distribution via USB storage media. Eight out of the Top 20 programs either integrate the self-proliferating mechanism or are used as one of the components in the scheme of worm distribution: Virus.Win32.Sality.gen (4th place), Trojan.Win32.Starter.lgb (7th place), Virus.Win32.Nimnul.a (8th place), Worm.Win32.Debris.a (9th place), Virus.Win32.Generic (10th place), Net-Worm.Win32.Kido.ih (12th place), Net-Worm.Win32.Kido.ir (14th place), Trojan.Win32.Starter.yy (15th place). The percentage of Net-Worm.Win32.Kido worms (12th and 14th place), which first appeared in 2008, is declining with every year as users update their systems. The Virus.Win32.Virut family of verdicts failed to make it into the Top 20 in 2013, while the share of other viruses – Sality (4th place) and Nimnul (8th place) – grew by 8.5 and 1.4 percentage points respectively. This year’s newcomer Worm.Win32.Debris.a ended up in 9th place. This worm is distributed via removable media with the help of Ink files. The payload of this worm is the Andromeda malicious program which is used to download third-party files. This program first appeared on the virus writer black market in 2011. However, new methods of installation and distribution means we have assigned it to a separate family. Trojan.Win32.Hosts2.gen is in 18th place. This verdict is assigned to malicious programs that try to change the special hosts file redirecting user requests to certain domains to hosts under their control. In order to assess the risk level for local infection faced by users in different countries, we calculated just how often users with Kaspersky Lab products encountered antivirus detections over the course of the year. Of interest was data concerning the detection of malware on user machines or on removable media connected to computers – USB flash drives, camera and phone memory cards, external hard drives. Essentially, these statistics reflect the level of personal computer infections in different countries of the world. Computer infection levels by country – Top 20: These statistics are based on the detection verdicts returned by the antivirus module, received from users of Kaspersky Lab products who have consented to provide their statistical data. When calculating, we excluded countries where there are fewer than 10,000 Kaspersky Lab users. *The percentage of unique users in the country with computers that blocked local threats as a percentage of all unique users of Kaspersky Lab products. For more than a year, the Top 20 positions in this category were held by countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South East Asia. Since last year’s ranking, the situation in the top-ranked countries has improved: in 2012, the figure for the first-placed country was over 99%; in 2013, the highest figure did not reach 70%. In 2013, an average of 60.1% of computers connected to KSN were subjected to at least one attack while surfing the web compared to 73.8% in 2012. Countries can be divided into categories in terms of local threats. Considering the overall reduction in the level of local infections most probably caused by the decline in the use of flash drives for exchanging information, we have lowered the threshold for the group levels (compared with the statistics for 2012). The Top 10 countries with the lowest risk of local infection were: In 2013, one new country – the Seychelles – appeared in this Top 10, pushing out the Netherlands. On average, 18.4% of user machines were attacked in the low risk group of countries. This is 6.6 percentage points less than last year.
Over the weekend I happened to come across a new type of ransomware for Android which encrypts the files on a device and demands a ransom in exchange of potentially unlocking the content. The malware requests for the following permissions during installation: - get task - skill background processes - access fine location - receive sms - access coarse location - call phone - read sms - write sms - send sms - read contacts - read phone state - system alert window - wake lock - disable keyguard - receive boot completed - write external storage - read external storage - quick boot poweron Upon execution it sends a GET request to the domain fsdf2tvwev-ru.1gb.ru. This is a general behavior exhibited by malware where they register/inform the attacker about the infection on a device. The name of the webpage (reg.php) is another indication of this behavior. Unfortunately I had gotten a base 64 encoded response that states as error: After a couple of minutes I had gotten a ransom message that covers the entire screen as shown below: In the background the ransomware encrypts files on the device and adds a ".Lucy" extension at the end This ransomware demands the victims to pay 600 Canadian Dollars (CAD) which amounts to roughly $481 at the time of writing this blog. The attackers demand payment via Neosurf - wherein we purchase a Neosurf voucher of a certain value using cash. To fulfill the payment the victim needs to add the voucher number or code. To also Note.. - The malware contains the following hardcoded urls in its code: - Since its discovery, statistics on the above URLs indicate most of the clicks/visits for these links have been coming from Canada indicating where this ransomware might have spread the most - There is a hardcoded phone number present in the code +190 which belongs to the United States - I also noticed that the code that for a card number, name and date. This code might be for Neocash which is a CreditCard by Neosurf: - There is code in the ransomware that extracts the contact details stored on the device: - This ransomware has the ability to execute commands received by the attacker, few interesting ones are listed below: - Execute shell commands - Grab SMS messages on the device - Compose and send SMS messages - Get location of the device The ransomware gets installed on a device as a codec pack, based on its name it is likely that this is spreading via rogue websites that host a video but show an error when the user tries to play the content. The error usually claims that a codec pack is missing on the device and the video will play once the codec is installed. Please be aware when such an error is encountered, it is always advisable to install apps on the device via the official Google Play store and not directly from websites. That's what makes ransomware or screen-lockers a lot less relevant on android phones. You can just drop a factory reset and you are good to go, the obviously unfortunate part is that your data might be leaked, so you will essentially need to change every password and pin you have, but other than that, it's much less of a hassle.
The FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) warns of an increase in complaints reporting the use of deepfakes and stolen Personally Identifiable Information (PII) to apply for a variety of remote work and work-at-home positions. Deepfakes include a video, an image, or recording convincingly altered and manipulated to misrepresent someone as doing or saying something that was not actually done or said. The remote work or work-from-home positions identified in these reports include information technology and computer programming, database, and software related job functions. Notably, some reported positions include access to customer PII, financial data, corporate IT databases and/or proprietary information. Complaints report the use of voice spoofing, or potentially voice deepfakes, during online interviews of the potential applicants. In these interviews, the actions and lip movement of the person seen interviewed on-camera do not completely coordinate with the audio of the person speaking. At times, actions such as coughing, sneezing, or other auditory actions are not aligned with what is presented visually. IC3 complaints also depict the use of stolen PII to apply for these remote positions. Victims have reported the use of their identities and pre-employment background checks discovered PII given by some of the applicants belonged to another individual. Companies or victims who identify this type of activity should report it to the IC3. If available, include any subject information such as IP or email addresses, phone numbers, or names provided.
By Tech Edge Editorial With cyber-attacks being an inevitable occurrence for organizations, Rubrik’s solution utilizes generative AI and large language models (LLMs) to offer step-by-step guided workflows and task lists, Futurum Group Analyst Krista Macomber said. The solution streamlines data recovery and bolstering cyber-resilience, hence minimizing the impact of cyber threats on organizations and alleviating the IT professionals’ supply shortage, she said. Rubrik’s partnership with Microsoft uses Azure OpenAI-based recommendations for the “last known good” snapshot or file to recover to minimize data loss, the company reported. Additionally, Rubrik’s flagship platform, Rubrik Security Cloud, also integrates with Microsoft Sentinel, a cloud-native platform which provides a unified view of security data from across an organization, including on-premises, cloud, and hybrid environments, and that uses AI and machine learning (ML) to automate threat detection and response.
BTRP and its predecessor programs have addressed key aspects of the overall U.S. effort to prevent the proliferation of biological weapons. The categories of activities are as follows: Biological Infrastructure Elimination, with three facility dismantlement projects completed in Kazakhstan and Georgia and on Vozrozhdeniye Island in the Aral Sea Biosafety/Biosecurity, which involves facility upgrades, training, and related activities throughout the region and initial steps in establishing the Threat Agent Detection and Response (TADR) network in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan Cooperative Biological Research, with research laboratory upgrades and research projects carried out in Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, and Azerbaijan Program Administration, involving supporting activities by a variety of organizations, including a contractor-led Threat Reduction Support Center that supports a staff of more than 30 analysts and advisers for BTRP and contracts to cover costs of shipments of materials and equipment that must be handled carefully, undertakings that consume more than one-half of the funds available for this program element. The distribution of expenditures among these four program categories is set forth in Figure 2-3.
You must ensure certain data security considerations while configuring VMware Tools as VMware Tools configuration settings might expose some security threats or risks. There are many kind of possible security threats while configuring VMware Tools components or features. For example, VMware Tools enables you to connect virtual devices such as serial and parallel ports to virtual machines. A connected device might be a potential channel of attack. To harden a virtual machine and reduce security risks as much as possible, disable the VMware Tools features that might be vulnerable to security threats. Virtual machines are encapsulated in a small number of files. Of these, the configuration file (.vmx file) governs the performance of the virtual hardware and other settings. You can use several methods to see and modify the configuration settings: - Use the vSphere Web Client to edit virtual machine settings. In the vSphere Web Client, editing these configuration parameters is an advanced option in the virtual machine Edit Settings dialog box. - Use the vSphere Host Client to edit virtual machine settings. In the vSphere Host Client, editing these configuration parameters is an advanced option in the virtual machine Edit Settings dialog box. - Use a vSphere API-based tool, such as Power CLI, to view and modify .vmx parameters. After you edit a setting, the change does not take effect until you restart the virtual machine. You can eliminate several potential threats by setting parameters appropriately in the corresponding VMware Tools parameters to set in the virtual machine's .vmx file. The defaults for many of these parameters are already set to protect virtual machines from these threats. Threats: Unprivileged User Account Access - Copy and paste By default, the ability to copy and paste text, graphics, and files is disabled, as is the ability to drag and drop files. When this option is enabled, you can copy and paste rich text, and depending on the VMware product, graphics and files from your clipboard to the guest operating system in a virtual machine. That is, when the console window of a virtual machine gains focus, nonprivileged users and processes running in the virtual machine can access the clipboard on the computer where the console window is running. To avoid risks associated with this feature, retain the following .vmx settings, which disable copying and pasting: isolation.tools.copy.disable = "TRUE" isolation.tools.paste.disable = "TRUE" Threats: Virtual Devices - Connecting and modifying devices By default, the ability to connect and disconnect devices is disabled. When this feature is enabled, users and processes without root or administrator privileges can connect devices such as network adapters and CD-ROM drives, and they can modify device settings. That is, a user can connect a disconnected CD-ROM drive and access sensitive information on the media that is in the drive. A user can also disconnect a network adapter to isolate the virtual machine from its network, which is a denial of service. To avoid risks associated with this feature, retain the following .vmx settings, which disable the ability to connect and disconnect devices or to modify device settings: isolation.device.connectable.disable = "TRUE" isolation.device.edit.disable = "TRUE" Threats: Virtual Machine Information Flow - VMX file size By default the configuration file is limited to a size of 1 MB because uncontrolled size for the file can lead to a denial of service if the datastore runs out of disk space. Informational messages are sometimes sent from the virtual machine to the .vmx file. These setinfo messages define virtual machine characteristics or identifiers by writing name-value pairs to the file. You might need to increase the size of the file if large amounts of custom information must be stored in the file. The property name is tools.setInfo.sizeLimit, and you specify the value in kilobytes. Retain the following tools.setInfo.sizeLimit = "1048576" - Sending performance counters into PerfMon You can integrate virtual machine performance counters for CPU and memory into PerfMon for Linux and Microsoft Windows guest operating systems. This provides detailed information about the physical host available to the guest operating system. A malicious user could potentially use this information to perform further attacks on the host. By default this feature is disabled. Retain the following .vmx setting to prevent host information from being sent to the virtual machine: tools.guestlib.enableHostInfo = "FALSE" This setting blocks some but not all metrics. If you set this property to FALSE, the following metrics are blocked: - Features not exposed in vSphere that could cause vulnerabilities Because VMware virtual machines run in many VMware products in addition to vSphere, some virtual machine parameters do not apply in a vSphere environment. Although these features do not appear in vSphere user interfaces, disabling them reduces the number of vectors through which a guest operating system could access a host. Use the following .vmx setting to disable these features: isolation.tools.unity.push.update.disable = "TRUE" isolation.tools.ghi.launchmenu.change = "TRUE" isolation.tools.ghi.autologon.disable = "TRUE" isolation.tools.hgfsServerSet.disable = "TRUE" isolation.tools.memSchedFakeSampleStats.disable = "TRUE" isolation.tools.getCreds.disable = "TRUE"
Journey of an email Mailsphere provides 4 layers of protection, beginning at the perimeter on-the-wire analysis is performed to ensure a connection is valid. An email server or MTA receives many illegitimate connections every day, mainly by spammers looking for an open gateway that they can take advantage of. This is also the first stage in protecting against domain spoofing as the customers domains are compared against a list of authorised IP addresses. Once a connection has been validated we analyse any attachments. The attachment filter rejects any invalid attachments such as scripts and executables. All other attachments are run through spam and malware analysis. This analysis looks at known issues and uses heuristics to detect zero day exploits. If the email is flagged as malicious at this point the content is destroyed and the sender and recipient are notified, depending on configuration. Emails are then checked against an organisations whitelists and user whitelists which will allow them to circumvent full spam analysis. Before we allow this route past the complete spam check we confirm that the source of the email is authorised to send for the senders email address. Now that the email and its attachment have been received Mailsphere runs over 400 different rules across the email. These rules include checks on: - the senders domain, - the sending IP, - the properties of the email format (MIME), - the history in the SMTP headers, - the content and subject line, - any URL's listed, - additional checks on the attachment - and any HTML found in the email. As well as these internal rules and checks on internal blacklists we also work with nearly 20 global partners to identify suspicious sources. Further, machine learning classifiers are employed to learn about the language found in an organisations email and identify where this is legitimate or not. When an email triggers a rule it receives a score. The score can be positive or negative. If the total score for the email is above 5.0 then the email is flagged as spam. When you see a spam report you will see that some rules carry a score of 0. This is not to say that they have no bearing on the final result of the spam analysis as all scores are considered in the decision tables. These decision tables are used to consider the impact of multiple checks being triggered (both positive and negative checks) and whether the final result should be modified as a result of the combination. Mailsphere runs frequent tests on the effectiveness of these rules and the scores assigned with updates being applied on a weekly basis as the ongoing battle against spammers continues. When a false positive is reported we typically can recommend a way to resolve this in future cases and in many cases it is recommended for the sender to improve their email configuration - which will improve their ability to successfully deliver email globally. Notifications of emails held in the quarantine are sent to the intended recipient based on the schedule for that customer organisation. Each time the schedule runs it checks for quarantined emails since the last time the notification email was sent. If a quarantine report was deleted, it is still possible to login to the portal and release emails via the UI.
%%excerpt%% Kubernetes Security Posture Management (KSPM) consists of hardening your container images, applying network policies, configuring RBAC policies, and enforcing Kubernetes admission controllers. KSPM uses automation tools to help you strengthen your security posture by finding and fixing security issues. KSPM automates the process of finding RBAC misconfigurations, container images that need to be patched, and other vulnerabilities that you define in your policies. Get to know Senior Platform Developer
The Allow AS feature allows for routes to be received and processed even if the router detects its own ASN in the AS-Path. A router discards BGP network prefixes if it sees its ASN in the AS-Path as a loop prevention mechanism. Some network designs use a transit AS to provide connectivity to two different locations. BGP detects the network advertisements from the remote site as a loop and discards the route. The AS-Path loop check feature needs to be disabled to maintain connectivity in scenarios such as these. On IOS nodes, the command neighbor ip-address allowas-in is placed under the address-family. IOS XR and NX-OS nodes use the BGP neighbor address-family configuration command allowas-in.
An organization processes credit card transactions and is concerned that an employee may intentionally email credit card numbers to external email addresses. Which of the following technologies should this company consider? A Data Loss Prevention technology is aimed at detecting and preventing unauthorized access to, use of, or transmission of sensitive information such as credit card details.
Argus is the first real-time network flow sensor, pre-dating Cisco's NetFlow by 10 years. The open source project is about generating network transaction summaries, network flow data, that can support all of functions, including network operations, performance and security management. For the open source project, that means deployable in lot of places, generating lots of data, with lots of attributes and metrics, crammed into a single network flow data strategy, such that the data can be generated, collected, processed and analyzed in a lot of ways. The current argus is both a real-time sensor, capable of running at 100Gbps on special purpose hardware, and a software packet processing tool that can convert a file of packets into really useful information. Ported to over 25 platforms, Argus can generate network flow data just about anywhere, providing the same dense network data, no matter where it's deployed. Argus is designed based on a few principal goals. In order to provide comprehensive network flow data, Argus cannot be statistical. When utilities need to know what is going on in a network, it can't get a statistical look. This complete accounting of all the packets observed is an primary goal of Argus and its data, and differentiates it from other flow systems. Supporting operations, performance and security management analytics means that Argus data need to have the attributes that are needed for these tasks. Reachability indicators for operations management, loss detection for performance measurements, and content for security analytics, are just a few examples. The world of network security has really advanced in the last 10 years, and Argus has kept pace, providing the richest general network flow data available today. Its comprehensive (non-statistical) transaction model is designed to support the complete NIST Cyber Security Framework, Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond and Recover. Advanced comprehensive network flow data, with metadata enhancements, embedded protocol verifications + payload capture provides the information needed to find network evidence of the bad thing, intrusion, exploitation, exfiltration, shadow IT. Whether the network activity reflects malware attempting to discover nodes in the local network, attempts to break into adjacent systems, stepping stone behavior, Argus data is rich enough to provide the basic information needed to identify and detect bad actor behavior in the network. The argus sensor is a multi-threaded packet processor that relies on native operating system support to process live network packet streams, or to read packets from named pipes or files. It parses all network headers, until it finds the end-to-end Layer 3 Transport header, and then tracks the transport state until it times out due to an idle state. Keeping up with new modern encapsulations, such as those in NVO3, GUE, VXLAN are important to keeping argus relevant. If you're interested in theoretical models of network communications, get involved. Argus is best used in large distributed deployments. Helping argus to be free of complex configuration issues, and to support massive scale deployment, is a real challenge. If you like this type of development, get involved.
As connectivity increases, new openings emerge for cyberattacks. Consequently, UNECE regulations require that OEMs and fleet operators provide effective security risk management for vehicles throughout their life cycle. One of the key elements for achieving this is attack detection via intrusion detection systems (IDS) in the vehicle. But how can reliable monitoring of on-board network communication via IDS still be guaranteed in the future, even under the increased requirements of Ethernet-based E/E architectures? With its CycurIDS intrusion detection system, which is available as CycurIDS-CAN for CAN/CAN-FD networks and CycurIDS-ETH for Ethernet networks, ESCRYPT is offering a solution that is tailored-made for vehicle electronics and the increased requirements of connectivity. The IDS manager CycurIDS-M and the IDS reporter CycurIDS-R complete the offer towards a distributed In-vehicle intrusion detection system.
Deepteep.com Generates Untrustworthy Result Pages Similar to other fake search engines such as go.zipcruncher.com and go.paradiskus.com, go.deepteep.com is yet another fraudulent website that promises to improve the browsing experience by providing better search results. At first glance, go.deepteep.com may seem legitimate and useful, but its developers promote this site using a browser-hijacking application called Deepteep, which is presented as a tool to speed up the software installation process. Unfortunately, go.deepteep.com (and Deepteep) continually record users' internet browsing activity, which is a significant privacy concern. Deepteep targets popular browsers such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox, and upon infiltration, it assigns go.deepteep.com as the default search engine, new tab URL, and homepage. Moreover, it prevents users from changing these settings, making it impossible to restore browsers to their previous states. Research indicates that Deepteep reassigns browser settings even when attempts are made to change them. As a result, users are forced to visit go.deepteep.com every time they open a new browser tab or search via the URL bar, which significantly degrades the browsing experience. Furthermore, go.deepteep.com's redirects are not only inconvenient but also ineffective. After entering a search query on the website, users are redirected to search.yahoo.com, a legitimate search engine. As a result, go.deepteep.com becomes useless, and users do not receive any improved search results. Finally, data tracking is another significant concern with both go.deepteep.com and Deepteep. The websites record information about users' browsing activities, including personal details such as IP addresses, website URLs visited, pages viewed, and search queries. This information is then shared with third parties, posing a severe threat to users' privacy. Why Is it Never a Good Idea to Use Fake Search Engines? Using fake search engines can have several negative consequences, and it is never a good idea to use them. Here are some reasons why: - Security risks: Fake search engines may contain malware or other malicious code that can harm your computer or compromise your online security. - Privacy concerns: These search engines may collect and misuse your personal data, including search history, login credentials, and other sensitive information. - Poor search results: Fake search engines may not provide relevant search results and instead redirect you to irrelevant or even harmful websites. - Advertisements: Fake search engines may bombard you with ads, which can be annoying and distracting. - Scams: Some fake search engines are designed to trick users into buying fake products or services or making fraudulent transactions. Therefore, it is important to use only reputable search engines like Google, Bing, or Yahoo to ensure your safety and get accurate search results.
At the same time, the recent decision of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to wildly proliferate the number of top-level domains and the character sets in which domains can be enumerated is the single most criminogenic act ever taken in or around the digital world. (h/t to igp_blog) It's not clear exactly what he believes the relationship to be here. Is IPv6 "criminogenic" because it lets more machines have publicly available addresses (and thus, presumably, be vulnerable to attack and more useful as attackers?) From the general tone of the essay, perhaps he believes that having more parties involved in naming reduces security--- yet, with 250 top-level domains in existence today, and numerous registrars, it seems to me like the potential for bad actors or compromise is already pretty close to saturation. I would perhaps suggest the addition of a TCP/IP stack to Windows as a far more crime-producing event. ;)
In this tutorial, we’ll explore both role-based and permission-based access control, comparing and establishing relations between them. We’ll have a brief contextualization about access control, understanding its importance nowadays. Thus, we’ll investigate role-based and permission-based access control techniques. Finally, we’ll review and compare the presented concepts in a systematic summary. 2. Access Control As time passes, the Internet becomes more and more popular. With this continuous popularization, accessing the World Wide Web is no longer only for searching for information but also for working, shopping, and communicating. So, with several applications, securely exchanging data turned into a challenge. Many methods and techniques to tackle this challenge have been proposed. Some aim to protect systems, such as installing antivirus and deploying DDoS mitigation solutions. Other methods, in turn, focus on checking if a user accessing a system is who he claims to be. These methods are encompassed by access control techniques. Access control regulates who can access what in a digital system. In this context, we have heterogeneous techniques to define and enforce these regulations. Among these techniques, we can highlight the role and permission-based ones. In short, permission-based access control defines permissions to each system’s user. On the other hand, role-based access control specifies permissions to a set of roles of a system, roles assigned to each user. Both role and permission-based techniques are supported by other security methods. The majority of these other methods aim to authenticate the user somehow. Examples of them are password-based, biometric-based, and physical token-based authentication. In the following sections, we’ll investigate, in detail, the concepts and properties of permission and role-based access control techniques. 3. Permission-based Access Control Before specifically discussing permission-based access control, we can explore what permission really means. Conceptually, providing permission to a user means allowing him to access a resource or execute a specific operation in a system. Usual permissions relate to reading, editing, and deleting operations of a given digital resource. So, getting permission to access a resource means that at least the entity can read its content. In such a scenario, full access to a resource consists of having three different permissions: one for each operation (read, edit, and delete). So, we can understand permission-based access control as the technique that defines specific permissions for every entity using a system. As previously stated, each permission typically is a tuple indicating both a resource and an operation. The image next shows an example scenario where three entities have different permissions related to the same resources: The main benefit of adopting permission-based techniques is attributing permission to the entities using a system with a fine granularity control. However, this fine-grained permission control can also be understood as a problem. It occurs since we need personal management of the permissions of each entity. In this context, permission-based access control is impractical for systems with lots of users due to the manageability challenges it imposes. 4. Role-based Access Control Taking a similar approach from the last section, we may first see what a role is before studying the role-based access control technique. Actually, we are already familiar with the concept of role in our everyday lives. For instance, we can have one or many roles in our jobs: a frontend developer, a system engineer, a technical writer, and so on. Thus, each role we assume presumes a series of particular responsibilities and duties that will guide our work. In role-based access control, we have a similar scenario to the presented example: each entity using a given system has a role that defines the resources it can access and the operations it can execute. In a technical view, we can say that a role-based system determines sets of permissions enforced to entities acting with similar objectives and privileges in a system. Probably the most typical role categorization in computing systems is user and administrator. In this case, users are typically limited entities in the system: they can not access all the resources nor execute all the operations for those resources they access. An administrator, in turn, has several permissions that a user does not have: they can access almost resources available in the system and freely read, edit, and delete them. Furthermore, we also have the figure of the system owner that has all possible system permissions. In the following figure, we have an example scenario where the three previously presented roles are assigned to five different entities using a system: It is relevant to highlight that, although user, administrator, and owner are frequent, we can have many other roles. So, for example, in a people management system, we can have roles of assistants, technical people, managers, and directors. The principal benefit of using the role-based access control technique is easing the management of entities that access the system. It occurs because changes in permissions of a role are automatically applied to every entity with this role. However, using roles reduces the possibility of customizing the permissions set for a single entity. Thus, to assign a completely customized set of permissions to an entity, we’ll need to create a new role only for it. 5. Systematic Summary Securing resources and restricting the execution of operations to authorized entities is crucial for the current digital systems. The popularization of networking shifted the way how we communicate and work. However, it also brought challenges, for example, how to avoid both sensitive data from being accessed and sensitive operations from being executed by unauthorized entities. Adopting access control systems is one of the solutions to the previously presented challenges. We have two big categories of access control systems: permission-based and role-based. Each one of these access control categories has specific characteristics. Let’s see and compare some of these characteristics in the following table: In this tutorial, we explored permission and role-based access control mechanisms. First, we reviewed concepts about access control systems in general. Next, we studied techniques to implement access control: permission-based and role-based. At last, we outlined the characteristics of these techniques in a systematic summary. We can conclude that access control is essential for the current digital world. However, using permission or role-based technique to implement access control depends on the system and scenario where it will operate since these techniques have different characteristics.
Malware reverse engineering in a SOC Before we dive deep into malware reverse engineering (MRE), it’s worth talking a little about the steps that precede it. There are a multitude of technologies that were designed to help detect malicious codes, such as antivirus tools, EDR systems, and various kinds of sandboxes. These all utilize static and dynamic analysis techniques to reveal what a certain code does, which helps decide if it is malware or it means no threat. These steps are repeated for each potential malicious incident with no exception, and are usually sufficient to detect and analyze malicious codes, understand what they do, and use the extracted information to plan the appropriate response activities. However, sometimes the available and routinely used techniques and tools aren’t enough to make a verdict, at which point there’s a need for a more in-depth malware analysis. And this is when malware reverse engineering comes into the picture. Malware analysis versus malware reverse engineering Since malware analysis is usually done by malware reverse engineers, you might be tempted to think that malware analysis and malware reverse engineering are the same thing. But you would be wrong. Malware analysis is usually meant to denote the process of running a suspicious code in a safe and isolated environment, such as a sandbox, and monitoring the behavior and outputs of the code. This is also known as ‘detonation’. In contrast, malware reverse engineering is the process of reviewing a code at the assembly level, then reading and analyzing it based on the performed assembly instructions. As you can see, the two techniques are quite similar in that they’re both aimed at analyzing a code to determine its intent, but there are significant differences in how they’re performed. When automated processes just don’t cut it In a security operation center, sometimes you have to understand and even override a verdict made by an automated malware analysis tool. An EDR system might report a piece of perfectly legitimate software, an e-mail might be marked as suspicious even thought it was sent by a trusted party, and a sandbox report might suggest that a certain file is malware, but provides no sufficient information on the infected endpoints or what to do as part of the remediation effort. When automated processes turn out to be insufficient, malware reverse engineers can investigate the code to understand what it does, which helps properly estimate the risk associated with the given cybersecurity incident, or in other words, to determine the causality chain or infection chain. This is the kind of information that automated analysis tools cannot provide, even though it’s crucial to define the accurate incident response steps. How can malware outsmart analysis tools? With cybersecurity measures as sophisticated as antivirus tools or EDR systems at hand, you would be right to ask how some malicious software can deceive today’s state-of-the-art cybersecurity systems. Unfortunately, as we’ve said many times before, with the evolution of technology comes the evolution of cybercrime as well. A significant amount of new malware operates with evasive techniques, meaning there’s a new generation of malware that was designed to bypass automated analysis tools. Malware creators nowadays can even test the evasive techniques of their samples within the most popular publicly available automated sandbox tools. Because of these increasingly-sophisticated malicious codes, it’s becoming increasingly important to properly investigate malware incidents rather than just block the malicious code, or to reveal why an automated tool made a decision before simply overriding it. There might be potentially inaccurate verdicts, and even legitimate programs might start acting suspiciously, so understanding what the code does is the only surefire way to identify which assets are infected and how to properly respond to the incident. Automated tools will always be a great first line of defense in a SOC, but there’s no doubt we can expect an increasing demand for malware reverse engineers going forward. Malware reverse engineering as a service Based on the above, it may seem like a no-brainer that organizations can easily solve their malware detection and analysis problems by building a malware engineering capability in their SOC. However, as do most things, recruiting an MRE poses some challenges. The most obvious obstacle is the general shortage of talented and skilled professionals in the area of cybersecurity, which is even more severe when it comes to a skill set as niche as malware reverse engineering. And even if you manage to find an available resource, there is such a small amount of truly skilled people in this field that recruiting and retaining these professionals feels like participating in an expensive, never-ending competition. Luckily, a number of cybersecurity organizations have recognized this issue and come up with a solution: offering it as a service. In an MRE as a service model, the service should ideally be available at a high capacity, in an on-demand manner, even for ad-hoc cases. This would give the average SOC the possibility to ‘borrow’ resources when they encounter a tricky incident in the course of their business. However, if you look around the market, you can see that not many MRE as a service offerings possess these desired characteristics. For this reason, and since we already had the required skill set within our organization, it made perfect sense to build this service within SOCWISE and offer it to our fellow SOCs and incident response teams. Let us give you a little peek behind the curtain and tell you about some of the features that let our customers truly benefit from our MRE as a service offering, such as scalability and on-demand accessibility. MRE in SOCWISE First, with the help of the Subscuto team, we built on our existing MRE capability to form the service. To ensure high capacity, we designed and developed a purpose-built malware analysis lab that incorporates our own hardware and even software components. Since the lab is deployed on SOCWISE premises, the samples that are analyzed are not shared with any additional third parties. When we receive a malware sample from our customers – which can be shared with us via any method that the customer prefers – it first lands in a so-called ‘malware triaging pipeline’, which performs several types of preprocessing activities to ensure optimal utilization of our resources. After that, it’s picked up by one of our experts who performs the reverse engineering analysis. When the analysis is done, the outcome is a customizable report that’s optimized for incident management by default. It’s important to note that the report isn’t intended to be an in-depth, academic research type of analysis – its purpose is to give incident response teams clear information on the sample code so they can take speedy response measures such as containment, remediation, or even threat hunting. Nevertheless, our team can also support digital forensics, but that function belongs to a separate service umbrella. Due to the nature of this service design, it can be easily integrated with existing SOC technologies and procedures, which even makes the proof of value processes simple. What we usually recommend is selecting a sample that you know very well, so when you receive the report, you can easily compare it with your expectations. Alternatively, you can also send us a sample that’s caused you trouble, because if we can find and give you the solution, that’s also a pretty good proof of value, isn’t it? How to leverage MRE as a service in a SOC? As we’ve already discussed, malware reverse engineering isn’t the same as malware analysis – it’s a separate process that should complement it. SOCs by all means should keep using their existing sandboxes, EDR systems, and local processes for static and dynamic analysis as a first line of defense. MRE only comes into the picture when a sample goes through all your automated processes and tools, but you still have doubts as to what the code does or what you should do to remediate the consequences of a malware incident. In addition, it can also help make sure that a decision made by a cybersecurity tool is in fact the right decision (aka verdict validation). So, how does malware reverse engineering fit into the daily life of a security operation center? Let’s think back to the three layers of SOCs: people, process, and technology. Since the primary goal of MRE is to support incident detection and response, and it has a strong connection with threat intelligence and vulnerability management, it will mainly benefit those processes within a SOC. But of course there can be differences from service to service. For example, the report that we create as part of our MRE as a service focuses on supporting the response part, where you have to perform automated and manual containment, analysis, eradication, and remediation activities – all of which can be enhanced by malware reverse engineering. First of all, there can be times when automated processes and common technologies such as EDR systems and antivirus tools just don’t cut it anymore. Sometimes they can let cybersecurity threats go undetected, or – on the contrary – mark trusted and legitimated resources as suspicious. As malicious codes become increasingly sophisticated, there’s an increasing need for cybersecurity professionals who can investigate codes on an assembly level. However, no matter how badly SOCs need malware reverse engineering capabilities, implementing them in-house is difficult for several reasons. A great solution for this conundrum is getting malware reverse engineering as a service, where you can leverage the scalability and on-demand nature of the offering. And lastly and most importantly, malware reverse engineering should never replace traditional SOC processes, it should complete them. Your organization is still the safest when it’s guarded by proven, automated cybersecurity processes, expert systems, and machine learning capabilities. It’s only when there’s still uncertainty regarding a code even after the analysis was completed that malware reverse engineering should be applied. But in those cases, you shouldn’t hesitate for a second.
The SBC Core supports the exchange of SIP signaling over Transport Layer Security (TLS), an IETF protocol for securing communications across an untrusted network. Normally, SIP packets travel in plain text over TCP or UDP connections. Secure SIP is a security measure that uses TLS, the successor to the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol. TLS operates just above the transport layer (Layer 4) and provides peer authentication, confidentiality and message integrity. The SBC supports TLS versions 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 with server-only authentication (in which only the server is authenticated at the TLS layer) and mutual authentication (in which both the TLS client and server are authenticated at the TLS layer). TLS is an effective measure to a number of threats including theft of service, disruption of service, compromise of confidentiality, and compromise of service integrity. SIP over TLS may be independently configured on each hop between SIP devices. SIP transport type selection is typically configured via the IP Signaling Profile, and may also be provisioned on the SIP trunk group or identified via a DNS lookup. If a zone's sipSigPort is configured for sip-tls-tcp, SBC increments the configured portNumber by 1 and uses it as the new port number for SIP over TLS signaling. SBC then opens a TCP socket for SIP over TLS for the new TCP port number. sipSigPort is configured with a portNumber of 5060 and sip-tls-tcp, SBC listens on TCP port 5061 for SIP over TLS. Usage Scenarios and TLS Roles The SBC uses SIP over TLS in several scenarios as illustrated in the figure below . In most scenarios, the SBC Core does not support ECC certificates for TLS Handshake. Specifically, the SBC Core does not support ECC certificates for TLS handshake when it acts as a TLS “server-only,” although it can support the certificates when acting as TLS client in the configured “server-and-client” role. The table below describes the interrelationship between each of these scenarios, the TLS role (server or client/server), and the authentication requirements. Between a subscriber SIP User Agent (UA) and an SBC. This is intended for use in conjunction with authenticated SIP registration. A peer is blocked from using any services until a successful SIP registration is performed. A separate registrar is deployed to challenge and authenticate the registration; this may be a Sonus ASX or other device. The registrar should be configured to require authentication on the registration; however the SBC does not check or enforce this. Between an enterprise PBX and an SBC. Mutual TLS authentication for static (non-registering) IP PBX. Server-only Authentication for registering PBX. Between a SIP proxy or Back-to-Back User Agent (B2B UA) belonging to another administrative domain and an SBC. Client or Server Mutual TLS authentication. Between an SBC and a SIP proxy or a B2B UA belonging to the same administrative domain. Client or Server Mutual TLS authentication Deployments may involve two or more of the above scenarios and include different transports (SIP over TLS, SIP over TCP, or SIP over UDP) simultaneously on separate legs of the same signaling path. Cipher suites define a set of ciphers (algorithms used for encrypting data) which allows selection of an appropriate level of security. When a TLS connection is established, the client and server exchange information about which cipher suites they have in common. The following cipher suites are supported: \|Public/Private Key Pair\| Confidentiality Cipher and Mode The integrity cipher used for the TLS Record protocol. Authentication mechanism in the TLS Handshake protocol. Confidentiality cipher and mode for the TLS Record protocol. Confidentiality cipher and mode for the TLS Record protocol with SHA-256 as the hash function. Confidentiality cipher and mode for the TLS Record protocol with AES 256 encryption. Confidentiality cipher and mode for the TLS Record protocol with AES 256 encryption and SHA-256 as the hash function. Confidentiality cipher and mode for TLS Recod with AES256 CBC and SHA384 as hash function. Confidentiality cipher and mode for TLS Recod with AES256 GCM and SHA384 as hash function. Confidentiality cipher and mode for the TLS Record protocol using ECDHE (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key Exchange) with AES128 CBC and SHA as hash function. Confidentiality cipher and mode for the TLS Record protocol using ECDHE (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key Exchange) with AES256 CBC and SHA384 as hash function. * To use this cipher, TLS version 1.2 must be enabled in the TLS Profile. ** To use this cipher, TLS version 1.2 must be enabled in the TLS Profile and SSL certificates must be created using ECC keys. Terms used in this table: RSA – Authentication based on X.509 certificates using RSA public/private key pairs 3DES-EDE – Data Encryption Standard applied three times with Encrypt Decrypt Encrypt AES-128 – Advanced Encryption Standard (128-bit key length) CBC – Cipher Block Chaining SHA – Secure Hash algorithm When fips-140-2 mode is enabled, do not use The SBC and its peer devices use X.509 digital certificates to authenticate themselves for TLS. Local certificates in PKSC # 12 format (attesting to the identity of the SBC) and remote Certificate Authority (CA) certificates may be installed on the SBC in a common area (/opt/sonus/external/) where they are available to TLS.
Here is a list of tools used by the pony7 team during security contests. Exploit & Reverse Engineering A lot of tools are used to reverse and exploit a binary. The tools we use to reverse a binary: , the GNU Debugger. Mostly used to run a program step by step. , a python exploit development assistance for GDB. It improves a lot gdb, especially by showing you the values pointed by addresses in registers or on the stack. , programs to display information about executables. , a program that prints all system calls. is similar to strace, but it prints all dynamic library calls. , a disassembler and debugger. The awesome decompiler can give you a pseudocode of the binary. , a python framework for analyzing binaries. It focuses on both static and dynamic symbolic analysis, making it applicable to a variety of tasks. Then, we have tools to write exploits. These are tools to launch a process or open a socket, and craft shellcodes or ROP chains: , a penetration testing software. Mostly used in the team to automatically generate shellcodes. , an assembler for x86 and amd64. , a tool to find gadgets to write ROP chains , a library that implements common hash functions in python. , a library that implements symmetric/asymmetric key encryption in python. This tool is not maintained anymore, and has vulnerabilities so don't use it in production. , a website that has great tools to decode ceasar cipher, vigenère cipher and others. , a tool to perform hash length extension attacks. It supports common hash functions. , a tool to perform known plaintext attacks on zip files. Don't forget to send a postcard to the author if you like it. , the well known network protocol analyzer. , a memory forensics framework for incident response and malware analysis. , a tool to extract embedded media files. , a multi threaded java application designed to brute force directories and files names. , a firefox plugin to modify HTTP requests directly in your browser. , an integrated platform for performing security testing of web applications. , the best tool to perform automatic SQL injections. , a vulnerability scanner in python.
Welcome to LinuxSecure I found some scripts on my workstation that have not been published and may be interesting for some people. Actually, I will not prepare them for publishing, but you can contact me, if you are interested in one or more of them. - A tool for the backup of network components. The script runs as a daemon and can be configured via config files. It reads in the config files containing the passwords of the components once, so you can store them in a crypt storage. There exist severeal templates for ssh, scp, telnet. The intention is to make automated backups from router, switches, firewalls etc. - Postfixanalyser was written for the trendmicro mail virusscanner. You can search for mails and you will get a status for the found mails: when did the system receive it, when was it working with the mail the last time, whats the status of the mail, where there any problem while delivering the mail. The second feature was a simple statistic: bytes and number of mails received and send, mails by status (received from extern, queued, sent to trend, received from trend, queued, delivered) and mails by problem (deferred and not sent to scanner (scanner rejected), deferred and not sent to scanner (scanner down), sent to trend, but deferred before, dereffed and not sent to extern (mta rejected), deferred and not sent to extern (mta down), sent to extern, but deferred befor). - A logscanner and a scanner for the checkpoint objects file. - A tool, that parses the registry of the genugate firewall and produces a more human readable output in html. - A ftp-script for the honeynet. - Various backupscripts in Perl and Bash. - Various iptables scrips. - A script called minilinux to create a small linux out of a huge running system. - Pigsparty was a small projetct that was never finished. The idea was to convert snort rule sets into iptables rule sets. - A snort admin interface in php. - A perlmodule and some programs (e.g. mfl) for the preparation and analysis of longitudinal data with a focus of same domains. back to top \| Whats New\| \|[2005-02-18] mp3riot version 1.3 released\| \|[2004-10-08] mp3riot version 1.2 is out.\| \|[2004-04-30] Added section Bridging\| \|[2004-01-09] working progress on mp3riot version 1.2\| \|The Free Software Foundation blog has posted an articledetailing a newly discovered government surveillance project as well as a new technological countermeasure. The surveillance project is known as HACIENDA, as is reportedly a multi-national effort "to map every server in twenty-seven countries, employing a technique known as port scanning."The countermeasure, developed by Julian Kirsch, Christian Grothoff, Jacob Appelbaum, and Holger Kenn, is called TCP Stealth. According to the TCP Stealth whitepaper, the system "replaces the traditional random TCP SQN number with a token that authenticates the client and (optionally) the first bytes of the TCP payload. Clients and servers can enable TCP Stealth by explicitly setting a socket option or linking against a library that wraps existing network system calls."A Linux implementation of the scheme is available. \|FSF: GNU hackers discover HACIENDA government surveillance and give us a way to fight back\| \|Debianhas updated libstruts1.2-java(code execution) and Fedorahas updated drupal7(F19; F20: denial of service), drupal7-date(F19; F20: cross-site scripting), libndp(F19; F20: code execution), and wordpress(F20: denial of service). Mageiahas updated catfish(M3; M4: privilege escalation), gpgme(code python-pillow(denial of service), and subversion(M3; M4: openSUSEhas updated openstack-neutron(13.1: access restriction bypass), apache2(12.3; 13.1: multiple vulnerabilities), apache2-mod_security2(rules bypass), krb5,(code execution), openssl(multiple vulnerabilities), python(12.3; 13.1: information leak), python3(13.1: information leak), and samba(13.1: multiple vulnerabilities). Red Hathas updated openstack-nova(RHEL OpenStack: multiple vulnerabilities). Ubuntuhas updated oxide-qt(14.04: multiple vulnerabilities). \|Thursday's security updates\| \|The results from the Linux Foundation TAB election have been announced; the five open seats went to Chris Mason, John Linville, H. Peter Anvin, Grant Likely, and Kristen Accardi. \|Linux Foundation Technical Advisory Board election results\| \|The LWN.net Weekly Edition for August 21, 2014 is available. \|[$] LWN.net Weekly Edition for August 21, 2014\| \|A project as large as GNOME consists of enough constituent parts that it can be a challenge just to keep up with the latest developments of the various applications, libraries, and infrastructure efforts. GUADEC2014 in Strasbourg provided a number of opportunities to get up speed on the various moving pieces. Of course, it is impossible to catch everything at a multi-track event, but there were still quite a few updates worth mentioning. \|[$] GNOME development updates from GUADEC\| \|CentOShas updated qemu-kvm(C6: Debianhas updated cacti(multiple vulnerabilities). openSUSEhas updated gpgme(13.1, 12.3: code execution) and wireshark(13.1: multiple vulnerabilities). Oraclehas updated qemu-kvm(OL6: Red Hathas updated kernel-rt(RHE MRG 2.5: multiple vulnerabilities), openstack-neutron(RHEL OSP 4.0: denial of service), and thermostat1-httpcomponents-client(RHSC1: SSL server spoofing). Ubuntuhas updated openjdk-7(14.04 LTS: multiple vulnerabilities). \|Security advisories for Wednesday\| \|The 2014 Kernel Summit was held on August 18-20 in Chicago, IL, USA. Reports from the first day's session are now available to LWN subscribers. Topics covered range from I/O memory management units to the stable and linux-next trees, to performance regressions and code review. Click below (subscribers only) for access to the full set of articles. \|[$] The 2014 Kernel Summit\| a lookat using 2-factor authentication for commit access to kernel git repositories. "Having the technology available is one thing, but how to incorporate it into the kernel development process -- in a way that doesn't make developers' lives painful and unbearable? When we asked them, it became abundantly clear that nobody wanted to type in 6-digit codes every time they needed to do a git remote operation. Where do you draw the line between security and usability in this case? We looked at the options available in gitolite, the git repository management solution used at kernel.org, and found a way that allowed us to trigger additional checks only when someone performed a write operation, such as "git push."Since we already knew the username and the remote IP address of the developer attempting to perform a write operation, we put together a verification tool that allowed developers to temporarily whitelist their IP addresses using their 2-factor authentication token."\| \|Linux Kernel Git Repositories Add 2-Factor Authentication (Linux.com)\| \|CentOShas updated nss-util(C7: incorrect wildcard certificate handling), nss-softokn(C7: incorrect wildcard certificate handling), and nss(C7: incorrect wildcard certificate handling). Fedorahas updated kernel(F19: multiple vulnerabilities) and samba(F19: remote code execution/privilege escalation). Oraclehas updated nss, nss-util, nss-softokn(OL7: incorrect wildcard certificate handling). Red Hathas updated qemu-kvm(RHEL6: multiple vulnerabilities). Scientific Linuxhas updated qemu-kvm(SL6: multiple vulnerabilities). SUSEhas updated flash-player(SLED11 SP3: multiple vulnerabilities). Ubuntuhas updated openssl(10.04 LTS: regression in previous update). \|Security advisories for Tuesday\| \|Python core developer Nick Coghlan seeks to dispel worriesthat an eventual Python 4.0 release will be as disruptive as 3.0 was. "Why mention this point? Because this switch to 'Unicode by default' is the most disruptive of the backwards incompatible changes in Python 3 and unlike the others (which were more language specific), it is one small part of a much larger industry wide change in how text data is represented and manipulated. With the language specific issues cleared out by the Python 3 transition, a much higher barrier to entry for new language features compared to the early days of Python and no other industry wide migrations on the scale of switching from 'binary data with an encoding' to Unicode for text modelling currently in progress, I can't see any kind of change coming up that would require a Python 3 style backwards compatibility break and parallel support \|Coghlan: Why Python 4.0 won't be like Python 3.0\| \|Neil Brown, the MD maintainer, has sent out an alert for a bug which, in fairly abnormal conditions, can lead to data loss on an MD-hosted RAID6 array. "There is no risk to an optimal array or a singly-degraded array. There is also no risk on a doubly-degraded array which is not recovering a device or is not receiving write requests."RAID6 users will likely want to apply the patch, though, which is likely to show up in the next stable kernel update from distributors. \|An md/raid6 data corruption bug\| \|The election for half of the members of the Linux Foundation's Technical Advisory board will be held 8:00PM, August 20, at the Kernel Summit/LinuxCon joint reception. As of this writing, there are fewer candidates than open positions. Anybody interested in serving on the TAB is encouraged to make their interest known prior to the election time and, if possible, attend the election. \|The Linux Foundation Technical Advisory Board election\| \|Debianhas updated xen(multiple vulnerabilities). Fedorahas updated 389-ds-base(F20: information disclosure), iodine(F19; F20: authentication bypass), kernel(F20: multiple vulnerabilities), krfb(F19; F20: denial of service), pixman(F20: denial of service), and tboot(F19; F20: boot chain bypass). Gentoohas updated libmodplug(multiple vulnerabilities). Mageiahas updated 389-ds-base(information disclosure), dhcpcd(denial of service), flash-player-plugin(multiple vulnerabilities), kernel-linus(M3; M4: multiple vulnerabilities), kernel-tmb(M3; M4: multiple vulnerabilities), and kernel-vserver(multiple vulnerabilities). openSUSEhas updated flash-player(11.4: multiple vulnerabilities). Red Hathas updated nss, nss-util, nss-softokn(RHEL7: incorrect certificate handling). SUSEhas updated krb5(code execution). Ubuntuhas updated kernel(14.04: multiple vulnerabilities) and linux-lts-trusty(12.04: multiple vulnerabilities). \|Monday's security updates\| \|Linus has released3.17-rc1 and closed the merge window for this release. He had suggested that the merge window could be extended, but that's not how things turned out. "I'm going to be on a plane much of tomorrow, and am not really supportive of last-minute pull requests during the merge window anyway, so I'm closing the merge window one day early, and 3.17-rc1 is out there now."\| \|Kernel prepatch 3.17-rc1\| \|O'Reilly Radar has posted a retrospective lookat the OpenStreetMap(OSM) project on the occasion of OSM's ten-year anniversary. Tyler Bell calls the project "the most significant development in the Open Geo Data movement"outside of GPS; noting that before OSM's creation, "map data sources were few, and largely controlled by a small collection of private and governmental players. The scarcity of map data ensured that it remained both expensive and highly restrictive, and no one but the largest navigation companies could use map data."Particularly interesting are the various comparisons between the state of the map in 2007 and today; the project's 1.5 million registered users do not seem to be slowing down, even if today's emphasis has shifted somewhat to less-visible features: "nodes are getting connected and turn restrictions added to facilitate navigation, while addresses are being sourced to help with geocoding and place finding."\| \|Ten years of OpenStreetMap (O'Reilly Radar)\|
Google Cloud Platform (GCP) firewall rules let you allow or deny traffic to and from your virtual machine (VM) instances based on a configuration you specify. GCP firewall rules are applied at the virtual networking level, so they provide effective protection and traffic control regardless of the operating system your instances use. The concept of security group is created in Dome9 compliance engine as a more flexible firewall grouping mechanism. Firewall rules can be assigned in one of the following modes: all instances in the network; instances by target tags; instances by target service account. In the compliance engine we grouped these rules by tags. Updated over 1 year ago
IEEE 802.1x allows dynamic, port-based security, providing server authentication. IEEE 802.1x with VLAN assignment allows a dynamic VLAN assignment for a specific server, regardless of where the server is connected. IEEE 802.1x and port security are provided to authenticate the port and manage network access for all MAC addresses, including those of the server. IEEE 802.1x with an ACL assignment allows specific identity-based security policies, regardless of where the server is connected. IEEE 802.1x with guest VLAN allows servers without IEEE 802.1x clients to have limited network access on the guest VLAN. Cisco security VLAN ACLs (VACLs) on all VLANs prevent unauthorized data flows from being bridged within VLANs. Port-based ACLs (PACLs) allow security policies to be applied on individual switch ports. SSHv2, Kerberos, and SNMPv3 provide network security by encrypting administrator traffic during Telnet and SNMP sessions. SSH, Kerberos, and the cryptographic version of SNMPv3 require a special cryptographic software image because of U.S. export restrictions. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) provides a secure means to use Web-based tools such as HTML-based device managers. Private VLAN Edge provides security and isolation between switch ports, helping ensure that users cannot snoop on other users’ traffic. Bidirectional data support on the Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) port allows the Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System (IDS) [[PLS PROVIDE FULL PRODUCT NAME; NOT ON MDS]] to take action when an intruder is detected. TACACS+ and RADIUS authentication enables centralized control of the switch and restricts unauthorized users from altering the configuration. MAC address notification allows administrators to be notified of servers added to or removed from the network. Port security secures access to an access or trunk port based on the MAC address. After a specific time period, the Aging feature removes the MAC address from the switch to allow another server to connect to the same port. Multilevel security on console access prevents unauthorized users from altering the switch configuration. The user-selectable address-learning mode simplifies configuration and enhances security. BPDU Guard shuts down Spanning Tree Protocol PortFast-enabled interfaces when BPDUs are received to avoid accidental topology loops. Spanning Tree Root Guard (STRG) prevents edge devices not in the network administrator’s control from becoming Spanning Tree Protocol root nodes. IGMP filtering provides multicast authentication by filtering out nonsubscribers and limits the number of concurrent multicast streams available per port. Dynamic VLAN assignment is supported through implementation of the VLAN Membership Policy Server (VMPS) client function to provide flexibility in assigning ports to VLANs. Dynamic VLAN enables the fast assignment of IP addresses. 1000 security access control entries are supported. Dynamic Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Inspection (DAI) helps ensure user integrity by preventing malicious users from exploiting the insecure nature of ARP. DHCP Snooping prevents malicious users from spoofing a DHCP server and sending out bogus addresses. This feature is used by other primary security features to prevent a number of other attacks such as ARP poisoning. IP Source Guard prevents a malicious user from spoofing or taking over another user’s IP address by creating a binding table between the client’s IP and MAC address, port, and VLAN. Private VLANs restrict traffic between hosts in a common segment by segregating traffic at Layer
“Mobile malware has been on the rise drastically in last couple of years,” Nathan Collier, Senior Malware Intelligence Analyst at Malwarebytes. There is an increase in the use of mobile devices for storing and transmitting larger volume of more sensitive data, personal and business information such as account details, location, online banking and shopping etc. more than our personal computers. Through our mobile devices we use apps that needs our location which is done through GPS, receive digital passes via text message or verification codes for logging into sites, social media apps publish photos and personal data, fitness and health apps track steps, heartrate, and food intake. Therefore, a breach into our mobile devices can give a very full detail about our personal life to the attacker. In companies today, smartphones apps are used to communicate, plan and organize work and information about the company thereby become a major source of risk to the company’s privacy and intellectual properties. A smartphone user is exposed to various threats when they use their phone. The number of unique mobile threats has grow by 261%, according to ABI Research. Mobile devices security can be breached through Short Message Service (SMS, aka text messaging), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM, and the weak knowledge of an average user. TARGETS FOR ATTACKERS: Data: Sensitive data like credit card numbers, authentication information, private information, activity logs (calendar, call logs); Identity: Information related to the owner of the mobile phone, contacts, and an attacker may want to steal the identity of the owner of a smartphone to commit other offenses; CONSEQUENCES OF A MOBILE ATTACK 1. The attacker can manipulate the smartphone as a zombie machine, that is to say, a machine with which the attacker can communicate and send commands which will be used to send unsolicited messages (spam) via sms or email; 2. The attacker can easily force the smartphone to make phone calls. For example, one can use the API (library that contains the basic functions not present in the smartphone) PhoneMakeCall by Microsoft, which collects telephone numbers from any source such as yellow pages, and then call them. 3. Conversations between the user and others can be recorded by the attacker and sent to a third party. This can cause user privacy and industrial security problems; 4. An attacker can also steal a user’s identity, usurp their identity (with a copy of the user’s sim card or even the telephone itself), and thus impersonate the owner by placing orders and viewing bank accounts. 5. The attacker can reduce the utility of the smartphone, by discharging the battery. For example, they can launch an application that will run continuously on the smartphone processor, requiring a lot of energy and draining the battery. 6. The attacker can prevent the operation of the smartphone by making it unusable. 7. The attacker can remove the personal (photos, music, videos, etc.) or professional data (contacts, calendars, notes) of the user.
Harbor - Open source trusted cloud native registry project that stores, signs, and scans content. Toast - Containerize your development environment. amicontained - Container introspection tool. Find out what container runtime is being used as well as features available. Libpod - Library used to create container pods. Home of Podman. CRFS: Container Registry Filesystem - Read-only FUSE filesystem that lets you mount a container image, served directly from a container registry (such as gcr.io), without pulling it all locally first. rkt - Pod-native container engine for Linux. It is composable, secure, and built on standards. Quay - Build, Store, and Distribute your Applications and Containers. Vagga - Fully-userspace container engine inspired by Vagrant and Docker, specialized for development environments. trivy - Simple and Comprehensive Vulnerability Scanner for Containers, Suitable for CI. fanal - Static Analysis Library for Containers. go-init - Minimal init system for containers with pre/post hooks. [Borg: The Next Generation (2020)(https://www.eurosys2020.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/slides/49_muhammad_tirmazi_slides.pdf) (HN) ingraind - Security monitoring agent built around RedBPF for complex containerized environments and endpoints. libnetwork - Provides a native Go implementation for connecting containers. Kata Containers - Open source container runtime, building lightweight virtual machines that seamlessly plug into the containers ecosystem. dumb-init - Simple process supervisor and init system designed to run as PID 1 inside minimal container environments (such as Docker). Clair - Vulnerability Static Analysis for Containers. GCR Cleaner - Delete untagged image refs in Google Container Registry, as a service.
Flooding Attacks Prevention in MANET Mobile ad hoc networks will appear in environments where the nodes of the networks are absent and have little or no physical protection against tampering. The nodes of mobile ad hoc networks are thus susceptible to compromise. The networks are particularly vulnerable to Denial of Service (DOS) attacks launched through compromised nodes or intruders. This paper proposed a new DOS attack and its defense in ad hoc networks. The new DOS attack, called Ad Hoc Flooding Attack (AHFA), can result in denial of service when used against on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks, such as AODV, DSR.
Cloud Security Services Billixx cloud security provides a broad set of control-based technologies and policies deployed to protect information, data, applications and infrastructure associated with cloud computing. As with on-premises applications and data, those stored in the cloud must be just as vigilantly protected. A virtual firewall, aka Secure Web Gateway, is a network security solution designed specifically for environments in which deploying hardware firewalls is difficult or impossible, such as public and private cloud environments; software-defined networks, or SDN; and software-defined wide area networks, or SD-WAN. Here at Billixx, we aim to provide our clients with the best of breed security solutions and comprehensive consulting services for their technology requirements. What is Containerization? Container architecture changes key security concerns and requirements compared to the old world of legacy applications. With virtual machines, you have only a host OS, a guest OS and a guest application environment to secure. On bare metal and in most types of cloud-based environments, the security situation is even simpler because there are fewer layers of software. Containerized environments have many more layers of abstraction that require specialized tools to interpret, monitor and protect these new applications. In a production container environment, for example, you have a number of different layers to secure. Firewall as a Service Much like a fire-resistant wall helps keep flames from spreading in a building, a firewall in a computer network (hardware, software or both) acts as a barrier to prevent unauthorized access to the network. It does this by proactively monitoring all incoming and outgoing traffic as well as applying and enforcing an organization’s security policies. Firewalls were originally created to protect on-site company networks, but as more companies moved their applications and data to the cloud, firewalls had to evolve. Now, firewall as a service, or FWaaS, enables firewalls to be delivered as part of a company’s cloud infrastructure.
The National Cyber Security Centre recently launched a free Mail Check tool as part of their Active Cyber Defence programme, which assists in checking the security configuration of a school’s email servers. Phishing emails continue to be a significant threat across our UK schools, and many are unaware that a number of those malicious emails can easily spoof the sending address using the school’s own email domain. Attackers can use a school’s own email domain to give the targeted phishing email a higher level of legitimacy and success of compromise. This can make our task more difficult at Cyber Education when educating and helping staff to spot a Phishing email, as it removes one of the quickest indicators teachers would use to identify a suspicious email. Schools can make it much harder for an attacker to use this method by adopting a simple email domain configuration called Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC). At Cyber Distribution, we have found that many schools don’t have this configured and need support to implement it and this free mail check tool will help schools to identify if DMARC is implemented correctly. Following that, we can offer guidance on how to implement it.
Migrating to Kubernetes is an important shift that offers organizations multiple benefits, such as improved scalability, agility, and resource utilization. However, like any major infrastructure change, this transition comes with complexities and risks. These include challenges related to security, resource management, compliance, operational consistency, and cost efficiency. So, what are the crucial aspects of Kubernetes migration? And how can platform engineers mitigate potential risks and set development teams up for long term success? We get into more of the details below. Kubernetes is powerful, but complex. It offers great flexibility, which means you can configure it exactly as desired. However, that means it’s easy to misconfigure as well. If you aren’t putting security guardrails in place, it can open the door to a variety of threats, including unauthorized access and data breaches. Security in Kubernetes is multi-faceted, involving network policies, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), encryption settings, and more. The National Security Agency (NSA) and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) continue to update the Kubernetes hardening guide to ensure a strong defense-in-depth approach. Kubernetes promises efficient use of resources, but it needs to be managed correctly. The over-provisioning of resources or under-utilization can drive up costs unexpectedly. Without automated checks and standardized policies, it’s easy to see unreliable day-to-day operations, frequently because CPU and memory resource requests and limits are not properly set. Whether your organization is in financial services, healthcare, the public sector, or another highly regulated industry, chances are you need to comply with industry-specific regulations, such as the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) for financial data or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule for healthcare data. Ensuring Kubernetes configurations meet these compliance standards adds another layer of complexity. Kubernetes configurations must remain consistent across different environments to avoid the risk of configuration drift. When you begin operating a large number of clusters that were deployed manually and configured inconsistently, discrepancies in your configurations across your containers and clusters is nearly inevitable. That makes it quite difficult to identify inconsistencies and correct them using manual processes, resulting in significant negative consequences. As organizations migrate to Kubernetes and begin to deploy at scale, complexity inevitably increases. You’ll add more clusters, containers, teams, and clouds, and as you do, it becomes challenging to manage the resulting complexity. Governance enables platform teams to maintain control over this increasing complexity. In the context of Kubernetes, governance is primarily about managing the system so that it aligns with the business goals of the organization, the needs of the platform engineering and development teams, and meets security and compliance requirements. If you set up Kubernetes governance at the beginning of your migration process, you can establish policies that everyone must follow when deploying to Kubernetes infrastructure. It makes it easy for dev teams to follow the same policies and feel comfortable knowing that they are doing things the right way. When you’re in the process of a Kubernetes migration, guardrails offer teams the lines on the road and protective rails next to curves and cliffs that help keep your migration team on track. Staying on track helps you avoid potential hazards, of course, but how else can guardrails accelerate the migration process? In these four ways, guardrails can help you accelerate your Kubernetes migration. You can prevent errors that frequently result in problems related to security, cost and cloud management, performance, and compliance. Instead of a slow, chaotic Kubernetes migration process, you can adopt Kubernetes in a controlled and efficient manner. Migrating to Kubernetes offers many benefits but it doesn’t come without risks. By putting guardrails in place at the beginning, you can begin your migration using a unified framework for managing these risks and complexities. Make sure your guardrails include key aspects of Kubernetes, including security hardening, cost-optimization, compliance management, and configuration standardization. This will help your organization mitigate risks and set you up for long-term operational excellence.
View HTTP headers in Google Chrome? - Stack Overflow part of Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/ The Accept request-header field can be used to specify certain media types which are acceptable for the response . . "gzip" and "compress") are preferred; some older clients improperly display The HTTP-date sent in a Date header SHOULD NOT represent a date and. We'll use curl to send requests to n3ws.info which is an HTTP client testing service. Lines prefixed with a greater-than (>) sign show the data curl has sent to the server. . The Expires header is also used for caching and specifies the date Linux Academy provides a large library of in-depth online Linux. The Date general HTTP header contains the date and time at which the message was originated. Basic and Digest Access Authentication" . If a request is authenticated and a realm specified, the same credentials SHOULD be valid for all other requests within this realm assuming that the authentication scheme itself does not require otherwise, such as credentials that vary according to a challenge value or using synchronized clocks. When a shared cache see section If the response includes the "s-maxage" cache-control directive, the cache MAY use that response in replying to a subsequent request. But if the specified maximum age has passed a proxy cache MUST first revalidate it with the origin server, using the request-headers from the new request to allow the origin server to authenticate the new request. This is the defined behavior for s-maxage. If the response includes the "must-revalidate" cache-control directive, the cache MAY use that response in replying to a subsequent request. But if the response is stale, all caches MUST first revalidate it with the origin server, using the request-headers from the new request to allow the origin server to authenticate the new request. If the response includes the "public" cache-control directive, it MAY be returned in reply to any subsequent request. The directives specify behavior intended to prevent caches from adversely interfering with the request or response. These directives typically override the default caching algorithms. Cache directives are unidirectional in that the presence of a directive in a request does not imply that the same directive is to be given in the response. It is not possible to specify a cache- directive for a specific cache. When such a directive appears with a 1 field-name parameter, it applies only to the named field or fields, and not to the rest of the request or response. The cache-control directives can be broken down into these general categories: The following Cache-Control response directives allow an origin server to override the default cacheability of a response: See also Authorization, section This allows an origin server to state that the specified parts of the response are intended for only one user and are not a valid response for requests by other users. Show http headers online dating A private non-shared cache MAY cache the response. This usage of the word private only controls where the response may be cached, and cannot ensure the privacy of the message content. This allows an origin server to prevent caching even by caches that have been configured to return stale responses to client requests. If the no-cache directive does specify one or more field-names, then a cache MAY use the response to satisfy a subsequent request, subject to any other restrictions on caching. However, the specified field-name s MUST NOT be sent in the response to a subsequent request without successful revalidation with the origin server. This allows an origin server to prevent the re-use of certain header fields in a response, while still allowing caching of the rest of the response. The no-store directive applies to the entire message, and MAY be sent either in a response or in a request. This directive applies to both non- shared and shared caches. Even when this directive is associated with a response, users might explicitly store such a response outside of the caching system e. History buffers MAY store such responses as part of their normal operation. The purpose of this directive is to meet the stated requirements of certain users and service authors who are concerned about accidental releases of information via unanticipated accesses to cache data structures. While the use of this directive might improve privacy in some cases, we caution that it is NOT in any way a reliable or sufficient mechanism for ensuring privacy. In particular, malicious or compromised caches might not recognize or obey this directive, and communications networks might be vulnerable to eavesdropping. Alternatively, it MAY be specified using the max-age directive in a response. When the max-age cache-control directive is present in a cached response, the response is stale if its current age is greater than the age value given in seconds at the time of a new request for that resource. The max-age directive on a response implies that the response is cacheable i. If a response includes both an Expires header and a max-age directive, the max-age directive overrides the Expires header, even if the Expires header is more restrictive. An origin server might wish to use a relatively new HTTP cache control feature, such as the "private" directive, on a network including older caches that do not understand that feature. The origin server will need to combine the new feature with an Expires field whose value is less than or equal to the Date value. This will prevent older caches from improperly caching the response. The s-maxage directive also implies the semantics of the proxy-revalidate directive see section The s- maxage directive is always ignored by a private cache. Note that most older caches, not compliant with this specification, do not implement any cache-control directives. Other directives allow a user agent to modify the basic expiration mechanism. These directives MAY be specified on a request: Unless max- stale directive is also included, the client is not willing to accept a stale response. That is, the client wants a response that will still be fresh for at least the specified number of seconds. If max-stale is assigned a value, then the client is willing to accept a response that has exceeded its expiration time by no more than the specified number of seconds. HTTP/ Header Field Definitions If no value is assigned to max-stale, then the client is willing to accept a stale response of any age. If a cache returns a stale response, either because of a max-stale directive on a request, or because the cache is configured to override the expiration time of a response, the cache MUST attach a Warning header to the stale response, using Warning Response is stale. A cache MAY be configured to return stale responses without validation, but only if this does not conflict with any "MUST"-level requirements concerning cache validation e. If both the new request and the cached entry include "max-age" directives, then the lesser of the two values is used for determining the freshness of the cached entry for that request. End-to-end revalidation might be necessary if either the cache or the origin server has overestimated the expiration time of the cached response. End-to-end reload may be necessary if the cache entry has become corrupted for some reason. End-to-end revalidation may be requested either when the client does not have its own local cached copy, in which case we call it "unspecified end-to-end revalidation", or when the client does have a local cached copy, in which case we call it "specific end-to-end revalidation. The initial request includes a cache-validating conditional with the client's current validator. The initial request does not include a cache-validating conditional; the first cache along the path if any that holds a cache entry for this resource includes a cache-validating conditional with its current validator. In this case, the cache MAY use either validator in making its own request without affecting semantic transparency. However, the choice of validator might affect performance. The best approach is for the intermediate cache to use its own validator when making its request. If the server replies with Not Modifiedthen the cache can return its now validated copy to the client with a OK response. If the server replies with a new entity and cache validator, however, the intermediate cache can compare the returned validator with the one provided in the client's request, using the strong comparison function. If the client's validator is equal to the origin server's, then the intermediate cache simply returns Not Modified. Otherwise, it returns the new entity with a OK response. To do this, the client may include the only-if-cached directive in a request. If it receives this directive, a cache SHOULD either respond using a cached entry that is consistent with the other constraints of the request, or respond with a Gateway Timeout status. However, if a group of caches is being operated as a unified system with good internal connectivity, such a request MAY be forwarded within that group of caches. When the must-revalidate directive is present in a response received by a cache, that cache MUST NOT use the entry after it becomes stale to respond to a subsequent request without first revalidating it with the origin server. The must-revalidate directive is necessary to support reliable operation for certain protocol features. Servers SHOULD send the must-revalidate directive if and only if failure to revalidate a request on the entity could result in incorrect operation, such as a silently unexecuted financial transaction.Servlets : View HTTP Request and Response Header - web sniffer Although this is not recommended, user agents operating under severe connectivity constraints MAY violate this directive but, if so, MUST explicitly warn the user that an unvalidated response has been provided. It can be used on a response to an authenticated request to permit the user's cache to store and later return the response without needing to revalidate it since it has already been authenticated once by that userwhile still requiring proxies that service many users to revalidate each time in order to make sure that each user has been authenticated. Note that such authenticated responses also need the public cache control directive in order to allow them to be cached at all. A non- transparent proxy might, for example, convert between image formats in order to save cache space or to reduce the amount of traffic on a slow link. Serious operational problems occur, however, when these transformations are applied to entity bodies intended for certain kinds of applications. For example, applications for medical imaging, scientific data analysis and those using end-to-end authentication, all depend on receiving an entity body that is bit for bit identical to the original entity-body. Therefore, if a message includes the no-transform directive, an intermediate cache or proxy MUST NOT change those headers that are listed in section This implies that the cache or proxy MUST NOT change any aspect of the entity-body that is specified by these headers, including the value of the entity-body itself. Informational extensions those which do not require a change in cache behavior MAY be added without changing the semantics of other directives. Behavioral extensions are designed to work by acting as modifiers to the existing base of cache directives. Both the new directive and the standard directive are supplied, such that applications which do not understand the new directive will default to the behavior specified by the standard directive, and those that understand the new directive will recognize it as modifying the requirements associated with the standard directive. In this way, extensions to the cache-control directives can be made without requiring changes to the base protocol. This extension mechanism depends on an HTTP cache obeying all of the cache-control directives defined for its native HTTP-version, obeying certain extensions, and ignoring all directives that it does not understand. For example, consider a hypothetical new response directive called community which acts as a modifier to the private directive. We define this new directive to mean that, in addition to any non-shared cache, any cache which is shared only by members of the community named within its value may cache the response. An origin server wishing to allow the UCI community to use an otherwise private response in their shared cache s could do so by including Cache-Control: The Connection header has the following grammar: Connection options are signaled by the presence of a connection-token in the Connection header field, not by any corresponding additional header field ssince the additional header field may not be sent if there are no parameters associated with that connection option. When present, its value indicates what additional content codings have been applied to the entity-body, and thus what decoding mechanisms must be applied in order to obtain the media-type referenced by the Content-Type header field. Content-Encoding is primarily used to allow a document to be compressed without losing the identity of its underlying media type. An example of its use is Content-Encoding: Typically, the entity-body is stored with this encoding and is only decoded before rendering or analogous usage. However, a non-transparent proxy MAY modify the content-coding if the new coding is known to be acceptable to the recipient, unless the "no-transform" cache-control directive is present in the message. If the content-coding of an entity is not "identity", then the response MUST include a Content-Encoding entity-header section If the content-coding of an entity in a request message is not acceptable to the origin server, the server SHOULD respond with a status code of Unsupported Media Type. - Understanding CURL and HTTP Headers - Popular Certification Courses - Chiaroscuro ipertesti online dating If multiple encodings have been applied to an entity, the content codings MUST be listed in the order in which they were applied. Additional information about the encoding parameters MAY be provided by other entity-header fields not defined by this specification. Note that this might not be equivalent to all the languages used within the entity-body. The primary purpose of Content-Language is to allow a user to identify and differentiate entities according to the user's own preferred language. The order in which header fields with the same field-name are received is therefore significant to the interpretation of the combined field value, and thus a proxy MUST NOT change the order of these field values when a message is forwarded. The message-body differs from the entity-body only when a transfer-coding has been applied, as indicated by the Transfer-Encoding header field section The rules for when a message-body is allowed in a message differ for requests and responses. The presence of a message-body in a request is signaled by the inclusion of a Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding header field in the request's message-headers. For response messages, whether or not a message-body is included with a message is dependent on both the request method and the response status code section 6. All other responses do include a message-body, although it MAY be of zero length. When a message-body is included with a message, the transfer-length of that body is determined by one of the following in order of precedence: Any response message which "MUST NOT" include a message-body such as the 1xx,and responses and any response to a HEAD request is always terminated by the first empty line after the header fields, regardless of the entity-header fields present in the message. If a Transfer-Encoding header field section If a Content-Length header field section This media type MUST NOT be used unless the sender knows that the recipient can parse it; the presence in a request of a Range header with multiple byte- range specifiers from a 1. A range header might be forwarded by a 1. By the server closing the connection. Closing the connection cannot be used to indicate the end of a request body, since that would leave no possibility for the server to send back a response.
Monitor HTTP response headers and their values. The Headers section allows you to monitor all the response headers that were sent by your web servers. - View which web applications are using secure response headers. Secure response headers provide protection to users of the site by mitigating many common forms of web based attacks, such as cross-site scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and others. During the scanning process we catalog all HTTP response headers that are returned when we issue queries. Risk is assigned by verifying that important and critical headers are being sent by the target web application. - High (● Red): None currently. - Medium (● Yellow): Targets are missing some important headers. The headers we consider important are: Content-Security-Policy, Strict-Transport-Security, X-Frame-Options, X-Content-Type-Options, and Referrer-Policy. - Low (● Green): No significant risks are associated with the headers. We recommend fixing Medium risk issues. Headers can be monitored for changes by toggling their monitor status on the List page. If a change is detected it will trigger a website-header-monitor-changeevent so you can be immediately notified. Learn more about events at: - Changes: Displays changes between current and prior scans when a header is found or no longer found, or the value is different.
By Dancho Danchev Over the past year, we observed an increase in publicly available managed TDoS (Telephony Denial of Service) services. We attribute this increase to the achieved ‘malicious economies of scale’ on behalf of the cybercriminals operating them, as well as the overall availability of proprietary/public DIY phone ring/SMS-based TDoS tools. What are cybercriminals up to in terms of TDoS attack tools? Let’s take a peek inside a recently released DIY SIP-based (Session Initiation Protocol) flood tool, which also has the capacity to validate any given set of phone numbers. Sample screenshot of the DIY SIP-based TDoS tool/number validity checker: Second screenshot of the DIY SIP-based TDoS tool/number validity checker: Third screenshot of the DIY SIP-based TDoS tool/number validity checker: The tool can flood any given number based on the preferences of its users, can work with multiple SIP accounts, has built-in ‘auto-correct’ feature for the list of mobile/phone numbers, as well as logging capabilities. The example offered by the tool’s author, appears to be using a service called SIPNET. The price varies between $35-$60 depending on the features you’d like to purchase it with. However, in its current forum, the tool fails to delivery the necessary features to cause a widespread adoption across the cybercrime ecosystem, vendors of TDoS in particular. Since the tool’s developer is publicly acknowledging that he’s working on a Pro version, we’ll make sure to keep an eye on the next version, and it’s potential among the cybercriminals using it.
The new ransomware dubbed Luna can be used to encrypt devices running multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and ESXi. Discovered by Kaspersky security researchers via a dark web ransomware forum ad, Luna appears to be specifically designed for use only by Russian-speaking threat actors. Encryption is a technical process that converts information into a secret code, thereby obscuring the data sent, received and stored. As the name implies, Ransomware is malware that will take the victim's data hostage by encrypting important data. "The ad states that Luna only works with Russian-speaking affiliates. Also, the ransom note encoded in the binary contains spelling errors. For example, it says 'a little team' instead of 'a small team'," Kaspersky said as quoted by BleepingComputer, Friday (22/7/2022). "Therefore, we assume with confidence that the actors behind Luna are Russian speakers," Kaspersky continued. Luna (month in Russian) is a simple ransomware still in development and with limited capabilities based on the available command line options. However, it uses an unconventional encryption scheme, combining the fast and secure X25519 elliptical curve, the Diffie-Hellman key exchange using Curve25519, with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) symmetric encryption algorithm. Cross Platform Ransomware The group behind this new ransomware developed a new strain of the Rust programming language and leveraged its platform-agnostic nature to move it across multiple platforms with very few changes to the source code. Using a cross-platform language also allows the Luna ransomware to avoid automated static code analysis attempts. "Both the Linux and ESXi samples were compiled using the same source code with some minor changes from the Windows version. The rest of the code has no significant changes from the Windows version," the Kaspersky researchers added. Luna was further confirmed to be adopted by a cybercrime group that develops cross-platform ransomware using languages such as Rust and Golang to create malware capable of targeting multiple operating systems with little or no changes. Kaspersky revealed that there is still little data about victims who have been encrypted using the Luna ransomware. The group was recently discovered and its activities are still being monitored. Other new ransomware families that BleepingComputer reported this month include Lilith, a C/C++ console-based ransomware that targets 64-bit Windows devices. Also 0mega, a new ransomware operation that has targeted companies since May and is demanding a multimillion-dollar ransom. Both are said to be stealing data from victims' networks before encrypting their systems to support attacks and extortion. Microsoft dissects North Korean hackers who spread Holy Ghost Ransomware Attacking Small Businesses On the other hand, Microsoft attributed the spread of the Holy Ghost ransomware to a North Korean hacker group (North Korea). They are known to have run the ransomware operation to attack small businesses in various countries. The group has been active for quite some time, but failed to gain fame and financial success. Researchers at the Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC) tracked down the Holy Ghost ransomware gang as DEV-0530. In a previous report, they said that the first payload of this threat actor was seen last year in June 2021. According to the Bleeping Computer report, quoted Tuesday (19/7/2022). Classified as SiennaPurple (BTLC_C.exe), the initial Holy Ghost ransomware variant lacks many features compared to the next Go-based version that appears in October 2021. Microsoft tracks the newer variants as SiennaBlue (HolyRS.exe, HolyLocker.exe, and BTLC.exe) and notes that its functionality has expanded over time to include multiple encryption options, string obfuscation, public key management, and internet/intranet support. The researchers said the DEV-0530 was successful in compromising several targets, particularly small to medium-sized businesses. The victims are banks, schools, manufacturing organizations, as well as event and meeting planning companies. The Holy Ghost actor follows a typical ransomware attack pattern and steals data before applying encryption to infected systems. The attackers leave a ransom note on the compromised machine and they also email the victim with a link to the sample of the stolen data to announce that they are willing to negotiate a ransom in exchange for the decryption key. Typically, the perpetrators demand payments of between 1.2 and 5 bitcoins, or up to around $100,000 at the current exchange rate. "Even if the demand is not large, attackers are willing to negotiate and sometimes lower the price to less than a third of the original request," the Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center said. Was the North Korean Government Involved? The infrequent attack rate and random selection of victims reinforce the theory that the Holy Ghost ransomware operation may not be controlled by the North Korean government. In contrast, hackers working for the Pyongyang regime may be doing this themselves, for personal financial gain. Connections to a state-backed hacking group are possible, as MSTIC discovered communications between an email account belonging to Holy Ghost and Andariel, a threat actor part of the Lazarus Group under North Korea's General Bureau of Reconnaissance. "The relationship between the two groups was made stronger by the fact that they both operated from the same infrastructure set, and even used a dedicated malware controller with a similar name," the researchers said. To note, Holy Ghost website is down at the moment but attackers are using little visibility to pretend to be an official entity, which is trying to help victims increase their security power. Furthermore, they motivate their actions as an attempt to 'close the gap between the rich and the poor'. Also to help the poor and the hungry. Like other actors in the ransomware business, Holy Ghost assures victims that they will not sell or leak the stolen data if they are paid. The Microsoft report includes a set of recommended actions to prevent infection with Holy Ghost payloads as well as some indicators of compromise found while investigating malware.
Your network is a rich data source. Network traffic analysis (NTA) solutions--also referred to as Network Detection and Response (NDR) or Network Analysis and Visibility (NAV)--use a combination of machine learning, behavioral modeling, and rule-based detection to spot anomalies or suspicious activities on the network. NTA solutions continuously analyze network telemetry and/or flow records (like NetFlow). They use a combination of machine learning and behavioral analytics to generate a baseline that reflects what normal network behavior looks like for the organization. When abnormal traffic patterns or irregular network activities are detected, these tools alert your security team to the potential threat. In addition to monitoring north-south traffic that crosses the enterprise perimeter, NTA solutions monitor east-west communications by analyzing network traffic or flow records. NTA solutions can analyze all the entities or devices that make up your network--whether they are managed or unmanaged. NTA solutions ingest telemetry from multiple network devices like routers, switches, and firewalls to determine what "normal" behavior for these devices looks like and how parts of your network are being accessed and by whom. Everything touches the network, so this visibility extends all the way from headquarters to branch offices, data centers, roaming users, and smart devices. Whether you are on-premises, in the cloud, or some combination, NTA solutions can give you much needed visibility and context into what is happening on your network. Once an NTA solution determines what normal behavior on your network looks like, it can alert your organization when anomalous behavior occurs. By alerting your security team to suspicious activity early on--whether the threat is coming from outside or inside your network--NTA solutions can provide the extended visibility you need to mitigate the security incident. Network traffic analysis can attribute the malicious behavior to a specific IP and also perform forensic analysis to determine how the threat has moved laterally within the organization--and allow you to see what other devices might be infected. This leads to faster response in order to prevent any business impact. Visibility helps your security team better understand the entities connected to the network. However, having greater visibility into your network is only part of the solution. NTA should also provide you with proper context, such as knowing which users are on your network, what devices they are interacting with, where they are accessing the network from, what kind of data they are sharing, etc. This level of context-driven visibility is critical for security teams when forming a risk management strategy and developing mitigation steps, like implementing network segmentation for zero trust. As organizations transition to the cloud, NTA solutions should be able to monitor the entire digital enterprise--from the private network to multiple cloud environments. An NTA solution should be able to immediately and with high accuracy detect advanced threats that might have bypassed the perimeter--or even originated within the business--using multiple analytical techniques like behavioral modeling and machine learning. It should also be infused with threat intelligence to correlate a local threat to a global campaign, so that security teams can respond effectively. With the recent rise in encrypted traffic, and with over 70 percent of malware expected to be encrypted, an NTA solution should be able to analyze encrypted traffic for threats. This also helps ensure the cryptographic compliance that many organizations need to meet. NTA solutions can help detect threats such as command and control attacks, ransomware, DDoS attacks, illicit cryptomining, unknown malware, as well as insider threats. The combination of context-driven enterprise-wide visibility and advanced analytical techniques results in accelerated threat response. Every attack begins with some early signs of suspicious activity, such as unusual remote access, port scanning, use of restricted ports or protocols, etc. Continuous network traffic analysis can pinpoint this behavior as well as identify where the threat originated, who the target is, and where the threat has spread laterally. This in turn allows security analysts to take more immediate remediation actions. NTA solutions should also be able to integrate with existing security controls so that you can extend investigation and response across the network, endpoints, cloud, and applications.
Discipline: Computer Science The Pornography Detecting Application (PDA) using Nudity Algorithm is an Android application that checks the visited websites if the content was pornographic or not. If the visited website contained nude videos, the link to that website will be blocked. The researchers aimed to assist parents in providing a pornographic-free environment for their children who are accessing the Internet from their mobile devices. The researchers used descriptive research design, specifically, observation and survey to conduct the study.
A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2021; you can also visit the original URL. The file type is Open-source software (OSS) is a critical part of the software supply chain. Recent social engineering attacks against OSS development teams have enabled attackers to become code contributors and later inject malicious code or vulnerabilities into the project with the goal of compromising dependent software. The attackers have exploited interactions among development team members and the social dynamics of team behavior to enable their attacks. We introduce a security approach that leveragesarXiv:2106.16067v3 fatcat:vvvaoz3gyzcozaa735klggrn2m
- B.A.T.M.A.N. advanced (batman-adv) is an implementation of the B.A.T.M.A.N. routing protocol in form of a linux kernel module operating on layer 2. - Batman-adv operates entirely on Layer 2 of OSI stack - The routing information is transported using raw ethernet frames - the data traffic is handled by batman-adv - It encapsulates and forwards all traffic until it reaches the destination, hence emulating a virtual network switch of all nodes participating. Therefore all nodes appear to be link local and are unaware of the network's topology as well as unaffected by any network changes. - you can run whatever you wish on top of batman-adv: IPv4, IPv6, DHCP, IPX - nodes can participate in a mesh without having an IP - easy integration of non-mesh (mobile) clients (no manual HNA fiddling required) Why a kernel module? Processing packets in userland is very expensive in terms of CPU cycles, as each packet has to be read() and write() to the kernel and back, which limits the sustainable bandwidth especially on low-end devices. To have good support for these devices as well, we implemented batman-adv as a kernel driver. Note : Batman has no security implemented. Also assigning IP addresses to the node(s) is not Batman's task.
VRT Rules 2006-10-04 Sourcefire VRT Update The Sourcefire VRT has learned of vulnerabilities affecting OpenSSL libraries and McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator and ProtectionPilot that may allow remote code execution on affected systems. OpenSSL Buffer Overflow CVE-2006-3738: OpenSSL libraries are prone to a buffer overflow condition that may allow a remote attacker to execute code of their choosing or cause a Denial of Service (DoS) on an affected system. This vulnerability affects software using these libraries and as such the attack vector may be present in a number of services, such as web and mail server daemons. Rules to detect attacks targeting this vulnerability are included in this rule pack and are identified as sids 8426 through 8440.. McAfee ePolicy Overflow CVE-2006-5156: McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator and ProtectionPilot use a web server that does not properly bounds check user supplied data. This may allow an attacker to overflow a fixed length buffer on an affected system and run code of their choosing. A rule to detect attacks against this vulnerability is included in this rule pack and is identified as sid 8441. Rule Pack Summary: For a complete list of new and modified rules, click here. Sourcefire VRT rule packs often utilize enhancements made to Snort. Operators should upgrade to the latest revision or patch level for Snort to ensure these enhancements are available before using these rules. About the VRT: The Sourcefire VRT is a group of leading edge intrusion detection and prevention experts working to proactively discover, assess and respond to the latest trends in hacking activity, intrusion attempts and vulnerabilities. This team is also supported by the vast resources of the open source Snort community, making it the largest group dedicated to advances in the network security industry.
CSIRT: Cyber Security Alert: Public Service Incident NOTE: The following CSIRT alert relates to the SERNAC incident previously reported on DataBreaches. The alert is reproduced in machine translation of the original Spanish. The Computer Security Incident Response Team, Government CSIRT , reports on an incident in progress that affects a government service, during the day of Thursday, August 25, which has interrupted the operation of its systems and online services . The nature of the incident corresponds to a ransomware that affected Microsoft and VMware ESXi servers in corporate networks of the institution. The ransomware in question has the ability to stop all running virtual machines and encrypt files related to the virtual machines. As a result of the infection, the files assume the extension “.crypt”. Subsequently, the attacker takes complete control of the victim’s system and leaves a ransom message reporting the amount of hijacked data, offering a communication channel and a specific ID to contact them. The attacker gives a period of three days to communicate, otherwise he threatens to prevent the data from being accessible to the organization and put these assets up for sale to third parties on the dark web. The ransomware would use the NTRUEncrypt public key encryption algorithm, targeting log files (.log), executable files (.exe), dynamic library files (.dll), swap files (.vswp), virtual disks (. vmdk), snapshot (.vmsn) files, and virtual machine memory (.vmem) files, among others. In this document, we share some Indicators of Compromise and malware characteristics that we have been able to observe, related to this incident. Thus, the malicious program that the ransomware has created also has infostealer characteristics: - Steal credentials from browsers - List removal devices like HDD and pen drives - It has antivirus evasion capabilities with timeout. Changing file names when encrypting: C:\Users\Admin\Pictures\DebugSelect.raw => C:\Users\Admin\Pictures\DebugSelect.raw.crypt Tactics used according to the Miter ATT&CK classification The Government CSIRT wants to alert the community of the State and entities in collaboration agreement to pay special attention to this threat and to follow, at least, the following recommendations: - Ensure that all the components of your systems (PCs and servers) are protected by antivirus, antimalware and firewall programs with their current licenses. - Check that your VMware and Microsoft assets are up to date and protected. - Periodically check that all your software is up to date. - Have backups for your most important data and processes, which must be separated (in the best case, even physically) from the assets they support and adequately protected with firewalls and security protocols. - Reinforce officials’ awareness of the importance of distrusting the emails they receive, especially if they include attachments, and to inform cybersecurity managers if someone receives a suspicious email. - Verify and strengthen the settings of your anti-spam services, since emails are the main access route for malicious programs. - Implement network segmentation and control user privileges to fit your requirements. - Remember that if you are faced with a cybersecurity incident, you must inform the Government CSIRT. - Periodically review the alerts published by the Government CSIRT about the new phishing and malware campaigns that we detect: https://www.csirt.gob.cl/alertas/ - Be informed every day of new important vulnerabilities in frequently used programs in our country at https://www.csirt.gob.cl/vulnerabilidades/ - Finally, we highlight that we have free awareness material available at https://www.csirt.gob.cl/recomendaciones/
What is Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg infection? In this post you will locate concerning the interpretation of Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg as well as its adverse impact on your computer. Such ransomware are a form of malware that is specified by on the internet fraudulences to require paying the ransom by a target. It is better to prevent, than repair and repent! In the majority of the instances, Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg virus will instruct its targets to launch funds move for the purpose of reducing the effects of the amendments that the Trojan infection has actually introduced to the victim’s tool. These adjustments can be as adheres to: - Attempts to connect to a dead IP:Port (1 unique times); - At least one IP Address, Domain, or File Name was found in a crypto call; - Reads data out of its own binary image; - Drops a binary and executes it; - Performs some HTTP requests; - Unconventionial language used in binary resources: Russian; - Attempts to repeatedly call a single API many times in order to delay analysis time; - Attempts to modify browser security settings; - Attempts to create or modify system certificates; - Anomalous binary characteristics; - Ciphering the files situated on the victim’s hard disk — so the target can no more make use of the information; - Preventing routine access to the target’s workstation; One of the most regular channels whereby Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg Ransomware are infused are: - By means of phishing e-mails; - As an effect of customer ending up on a source that organizes a destructive software application; As soon as the Trojan is efficiently infused, it will certainly either cipher the data on the victim’s computer or stop the tool from functioning in a proper way – while likewise putting a ransom money note that discusses the demand for the victims to impact the repayment for the purpose of decrypting the records or recovering the documents system back to the preliminary condition. In many circumstances, the ransom note will certainly show up when the customer restarts the PC after the system has currently been harmed. Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg circulation channels. In different corners of the world, Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg grows by jumps as well as bounds. Nevertheless, the ransom money notes and tricks of extorting the ransom money amount may vary relying on certain local (local) setups. The ransom notes as well as techniques of extorting the ransom money quantity might differ depending on certain neighborhood (local) setups. Faulty notifies concerning unlicensed software program. In specific locations, the Trojans frequently wrongfully report having actually discovered some unlicensed applications enabled on the sufferer’s tool. The sharp after that demands the individual to pay the ransom money. Faulty declarations concerning unlawful web content. In nations where software application piracy is much less popular, this technique is not as reliable for the cyber scams. Alternatively, the Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg popup alert may wrongly assert to be stemming from a police establishment and also will certainly report having located youngster pornography or various other illegal information on the gadget. Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg popup alert may wrongly claim to be deriving from a legislation enforcement organization and also will report having located kid porn or various other prohibited information on the device. The alert will likewise contain a need for the individual to pay the ransom money. File Info:crc32: B6D9BA21md5: fbda14f36f42a728d9a4718a98e07075name: FBDA14F36F42A728D9A4718A98E07075.mlwsha1: c4918993430e7e1fc753b728cb1834becf033ffcsha256: 85ba700122e35a9457bc1d0fa4ae49123c99efe4906e764b26f83e6f15ff3dcfsha512: c266f8a84bfee8724c6920fca48239c58dc062ad1b6f9211ebee3f266587ef55211ebbaddcb61fa1910787e01bbd22faf1298de697a2fcc350dbfa2f56339e47ssdeep: 49152:CAI+jjqddUJ06pidFfGuuA2prnELKGKizmRs41K0VXSBrb6jgB3DhH7tHPy:CAI+jWddUJ0Vl8TrELeiqLKGIC0B3Gtype: PE32 executable (GUI) Intel 80386, for MS Windows Version Info:LegalCopyright: Adobe Inc. FileDescription: Adobe Installer 22.214.171.124 Installation FileVersion: 126.96.36.199 Comments: CompanyName: Adobe Inc. Translation: 0x0409 0x04e4 Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg also known as: \|Elastic\|\|malicious (high confidence)\| \|K7GW\|\|Riskware ( 0040eff71 )\| \|K7AntiVirus\|\|Riskware ( 0040eff71 )\| \|Cynet\|\|Malicious (score: 100)\| \|SentinelOne\|\|Static AI – Suspicious PE\| \|MAX\|\|malware (ai score=88)\| How to remove Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg virus? Unwanted application has ofter come with other viruses and spyware. This threats can steal account credentials, or crypt your documents for ransom. Reasons why I would recommend GridinSoft1 There is no better way to recognize, remove and prevent PC threats than to use an anti-malware software from GridinSoft2. Download GridinSoft Anti-Malware. You can download GridinSoft Anti-Malware by clicking the button below: Run the setup file. When setup file has finished downloading, double-click on the setup-antimalware-fix.exe file to install GridinSoft Anti-Malware on your system. An User Account Control asking you about to allow GridinSoft Anti-Malware to make changes to your device. So, you should click “Yes” to continue with the installation. Press “Install” button. Once installed, Anti-Malware will automatically run. Wait for the Anti-Malware scan to complete. GridinSoft Anti-Malware will automatically start scanning your system for Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg files and other malicious programs. This process can take a 20-30 minutes, so I suggest you periodically check on the status of the scan process. Click on “Clean Now”. When the scan has finished, you will see the list of infections that GridinSoft Anti-Malware has detected. To remove them click on the “Clean Now” button in right corner. Are Your Protected? GridinSoft Anti-Malware will scan and clean your PC for free in the trial period. The free version offer real-time protection for first 2 days. If you want to be fully protected at all times – I can recommended you to purchase a full version: If the guide doesn’t help you to remove Trojan:Win32/Nanobot!mclg you can always ask me in the comments for getting help. User Review( votes)
The time is came to publish the first release of unDLP. This journey was scattered of obstacles coming from the old and venerated Perl gods ! But that’s not all, hold on, the famous TLS protocol made me sweated more than once … bloody block size limitation … Well, before I get into the main topic, here is a small reminder about the reasons that pushed me to develop unDLP. As you probably already know, industrial spying cost millions of dollars to companies every year through data exfiltration, data stealing, etc. In order to protect themselves against this bane, companies invested into DLP technologies, allowing to protect sensitive information from hackers and malicious employees. A few existing solutions allow bypassing such security measures. However, none of them are flawless, discrete, or efficient enough to guarantee success. That is why unDLP was born. To resume in a few words, unDLP aim to discreetly exfiltrate information via multiple covert channel. At the moment, only one has been implemented, HTTPS. unDLP follow a standard client / server architecture, providing various types of features. Let’s take a look at them. At the present time, only the HTTPS exfiltration method has been implemented. This engine is straightforward, the client will successively send POST requests, containing the data to exfiltrate, to the server. On the other side, the server will bufferize the incoming information till the transfer is done then it will save them on the file system. By the same token, the protocol created for the file transfer allows the server to handle multiple files at the same time, ensuring that no collision occurs during the sending. The client provides the possibility to specify multiple files to send. However, due to the fact that the multi-threading is discouraged with Perl and that forking doesn’t seem to work properly, the files are dequeued when the previous job is done. I will try to find a solution in order to affords a true multi-upload system but at least, for now, we don’t have to restart the client for each file … It’s better than nothing The transfer speed is adjustable in order to avoid detection. Indeed, it could be suspect to see 1 POST request by second targeted the same domain name during 1 or 2 minutes ! For the same purpose, unDLP provides the possibility to change the size of the data blocks transferred. However, in view of the TLS limitation, it is not possible to increase this parameter above a given ceiling. Even if data encryption is not necessary when using HTTPS, this functionality has been implemented in prevision of the upcoming exfiltration methods. At first, I implemented an asymmetric encryption but I quickly switched, due to performance issues, to a symmetric scheme. For the same purpose, I choose to use the AES with CTR mode. It is not the safest way to perform encryption nevertheless, it is enough to counter MITM monitoring. Note: I discourage to use encryption when using the HTTPS exfiltration method due to TLS block size limitation that force to reduce the chunks of data, which terribly affect the transfer speed and could take ages to handle a large file. usage: unDLP.pl -f [FILE, ...] -d DESTINATION -m [HTTPS] [--e PASSWORD] [--size SIZE] [--delay DELAY] [--help\|h] -f: File to transfer. -m: Exfiltration method. --e: Set the encryption password. --size: Set the transfer size. --delay: Set the transfer speed (in second). --help\|h: Display the helper. usage: server.pl [--e PASSWORD] [--help\|h] --e: Set the decryption password. --help\|h: Display the helper. Note: It is important to note that even if the server is started with a decryption password, it is still possible to handle raw data. - Improve the multi-upload system - DNS exfiltration - RTCP exfiltration - [and other type of exfiltration] Pull requests for new features, bug fixes, and suggestions are welcome ! P.S: keep in mind to respect the Perl::Critic::Freenode policies. I hope that you enjoyed this article.
SANTA CLARA, Calif., March 11, 2022 /Prnewswire/ — Infoblox Inc., the leader in DNS management and security, is committing its top threat intelligence to GitHub to share its most relevant research with the broader security community as the invasion of ukraine has placed organizations around the world on elevated alert for cyberattacks. Already, Infoblox’s threat researchers have reported on three separate campaigns that weaponized the crisis in Ukraine to deliver malware infections (Agent Tesla and Remcos) and financially fleece well-intentioned people. These fast moving cyber campaigns prompted the company to share its threat intelligence in the form of machine readable files that make it easy for defenders to integrate threat data into their systems. Today, Infoblox’s GitHub repository contains over 800 indicators, including malicious and suspicious domains, as well as legitimate domains that might be blocked by other vendors through automated analytics. Detailed information is available to Infoblox customers in the Threat Indicator Data Exchange (TIDE) database. Infoblox will continue to contribute high priority threat intelligence indicators related to major world events to the GitHub community and publish higher level attack campaign analysis on the Infoblox community site. These efforts will provide more resources to security defenders when they face elevated risks as often during crises. On the product side, customers of BloxOne Threat Defense can boost their protection by leveraging the latest threat indicators for Ukraine that the team has already added into the product feeds. BloxOne Threat Defense automates the application of these indicators to simplify protection against these threats. BloxOne Threat Defense can also enable customers to block traffic from specific eastern European countries, including Russia, instead of the entire region as well as monitor sanctions lists to enable compliance with associated trade laws and regulations. For organizations that are not Infoblox customers, the company is providing free limited-time access (register here) to BloxOne Threat Defense Advanced, the industry’s trusted DNS security solution, to protect against cyber threats, including modern malware, data exfiltration, domain generation algorithms, and more. “We’re committed to doing what we can to protect organizations from cyberattacks,” said Craig Sanderson, VP of Product Management, Infoblox. “The escalating risks require that we collectively help critical infrastructure, supply chain vendors, and other potential targets defend themselves. This is also why we are bringing product enhancements, like more granular threat feeds, and free access to BloxOne Threat Defense to bolster customers’ cyber arsenals.” Infoblox is the leader in next generation DNS management and security. More than 12,000 customers, including over 70% of the Fortune 500, rely on Infoblox to scale, simplify and secure their hybrid networks to meet the modern challenges of a cloud-first world. Learn more at https://www.infoblox.com. SOURCE Infoblox Inc.
Pedestrain Monitoring System using Wi-Fi Technology And RSSI Based Localization In this paper, the authors present a new simple mobile tracking system based on IEEE802.11 wireless signal detection, which can be used for analyzing the movement of pedestrian traffic. Wi-Fi packets emitted by Wi-Fi enabled Smartphone are received at a monitoring station and these packets contain date, time, MAC address, and other information. The packets are received at a number of stations, distributed throughout the monitoring zone, which can measure the received signal strength. Based on the location of stations and data collected at the stations, the movement of pedestrian traffic can be analyzed.
Dashboard and Settings Once you’ve logged in and changed your password, it’s time to go exploring. In this chapter, I’ll take you on a tour of the WordPress administration screens (often collectively referred to as the Dashboard, although only the introductory screen actually goes by that name). You’ll learn about all the administrative settings and how they affect the display of your site. Most of the time, the Dashboard is the first thing you see when you log in. It shows you a welcome screen (until you dismiss it), a snapshot of statistical information about your site, and some updates about WordPress development and ...
EraLend Exploit: Hackers Steal $3.4 Million From zkSync Lending Protocol EraLend, a decentralized lending protocol operating on the zkSync Layer 2, has fallen victim to an exploit resulting in a loss of $3.4 million. The attack was confirmed by security analysts at BlockSec, who have been assisting the protocol in addressing the issue. Following the attack, EraLend issued a statement acknowledging the security incident and assuring its users that the threat had been contained. The protocol has suspended all borrowing operations and advised users against depositing USDC until further notice. Re-Entrancy Attack Strikes EraLend According to BlockSec, the attack was a read-only re-entrancy attack. This attack involves a malicious actor repeatedly entering and exiting a contract function to manipulate the contract’s state and withdraw funds. A reentrancy attack is an exploit that can occur in smart contracts, which are self-executing computer programs that run on decentralized blockchain networks like Ethereum. In a reentrancy attack, a malicious user exploits a vulnerability in a smart contract by repeatedly calling a function within the contract before the previous function call has been completed, allowing them to manipulate the contract’s state and potentially steal funds. When a smart contract function is called, the contract’s state is updated before the function call is completed. Suppose the called function interacts with a second contract before the first function call is completed. In that case, the second contract can call back into the first contract’s function, potentially changing the contract’s state multiple times before the original function call completes. This can allow an attacker to manipulate the contract’s state and steal funds. To prevent reentrancy attacks, developers can use a technique called “checks-effects-interactions.” This means that a smart contract should always check all the inputs and conditions before executing any state changes, and then execute all state changes before interacting with any other contracts. This ensures the contract’s state is updated before external interactions occur, preventing reentrancy attacks. In this case, the attacker exploited a vulnerability in EraLend’s contract code that repeatedly allowed them to withdraw funds without the protocol’s knowledge. EraLend has identified the root cause of the attack and is working with partners and cybersecurity firms to address the issue. The protocol has assured users that it will take all necessary steps to mitigate the attack’s impact and prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. While there have been no further updates, it is clear that EraLend is committed to maintaining the highest security standards and taking proactive measures to safeguard its users’ funds and data. Total crypto market capitalization downtrend on the 1-day chart, losing $300 million over the past 2 days. Source: TOTAL on TradingView.com
You can use network monitoring system or SIEM to detect unusual data transfers that exceeds established thresholds. It could indicate a potential data exfiltration attempt. Immediate attention and investigation are essential. Once a new alert is generated, a Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) system can be used to automate and streamline the investigation process, helping security teams respond promptly and effectively to the incident. This approach aims to enhance the organization’s ability to detect and respond to security threats in a timely and efficient manner. Let’s discuss how does it work in Energy SOAR. Energy SOAR provides appropriate case template, which includes set of tasks to analyse the event step by step: Check if the file was downloaded from a public repository Upon receiving an alert based on flow data indicating an unusual data transfer, the initial step is to investigate the origin of the traffic. This involves checking the web server logs to see if the file was downloaded from a public repository, which is often a legitimate source for big files. To streamline and automate this investigative process you can run responder, equipped with a predefined workflow. As you can see there is an Energy Logserver node which allows querying web server logs gathered in the SIEM. Results are added to the case as task log, so an analyst can view the details immediately. Determine the quantity of data downloaded by the particular address within 1 and 7 day periods Next we want to verify, how much data was downloaded by the particular host. An assigned workflow is used to perform the verification. This workflow includes querying the SIEM for aggregated metrics and recording the results. The output of this verification process is then displayed in a task log, providing a clear and organized view of the data download activities by the specified host within the defined time windows. This is the way how analyst can complete the tasks one by one. We can go even further and enable automatic workflow execution just after creating new Netflow-Data Exfiltration case, so an analyst can review results and take relevant actions to respond the event. Finally Energy SOAR lets you assign automated response to block network traffic. This integration of automated workflows and responses enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of incident response, allowing for faster detection and mitigation of security threats.
Welcome to the resource topic for 2020/670 Inverse-Sybil Attacks in Automated Contact Tracing Authors: Benedikt Auerbach, Suvradip Chakraborty, Karen Klein, Guillermo Pascual-Perez, Krzysztof Pietrzak, Michael Walter, Michelle YeoAbstract: Automated contract tracing aims at supporting manual contact tracing during pandemics by alerting users of encounters with infected people. There are currently many proposals for protocols (like the “decentralized” DP-3T and PACT or the “centralized” ROBERT and DESIRE) to be run on mobile phones, where the basic idea is to regularly broadcast (using low energy Bluetooth) some values, and at the same time store (a function of) incoming messages broadcasted by users in their proximity. In the existing proposals one can trigger false positives on a massive scale by an “inverse-Sybil” attack, where a large number of devices (malicious users or hacked phones) pretend to be the same user, such that later, just a single person needs to be diagnosed (and allowed to upload) to trigger an alert for all users who were in proximity to any of this large group of devices. We propose the first protocols that do not succumb to such attacks assuming the devices involved in the attack do not constantly communicate, which we observe is a necessary assumption. The high level idea of the protocols is to derive the values to be broadcasted by a hash chain, so that two (or more) devices who want to launch an inverse-Sybil attack will not be able to connect their respective chains and thus only one of them will be able to upload. Our protocols also achieve security against replay, belated replay, and one of them even against relay attacks. Feel free to post resources that are related to this paper below. Example resources include: implementations, explanation materials, talks, slides, links to previous discussions on other websites. For more information, see the rules for Resource Topics .
Contradiction Based Gray-Hole Attack Minimization for Ad-Hoc Networks Although quite popular for the protection for ad-hoc networks (MANETs, IoT, VANETs, etc.), detection & mitigation techniques only function after the attack has commenced. Prevention, however, attempts at thwarting an attack before it is executed. Both techniques can be realized either by the collective collaboration of network nodes (i.e., adding security messages to protocols) or by internal deduction of attack state. In this paper, we propose a method for minimizing the gray-hole DoS attack. Our solution assumes no explicit node collaboration, with each node using only internal knowledge gained by routine routing information.
Discovering advanced persistent threats (APT) is, by design, akin to finding a needle in a haystack. The threat actors behind APTs combine multiple tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) over extended periods of time to compromise and maintain access to their targets. The IBM Cost of Data Breach Report 2021 reported an average attacker dwell time of 212 days. APTs evade legacy security solutions which rely on time-batched loads of data that filter for Indicators of Compromise (IoC) by executing incremental actions spread across numerous systems at rates that exceed batch analysis size and time boundaries. APT detection requires a new approach. Matured within DARPA's Transparent Computing program specifically for the detection of APTs, Quine and Novelty Detector work together to efficiently uncover the aspects of advanced persistent threat detection. Quine’s graph data model uses categorical data other systems ignore and excels at correlating individual events occurring in their billions/trillions across devices, software and services over any time period to find the behavior patterns (Indicators of Behavior or IoBs) that represent malicious activity. When patterns are detected, Novelty Detector can then apply its categorical anomaly detection techniques to identify when a string of related actions represents a novel/anomalous behavior, greatly reducing false positives. Quine Enterprise provides commercial support and licensing for clustered Quine and Novelty Detector. You can add real-time behavior-based APT detection to your stack at scale and with confidence. thatDot's core technology underpinning Quine and Novelty Detector was developed in partnership with DARPA. Read more about thatDot's origin and some examples of using Novelty Detector to detect data exfiltration and credential theft.
Over 2,500 IT users of a company (internal and external employees) are to be enabled via a simple mechanism to send phishing-suspicious emails to a dedicated IT security mailbox via a button on the Outlook Standard Ribbon. On the one hand, this option is intended to relieve users of complex procedures for reporting possible IT security incidents, and on the other hand, to specifically reduce the general threat posed by phishing. The request will be processed using an addin for MS Office 2016. The required extension will be created as a VSTO component using Visual Studio 2019. PTA is responsible for the technical conception and implementation as well as possible further developments of the component. For forwarding emails suspected to be phishing to a dedicated mail address, an addin for MS Outlook was created, which appears prominently as a button in Outlook standard ribbons.
Protection of smart grids against cyber attacks has become one of the nation's top priorities. Most existing approaches have focused on intrusion detection and post-attack responses in a similar fashion to fault detection and recovery. However, attack behaviors are much more complex and less predictable than fault behaviors as an attacker often changes his course of actions during the attacks. Thus, there is a need for a systematic approach that can incorporate behaviors of attackers into the decision analysis of security management. This is especially crucial as attackers can keep advancing their techniques to outsmart security technologies. Our research aims to enhance the science of security that enables behavioral modeling as well as model extensibility. In particular, we present an analytical game theoretic approach to analyzing security of smart grid SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems by including attacker/defender behaviors in the proposed sequential, non-zero sum, and two-player game model. The paper describes the development of the game payoffs and illustrates how informed decisions can be made on a real-world scenario of attacks at the sensor level of the smart grid SCADA systems.
“Apparatus and Methods for Network-Based Line-Rate Detection of Unknown Malware” – U.S. Patent 11,349,852 This invention builds on Wedge’s previous network-based content inspection (NBCI) patent – USPTO#7,630,379. Specifically, the invention ascertains Wedge’s inventiveness and provides apparatus and methods for NBCI’s line-rate detection of Never-Before-Seen Malicious software, documents and/or websites – collectively known as malware. 31 May, 2022 – CALGARY, Alberta: Wedge Networks Inc. (Wedge), an innovation leader in intelligent real-time threat prevention, is pleased to announce that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has awarded its technology with U.S. Patent 11,349,852, ascertaining Wedge Network’s unique value proposition and innovation. The digital world is now witnessing the resurgence of Never-Before-Seen Malware, be it custom or zero-day – malware that targets a vulnerability that is not publicly known, and for which a signature has not yet been developed. Because no signature exists for such custom or zero-day malware, it cannot be reliably detected by traditional signature-based detection techniques. On the other hand, behavioural-based analysis can reveal the malicious nature of custom or zero-day malware with thorough sandboxing – an approach where the network inspection is executed in an isolated virtual environment. However, the limitation is that such sandboxing analysis is typically not possible at network-line rates. Hence the critical challenge in preventing “never-before-seen malware” at network-line rates. This patent provides a solution that effectively addresses this critical challenge. Implemented in WedgeARP™ (Wedge Absolute Real-time Protection™) version 2.0 and above, it is available to all Wedge’s partners and customers. “Conventional network security solutions cannot prevent the transmission of never-before-seen malware. Many of our industry peers resolve this by using non-real-time behaviour analysis approaches. However, these are not real-time, leaving ample time for malware to cause damages.” said Dr. Hongwen Zhang, CEO and CTO of Wedge Networks. “With the rapid growth of network bandwidth, driven by Cloud/Edge/Fog computing, smart infrastructures, and large adoption of high-speed network technologies such as 5G and last mile fibre connectivity, the importance of NBCI performance is be-coming increasingly paramount in the security and safety of our digital economy. As a pioneer in NBCI, Wedge has been focusing on solving this tough problem. The patent provides an effective framework for Wedge to work with our world class technology and threat intelligence partners to continuously push the leading edge of real-time threat prevention” “Typically, with traditional security techniques, such custom and zero-day malware would be allowed into the network, while the sandboxing analysis – which could take minutes to hours – is being performed, allowing valuable network resources to be exposed to hackers and cyber criminals during such time. This is a triple whammy – first, once the sandboxing proves that malware was allowed, SoC and network operators will then have to embark on an expensive remediation and threat hunting exercise, trying to find the full impact of such malware. Second, even with such effort, the true impact of such attack might never be known, but then and third, sometimes the impacts of cyber-attack cannot be remedied: Think 5G Self driving vehicles, oil pipelines, or medical equipment.” added Dr. Husam Kinawi, Wedge’s Chief Scientist. “We have had this invention incorporated in our technology for the last couple of years. This patent however, ascertains our claim that we provide the only known line-rate Network-Based Line-Rate Detection of Unknown Malware.” About Wedge Networks Wedge Networks Inc. is a Real-Time Threat Prevention solutions company. Our innovation is a patented software platform that enables real-time security services rollout with strategic partners such as MSPs and OEMs. Wedge is headquartered in Calgary, Canada with international teams in the North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East and North Africa regions. Today, Wedge’s products prevent advanced security threats for tens of millions of endpoints in enterprises, governments, and critical infrastructures spanning more than 22 countries. Cautionary Statements and Forward Looking Information This release contains forward-looking statements, which are based on current expectations, estimates, and projections about the Corporation’s business and prospects, as well as management’s beliefs, and certain assumptions made by management. Words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “may,” “should,” “will” and variations of these words are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements speak only as of the date hereof and are subject to change. The forward-looking statements contained in this news release are made as of the date hereof and Wedge undertakes no obligation to update, publicly or otherwise, or revise any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise unless expressly required by applicable securities laws. The forward-looking information contained in this press release are expressly qualified by this cautionary statement. Readers are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future business activities and involve risks and uncertainties, and that the Corporation’s future business activities may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors , including, but not limited to: expansion and business strategies, anticipated growth opportunities, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, general economic, market or business conditions, the amount of fundraising necessary to perform on its business objectives, operational risks, the ability of the Corporation to raise necessary funds for its business objectives, and the outcome of commercial negotiations. Such statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. There can be no assurances that such information will prove accurate and, therefore, readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such uncertainties. Although the Company believes that the assumptions and factors on which such forward-looking statements is based are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on the forward-looking statements as the Company can give no assurance that it will prove to be correct or that any of the events anticipated by such forward-looking statements will transpire or occur, or if any of them do so, what benefits the Company will derive therefrom.
Mobile application security is a growing concern for businesses as more and more sensitive data is being stored on devices that are susceptible to theft and exploitation. In order to combat these threats, organizations must employ security measures at all stages of the mobile application development process. One way to secure mobile applications is through VAPT (vulnerability assessment and penetration testing). This approach assesses the security of an app by simulating attacks on it in order to identify weaknesses and vulnerabilities. In this article, we’ll provide an overview of VAPT techniques that you can use to secure your mobile applications. 2. What is VAPT? Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) is a process used to identify, assess, and mitigate vulnerabilities in computer systems. The goal of VAPT is to improve the security of the system by identifying and addressing potential security risks. VAPT is typically performed by security experts who use a variety of tools and techniques to assess the system for potential vulnerabilities. Once potential vulnerabilities are identified, the testers will attempt to exploit them to see if they can gain access to the system. If successful, the tester will then work with the development team to fix the vulnerability. VAPT is an important part of any organization’s security program and can help to prevent costly security breaches. 3. Why is VAPT important for mobile applications? Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) is an important process for securing mobile applications. VAPT tests for security vulnerabilities in an app and provides a report of findings that can help developers fix these issues before the app is published. VAPT is important because it helps to ensure that an app is safe and secure before it is made available to the public. With the growing number of cyberattacks, it is essential to take precautionary measures to protect mobile apps from hackers. By conducting VAPT, developers can reduce the risk of their app being hacked and protect their users’ data. 4. What are some common VAPT techniques? Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) is an important security measure for any organization. VAPT can help identify vulnerabilities in systems and networks, as well as assess the potential risk of an attack. VAPT can also help organizations to understand how their systems and networks might be exploited by an attacker. There are many different VAPT techniques, but some of the most common include network mapping, port scanning, and vulnerability scanning. Network mapping involves creating a map of an organization’s network to identify potential attack vectors. Port scanning helps to identify which ports are open and accessible on a system. Vulnerability scanning looks for known vulnerabilities in systems and networks. By identifying these vulnerabilities, organizations can take steps to mitigate the risk of an attack. VAPT is an important tool for any organization looking to improve their security posture. 5. How can you use VAPT to secure your mobile applications? VAPT (vulnerability assessment and penetration testing) is a process that assesses the security of mobile applications by identifying and trying to exploit vulnerabilities. VAPT can be used to identify both known and unknown vulnerabilities, and can be customized to fit the specific needs of an organization. There are a number of benefits to using VAPT to secure mobile applications. VAPT can help organizations to identifys and fix vulnerabilities before they can be exploited, and can also be used to assess the effectiveness of security controls. VAPT can also help organizations to understand the risks posed by specific vulnerabilities, and to prioritize remediation efforts. If you’re concerned about the security of your mobile applications, VAPT is a great way to ensure that they’re safe from attack. Mobile applications are becoming increasingly popular among businesses and consumers alike. However, these applications are also becoming a target for criminals. In order to protect your mobile applications, you can use a variety of VAPT techniques. Some of these techniques include code review, application hardening, and system hardening. By using these techniques, you can make your mobile applications more secure and less likely to be exploited by criminals.
What is Syslog Monitoring? Syslog Monitoring is used for secondary processing of messages generated by various parts of your infrastructure and sent to a central daemon for logging. When the content of syslog messages is such that the state of the infrastructure can be inferred from those messages, it becomes possible to analyze those messages, generate a corresponding service state, and send that to GroundWork Monitor for display and possible alerting. This feature in GroundWork Monitoring is intended for low to moderate volumes of syslog messages. It is not designed as a full-fledged replacement for various commercial products in the space of log-message handling. Rather, it is intended to provide basic functionality for recognizing common messages and folding that data into the monitoring. Why Use Syslog Monitoring? A portion of the original syslog messages may be interesting from a monitoring point of view. Typical use cases include: - Sensing various conditions that might happen in a database (e.g., startup; shutdown; running out of tablespace). - Sensing situations that might be seen by a router (e.g., noting changes to its configuration; noting changes in reachability of other network nodes). - Sensing situations that might be seen by an Intrusion Detection System (e.g., attempts to log in as an administrative user; attempts to execute arbitrary code). Certain aggregated-data statistics also become available, and these may be graphed to show how active your machines are in this regard and what kinds of states are seen over time. How Syslog Monitoring Works Syslog messages are generated by various sources on host machines in your infrastructure. These messages may originate in the kernel, in system daemons and service programs, and in user applications. Those messages are typically sent to the local rsyslogd daemon running on the same machine. That daemon is usually configured to write various flavors of messages to local system log files. For purposes of Syslog Monitoring, some portion of those messages will be configured to be sent to the tsyslogd container port on the GroundWork server. That container will analyze the messages it receives, categorize them according to the message content, and assign a service status to each message (essentially, OK, WARNING, CRITICAL, or UNKNOWN). That status is appended to the message, and the whole is passed to Foundation for storage and for display in the Status Summary dashboard. The calculated status can then also drive alerts. In the following diagram, we show the logical flow of messages from original sources and thence through the system. In GW7 handling of syslog messages, GroundWork Monitor replaced the OS-level syslog daemon with the syslog-ng program, and in so doing took over all duties of the standard system-provided syslog daemon. In contrast, the GW8 implementation of syslog message handling is more selective. The rsyslogd program has become the standard syslog daemon across Linux distributions, and we leave that in place, operating in its usual fashion and writing to its usual collection of log files. Only some administrator-chosen portion of the messages received by rsyslogd will be forwarded to the tsyslogd container for analysis and classification. This strategy simplifies administration of your machines. tsyslogd container, there are two stages in processing. The first stage is to determine the name of a regular expression (regex) group, depending on the value of some particular field (generally, the hostname). That field is the "selector" in the diagram below. In the second stage, which is what happens after a regex group has been chosen, a match of the message string is attempted against the series of regular expressions defined in that group. Once a match is found, the category that included the particular matching regex is assigned as the service status of this message, and the completed message is passed out. Both the selector-to-regex-group mapping and all of the regex groups and their constituent categories and regular expressions are defined by the user, in the classify.toml file which is read by the tsyslogd container when it starts up. Using this flexibility, the customer adapts the Syslog Monitoring to whatever kinds of messages they expect to appear from their infrastructure, and decides what to do with each of them. Details of that configuration are presented in the Syslog Monitoring Installation page. tsyslogd container is implemented as a Telegraf container that uses three plugins in series: sysloginput plugin, which knows how to receive and parse incoming syslog messages. classifyprocessor plugin, written by GroundWork, which implements the decision logic shown above. groundworkoutput plugin, also written by Groundwork, which knows how to format and send data to GroundWork Monitor. classify plugin was written as a general-purpose classifier, with capabilities designed for robust syslog message handling but also probably useful in other contexts. Partly because of current limitations in Telegraf 1.x, its implementation also bundles in some aggregated-statistics collection instead of deferring that optional work to a separate plugin. Aggregated statistics can be useful for graphing how much syslog-message activity occurs over time. Generating Alerts with Syslog Monitoring Syslog Monitoring creates a service named syslog on each host from which it sees messages. The derived state of that service can be seen in the corresponding Status Summary screen. Changes in the state of the syslog service can be used to drive notifications from GroundWork Messenger.
by Nathaniel Wong The electric vehicle (EV) industry is overcoming challenges in order to improve the process of the charging network of EVs. Trust and security of electric vehicle-to-grid systems and hardware supply chains, was published in the Reliability Engineering & System Safety journal. It addresses the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of the EV charging grid by providing research and development to mitigate supply chain and EV charging cyber-attacks, and to advance the adoption of EV charging. This report was a collaboration between Negin Moghadasi, Andrew Koch, Thomas L. Polmateer, and James H. Lambert, all of the Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia; David L. Slutzky, Department of Engineering and Society, University of Virginia; Zachary A. Collier, Department of Management, Radford University; and Mark C. Manasco, CCALS’ President and Executive Director. Slutzky is also president of Fermata Energy, and both Polmateer and Lambert are members of the Center for Hardware and Embedded Systems Security and Trust (CHEST). CHEST and the National Science Foundation also supported the study. The work provides a framework to solve the most complex security challenges facing EV chargers and their network. The cybersecurity threats discussed in the paper include the supply chains and the operations of the embedded hardware devices for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) infrastructure, vehicle charging stations, and network communications. The paper has considered hybrid cybersecurity threats to the interests of system owners, operators, and users, addressing scenario-based preferences for rapidly advancing technologies.
The answer is complete for the questioner's #2, but let's dig a little-deeper into #1. There are other ways to analyze malware which implements anti-virtualization, vm-detection, sandbox detection, and sandbox evasion techniques. However, does the malware also include environmentally-keyed detection or evasion techniques, such as the ones outlined here -- https://www.vmray.com/blog/sandbox-evasion-techniques-part-4/ -- (aka context-aware malware aka environment-sensitive)? Cuckoo is an excellent sandbox for features and behavior extraction, so it's not always wise to jump to windbg or other classic bare-metal debugging (although sometimes it is wise to do this). If the built-in cloaking solution for Cuckoo, vmcloak, can prevent the malware from detecting or evading it then you still get all of the benefits of Cuckoo. Some of these can be elicited early-on during static analysis or even during simple Yara triage. There are also advanced ways of performing Yara triage that will catch malicious processes in-the act, such as Godaddy's procfilter -- https://github.com/godaddy/yara-rules/blob/master/features/virtualbox_detection.yara If you use dynamic analysis to elicit the sandbox detection, evasion, or context-aware malware techniques, be sure to know your limitations. makin is a good starting framework to determine those anti-debugging capabilities. A lot of this depends on your goal with malware. What do you want to know about them; what questions do you have? Do you need to extract Proactive Threat Indicators for internal-only blacklists or will you be sharing them? Do you need to deconfig RATs that are operating on systems in your network? For example, a focus on nation-state RATs might warrant a jump to the -- https://github.com/ctxis/CAPE -- tool or similar. If you want a simple solution to scaling sandbox-based automation with stealth functionality that surpasses vmcloak, check out -- drakvuf.com I am definitely interested in more of the bare-metal techniques (especially the AMT RAM cloner!) spoken to by @ekse in the primary answer. These are also very-valuable! However, just because you have bare metal doesn't mean that context-aware malware techniques such as time bombs, logic bombs, and specifically-targeted malicious logic won't be an additional problem -- you'll have to account for them!
What is Eternity ransomware? Eternity ransomware is a file-encrypting malware that is currently for sale. Malware researchers from threat intelligence company Cyble were the first ones to discover this malware, along with other malware like the Eternity Stealer, Eternity Miner, Eternity Clipper, Eternity Worm + Dropper, and Eternity DDoS Bot. Eternity ransomware is being sold for $490. It appears to be a pretty standard ransomware infection that will target personal files and demand a payment in exchange for a decryptor. Threat actors who purchase the Eternity ransomware can make certain customizations, including a custom ransom note, as well as a time limit for when file decryption becomes no longer possible. Because Eternity ransomware is offered as Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS), the contents of the ransom note, decryptor price, time limit, etc., will differ depending on who operates it. But it does not appear that the ransomware changes file names once it’s done encrypting them. The ransomware, as usual, targets personal files. That means photos, videos, images, documents, etc., would all be encrypted. File names should not change so it may be difficult to tell which files have been encrypted. Once it’s done encrypting files, the ransomware will drop a ransom note that explains how users can acquire a decryptor. The sum demanded by the cybercriminals will depend on the operators but it’s likely to be around $1000. Generally, paying the ransom is a bad idea. While it may be the only option for some users, it’s worth mentioning that there are no guarantees a decryptor will be sent to them. Victims should keep in mind that it is cybercriminals they are dealing with, and trusting them to keep their end of the deal is never recommended. If users have backup and a good recovery plan, paying the ransom shouldn’t even be a question. However, it’s important to first remove Eternity ransomware using anti-malware software before connecting to the backup. If the ransomware is still present on the computer when the backup is accessed, the backed-up files may become encrypted as well. How is ransomware distributed? Because Eternity ransomware is MaaS, the distribution methods may differ depending on who is operating it. However, the usual methods will likely apply no matter who controls Eternity ransomware. Among the most common methods are email attachments, torrents, malicious downloads, online scams, fake updates, etc. Generally, users with good browsing habits are less likely to infect their computers with malware, including ransomware. It’s common knowledge that one of the reasons why users are discouraged from pirating copyrighted content using torrents is that torrents are often full of malware. Many torrent sites are quite poorly moderated, which means malicious actors can easily upload torrents that contain malware. Torrents for popular movies, TV series, software, video games, etc., are particularly like to have malware in them. Users should keep in mind that using torrents to pirate is not only stealing content but also endangering the computer/data. Ransomware is also often encountered in email attachments. The emails are often made to appear like they’re official correspondence from companies whose services users use and talk about money in order to pressure users into opening the email attachments. If users do open a malicious attachment, the malware can initiate. But in many cases, the emails are fairly obvious. The biggest giveaway is grammar/spelling mistakes. Strangely enough, malicious emails are often full of mistakes, though that works in users’ favor. Such emails also use generic greetings when addressing users (User, Member, Customer, etc.) when users’ names should be used. Since cybercriminals don’t always have access to personal information, they are forced to use generic greetings. But in some cases, the malicious emails may be much more sophisticated. It’s highly recommended that users scan all unsolicited email attachments with anti-virus software or VirusTotal before opening them. Eternity ransomware removal Considering that ransomware is a highly complex malware infection, it’s best to use a reliable anti-malware software to remove Eternity ransomware from the computer. Manual Eternity ransomware removal could lead to additional issues unless users know exactly what to do. Those with backup can access it to start recovering files as soon as they delete Eternity ransomware from their computers. Download Removal Toolto scan for Eternity ransomwareUse our recommended removal tool to scan for Eternity ransomware. Trial version of WiperSoft provides detection of computer threats like Eternity ransomware and assists in its removal for FREE. You can delete detected registry entries, files and processes yourself or purchase a full version. WiperSoft Review Details WiperSoft (www.wipersoft.com) is a security tool that provides real-time security from potential threats. Nowadays, many users tend to download free software from the Intern ... Is MacKeeper a virus? MacKeeper is not a virus, nor is it a scam. While there are various opinions about the program on the Internet, a lot of the people who so notoriously hate the program have neve ... While the creators of MalwareBytes anti-malware have not been in this business for long time, they make up for it with their enthusiastic approach. Statistic from such websites like CNET shows that th ... Step 1. Delete Eternity ransomware using Safe Mode with Networking. Remove Eternity ransomware from Windows 7/Windows Vista/Windows XP - Click on Start and select Shutdown. - Choose Restart and click OK. - Start tapping F8 when your PC starts loading. - Under Advanced Boot Options, choose Safe Mode with Networking. - Open your browser and download the anti-malware utility. - Use the utility to remove Eternity ransomware Remove Eternity ransomware from Windows 8/Windows 10 - On the Windows login screen, press the Power button. - Tap and hold Shift and select Restart. - Go to Troubleshoot → Advanced options → Start Settings. - Choose Enable Safe Mode or Safe Mode with Networking under Startup Settings. - Click Restart. - Open your web browser and download the malware remover. - Use the software to delete Eternity ransomware Step 2. Restore Your Files using System Restore Delete Eternity ransomware from Windows 7/Windows Vista/Windows XP - Click Start and choose Shutdown. - Select Restart and OK - When your PC starts loading, press F8 repeatedly to open Advanced Boot Options - Choose Command Prompt from the list. - Type in cd restore and tap Enter. - Type in rstrui.exe and press Enter. - Click Next in the new window and select the restore point prior to the infection. - Click Next again and click Yes to begin the system restore. Delete Eternity ransomware from Windows 8/Windows 10 - Click the Power button on the Windows login screen. - Press and hold Shift and click Restart. - Choose Troubleshoot and go to Advanced options. - Select Command Prompt and click Restart. - In Command Prompt, input cd restore and tap Enter. - Type in rstrui.exe and tap Enter again. - Click Next in the new System Restore window. - Choose the restore point prior to the infection. - Click Next and then click Yes to restore your system. Incoming search terms: 2-remove-virus.com is not sponsored, owned, affiliated, or linked to malware developers or distributors that are referenced in this article. The article does not promote or endorse any type of malware. We aim at providing useful information that will help computer users to detect and eliminate the unwanted malicious programs from their computers. This can be done manually by following the instructions presented in the article or automatically by implementing the suggested anti-malware tools. The article is only meant to be used for educational purposes. If you follow the instructions given in the article, you agree to be contracted by the disclaimer. We do not guarantee that the artcile will present you with a solution that removes the malign threats completely. Malware changes constantly, which is why, in some cases, it may be difficult to clean the computer fully by using only the manual removal instructions.
In order to find potential matches, we run regular scans of social media platforms, identifying names, images, and logos. With continuous tests and trials, we now have the ability to take immediate action due to a fast and seamless reporting process. There is nothing hidden on the internet. Your brand reputation is always affected by what appears on the internet. Our team thoroughly checks all brand mentions, logos, reviews, comments, trademarks, etc., for any risks and defamation. In-house proprietary tools enable us to process millions of domains and URLs every day. Any infringement of your brand’s name, logo, or trademark will be investigated, and legal action will be taken against the pirate. It is possible for a brand to have a fake profile on social media. We at Bytescare scan social media for accounts that impersonate your brand and take legal action against them. These profiles can be used for social engineering, display fake affiliations, scam your customers, or spread fake news if not taken down. Detecting phishing URLs has been one of our core business services since 2020. A phishing attack is a fraudulent activity in which the attacker pretends to be a reputable entity or person to gain sensitive information. Several characteristics distinguish phishing URLs and their corresponding pages from malicious URLs. To detect phishing URLs, we use three techniques - your brand name, logo, and the signature generated from your website content. Our human analysts take down those phishing sites once they are detected. To date, we have had a 100% success rate in taking down phishing sites. Scan for usage or mentions of Brand Name across different internet medium and identifying protential sources where such instances can be available Detection of Brand logo across different intenet medium to identify potential sources. Detection of website fingerprints on internet and scan fake copies. Reporting and taking down such sources as soon as detected and verified. The piracy issue had been plaguing us for quite some time and led to an adverse impact on our revenue. Bytescare not only helped us curb the menace substantially but also did some ad-hoc work for us, which we appreciate a lot. They have an exceptional understanding of Piracy & Cyber Investigations. They save costs in technical & legal operations.
The Importance of Access Control Access control is a crucial aspect of computer security that ensures only authorized entities can access specific resources on a system. It is used to restrict unauthorized access to system components, data, and functions while simultaneously ensuring that legitimate users can carry out their intended tasks. Access control helps to protect sensitive information and intellectual property, prevent theft, damage or destruction of stored data, and minimize the risk of being compromised by malicious actors. Mandatory Access Control (MAC) and SELinux Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is a security model that enforces strict policies on resource access rights based on predefined rules. This model contrasts with discretionary access control (DAC), which allows users to set permissions themselves. SELinux stands for Security-Enhanced Linux, which is an implementation of MAC in the Linux kernel using a flexible labeling system to enforce policies. SELinux architecture allows for finer-grained control over access decisions than traditional DAC systems where users manually grant file permissions. Why Implement MAC with SELinux? Implementing Mandatory Access Control with SELinux provides numerous security benefits over traditional discretionary access control methods. The flexible labeling scheme allows administrators to specify fine-grained permissions for specific users or applications while restricting unauthorized actions by other processes running under the same user account. By implementing MAC with SELinux, organizations can reduce their risk exposure by limiting what applications can do in the first place instead of purely relying on perimeter security measures like firewalls or intrusion detection systems. This approach results in better protection against advanced attacks targeting vulnerabilities within software applications. Additionally, MAC with SELinux helps improve compliance efforts by providing an auditable track record of all activities performed within the system, aiding investigations into incidents or potential breaches. Understanding MAC and SELinux Detailed explanation of MAC and its benefits Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is a security mechanism that provides a higher level of control over access to system resources than discretionary access control (DAC). In DAC, users have the authority to decide who can access their files, while in MAC, the system administrator determines what resources users can access. This means that even if a user has permission to access a file or directory under DAC, they may not be able to do so under MAC. The benefit of using MAC is that it provides a more granular way of controlling access to system resources. In other words, with MAC, you can specify which users or processes are allowed to perform certain actions on specific files or directories. For example, if you have data that is highly sensitive and should only be accessed by specific users or processes, you could use MAC to restrict access only those authorized entities. Another advantage of using MAC is that it can provide an additional layer of security against malware and other malicious attacks. By limiting the actions that applications and processes can do on your system based on their assigned security labels, you can reduce the risk of malware infecting your system and causing damage. Overview of SELinux: Its history and how it works Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is an implementation of Mandatory Access Control (MAC) developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) in collaboration with Red Hat. It was first introduced in 2000 as part of the Linux 2.6 kernel release. SELinux works by assigning labels to various aspects of your system such as files, directories, network interfaces and processes based on their sensitivity level as well as their role in the overall security architecture. These labels are then used by SELinux policies to determine what actions each entity is allowed to perform on other resources. To give an example of how SELinux works, suppose you have a web server running on your Linux system that is accessible to the public. Under SELinux, the web server process would be assigned a label that specifies what resources it can access and what actions it can perform. If a hacker attempts to exploit a vulnerability in the web server, SELinux will prevent them from accessing system resources outside of their security context, effectively limiting the damage that they can cause. SELinux is an advanced MAC implementation that provides granular access control over system resources and helps prevent unauthorized access and malicious attacks by using security labels and policies to enforce restrictions on actions taken by processes or applications running on your system. Implementing MAC with SELinux Step-by-step guide to implementing MAC with SELinux on a Linux system Implementing Mandatory Access Control with SELinux on a Linux system can be a daunting task, but it’s worth the effort. The first step is to ensure that the kernel has been compiled with support for SELinux. This can be checked by looking at the configuration file in /boot or by running “grep CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX /usr/src/linux/.config”. If it’s not enabled, the kernel will need to be recompiled. Once you’ve verified that your system supports SELinux, you’ll need to install the necessary packages. On most Linux distributions, this can be done using the package manager. For example, on CentOS or RHEL-based systems, run “yum install selinux-policy-targeted policycoreutils-python”. After installing SELinux policies and utilities, you’ll want to reboot your system so that it runs in enforcing mode. You can verify if your system is running in enforcing mode by checking /selinux/enforce file (the value should be ‘1’). Once the basics are covered and you confirm that everything is enabled and installed correctly, it’s time to configure policies for enforcing access control. Explanation of the different security policies available in SELinux SELinux provides several security policy types: The strict policy: This enforces tight security controls over all processes in an attempt to provide maximum protection against unauthorized access. The targeted policy: This policy is designed for systems that require a balance between security and functionality. It limits access only where necessary while still allowing most processes to run without restrictions. The mls policy: The Multi-Level Security (MLS) enforces strict rules around information flow between processes at different classification levels based on sensitivity labels. Each of these policies has its own benefits and drawbacks, and the choice of which policy to use depends on the specific needs of your organization. It’s important to thoroughly evaluate each policy type before choosing one. It’s also worth noting that SELinux policies can be further customized to fit your specific security requirements. However, this should be done with great care and only by experienced administrators who fully understand the implications of their changes. Advantages of using MAC with SELinux Increased security through granular control over system resources One of the biggest advantages of implementing Mandatory Access Control (MAC) with Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is the increased level of security it offers through granular control over system resources. This means that administrators can determine exactly which users or processes have access to specific files, directories, or other system resources. By limiting access to only those who need it, MAC with SELinux significantly reduces the possible impact of a security breach or unauthorized access. Additionally, this granular level of control allows administrators to implement a least privilege model, where users are only given access to the resources they need to perform their job functions. This helps prevent unintentional modifications or deletions of critical files and further reduces the risk of a breach. Overall, by providing such precise control over system resources, MAC with SELinux creates a more secure computing environment where administrators can limit user actions and behaviors in order to protect critical data and systems from being compromised. Protection against malicious attacks and unauthorized access Another benefit of using MAC with SELinux is its ability to provide protection against malicious attacks and unauthorized access. By limiting user privileges and controlling what actions they are allowed to perform on critical system resources, administrators can prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerabilities in the system or gaining privileged access. For example, if an attacker gains access as an unprivileged user on a system running MAC with SELinux, they would not be able to escalate their privileges or modify sensitive files without first finding and exploiting a vulnerability in the security policies designed by administrators. This extra layer of protection can make all the difference when it comes to defending against sophisticated attacks. Moreover, even if an attacker gains root-level privileges through some other means (such as exploiting an unpatched vulnerability), they still might not be able to easily achieve their goals because SELinux policies are designed to restrict what processes can do on the system. This makes it harder for attackers to execute malicious code, hide evidence of their activities, or spread malware throughout the network. Improved compliance with security standards and regulations Implementing MAC with SELinux can help organizations achieve improved compliance with various security standards and regulations. Many regulatory frameworks require that organizations implement access controls and limit user privileges to protect sensitive data, such as customer information or financial records. By using MAC with SELinux to enforce these access controls automatically across the organization’s infrastructure, administrators can demonstrate that they are taking steps to meet these requirements. Additionally, by using a secure operating system like Linux and enabling SELinux enforcement mode by default, organizations may be able to reduce the attack surface of their systems and improve overall security posture. This can help them avoid costly data breaches or fines associated with non-compliance. Challenges in implementing MAC with SELinux Potential for increased complexity in managing security policies One of the biggest challenges in implementing MAC with SELinux is the potential for increased complexity in managing security policies. Unlike discretionary access control (DAC), where access decisions are made based on user identity or group membership, MAC enforces access control based on predefined rules that are often highly granular and specific to individual processes or objects. This means that configuring and maintaining security policies in SELinux can be a time-consuming and complex process, requiring a significant amount of expertise. Another issue is that SELinux provides multiple levels of access control, each with its own set of policies and rules. This can make it difficult to ensure that all components of the system are protected by the same level of security. For example, if one component is configured to use a more relaxed policy than another component, it could create a vulnerability that could be exploited by an attacker. Learning curve for administrators unfamiliar with SELinux Another challenge associated with implementing MAC with SELinux is the learning curve for administrators who are unfamiliar with the technology. Because SELinux requires a different approach to access control than traditional Linux systems, administrators may need to invest significant time and effort into understanding how it works before they can effectively implement it. Additionally, because there are multiple levels of access control within SELinux, understanding how they all fit together can be complex. As such, administrators may need to undergo specialized training or hire external consultants to help them properly configure and maintain the system. The trade-off between complexity and enhanced security Despite these challenges, many organizations view the implementation of MAC with SELinux as an essential step towards fortifying their systems against malicious attacks. While there may be some initial complexity associated with configuring and maintaining security policies within this framework, organizations should weigh this against the benefits of enhanced security and more granular control over system resources. Ultimately, the decision to implement MAC with SELinux will depend on a variety of factors, including the level of security required, the resources available for implementation and management, and the expertise of administrators tasked with maintaining the system. Regardless, it is clear that MAC with SELinux represents an important advancement in access control technology that is worth considering for organizations looking to fortify their systems against increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. Best Practices for Maintaining a Secure System with MAC and SELinux Regularly Reviewing Security Policies to Ensure They Align with Organizational Needs One of the best practices for maintaining a secure system with MAC and SELinux is to regularly review security policies to ensure they align with organizational needs. As organizations grow and evolve, their security needs may change, which means that their policies need to adapt accordingly. Regular reviews will help identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the policy that could potentially be exploited by attackers. During these reviews, it is important to involve all stakeholders in the process, including IT staff, management, and end-users. This ensures that all perspectives are considered when making changes to the policy. It is also important to document any changes made during these reviews so that there is a clear record of what was changed and why. Continuously Monitoring the System for Potential Vulnerabilities Another best practice for maintaining a secure system with MAC and SELinux is continuously monitoring the system for potential vulnerabilities. This involves both active monitoring, such as running scans and penetration testing, as well as passive monitoring through log analysis. Active monitoring can help identify vulnerabilities in real-time so that they can be addressed before they are exploited by attackers. Passive monitoring helps identify patterns or anomalies in logs that may indicate an attempted attack or breach. It is also important to keep up-to-date on security threats and vulnerabilities through industry publications and alerts from vendors. This allows organizations to proactively address potential issues before an attack occurs. Cultivating a Culture of Security Awareness Among All Users One final best practice for maintaining a secure system with MAC and SELinux is cultivating a culture of security awareness among all users. While strong policies and technical controls can help mitigate risk, end-users play an important role in keeping systems secure through their behavior. Organizations should provide regular security awareness training to all users that covers best practices for password management, phishing scams, and other common attack vectors. It is also important to regularly remind users of the importance of following security policies and reporting any suspicious activity. By including end-users in security discussions and providing them with the knowledge and tools necessary to identify potential threats, organizations can build a culture of security where everyone takes responsibility for maintaining a secure system. This is especially important given the increasing sophistication of attacks, which often target end-users as a way to gain access to sensitive systems or data. In this article, we explored the benefits of implementing Mandatory Access Control (MAC) with SELinux on a Linux system. Through our examination of MAC and SELinux, we discovered that this approach provides granular control over system resources, which can protect against malicious attacks and unauthorized access attempts. Moreover, we provided a step-by-step guide to implementing MAC with SELinux, and discussed some of the challenges one might encounter in doing so. We also outlined best practices for maintaining a secure system with MAC and SELinux. It is important to regularly review security policies to ensure they align with organizational needs and continuously monitor systems for potential vulnerabilities. By following these best practices and adopting an access control approach like MAC with SELinux, organizations can enhance their overall security posture. Emphasis on the Importance of Securing Systems Through Effective Access Control Measures Effective access control measures are critical in securing computer systems against unauthorized access or misuse. By ensuring that only authorized users have access to specific resources at any given time, an organization can reduce its risk of being compromised by external or internal threats. As such, it is essential that IT administrators develop robust strategies for implementing access control measures in their organizations. Mandatory access control with SELinux represents a powerful tool for enforcing security policies on Linux systems. With its granular controls over system resources – managed through policy enforcement mechanisms – it can help organizations minimize their exposure to risk while strengthening their overall security posture. By following best practices such as regular reviews of security policies and continuous monitoring of systems for potential vulnerabilities, IT administrators can ensure that their organization’s data remains secure over time.
12 Security Assessment(Fuzzy Packet) PBX Network Fuzzy Packet is a tool that is able to manipulates and generates data messages by injecting and capturing packets into a network. Security Assessment Security Assessment Fuzzy Packet soft Its functionality depends in the XML templates which configure the actions to take. Spam Injector Spam Listener Fuzzer Brute Register User Enum Fuzzer ARP ARP Injector XML Templates Functions Its architecture embeds on a Plug- In model, so it provides an easy extensibility to new features. 12 13 <usergenerator> <assignuser>user</assignuser> <assignpass>pass</assignpass> </usergenerator> <string>register sip:pbx-server.com SIP/2.0</string> <CRLF/> <string>from: sip:</string> <variable>user</variable> <CRLF/> <string>call-id: </string> <randomstr> <minlen>5</minlen> <letters/> <numbers/> </randomstr> <CRLF/> Data Generator (Fuzzer) generates REGISTER sip:pbx-server.com SIP/2.0 From: Call-ID: Random user and password generator PlugIn Creates the string followed by carriage return and a line feed Creates the string followed by the result of the python code Creates the string followed by a random string composed of letters and numbers with length bigger that 5 characters Other possible actions Replace Reg. Expressions Repeats blocks Conditionals, probabilities Execution of Python Methods 13 14 Lost Packets Register Reply User Enumeration Captures the replies and generates an authenticate message if necessary Network PBX Authentication Register Packets Generates REGISTER messages and inject them into a network. <sniff> <device>eth0</device> <inject> <packet> <ethernet> <source>..</source> <destination>..</destination> <ip>.. </ip> </ethernet> </packet> <xi:include href="sip/register.xml"/> </inject> </sniff> <filter>udp and port 5060</filter> <capture> <assignvar>msg</assignvar> <continue>callidexist(msg)</continue> <choice> <option> <condition> isuserexists(msg) </condition>.. </option> <option> <condition> isuseracepted(msg) </condition>.. </option> </choice> <continue>isrequiredauth(msg)</continue> <injectreply> <invertpacket/> <xi:include href="sip/auth.xml"/> </injectreply> </capture> Assign the captured packet to the msg variable Check if the Call-ID is in our list of msg Check if Status-Code is 100 Trying. Add to a priority list Check if Status-Code is 200 Ok. User accepted by the Server An Authentication challenge is required, so it inject a reply message for it 14 15 A RPT MSG B INVITE B RPT MSG A OK A RPT Listening Sniffed Codecs Sniffed Codecs RPT sniffed Sniffing Codecs Spam Injection RPT MSG B INVITE B RPT MSG A OK A RPT SPAM Injection B <capture> <assignvar>msg</assignvar> <choice> <option> <condition>isinvite(msg)</condition>.. </option> <option> <condition>isok(msg)</condition>.. </option> </choice> </capture> Listening RPT packets <pycode>rtp = RTPPackets()</pycode> <pycode>rtp.startreading()</pycode> <sniff> <device>eth0</device> <filter> <string>ip src net </string> <variable>called_ip</variable> <string> and udp and src port </string> <pycode>called_rpt_port</pycode> </filter> <capture> <assignvar>msg</assignvar> <pycode>rtp.listencurrentpacket(msg)</pycode> </capture> </sniff> <pycode>rtp.stopreading()</pycode> Injecting Spam <pycode>rtp = RTPPackets()</pycode> <pycode>rtp.openfile(codecs,"test.wav")</pycode> <pycode>rtp.startreading()</pycode> <sniff> <filter>..</filter> <capture> <assignvar>msg</assignvar> <pycode>rtp.setrtpfields(msg)</pycode> <injectreply> <pycode>rtp.getcurrentpacket()</pycode> </injectreply> </capture> </sniff> <pycode>rtp.stopreading()</pycode> 15 16 who who is C? is A? ask A B & C A SWITCH SWITCH ARP Injection (achiving man in the middle ) who is B? ask A this is C who is C? this is C ask A B C We want to see all the packets from a Computer A. Reply the ARP Request send by every computer involving the IP of A. To computer A: every IP go through the intruder To other computers: A's IP goes through the intruder Still, we want to renew the cache before they send a Request message, so we can send ours, once in a while to ensure they send all packet through our the intruder 16 17 Demo PBX DHCP TFTP TestBed ARP Injector Injects ARP packets into the caller in order to be in the middle of every packet it send. SWITCH Spam Injector Injects RTP packets (a recorded message) into the called party conversation. Called party Caller party Listener Capture RTP packets from the called party conversation and play them in the current computer. User Enum Try to register (brute force) in the PBX by injecting and capturing packets in the network. 17 11/2010 Versie 1 About This Guide Thank you for choosing the tiptel IP 28xs which is especially designed for power users in the office environment. It features fashionable and sleek design, abundant telephony About This Guide Thank you for choosing this Enterprise IP Phone which is especially designed for power users in the office environment. It features fashion and sleek design, abundant rd telephony applications, www.voicesonic.com Phone: 877.289.2829 Administrator Guide SIP Cordless Phone Model No. KX-TGP500 KX-TGP550 Thank you for purchasing a Panasonic product. Please read this guide before using the unit and Technical Bulletin 43565 Using Polycom SoundPoint IP and Polycom SoundStation IP Phones with Asterisk Introduction This document provides introductory information on how to use Polycom SoundPoint IP phones IceWarp Unified Communications VoIP Service Reference Version 10.4 Printed on 13 April, 2012 Contents VoIP Service 1 Introduction... 1 The Big Picture... 4 Reference... 5 General... 5 Dial Plan... 7 Dial User's Manual (English) SIP-telephone with answering machine and system functions* tiptel 83 VoIP * only in connection with tiptel.com 410-811 tiptel About this telephone Safety Notes This telephone can WS290 WIFI IP Innovative VoIP Phone User Manual Co.Ltd INDEX 1. Getting Started... 4 About... 4 Feature Highlights... 4 2. Set up the Phone... 4 3. Phone User Interface... 6 3.1 Hardware Component Instructions... TalkSwitch User Guide Version 7.11 TalkSwitch User Guide Version 7.11 25 April 2012 26-711-169058-20120425 Copyright 2012 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet, FortiGate, and FortiGuard, are registered IceWarp Unified Communications Reference Version 11.1 Published on 11/4/2014 Contents... 4 About... 5 The Big Picture... 7 Reference... 8 General... 8 Dial Plan... 9 Dial Plan Examples... 12 Devices... 3CX Phone System Cloud Server Administration Manual Copyright 2013 2014, 3CX Ltd. http://www.3cx.com E mail: [email protected] Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Companies names I Table of Contents Part I Introduction 1 Part II Requirements 1 Part III Installation 2 1 Power... Adapter 3 2 Power... over Ethernet (PoE) 3 3 IP Address... 3 4 Factory... Settings 3 4 Part IV Registering Fanvil Product User Manual IP Phone Model: C58/C58P Version: V.184.108.40.206 2005 Fanvil technology Co., Ltd All rights reserved. This document is supplied by Fanvil Technology Co., Ltd, No part of this document Genesys 420HD IP Phone with Genesys SIP Server Configuration Guide The information contained herein is proprietary and confidential and cannot be disclosed or duplicated without the prior written consent FortiVoice Version 7.00 VoIP Configuration Guide FortiVoice Version 7.00 VoIP Configuration Guide Revision 2 14 October 2011 Copyright 2011 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Contents and terms are subject Network And Internet Management Services VoIP Products Guide Contents Contents... 2 1. What is VoIP?... 5 Why choose VoIP?... 5 2. What VoIP products do we offer?... 5 VoIP EasyAccess... 5 VoIP Express... The owner friendly phone system for small business VoIP Network Configuration Guide Release 7.10 Copyright 2011 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet, FortiGate, FortiGuard, FortiCare, FortiManager, snom 320 VoIP Business Phone Manual 2005 snom technology AG All rights reserved. Version 1.00 www.snom.com snom technology AG Gradestr. 46 12347 Berlin, Germany 2005 snom technology Aktiengesellschaft. Voipswitch Manual for version 340 and higher by Gabriel Georgescu 1 OVERVIEW 3 SOFTSWITCH 4 REQUIREMENTS. 10 PROGRAM INSTALLATION. 10 LAUNCHING THE MAIN APPLICATION VOIPSWITCH 12 GATEWAYS 18 GK/REGISTRAR VoIP communication AX210 IP Telephone System User Manual 1 AX210 Menu Getting Started... 3 Introduction... 4 Packing list... 5 Specification... 5 Hardware setup... 6 First Login to Wizard... 7 Extension... 3300IP-TRM VoIP Phone User Manual TeleMatrix, Inc 1 1 Introduction...5 1.1 Overview of Hardware...5 1.1 Overview of Software...5 2 Keypad of 3300IP-TRM...6 2.1 Function Table of Keyboard...6 2.2 Keyboard Getting Started Guide Cloud Server powered by Mac OS X Getting Started Guide Page 1 Getting Started Guide: Cloud Server powered by Mac OS X Version 1.0 (02.16.10) Copyright 2010 GoDaddy.com Software, Inc. Configuring Skype for Business using Grandstream CPE Devices Thank you for your interest in configuring Grandstream s SIP devices for Skype s SIP Trunking Service. This document describes the basic configuration GO!NotifyLink ActiveSync Solution for ios Devices User Guide GO!NotifyLink ActiveSync Solution for ios Devices: iphone, ipod touch, ipad, ipad mini What s in this document This document: Lists software
Download Now Free registration required Flooding-type Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks can cause serious problems in mobile multi-hop networks due to its limited network/host resources. Attacker traceback is a promising solution to take a proper countermeasure near attack origins, for forensics and to discourage attackers from launching the attacks. However, attacker traceback in mobile multi-hop networks is a challenging problem. Existing IP traceback schemes developed for the fixed networks cannot be directly applied to mobile multi-hop networks due to the peculiar characteristics of the mobile multi-hop networks (e.g., dynamic/autonomous network topology, limited network/host resources such as memory, bandwidth and battery life). - Format: PDF - Size: 1443.9 KB
This work proposes authentication based on identity as a way to increase the efficiency and security of communications in vehicular ad-hoc networks. When using identity-based cryptography to achieve certificateless authentication, membership revocation is not a trivial problem. Thus, in order to improve the performance of revocation in such networks, the use of a dynamic authenticated data structure based on perfect k-ary hash trees combined with a duplex version of the new standard SHA-3 is here presented. Efficient algorithms in the used revocation trees allow reaching a refresh rate of at most simple updates per inserted node. Consequently, the proposal is especially useful for situations with frequent revocations, which are foreseeable when vehicular ad- hoc networks are widely deployed. ETSI (2012) Intelligent Transport Systems. http://http://www.etsi.org/index.php/technologies-clusters/technologies/intelligent-transport Blake-Wilson, S. (2000) Information Security, Mathematics, and Public-Key Cryptography. Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 19, 77-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008345904539 Hubaux, J.P., Capkun, S. and Luo, J. (2004) The Security and Privacy of Smart Vehicles. IEEE Security and Privacy, 2, 49-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2004.26 Chang, S., Perlner, R., Burr, W., Turan, M., Kelsey, J., Paul, S. and Bassham, L. (2012) Third-Round Report of the Sha-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition. NIST. nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2012/NIST.IR.7896.pdf Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., Peeters, M. and Assche, G.V. (2012) Duplexing the Sponge: Single-Pass Authenticated Encryption and Other Applications. Selected Areas in Cryptography, LNCS 7118, 320-337.
Malicious apps in the official Google Play are trying clever ways to evade detection by monitoring the motion sensors on the infected phone before installing the bank Trojan, ensuring that it is not installed in the simulator used by security researchers. Trend Micro researchers report that two Google Play apps only install Anubis Banking Trojans that they use the user and device’s motions to hide their activities. One of the two applications is BatterySaverMobi, with an installed capacity of around 5,000 and a Currency Converter. Trend Micro researcher Kevin Sun wrote, “One of the ways the app developers hide the malicious server is by encoding it in Telegram and Twitter webpage requests. The bank malware dropper will request Telegram or Twitter after it trusts the running device. By parsing the response’s HTML content, it gets the C&C server (aserogeege.space). Then, it registers with the C&C server and checks for commands with an HTTP POST request. If the server responds to the app with an APK command and attaches the download URL, then the Anubis payload will be dropped in the background. It will try and trick users into installing it with the fake system update.” Once Anubis was installed, it uses keystroke loggers and screenshots to steal user login credentials.
- Slow Computer - System crashes - Normal system programs crash immediatelly - Connects to the internet without permission - Installs itself without permissions - Can't be uninstalled via Control Panel MarioLocker Ransomware is a bit different from other ransomware applications that we usually encounter. Even though this threat does encrypt various files located on an infected computer and shows a message, it does not provide instructions on how to pay a ransom and get your data decrypted. Most of such malicious applications are used for money extortion, but, under such circumstances, it is possible that the malware’s developers had something else in mind. Perhaps, they created it to ruin someone’s files individually or, maybe, the threat is still in development, and its later versions might start showing a message asking to pay a ransom and explaining how to do so. We discuss more this malware further in this article, and if you are interested in it, we encourage you to keep reading. Also, we provide removal instructions that show how to erase MarioLocker Ransomware manually at the end of this page. Since we do not know if MarioLocker Ransomware was created to encrypt a particular user’s data or if it is still in the development stage, we cannot tell much about its distribution. If it was used to attack a specific computer, it might no longer be spread. However, if what we encountered is just a test version, it is possible that its creators might start distributing it as soon as they finish developing it. Such malicious applications are often spread via spam emails, unreliable file-sharing sites, or exploits. Thus, we highly recommend being cautious with all files received or downloaded from the Internet. If you have doubts or even if a file does not seem to be suspicious, but comes from an untrustworthy source, you should scan it with a reliable antimalware tool first. Also, it would be smart to make sure that your device has no weaknesses that could be exploited, for example, outdated or unpatched software, weak passwords, or unsecured RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) connections. According to our researchers, MarioLocker Ransomware does not need to create copies or its launcher or any other data to settle in. Meaning, it runs right from the directory where its installer was downloaded and opened. Since it could be any recently obtained file, the malware might run from the Desktop, Downloads, or Temporary Files directories. It looks like the threat can encrypt lots of different file types, which means it may make a lot of a user’s files unreadable. During this process, the malicious application should create numbered a list (YourFiles.txt) of all targeted files. Also, each encrypted file should receive the .wasted extension with a number ascribed to it in the malware’s list. For example, if you have a picture called architecture.jpg and it is the first file mentioned in the threat’s list (YourFiles.txt), such a file should be renamed to architecture.jpg.wasted1 after it gets encrypted. The second file should receive the .wasted2 extension and so on. Unfortunately, removing the extensions added by MarioLocker Ransomware will not change anything as the only way to restore files is to use special decryption tools. Usually, hackers are the only ones who have such tools, although in some cases, cybersecurity specialists manage to create them too. In most cases, cybercriminals demand their victims to pay a ransom and offer decryption tools in return. What it is essential to know if you ever end up in such a situation is that there is always a chance that hackers might trick you. In other words, you should not trust them even if they promise that they will help you. As said earlier, the message (@Readme.txt) that our encountered version of MarioLocker Ransomware leaves on an infected device does not look like a ransom note. That is because it only explains how to find the document containing a list of encrypted files, but does not explain what a user would have to do to get them decrypted. Thus, the only thing left after receiving such a malicious application might be deleting it. The instructions located below show how to remove MarioLocker Ransomware manually, but if you find the task a bit challenging, keep in mind that you can eliminate it with a reliable antimalware tool too. The moment your computer is cleaned and becomes malware-free, it ought to be safe to transfer backup copies, which you could keep on cloud storage or removable media devices, to replace encrypted data. Eliminate MarioLocker Ransomware
Many people feel that it is not feasible to model risk quantitatively. This of course is blatantly false. In the past, many of the calculations have been computationally infeasible at worst and economically costly at best. This has changed. The large volumes of computational power that is available coupled with novel stochastic methods has resulted in an efficiently viable means of calculating risk quantitatively with a high degree of accuracy. This can be measured as a function of time (as survival time), finance (or monetary value) or any number of other processes. As an example, a recent question as to the ability of secure SMS based banking applications has been posed on the Security Focus mailing list. The reality is that any SMS application should be a composite of multiple applications. Such a system could be one where a system uses an SMS response with a separate system (such as a web page over SSL), the probability that the banking user is compromised and a fraud is committed, P(Compromise), can be calculated as: P(Compromise) = P(C.SMS) x P(C.PIN) Where: P(C.SMS) is the probability of compromising the SMS function and P(C.PIN) is the compromise of the user authentication method. P(C.PIN) is related to the security of the GSM system itself without additional input. P(C.SMS) and P(C.PIN) are statistically independent and hence we can simply multiply these two probability functions to gain P(Compromise). The reason for this is that (at present) the SMS and web functions are not the same process and compromising one does not aid in compromising another. With the uptake of 4G networks this may change and the function will not remain as simple. The probability that an SMS only system can be cracked is simply the P(C.SMS) function and this is far lower than a system that deploys multiple methods. For each application, we can use Bayes' theorem to model the number of vulnerabilities and the associated risk. For open ports, we can use the expected reliability of the software together with the expected risk of each individual vulnerability to model the expected risk of the application. For instance, we could model using this method. Over time, as vulnerabilities are uncovered the system has a growing number of issues. Hence, the confidence in the product decreases with time as a function of the SMS utility alone. This also means that mathematical observations can be used to produce better estimates of the number vulnerabilities and attacks as more are uncovered. It is thus possible to can observe the time that elapses since the last discovery of a vulnerability. This value is dependent upon the number of vulnerabilities in the system and the number of users of the software. The more vulnerabilities, the faster the discovery rate of flaws. Likewise, the more users of the software, the faster the existing vulnerabilities are found (through both formal and adverse discovery). If we let E sand for the event where a vulnerability is discovered within the Times T and T+h for n vulnerabilities in the software Where a vulnerability is discovered between time T and T+h we can use Bayes’ Theorem to compute the probability that we have n bugs: From this we see that: By summing the denominator we can see that if we observe a vulnerability at time T after the release and the decay constant for defect discovery is , then the conditional distribution for the number of defects is a Poisson distribution with expected number of defects, . The reliability function (also called the survival function) represents the probability that a system will survive a specified time t. Reliability is expressed as either MTBF (Mean time between failures) and MTTF (Mean time to failure). The choice of terms is related to the system being analysed. In the case of system security, it relates to the time that the system can be expected to survive when exposed to attack. This function is hence defined as: The function F(t) in x.x1 is the probability that the system will fail within the time 't'. As such, this function is the failure distribution function (also called the unreliability function). The randomly distributed expected life of the system (t) can be represented by a density function, and thus the reliability function can be expressed as: The time to failure of a system under attack can be expressed as an exponential density function: where is the mean survival time of the system when in the hostile environment and t is the time of interest (the time we wish to evaluate the survival of the system over). Together, the reliability function, R(t) can be expressed as: The failure rate for a specific time interval can also be expressed as:
2014 年 E97.D 巻 7 号 p. 1719-1726 The past decade has witnessed a growing interest in vehicular networking. Initially motivated by traffic safety, vehicles equipped with computing, communication and sensing capabilities will be organized into ubiquitous and pervasive networks with a significant Internet presence while on the move. Large amount of data can be generated, collected, and processed on the vehicular networks. Big data on vehicular networks include useful and sensitive information which could be exploited by malicious intruders. But intrusion detection in vehicular networks is challenging because of its unique features of vehicular networks: short range wireless communication, large amount of nodes, and high mobility of nodes. Traditional methods are hard to detect intrusion in such sophisticated environment, especially when the attack pattern is unknown, therefore, it can result unacceptable false negative error rates. As a novel attempt, the main goal of this research is to apply data mining methodology to recognize known attacks and uncover unknown attacks in vehicular networks. We are the first to attempt to adapt data mining method for intrusion detection in vehicular networks. The main contributions include: 1) specially design a decentralized vehicle networks that provide scalable communication and data availability about network status; 2) applying two data mining models to show feasibility of automated intrusion detection system in vehicular networks; 3) find the detection patterns of unknown intrusions.
Increasing reliance on the Internet in both work and home environments has radically increased the vulnerability of computing systems to attack from a wide variety of threats. Firewall technology continues to be the most prevalent form of protection against existing and new threats to computers and networks. A full understanding of what firewalls can do, how they can be deployed to maximum effect, and the differences among firewall types can make the difference between continued network integrity and complete network or computer failure. Firewall Fundamentals introduces readers to firewall concepts and explores various commercial and open source firewall implementations--including Cisco, Linksys, and Linux--allowing network administrators and small office/home office computer users to effectively choose and configure their devices.Access list webtypea This ACL is used for Web VPN filtering and is only supported on PIX/ ASA 7.1 and newer. You can ... Table 6-2 access-list Parameters Table 6-2 access-list Parameters (Continued) continues Table 6-2 access-list Parameters 148 Chapter 6: Cisco PIX Firewall and ASA Security Appliance ... See the command documentation for each feature that uses an ACL for more information. \|Author\|\|:\|\|Wesley J. Noonan, Wes Noonan, Ido Dubrawsky\| \|Publisher\|\|:\|\|Cisco Press - 2006\|
Port Security is a traffic control feature on Cisco switches that operate in layer 2. It allows an administrator to configure specific switch ports to permit only a specified number of source MAC addresses. One of its primary uses is to prevent “dumb” switches to be added to illegally expand the reach of the network. When these unmanaged devices are added, troubleshooting is complicated. The Port Security feature remembers the Ethernet MAC address which is connected to the switch port and then only permits that single MAC address. Any other MAC addresses that try to use that specific port will be disabled. While enabling this feature can increase security, it has the disadvantage of only allowing the network administrator to unlock it. This can cause issues in circumstances that require changing devices due to legitimate reasons. Port Security can be started by issuing the ‘Switch(config)# interface f0/13 Switch(config-if)# switchport’ port-security command on an interface. Besides using the Port Security feature, there are also other ways to secure a switch. By physically securing a switch, you can prevent unauthorized personnel from operating them. This can be achieved by locking the devices in the room and having video surveillance of the area. Next, setting up an adequate password as well as changing it at regular intervals can be of great help. Also, the console port can be set with a timeout value. HTTP servers are enabled by default, however, can be disabled. Rogue trunks must also be addressed. By configuring the switch to access mode, a rogue device cannot be plugged in and turned into a trunk port. CDP can also be used as an attack vector, so to disable it, the ‘no cdp run’ command should be entered. The guard root feature will further enhance security by preventing intruders from sabotaging or changing the root bridge role. With this enabled, if someone plugs a switch into this port and make themselves the root bridge, the switch will instead place this port into the blocking state. Finally, DHCP attacks can cause numerous issues and provide the means for a man in the middle attacks via rogue DHCP servers. To prevent this, DHCP Snooping can defend against these malicious users by telling the switch which ports the DHCP server is connected to and building a table of all DHCP requests and offers. This information is then used to determine malicious intent. Davis, David. (2007). Lockdown Cisco switch port security. Retrieved from . Stretch. (2010). Port Security. Retrieved from .
The core of most security products nowadays rely on being able to identify and predict how an attacker will behave. This includes most antivirus systems, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Web Application Firewalls (WAF) and log management tools. The companies behind these technologies invest heavily in research and spend countless resources, both in money and people, analyzing the latest malware trends, attack vectors and vulnerabilities. It works well, but what if we could improve upon that? Think about it, we can never really predict, nor control how an attacker will behave anyway. And we can never really know all the tools and techniques that he has available. What if our security tools have a false negative and a zero-day slips by? How do you detect the compromise and act upon it?Continue reading “Indicators of Compromised Behavior with OSSEC”
Review a breakdown of each of the various attack vectors and their techniques for additional context and insight into the most prevalent attack tactics. Threat Preparedness Using MITRE ATT&CK® – Phase 1: Attack Tactics and Techniques Tagssecurity management, security strategy, threat modeling, model, mitre, mitre att&ck, security roadmap, incident management, threat severity, threat response, security pressure, threat management, security assessment, gap analysis, gap assessment, industry benchmarks, table stakes, tabletop, security operations View the Complete Blueprint: Threat Preparedness Using MITRE ATT&CK® Keep track of threat tactics and techniques as they evolve.
Users of a Secure Email Gateway (SEG) are protected from most phishing, yet emails with malicious URLs still get through. To address the issue, SEG vendors have added isolation technologies to their security stacks. It is often marketed as email isolation, not to be confused with email URL rewriting, but more on that later. Before we get into the details of this technology and its promises, let’s dive into the pre-isolation world first. When inbound emails are received by a SEG solution, it extracts the URL from the email body and attachment on behalf of its customer. This URL is checked against the vendor’s phishing database, and if the URL is listed, the inbound emails are quarantined or deleted. This approach works well against phishing emails sent en masse but not as effective against spear phishing attacks, as the URL is unlikely listed in its database until it’s too late. To combat this risk, SEG vendors introduced email URL rewriting solutions to their respective Advanced Threat Protection (ATP) offerings. With email URL rewriting, the URL in an email is rewritten before it is delivered to the recipient. When the recipient clicks on the rewritten URL, a browser request is sent to the vendor’s cloud phishing database. If the URL is known as malicious, it’s blocked; otherwise, the user is redirected to the original webpage. In essence, email URL rewriting solutions buys SEG vendors additional time to update their database with the latest phishing URLs. Email URL rewriting is not bulletproof as it stops a user request to the webpage only if the URL is known to be bad. There is a whole sea of grey or unknown URLs between bad and good URLs, such as URLs using recently registered domains. These domains lack any reputations since they were newly registered, and they can be completely benign or have malicious intent. You cannot block emails containing unknown URLs as this leads to over-blocking, which will result in business disruptions and anger end users. This is where email isolation comes into the picture. It promises to protect the user against the dangers associated with unknown URLs without the risks of over-blocking. Let’s look at how email isolation works. The inbound email with the unknown URL is delivered to the user. When a user clicks on the unknown URL in an email, the service executes the web session remotely on an isolation platform. It renders the webpage in read-only mode, which prevents the submission of sensitive data. If the webpage is a credential-stealing site, the user is protected since they cannot enter their username and passwords. If the webpage is benign, the user can still access the website, preventing any business disruption. In theory, this solution is a silver bullet to counter credential-stealing attacks, but that is not the case at all. Here are a few examples: - Users are often given the option to opt out of isolation as a necessity because users need the ability to submit information on webpage. Remember, benign webpages in the unknown category are isolated along with webpages with malicious intent. So, you are relying on the user to differentiate between a company’s real webpage vs. a credential stealing attack Can you tell that this phishing page impersonating Outlook? - Isolation doesn’t protect users from credential stealing webpages hosted on legitimate hosting infrastructures like SharePoint or collaboration services like Box, OneDrive, etc. Email isolation still relies on URL risk scores to determine if a webpage should be isolated. Services like those mentioned will have a neutral or positive risk score and therefore will unlikely be isolated. The same is true with credential stealing web pages hosted on legitimate servers compromised by attackers. In addition to the gaps mentioned above, isolation introduces noticeable latency which creates user friction. When a webpage is isolated, you are no longer accessing the webpage directly. The webpage is downloaded and rendered in an isolation container within your SEG providers co-location. The rendered information is then presented to your web browser. This process is resource intensive and introduces enough latency that forces users simply opt out of isolation to avoid slowing browsing experience. For most who have layered in email isolation into their security stack to augment their SEG deficiencies, they might have added one marginally effective solution to cover for the other. In fact, trying to stop credential stealing and all other phishing threats with isolation technology is masking the real problem, the threat intelligence. Threat detection technology using domain reputation and block list to determine if a URL is malicious is not enough. It is ineffective against fast-moving phishing attacks and threats on legitimate infrastructure—a growing trend for cybercriminals. Choosing technology that can stay ahead of the trends will keep your users safe. SlashNext solutions help close the gaps found in SEG solutions and extend protection to less well-defended attack vectors such as personal email, social media, and collaboration platforms. SlashNext is exclusively focused on phishing defense for business, delivered through real-time, end-to-end phishing defense services for users from anywhere – mobile, browser, or network. Powered by SlashNext’s AI phishing defense cloud (which performs dynamic, run-time analysis on billions of URLs daily through virtual browsers, machine learning. To see how SlashNext, the number one authority in phishing, can protect your workforce from the growing number of sophisticated phishing threats try it free today.
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a multi-hop wireless network, without having pre-existing infrastructure and centralized administration. Each node participating in the network acts both as host as well as a router. Prominent characteristics of Ad Hoc Networks viz. Dynamic topology, Limited Physical Security, Energy Constrained operations throw challenge in the development of robust and efficient routing protocols. The Ad Hoc Routing protocols can be categorized broadly into Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols. This literature is an attempt to understand the behavior of three Ad hoc routing protocols which falls in three different categories of routing. The protocols under consideration for study are Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV) which follows Reactive Routing scheme, Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing Protocol (DSDV) is categorized as Proactive and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is Hybrid in nature. The performance differentials shall provide an insight about the sensitivity of the protocols when operating in more challenging environment such as rapid change in network topology or the density of the network.
What is MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK infection? In this article you will certainly find concerning the meaning of MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK and also its adverse effect on your computer. Such ransomware are a kind of malware that is specified by online scams to require paying the ransom by a victim. It is better to prevent, than repair and repent! Most of the situations, MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK virus will certainly advise its targets to start funds transfer for the objective of counteracting the modifications that the Trojan infection has introduced to the victim’s gadget. These adjustments can be as follows: - The binary likely contains encrypted or compressed data.; - Network activity detected but not expressed in API logs; - Ciphering the records located on the sufferer’s hard drive — so the sufferer can no more make use of the data; - Preventing normal accessibility to the target’s workstation; One of the most regular channels through which MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK Trojans are infused are: - By means of phishing e-mails; - As a repercussion of individual ending up on a resource that hosts a destructive software program; As soon as the Trojan is successfully infused, it will certainly either cipher the data on the target’s PC or protect against the device from working in an appropriate manner – while likewise positioning a ransom note that points out the need for the victims to impact the payment for the function of decrypting the records or recovering the data system back to the initial condition. In most circumstances, the ransom money note will come up when the customer reboots the COMPUTER after the system has actually currently been damaged. MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK distribution channels. In different edges of the globe, MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK grows by jumps and bounds. However, the ransom notes and also tricks of obtaining the ransom quantity may vary depending on certain neighborhood (regional) setups. The ransom money notes and tricks of extorting the ransom money amount might differ depending on certain local (regional) setups. Faulty informs regarding unlicensed software application. In specific areas, the Trojans often wrongfully report having found some unlicensed applications enabled on the sufferer’s gadget. The sharp then demands the user to pay the ransom. Faulty statements concerning unlawful material. In nations where software application piracy is much less preferred, this approach is not as reliable for the cyber frauds. Additionally, the MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK popup alert may falsely declare to be stemming from a law enforcement institution and will certainly report having situated kid porn or other prohibited information on the tool. MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK popup alert may incorrectly assert to be deriving from a regulation enforcement establishment and also will report having located child pornography or various other illegal information on the device. The alert will likewise include a requirement for the user to pay the ransom money. File Info:crc32: 9FCDA07Cmd5: 4fac92ac996c183c4c326a7a62f868d2name: 4FAC92AC996C183C4C326A7A62F868D2.mlwsha1: 5b6105d32f18901a768666b70aa56fd50ae44398sha256: 41f8af7b5cb6ff442214a4511fe3f3065e01bc31b621d47542961b826ac002dcsha512: 1259a9ef1e0eeb25aa9f9165cd5b3ee67b04832e31e48639e67ae842aaa3a5041d6ed75518d092d9c7a305bc42c5ccc94c2fa2780d662529ab8df23198d73985ssdeep: 12288:j/gecNU2zqX6lUB2AkeGxs7RpAKGshbwWMt/vNBX5txsgDs:kDNgWUB2AkeGWfVoNRxsgDtype: PE32 executable (GUI) Intel 80386 Mono/.Net assembly, for MS Windows Version Info:Translation: 0x0000 0x04b0LegalCopyright: xa9 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Assembly Version: 10.0.14393.1198InternalName: oConsoleApp6.exeFileVersion: 10.0.14393.1198CompanyName: Microsoft CorporationLegalTrademarks: Comments: Windows ExplorerProductName: Microsoftxae Windowsxae Operating SystemProductVersion: 10.0.14393.1198FileDescription: Windows ExplorerOriginalFilename: oConsoleApp6.exe MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK also known as: \|Elastic\|\|malicious (high confidence)\| \|ESET-NOD32\|\|a variant of MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK\| \|SentinelOne\|\|Static AI – Malicious PE\| How to remove MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK ransomware? Unwanted application has ofter come with other viruses and spyware. This threats can steal account credentials, or crypt your documents for ransom. Reasons why I would recommend GridinSoft1 There is no better way to recognize, remove and prevent PC threats than to use an anti-malware software from GridinSoft2. Download GridinSoft Anti-Malware. You can download GridinSoft Anti-Malware by clicking the button below: Run the setup file. When setup file has finished downloading, double-click on the setup-antimalware-fix.exe file to install GridinSoft Anti-Malware on your system. An User Account Control asking you about to allow GridinSoft Anti-Malware to make changes to your device. So, you should click “Yes” to continue with the installation. Press “Install” button. Once installed, Anti-Malware will automatically run. Wait for the Anti-Malware scan to complete. GridinSoft Anti-Malware will automatically start scanning your system for MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK files and other malicious programs. This process can take a 20-30 minutes, so I suggest you periodically check on the status of the scan process. Click on “Clean Now”. When the scan has finished, you will see the list of infections that GridinSoft Anti-Malware has detected. To remove them click on the “Clean Now” button in right corner. Are Your Protected? GridinSoft Anti-Malware will scan and clean your PC for free in the trial period. The free version offer real-time protection for first 2 days. If you want to be fully protected at all times – I can recommended you to purchase a full version: If the guide doesn’t help you to remove MSIL/Kryptik.AAWK you can always ask me in the comments for getting help. User Review( votes)
What is a Shadow Rule? When committing a configuration, a warning may appear that one rule "shadows" another rule. Rule 'rule1' shadows 'rule2' Configuration committed successfully A shadow rule warning generally indicates a more broad rule matching the criteria is configured above a more specific rule. See this example: No traffic will ever match the second rule, which specifically allows web-browsing, because all applications have already been allowed by the first rule. The shadow rule can also appear if there are unresolved FQDNs. If FQDN objects are configured make sure they are resolved from CLI by using this command: >request system fqdn show
Indicator of Compromise (IoC) An Indicator of Compromise (IOC) is cybersecurity's reactive forensic-driven response to a cyber attack. It is the clue on a computer that indicates that there has been a breach - either on the device itself, or across the whole network. These clues may include: - network communication breach - new or changed files on disk, those files' hashes and file paths - system changes (such as registry keys changes, scheduled tasks, users) - disruption of processes and / or services Security investigators will gather this data: - if a suspicious incident has been detected - as a result of a scheduled scan - after the discovery of unusual call-outs from the network The information gathered is then used to detect and quarantine suspicious files in the future.
Internet Connection Firewall overview A firewall is a security system that acts as a protective boundary between a network and the outside world. Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) is firewall software that is used to set restrictions on what information is communicated from your home or small office network to and from the Internet to your network. If your network uses Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) to provide Internet access to multiple computers, ICF should be enabled on the shared Internet connection. However, ICS and ICF can be enabled separately. You should enable ICF on the Internet connection of any computer that is connected directly to the Internet. To check to see if ICF is enabled or to enable the firewall, see Enable or disable Internet Connection Firewall ICF also protects a single computer connected to the Internet. If you have a single computer connected to the Internet with a cable modem, a DSL modem, or a dial-up modem, ICF protects your Internet connection. You should not enable ICF on VPN connections because it will interfere with the operation of file sharing and other VPN functions. How Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) works ICF is considered a "stateful" firewall. A stateful firewall is one that monitors all aspects of the communications that cross its path and inspects the source and destination address of each message that it handles. To prevent unsolicited traffic from the public side of the connection from entering the private side, ICF keeps a table of all communications that have originated from the ICF computer. In the case of a single computer, ICF tracks traffic originated from the computer. When used in conjunction with ICS, ICF tracks all traffic originated from the ICF/ICS computer and all traffic originated from private network computers. All inbound traffic from the Internet is compared against the entries in the table. Inbound Internet traffic is only allowed to reach the computers in your network when there is a matching entry in the table that shows that the communication exchange began from within your computer or private network. Communications that originate from a source outside ICF computer, such as the Internet, are dropped by the firewall unless an entry in the Services tab is made to allow passage. Rather than sending you notifications about activity, ICF silently discards unsolicited communications, stopping common hacking attempts such as port scanning. Such notifications could be sent frequently enough to become a distraction. Instead, ICF can create a security log to view the activity that is tracked by the firewall. See Internet Connection Firewall security log file overview Services can be configured to allow unsolicited traffic from the Internet to be forwarded by the ICF computer to the private network. For example, if you are hosting an HTTP Web server service, and have enabled the HTTP service on your ICF computer, unsolicited HTTP traffic will be forwarded by the ICF computer to the HTTP Web server. A set of operational information, known as a service definition, is required by ICF to allow the unsolicited Internet traffic to be forwarded to the Web server on your private network. For information about services, see Add a service definition, and Service definitions overview Internet Connection Firewall Considerations ICF and Home or Small Office communications You should not enable Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) on any connection that does not directly connect to the Internet. If the firewall is enabled on the network adapter of an ICS client computer, it will interfere with some communications between that computer and all other computers on the network. For a similar reason, the Network Setup Wizard does not allow ICF to be enabled on the ICS host private connection, the connection that connects the ICS host computer with the ICS client computers, because enabling a firewall in this location would completely prohibit network communications. Internet Connection Firewall is not needed if your network already has a firewall or proxy server. If your network has only one shared Internet connection, you should protect it by enabling Internet Connection Firewall. Individual client computers may also have adapters, such as a dial-up or DSL modem, that provide individual connections to the Internet and are vulnerable without firewall protection. ICF can only check the communications that cross the Internet connection on which it is enabled. Because ICF works on a per connection basis, you need to enable it on all computers with connections to the Internet, in order to ensure protection for your entire network. If you have enabled the firewall on the ICS host computer's Internet connection, but a client computer with a direct Internet connection is not using the firewall for protection, your network will be vulnerable through that unprotected connection. The service definitions that allow services to operate across ICF also work on a per connection basis. If your network has multiple firewall connections, service definitions must be configured for each firewalled connection you want the service to work through. ICF and notification messages Because ICF inspects all incoming communications, some programs, especially e-mail programs, may behave differently when ICF is enabled. Some e-mail programs periodically poll their e-mail server for new mail and some e-mail programs wait for notification from the e-mail server. Outlook Express, for example, automatically checks for new e-mail when its timer tells it to do so. When new e-mail is present, Outlook Express prompts the user with a new e-mail notification. ICF will not affect the behavior of this program, because the request for new e-mail notification originates from inside the firewall. The firewall makes an entry in a table noting the outbound communication. When the new e-mail response is acknowledged by the mail server, the firewall finds an associated entry in the table and allow the communication to pass, then the user receives notification that a new e-mail has arrived. Office 2000 Outlook, however, is connected to a Microsoft Exchange server that uses a remote procedure call (RPC) to send new e-mail notifications to clients. Office 2000 Outlook does not automatically check for new e-mail when it is connected to an exchange server. The Exchange server notifies Office 2000 Outlook when new e-mail arrives. Because the RPC notification is initiated from the exchange server that is outside the firewall, not by Office 2000 Outlook, which is inside the firewall, ICF cannot find the corresponding entry in the table, and the RPC messages are not be allowed to cross from the Internet into the home network. The RPC notification message is dropped. Users can send and receive e-mail, but need to manually check for new e-mail. Advanced ICF Settings The ICF security logging feature provides a way to create a security log of firewall activity. ICF is capable of logging both traffic that is permitted and traffic that is rejected. For example, incoming echo requests from the Internet, by default, are not allowed by the firewall. If the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Allow incoming echo request is not enabled, then the inbound request fails, and a log entry that notes the failed inbound attempt is generated. See Internet Connection Firewall security log file overview For information about ICMP, see Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ICMP allows you to modify the behavior of the firewall by enabling various ICMP options, such as Allow incoming echo request, Allow incoming timestamp request, Allow incoming router request and Allow redirect. Brief descriptions of these options are provided on the ICMP tab. For navigation and instructions for ICMP see Enable Internet Control Message Protocols You can set the allowable size of the security log to prevent the potential overflow that could be caused by denial-of-service attacks. Event logging is generated into the Extended Log File Format as established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). For more information about ICF security logging, see Internet Connection Firewall security log file overview
Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is an essential part of security systems to strengthen the security of information systems. IDS can be used to detect the abuse by intruders who try to get into the network system in order to access and utilize the available data sources in the system. There are two approaches of IDS, Misuse Detection and Anomaly Detection (behavior-based intrusion detection). Fuzzy clustering-based methods have been widely used to solve Anomaly Detection problems. Other than using fuzzy membership concept to determine the object to a cluster, other approaches as in combining fuzzy and possibilistic membership or feature-weighted based methods are also used. We propose Fuzzy Kernel k-Medoids that combining fuzzy and possibilistic membership as a powerful method to solve anomaly detection problem since on numerical experiment it is able to classify IDS benchmark data into five different classes simultaneously. We classify IDS benchmark data KDDCup'99 data set into five different classes simultaneously with the best performance was achieved by using 30 % of training data with clustering accuracy reached 90.28 percent.
We research. You level up. Heuristics. is Malwarebytes’ generic detection name for a category of files that are flagged by Malwarebytes’ heuristics scan as malware. How artificial intelligence and machine learning will impact cybersecurity Explained: False positives Write for Labs Select your language Your intro to everything relating to cyberthreats, and how to stop them.
DeepNNCar: A Testbed for Deploying and Testing Middleware Frameworks for Autonomous Robots This demo showcases the features of an adaptive middleware framework for resource constrained autonomous robots like DeepNNCar (Figure 1). These robots use Learning Enabled Components (LECs), trained with deep learning models to perform control actions. However, these LECs do not provide any safety guarantees and testing them is challenging. To overcome these challenges, we have developed an adaptive middleware framework that (1) augments the LEC with safety controllers that can use different weighted simplex strategies to improve the systems safety guarantees, and (2) includes a resource manager to monitor the resource parameters (temperature, CPU Utilization), and offload tasks at runtime. Using DeepNNCar we will demonstrate the framework and its capability to adaptively switch between the controllers and strategies based on its safety and speed performance.
Chapter 18. Common Controls Each new version of the Windows operating system always brings several enhancements to the graphical user interface (GUI), including new controls. Some of these newer controls are often introduced in upgrades of Internet Explorer. As a result, it becomes difficult for a development tool such as PowerBuilder to offer immediate ...
With wireless mobile IEEE 802.11a/g networks, collisions are currently inevitable despite effective counter measures. This work proposes an approach to detect the MAC addresses of transmitting stations in case of a collision, and measures its practical feasibility. Recognizing senders using cross-correlation in the time domain worked surprisingly well in simulations using Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and standard Matlab channel models. Real-world experiments using software-defined radios also showed promising results in spite of decreased accuracy due to channel effects. During the experiments, various Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) and scrambler initialization values were compared. Knowledge about which senders were transmitting leading up to a collision could help develop new improvements to the 802.11 MAC coordination function, or serve as a feature for learning-based algorithms. Collisions on wireless networks most likely lead to packet losses. Current network protocols typically recover from these situations by retransmissions. In doing so, the overall network capacity is reduced and the network delay increases with the amount and duration of collisions. However, collided frames may still reveal valuable information that might be suitable for advanced protocol designs. - Detect frame alignments of collided frames at the PHY. - Devise techniques to detect known data, such as MAC header fields. - Analyze real network scenarios with respect to collisions, classify observed events (e.g., pairs of hidden terminals) and generate statistics.
Presented by Symantec Evolving Challenges, Evolving Solutions Since the Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM) program was launched in 2012, the federal IT enterprise has changed dramatically. We have seen the proliferation of cloud, mobility and related technologies that, practically speaking, have erased the network perimeter and created a much larger threat surface to defend. At the same time, the threat landscape has evolved as well, with the emergence of threats that are more targeted, difficult to detect and capable of doing greater damage. Fortunately, CDM provides a solid foundation for adapting to this changing environment.
Topics Map > Security Topics Map > Known Issues Information Security - Ransom-ware Ransom-ware is a type of virus which restricts access to the computer system files, folders and sometimes to the entire operating system. Ransom-ware creators demand money from their victims before they will remove the lock. If a customer calls saying they cannot access their files and they have received a request to pay to have their access restored, inform the customer that they should not pay the ransom. Paying the ransom rarely, if ever, will have the file access restored. Generally, unless they have a backup of their data, most likely the data is lost. [Doc 65325 content is unavailable at this time.]
Welcome to the Smart Vaccine™ Website The Cognitive Early Warning Predictive System (CEWPS™) Table of Contents The big inspiration from the Human Immune System: Science may one day succeed in solving all the secrets of the immune system and even produce a similar artificial system by imitating the actions of these cells. No doubt, this task will require highly educated professionals using the most sophisticated technology and instruments available, working in highly advanced laboratories. It is the most noble endeavor that science can tackle. The book is to courageously try to replicate the Human Immune System (HIS) and save the digital world from the pervasive malware agony. The Story of the Smart Vaccine: The marvels of The Human Immune System (HIS), how it is the underlying inspiration for the new for the new cyber security paradigm. The Critical Infrastructures (CI) in Smart Cities (The public and private physical assets of the country)? Quantitative assessment of the vulnerabilities of (CI). Response and preparedness. The present state-of-the-art of Anti-Virus Technology (AVT). Cyber security has reached its asymptote. The Virus is winning the battle and the war. The need for new technologies. The new repertoire of emerging technologies. Methodology of CEWPS; Architecture of Cognitive Early Warning Predictive System (CEWPS) is the new Digital Immune System. Structure of the cyber-attack knowledge engine. How to store cyber-attacks in Knowledge Base; How to predict a cyber-attack. How to prevent a cyber-attack; Causality rules. Cyber-Crime Predictive Analytics. The Big Data of Cyber-crime and terrorism, how to capture and manage. Anatomy of the cyber-attack episode Designing the brain of the Smart Vaccine (The Man-Made B-cell), how this marvelous autonomic soft robot works. The cloud is here… Vaccination-as-a-Service (VaaS), Bayes Network Model. Vaccination Service Composibility. SCADA System; Stuxnet attack; The Electronic Pearl Harbor massive attack scenarios, Power Plant hypothetical attack; Newark Bombing. CEWPS Hardware/Software/tools. CEWPS Dashboard design, How to generate predictive analytical reports Programming the CEWPS: screens, Knowledge engines, Transaction service contracts and execution. Grid Engineering and deployment CEWPS implementation; Testing and production CEWPS staff qualifications © 2014 Copyright [MERIT CyberSecurity Group™]. All rights reserved.
What is Trojan.Dm infection? In this short article you will locate regarding the interpretation of Trojan.Dm as well as its adverse impact on your computer system. Such ransomware are a form of malware that is elaborated by on the internet scams to demand paying the ransom by a target. It is better to prevent, than repair and repent! In the majority of the instances, Trojan.Dm infection will advise its victims to start funds transfer for the objective of neutralizing the amendments that the Trojan infection has actually introduced to the target’s tool. These adjustments can be as complies with: - Creates RWX memory. There is a security trick with memory regions that allows an attacker to fill a buffer with a shellcode and then execute it. Filling a buffer with shellcode isn’t a big deal, it’s just data. The problem arises when the attacker is able to control the instruction pointer (EIP), usually by corrupting a function’s stack frame using a stack-based buffer overflow, and then changing the flow of execution by assigning this pointer to the address of the shellcode. - Unconventionial language used in binary resources: Ukrainian; - Network activity detected but not expressed in API logs. Microsoft built an API solution right into its Windows operating system it reveals network activity for all apps and programs that ran on the computer in the past 30-days. This malware hides network activity. - Anomalous binary characteristics. This is a way of hiding virus’ code from antiviruses and virus’ analysts. - Ciphering the records situated on the victim’s hard disk — so the target can no more utilize the data; - Preventing normal access to the victim’s workstation. This is the typical behavior of a virus called locker. It blocks access to the computer until the victim pays the ransom. One of the most normal channels where Trojan.Dm are injected are: - By ways of phishing e-mails; - As an effect of user ending up on a resource that holds a destructive software application; As quickly as the Trojan is successfully injected, it will either cipher the information on the victim’s computer or protect against the tool from operating in a proper fashion – while likewise putting a ransom money note that mentions the requirement for the victims to impact the settlement for the purpose of decrypting the documents or bring back the documents system back to the initial condition. In a lot of circumstances, the ransom note will certainly show up when the client reboots the PC after the system has actually already been harmed. Trojan.Dm circulation networks. In various corners of the world, Trojan.Dm expands by jumps and bounds. Nonetheless, the ransom money notes as well as tricks of obtaining the ransom quantity may differ depending on specific local (regional) setups. The ransom notes and techniques of extorting the ransom quantity might differ depending on particular neighborhood (regional) settings. As an example: Faulty alerts about unlicensed software. In particular areas, the Trojans usually wrongfully report having actually identified some unlicensed applications allowed on the victim’s gadget. The sharp then demands the user to pay the ransom money. Faulty statements regarding unlawful content. In countries where software piracy is much less prominent, this method is not as reliable for the cyber frauds. Conversely, the Trojan.Dm popup alert may falsely declare to be originating from a police establishment and also will certainly report having situated youngster porn or other prohibited information on the device. Trojan.Dm popup alert may wrongly assert to be deriving from a law enforcement organization and will certainly report having located youngster pornography or various other illegal information on the tool. The alert will in a similar way contain a requirement for the individual to pay the ransom. File Info:crc32: FCD9DB84md5: edeb02ab87bdc9ab04ed66ef79c80610name: EDEB02AB87BDC9AB04ED66EF79C80610.mlwsha1: cd16031e58ee5ccfe4a32c4267a009e8baea0815sha256: 641bc10e949f39428315fc25de48d9c56a8eb265afcfad32efbc74fdee91bae5sha512: 2dc8b92c07bf7c3c7d5e5a2e202b57b22b295e6eb2dcda690f2dae24a6048a76d3a2fed16fb489fa9b5c96182a6ab79b5fd6f4b829e948ca8d706d3fef8d5f61ssdeep: 6144:Pjo751uOrurCw1JvfstxeG2VYO6vFQlhyemARqXdKuDHuVllAq4WXhl:7ot1uOrurp1h0TddilhyTdZHg3Aq4WXtype: PE32 executable (GUI) Intel 80386, for MS Windows Version Info:0: [No Data] Trojan.Dm also known as: \|MAX\|\|malware (ai score=99)\| How to remove Trojan.Dm ransomware? Unwanted application has ofter come with other viruses and spyware. This threats can steal account credentials, or crypt your documents for ransom. Reasons why I would recommend GridinSoft1 There is no better way to recognize, remove and prevent PC threats than to use an anti-malware software from GridinSoft2. Download GridinSoft Anti-Malware. You can download GridinSoft Anti-Malware by clicking the button below: Run the setup file. When setup file has finished downloading, double-click on the setup-antimalware-fix.exe file to install GridinSoft Anti-Malware on your system. An User Account Control asking you about to allow GridinSoft Anti-Malware to make changes to your device. So, you should click “Yes” to continue with the installation. Press “Install” button. Once installed, Anti-Malware will automatically run. Wait for the Anti-Malware scan to complete. GridinSoft Anti-Malware will automatically start scanning your system for Trojan.Dm files and other malicious programs. This process can take a 20-30 minutes, so I suggest you periodically check on the status of the scan process. Click on “Clean Now”. When the scan has finished, you will see the list of infections that GridinSoft Anti-Malware has detected. To remove them click on the “Clean Now” button in right corner. Are Your Protected? GridinSoft Anti-Malware will scan and clean your PC for free in the trial period. The free version offer real-time protection for first 2 days. If you want to be fully protected at all times – I can recommended you to purchase a full version: If the guide doesn’t help you to remove Trojan.Dm you can always ask me in the comments for getting help. User Review( votes)
To protect users from malicious code, Access automatically disables code execution for all untrusted database files. What it means is that any VBA code will not execute until the file is trusted or the code is enabled (some actions in embedded macros and the Autoexec macro will still run). To enable the code, you can click on the "Enable Content" button on the Security Warning bar shown in Figure 1. However, rather than enable the code for every database file you open, you can also choose to store them in a "trusted location." How to add a Trusted Location To create a trusted location, go to the Office button (Access 2007) or the File tab (Access 2010 and later) and click on Access Options (2007) or Options (2010 and later) to open the Access Options Dialog Window. From the Access Options Dialog Window, click on the "Trust Center" label on the left navigation pane as shown in Figure 2. From the Trust Center pane, click on the "Trust Center Settings..." button to open the Trust Center Dialog Window. From the Trust Center Dialog Window, click on the Trusted Locations label on the left navigation pane as shown in Figure 3. To add a trusted location, click on the "Add new location..." button to open the Trusted Location Dialog Window as shown in Figure 4. Clicking on the "Browse..." button will open a file browser window where you can search for the folder that you want to designate as a Trusted Location. You can also place a check mark on the checkbox labeled "Subfolder of this location are also trusted" if you want to trust all files in the subfolders from that folder location. After you have selected the folder you want to designate as a trusted location, just click on the OK button, as shown in Figure 5, to close the folder browser window. Click OK on the Trusted Locations Dialog Window to add the selected folder to the list of trusted locations. Figure 6 displays the selected folder was added to the list of Trusted Locations for your computer. If you want to remove a folder from the list of Trusted Locations, highlight the folder and then click on the "Remove" button. When you have finished configuring your system's Trusted Locations, click "OK" to close the Trust Center Dialog Window and then click "OK" one more time to close the Access Options Dialog Window. When a folder is designated as a Trusted Location, any database file stored in that location will have their code automatically enabled when the user opens the database file, and the warning message shown in Figure 1 will not display. Original post date: February 23, 2015
Get to know more about White Hat's journey in the Microsoft partnership evolution. Cyber security Csaba Krasznay todaySeptember 21, 2023 72 Developing good quality software is now the norm, but what about secure software development? Why are there more and more cyber attacks on software development environments and how is software company security becoming a key issue in the supply chain? Our blog post explores this question. The term Supply Chain Attack (SCA) has been bandied about in the cybersecurity press in recent years. A closer look at the incidents that have been publicised shows that in many cases the weakest link in the supply chain was a software developer. The case of Solarwinds is well known, but it is also worth noting that the Lapsus$ cybercriminal group has also attacked a number of development companies and gained access to information that then helped them to attack other targets. In one case, a national intelligence service, in the other a group of mainly teenagers were behind the attack, with the common factor that, despite the developer’s best efforts to protect its internal infrastructure, the attack was successful. In addition to the victims that have been made public, there are likely to be a number of other organisations that are not (yet) known to the press. The answer lies in an unfavourable confluence of several factors. First, the majority of software developers typically do not have any serious compliance requirements that would force them to develop cybersecurity internally. Second, DevOps development practices are widespread, but often basic security procedures are not integrated into the process, there is no DevSecOps expertise, and so the on-premises or cloud infrastructures used in development are quite unprotected. Thirdly, by planting a backdoor, in theory all customers using a particular developer’s product could be reached and attacked en masse, as we saw with the NotPetya malicious code, or even a sophisticated, under-the-radar attack, as we saw with the Solarwinds attack. Fourthly, developers are very often also service providers, so they themselves use a significant amount of personal and business data to provide the service, for example to teach the artificial intelligence they develop. Exploiting vulnerabilities arising from a relatively low cybersecurity culture and preparedness therefore offers maximum benefit from the attacker’s perspective. Secure software development, including the design of a secure development environment, is supported by a number of standards and recommendations. Perhaps the best known of these is the Microsoft Secure Development Lifecycle (SDL) recommendation. This recommends, among many other steps, that the developer has an incident management process in place to quickly and effectively address security issues that arise with a product or service. The recommendation uses the sentence Preparing an Incident Response Plan is crucial for helping to address new threats that can emerge over time. It should be created in coordination with your organization’s dedicated Product Security Incident Response Team (PSIRT). However, such a PSIRT is only found in the largest developers, given the significant cost of building and running one, and the most common industry solution is to have a small security team, typically 1-2 people, responsible for all security tasks, with incident management being by definition only one of many tasks. Moreover, this security team most of the time has no influence on the DevOps operation, as it is the responsibility of the developers. This creates a significant attack surface for the developer, which is often easily exploited by attackers in such a way that the incident is not identified or is identified only after a very long time. However, with the development of technology, and cloud-based solutions in particular, there is an excellent opportunity to shift the burden of incident management from the developer to an expert service provider with the right staff and technical background to detect incidents early and intervene effectively. The US NIST standard SP 800-218 on the secure software development model also supports this approach: The responsibility for implementing the practices may be distributed among different organizations based on the delivery of the software and services (e.g., infrastructure as a service, software as a service, platform as a service, container as a service, serverless). In these situations, it likely follows a shared responsibility model involving the platform/service providers and the tenant organization that is consuming those platforms/services. Incident management can therefore involve the service provider who can provide cloud protection services through the chosen cloud platform. This service is called Managed Detection and Response (MDR) service, which can be used to provide a higher level of incident management not only on the endpoints of the development environment, but also on the cloud infrastructure elements used during DevOps. So, if you don’t have a PSIRT that is recommended by either Microsoft SDL or NIST SP 800-218, you should consider outsourcing security to a provider with the right capabilities! Written by: Csaba Krasznay Recently, an interesting latent malware infection was found on a newly onboarded machine at one of our clients (Client). Microsoft Defender for Endpoint (MDE) reported anomalies about the computer shortly after onboarding, but uncovering the inner workings of the malware [...] Machine learning is the most widely used of all artificial intelligence solutions, and it’s also the basis for cyber defence.
Good news for the victims of ransomware, the security experts at Kaspersky Lab have successfully cracked the CryptXXX ransomware. The CryptXXX ransomware was first spotted by experts from Proofpoint in April when a number of compromised websites hosting the Angler exploit kit were abused to serve the threat and infect Windows machines. CryptXXX encrypts local files and any other document present on every connected data storage a short time after the PC has been infected. The threat also steals Bitcoins from the victim’s machines. The malware authors use the delay in order to make harder for victims the identifications of the malicious website used to compromise their machines. The files are encrypted with RSA4096 encryption and the CryptXXX ransomware demands the payment of a $500 ransom in bitcoins for decrypting the data back. Like other ransomware, CryptXXX instructs victims about the payment process, it drops an image on the desktop containing the instructions to download the Tor browser and access an Onion service containing the instructions. Now experts at Kaspersky cracked the CryptXXX ransomware and released the RannohDecryptor utility, that was initially designed to recover files encrypted by the Rannoh ransomware. Victims of the CryptXXX ransomware have to use it by providing an original (not encrypted) version of at least one file present on the infected machine. Below the instructions published by Kaspersky in a blog post: Then you need to do the following: (Security Affairs – CryptXXX ransomware , cybercrime)
PENIOT is a penetration testing tool for internet of things (IOT) devices. It helps you to penetrate your devices by targeting their internet connectivity with different types of security attacks. In other words you can expose your devices to both active and passive security attacks. After deciding the target information of that device you can perform active security attacks like consuming system resources, replaying valid communication units and so on. One of the most important features Of PENIOT Is being extensible. By default, it has several common IOT protocols and numerous security attacks related to those protocols. But it can be extended further via exporting the basic structure of internally used components so that you can develop your attacks in harmony with the internal structure of the PENIOT. The IOT paradigm has experienced immense growth in the past decade, with billions of devices connected to the internet. Most of the devices lack even basic security measures due to their capacity constraints and made designs without security in mind due to the shortness of the time in the market. Due to the high connectivity in IOT, attacks that have devastating effects in extended networks can be easily launched by hackers through vulnerable devices. The main aim of PENIOT is to accelerate the process of security testing. It enables you to figure out security flaws on your IOT devices by automating the time of consuming penetration phase. Since the number of IOT devices is increasing rapidly, IOT has become a more common tool in our daily life. Smart homes, smart bicycles, smart locks all are the example of IOT products. We need to choose some of the most commonly used IOT protocols to plant into PENIOT default. It is one of the first examples of penetration testing tools on IOT fields. There are only one or two similar tools which are specialized on IOT but they are still in the development phase. These IOT protocols are tested with various types of security attacks such as DoS, sniffing, and replay attacks. Following protocols are currently supported: First you need to have the Python setup tools module installed in your machine. Also you need to install Python-tk and bluepy before installation and build. In short you need the following before running the installation script. You can build project in your local by executing the following codes: $ git clone [email protected]: yazuka8 $ cd Peniot $ python setup . py install Download the tool here: https://github.com/yakuza8/peniot For more popular tools click here: https://www.isoeh.com/tools.html The recent pandemic was unexpected and unknown to most part of the world. It has changed our life and we are slowly adapting to our new lifestyle. The risks associated with the new lifestyle, both personal & corporate, are unknown to most of us.Read Details
Unit 42 has identified malware with recent compilation and distribution timestamps that has code, infrastructure, and themes overlapping with threats described previously in the Operation Blockbuster report, written by researchers at Novetta. This report details the activities from a group they named Lazarus, their tools, and the techniques they use to infiltrate computer networks. The Lazarus group is tied to the 2014 attack on Sony Pictures Entertainment and the 2013 DarkSeoul attacks. This recently identified activity is targeting Korean speaking individuals, while the threat actors behind the attack likely speak both Korean and English. This blog will detail the recently discovered samples, their functionality, and their ties to the threat group behind Operation Blockbuster. Initial Discovery and Delivery This investigation began when we identified two malicious Word document files in AutoFocus threat intelligence tool. While we cannot be certain how the documents were sent to the targets, phishing emails are highly likely. One of the malicious files was submitted to VirusTotal on 6 March 2017 with the file name “한싹시스템.doc”. Once opened, both files display the same Korean language decoy document which appears to be the benign file located online at “www.kuipernet.co.kr/sub/kuipernet-setup.docx”. Figure 1 Dropped decoy document This file (Figure 1) appears to be a request form used by the organization. Decoy documents are used by attackers who want to trick victims into thinking a received file is legitimate. At the moment, the malware infects the computer, it opens a non-malicious file that contains content the target expected to receive (Figure 2.) This serves to fool the victim into thinking nothing suspicious has occurred. Figure 2 Spear Phishing Attack uses a decoy a file to trick the target When these malicious files are opened by a victim, malicious Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros within them write an executable to disk and run it. If macros are disabled in Microsoft Word, the user must click the “Enable Content” button for malicious VBA script to execute. Both documents make use of logic and variable names within their macros, which are very similar to each other. Specifically, they both contain strings of hex that when reassembled and XOR-decoded reveal a PE file. The PE file is written to disk with a filename that is encoded in the macro using character substitution. Figure 3 shows part of the logic within the macros which is identical in both files. Figure 3 Malicious document malicious macro source code The Embedded Payload The executable which is dropped by both malicious documents is packed with UPX. Once unpacked, the payload (032ccd6ae0a6e49ac93b7bd10c7d249f853fff3f5771a1fe3797f733f09db5a0) can be statically examined. The compile timestamp of the sample is March 2nd, 2017, just a few days before one of the documents carrying the implant was submitted to VirusTotal. The payload ensures a copy of itself is located on disk within the %TEMP% directory and creates the following registry entry to maintain persistence if the system is shutdown Value:%TEMP%\java.exe /c /s It then executes itself with the following command line: %TEMP%\java.exe /c %TEMP%\java.exe The implant beacons to its command and control (C2) servers directly via the servers’ IPv4 addresses, which are hard coded in the binary, no domain name is used to locate the servers. The communications between the implant and the server highly resemble the “fake TLS” protocol associated with malware tools used by the Lazarus group and described in the Operation Blockbuster report. However, the possible values of the Server Name Indication (SNI) record within the CLIENT HELLO of the TLS handshake used by the implant differ from those described in the report. The names embedded in the new sample and chosen for communications include: The C2 servers contacted by the implant mimic the expected TLS server responses from the requested SNI field domain name, including certificate fields such as the issuer and subject. However, the certificates’ validity, serial number, and fingerprint are different. Figure 4 shows a fake TLS session which includes the SNI record “www.join.me” destined for an IPv4 address which does not belong to Join.Me. Figure 4 The use of “www.join.me” as an SNI record of a TLS handshake to an IPv4 address which does not host that domain name Expanding the Analysis Because the attackers reused similar logic and variable names in their macros, we were able to locate additional malicious document samples. Due to the heavy reuse of code in the macros we also speculate the documents are created using an automated process or script. Our analysis of the additional malicious documents showed some common traits across the documents used by the attackers: - Many, but not all, of the documents have the same author - Malicious documents support the ability to drop a payload as well as an optional decoy document - XOR keys used to encode embedded files within the macros seem to be configurable - All of the dropped payloads were compressed with a packer (the packer used varied) Multiple testing documents which dropped and executed the Korean version of the Microsoft calc.exe executable, but contained no malicious code, were also identified. This mirrors a common practice in demonstrating exploits of vulnerabilities. Interestingly enough, all of the test documents identified were submitted to VirusTotal with English file names from submitters located in the United States (although not during US “working hours”). Despite the documents having Korean code pages, when executed they open decoy documents with the English text: “testteststeawetwetwqetqwetqwetqw”. These facts lead us to believe at least some of the developers or testers of the document weaponizing tool may be English speakers. While some of the documents identified carry benign payloads, most of the payloads were found to be malicious. A cluster of three malicious documents were identified that drop payloads which are related via C2 domains. The payloads can be seen highlighted in Figure 5. Figure 5 Related executables, their C2 domain names, their dropper documents, and the shared batch file The two malicious payloads circled in Figure 5 write a batch script to disk that is used for deleting the sample and itself, which is a common practice. The batch script dropped by the two payloads share a file name, file path, and hash value with a script sample (77a32726af6205d27999b9a564dd7b020dc0a8f697a81a8f597b971140e28976). This sample is described in a 2016 research report by Blue Coat discussing connections between the DarkSeoul group and the Sony breach of 2014. The script’s (Figure 6) hash value will vary depending on the name of the file it is to delete. It also includes an uncommon label inside it of “L21024”. The file the script deletes is the payload which writes the script to disk. In the case of Figure 6, the payload was named “thing.exe”. Figure 6 The contents of the shared batch script Ties to Previous Attacks In addition to the commonalities already identified in the communication protocols and the shared cleanup batch script use by implants, the payloads also share code similarities with samples detailed in Operation Blockbuster. This is demonstrated by analyzing the following three samples, which behave in similar ways: We used these three samples to reach the conclusion that the samples investigated are tied to the Lazarus group. First, these three samples all use a unique method of executing a shell command on the system. An assembly function is passed four strings. Some of the strings contain placeholders. The function interpolates the strings and creates a system command to be executed. The following four parameters are passed to the function: - “xe /” - “c%s.e%sc \ “%s > %s 2>&1\” These are used not only in the implant we investigated, but also in the two samples above. Additionally, many samples discussed in the Operation Blockbuster report also made use of this technique. Figure 7 shows the assembly from the unpacked implant (032ccd6ae0a6e49ac93b7bd10c7d249f853fff3f5771a1fe3797f733f09db5a0) delivered by our malicious document and shows the string interpolation function being used. Figure 7 The string interpolation function assembly with library names from 032ccd6ae0a6e49ac93b7bd10c7d249f853fff3f5771a1fe3797f733f09db5a0 Figure 8 shows the same string interpolation logic but within a different sample (79fe6576d0a26bd41f1f3a3a7bfeff6b5b7c867d624b004b21fadfdd49e6cb18.) The instructions are the same except where the system calls are replaced with DWORDs which brings us to a second similarity. Figure 8 The string interpolation function assembly without library names from 79fe6576d0a26bd41f1f3a3a7bfeff6b5b7c867d624b004b21fadfdd49e6cb18 The second similarity ties this sample to a known Lazarus group sample (520778a12e34808bd5cf7b3bdf7ce491781654b240d315a3a4d7eff50341fb18.) Upon execution, both samples set aside memory to be used as function pointers. These pointers are assigned values by a dedicated function in the binary. Other functions in the binary call the function pointers instead of the system libraries directly. The motivation for the use of this indirection is unclear, however, it provides an identifying detection mechanism. These two samples resolve system library functions in a similar yet slightly different manner. The sample known to belong to the Lazarus group uses this indirect library calling in addition to a function that further obfuscates the function’s names using a lookup table within a character substitution function. This character substitution aspect was removed in the newer samples. The purpose for removing this functionality between the original Operation Blockbuster report samples and these newer ones is unclear. Figure 9 displays how this character substitution function was called within the Lazarus group sample. Figure 9 The character substitution function from 520778a12e34808bd5cf7b3bdf7ce491781654b240d315a3a4d7eff50341fb18 being called \|SHA256 Hash\|\|String Interpolation Function\|\|System Library Obfuscation\|\|Fake TLS Communications\|\|Label\| \|032ccd6ae0a6e49ac93b7bd10c7d249f853fff3f5771a1fe3797f733f09db5a0\|\|Yes\|\|No\|\|Yes\|\|Initially identified payload\| \|79fe6576d0a26bd41f1f3a3a7bfeff6b5b7c867d624b004b21fadfdd49e6cb18\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Sample identified to be related to initial payload and Operation Blockbuster sample\| \|520778a12e34808bd5cf7b3bdf7ce491781654b240d315a3a4d7eff50341fb18\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Known Operation Blockbuster sample\| Figure 10: A comparison of features between samples Overlaps in network protocols, library name obfuscation, process creation string interpolation, and dropped batch file contents demonstrate a clear connection between the recent activity Unit 42 has identified and previously reported threat campaigns. Demonstrated by the malicious document contents, the targets of this new activity are likely Korean speakers, while the attackers are likely English and Korean speakers. It is unlikely these threat actors will stop attacking their targets. Given the slight changes that have occurred within samples between reports, it is likely this group will continue to develop their tools and skillsets. Customers using WildFire are protected from these threats and customers using AutoFocus can find samples from this campaign tagged as Blockbuster Sequel. Indicators of Compromise Initial Malicious Documents Testing Malicious Documents Additional Related Samples C2 IPv4 Addresses Ignite ’17 Security Conference: Vancouver, BC June 12–15, 2017 Ignite ’17 Security Conference is a live, four-day conference designed for today’s security professionals. Hear from innovators and experts, gain real-world skills through hands-on sessions and interactive workshops, and find out how breach prevention is changing the security industry. Visit the Ignite website for more information on tracks, workshops and marquee sessions.
However, this scenario is not a novel concept. Over the years, awareness has fortunately morphed into best-practice doctrine, which in this case emerges from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is referred to as the Subresource Integrity (SRI) recommendation. This mechanism allows browsers to verify the integrity of an external resource, refusing to evaluate the resource if the check fails. Let’s say a third-party provider like a Content Delivery Network (CDN) is compromised. Not checking the SRI could result in an attacker executing arbitrary code on the context of the web application with the impact only limited to what the web application can legitimately do. Indeed, Magecart, one of the most prolific cyber-criminal consortiums of all time, takes advantage of, amongst other flaws, a lack of SRI-implementation in many of their hacks. To enforce SRI, adding two elements to the <script> element is sufficient: sha384digest of the content of the external resource; crossOriginan attribute that must be set to anonymous, indicating that the resource resides on a different origin and that the browser must not send any credentials (cookies) when fetching it. For example, the above becomes: <script src="http://some-cdn.com/some-library.js" integrity="sha384-+54fLHoW8AHu3nHtUxs9fW2XKOZ2ZwKHB5olRtKSDTKJIb1Na1EceFZMS8E72mzW" crossOrigin="anonymous"></script>
In this paper, information theory and data mining techniques to extract knowledge of network traffic behavior for packet-level and flow-level are proposed, which can be applied for traffic profiling in intrusion detection systems. The empirical analysis of our profiles through the rate of remaining features at the packet-level, as well as the three-dimensional spaces of entropy at the flow-level, provide a fast detection of intrusions caused by port scanning and worm attacks. Nucci, A. and Bannerman, S. (2007) Controlled Chaos. IEEE Spectrum, 44, 42-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2007.4390022 Copley, D., Hassell, R., Jack, B., Lynn, K., Permeh, R. and Soeder, D. (2003) ANALYSIS: Blaster Worm. eEye Digital Security Research. http://research.eeye.com/html/advisories/published/AL20030811.html Ukai, Y. and Soeder, D. (2004) ANALYSIS: Sasser. eEye Digital Security Research. http://research.eeye.com/html/advisories/published/AD20040501.html Jacobson, V., Leres, C. and McCanne, S. Tcpdump/libpcap. http://www.tcpdump.org/ A. Peppo, plab. Tool for Traffic Traces. http://www.grid.unina.it/software/Plab/ Trac Project. Libtrace. http://www.wand.net.nz/trac/libtrace E. Kohler, ipsumdump. Traffic tool. http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~kohler/ipsumdump
Restrict access to any files beginning with .ht using the FilesMatch directive. Rationale: The default name for access filename which allows files in web directories to override the Apache configuration is .htaccess. The usage of access files should not be allowed, but as a defense in depth a FilesMatch directive is recommended to prevent web clients from viewing those files in case they are created. Also a common name for web password and group files are .htpasswd and .htgroup. Neither of these files should be placed in the document root, but, in the event they are, the FilesMatch directive can be used to prevent them from being viewed by web clients. Perform the following to implement the recommended state: Add or modify the following lines in the Apache configuration file at the server configuration level. <FilesMatch '^.ht'> Require all denied </FilesMatch> Default Value: .ht* files are not accessible.
What is Win32/Kryptik.HIPS infection? In this article you will discover about the interpretation of Win32/Kryptik.HIPS and also its adverse effect on your computer. Such ransomware are a type of malware that is clarified by on the internet fraudulences to demand paying the ransom money by a sufferer. Most of the situations, Win32/Kryptik.HIPS virus will instruct its sufferers to start funds transfer for the function of neutralizing the modifications that the Trojan infection has actually introduced to the victim’s gadget. These alterations can be as follows: - Executable code extraction. Cybercriminals often use binary packers to hinder the malicious code from reverse-engineered by malware analysts. A packer is a tool that compresses, encrypts, and modifies a malicious file’s format. Sometimes packers can be used for legitimate ends, for example, to protect a program against cracking or copying. - Creates RWX memory. There is a security trick with memory regions that allows an attacker to fill a buffer with a shellcode and then execute it. Filling a buffer with shellcode isn’t a big deal, it’s just data. The problem arises when the attacker is able to control the instruction pointer (EIP), usually by corrupting a function’s stack frame using a stack-based buffer overflow, and then changing the flow of execution by assigning this pointer to the address of the shellcode. - Mimics the system’s user agent string for its own requests; - Expresses interest in specific running processes; - HTTP traffic contains suspicious features which may be indicative of malware related traffic; - Performs some HTTP requests; - The binary likely contains encrypted or compressed data. In this case, encryption is a way of hiding virus’ code from antiviruses and virus’ analysts. - Anomalous binary characteristics. This is a way of hiding virus’ code from antiviruses and virus’ analysts. - Ciphering the records found on the sufferer’s hard disk drive — so the victim can no more utilize the information; - Preventing normal accessibility to the target’s workstation. This is the typical behavior of a virus called locker. It blocks access to the computer until the victim pays the ransom. The most normal channels through which Win32/Kryptik.HIPS Ransomware Trojans are infused are: - By methods of phishing emails; - As an effect of individual winding up on a resource that holds a destructive software application; As soon as the Trojan is efficiently infused, it will certainly either cipher the information on the victim’s PC or protect against the gadget from operating in an appropriate way – while likewise placing a ransom money note that points out the requirement for the targets to impact the repayment for the objective of decrypting the papers or restoring the documents system back to the first problem. In a lot of instances, the ransom note will show up when the customer restarts the PC after the system has actually currently been damaged. Win32/Kryptik.HIPS circulation channels. In numerous corners of the globe, Win32/Kryptik.HIPS grows by jumps and bounds. Nonetheless, the ransom money notes as well as techniques of extorting the ransom money amount might vary depending on specific local (regional) settings. The ransom notes and tricks of extorting the ransom money quantity might differ depending on particular regional (local) setups. As an example: Faulty signals concerning unlicensed software program. In specific locations, the Trojans frequently wrongfully report having detected some unlicensed applications made it possible for on the sufferer’s tool. The sharp after that demands the user to pay the ransom. Faulty statements concerning unlawful web content. In nations where software piracy is much less prominent, this method is not as reliable for the cyber scams. Conversely, the Win32/Kryptik.HIPS popup alert may falsely claim to be originating from a law enforcement institution as well as will report having situated child pornography or other prohibited information on the gadget. Win32/Kryptik.HIPS popup alert may wrongly assert to be acquiring from a law enforcement establishment and will certainly report having situated youngster porn or other prohibited data on the tool. The alert will in a similar way contain a need for the customer to pay the ransom. File Info:crc32: 802164DDmd5: 946f2c2a3cce868625cc4f520e69ebd7name: 946F2C2A3CCE868625CC4F520E69EBD7.mlwsha1: b0b3be86fb38285b14fbed02dc686e9f01fa3532sha256: d22c4022bcde38eef6230e21702b2125a1f25f70709b980d1512bc4c9fb77a46sha512: a96ff40425476edf2560faa168a03b9a4d3ac305707e6449101a2eded94ba6aabda788248ccda02b5a7b1df4a85867124cdf25b60deec8723875c74dcaca6d09ssdeep: 3072:XO2Rkqx4i2+TeybMVjHGLEgj438DIOWQQlL/oEBPCZRAkf9zz:+2Rk9tGL34321QtoQwxztype: PE32 executable (DLL) (GUI) Intel 80386, for MS Windows Version Info:0: [No Data] Win32/Kryptik.HIPS also known as: \|Elastic\|\|malicious (high confidence)\| \|K7AntiVirus\|\|Trojan ( 0057530f1 )\| \|K7GW\|\|Trojan ( 00575d9f1 )\| \|Sophos\|\|Mal/Generic-R + Troj/Emotet-CVB\| \|SentinelOne\|\|Static AI – Malicious PE\| \|Cynet\|\|Malicious (score: 100)\| \|MAX\|\|malware (ai score=84)\| \|ESET-NOD32\|\|a variant of Win32/Kryptik.HIPS\| How to remove Win32/Kryptik.HIPS ransomware? Unwanted application has ofter come with other viruses and spyware. This threats can steal account credentials, or crypt your documents for ransom. Reasons why I would recommend GridinSoft1 The is an excellent way to deal with recognizing and removing threats – using Gridinsoft Anti-Malware. This program will scan your PC, find and neutralize all suspicious processes.2. Download GridinSoft Anti-Malware. You can download GridinSoft Anti-Malware by clicking the button below: Run the setup file. When setup file has finished downloading, double-click on the setup-antimalware-fix.exe file to install GridinSoft Anti-Malware on your system. An User Account Control asking you about to allow GridinSoft Anti-Malware to make changes to your device. So, you should click “Yes” to continue with the installation. Press “Install” button. Once installed, Anti-Malware will automatically run. Wait for the Anti-Malware scan to complete. GridinSoft Anti-Malware will automatically start scanning your system for Win32/Kryptik.HIPS files and other malicious programs. This process can take a 20-30 minutes, so I suggest you periodically check on the status of the scan process. Click on “Clean Now”. When the scan has finished, you will see the list of infections that GridinSoft Anti-Malware has detected. To remove them click on the “Clean Now” button in right corner. Are Your Protected? GridinSoft Anti-Malware will scan and clean your PC for free in the trial period. The free version offer real-time protection for first 2 days. If you want to be fully protected at all times – I can recommended you to purchase a full version: If the guide doesn’t help you to remove Win32/Kryptik.HIPS you can always ask me in the comments for getting help. User Review( votes)
Microservices and Security: Increasing security by increasing surface area One of the advantages of microservices is the enablement of IT teams throughout the business to build new applications for their specific function or customer. The only way IT can scale to provide organizations with all the solutions they need is to allow distributed IT teams to build what it needs with the reusable assets, templates, and best practices provided by central IT. A microservices architecture allows IT to decentralize and democratize application development and data access to the different Lines of Business (LoBs) and functional business partners. However, such an approach can lead to service proliferation, which can be difficult to manage from a security perspective. Businesses adopting this architecture need to also consider a microservices and security strategy. For all of these microservices to function, they need to be integrated together and connect to central data stores. Often this is accomplished, particularly if the services are not created with any sort of plan, in a classic point-to-point integration style. The problem with point-to-point integration is that as those connections proliferate, if one system breaks, everything breaks. It becomes increasingly fragile and brittle. This fragility leads to risk aversion, defying the point of a microservices architecture and undermining the businesses’ need to innovate. For microservices and security to co-exist, a framework and plan for development, governance, and management of microservices must be developed. Security for microservices begins with APIs One of the most important security principles for microservices is to ensure that any microservice is well defined, well-documented, and standardized. A best practice for creating that definition and standardization is an API. APIs define, in a productized way, the mechanism of accessing any particular component of the systems. In order for an API to provide a secure and well defined access point to a microservice, it must have the following characteristics: A secure API is one that can guarantee the confidentiality of the information it processes by making it visible only to the users, apps and servers that are authorized to consume it. It must be able to guarantee the integrity of the information it receives from the clients and servers it collaborates with, so that it will only process such information if it knows that it has not been modified by a third party. The ability to identify the calling systems and their end-users is a prerequisite to guarantee those security qualities. What we have stated also applies to those calls that the API makes to third party servers. An API must always be available to handle requests and process them reliably. Managing APIs to secure microservices While building APIs to provide standardized and well-defined access to microservices is a good first step to ensuring the security of your microservices, that step is not sufficient in and of itself. The next step is to establish API management policies to provide governance and visibility into how the APIs are functioning. The four principles of API management for security are: - Publish your APIs so that developers of consuming software have everything they need to self-serve their needs and understand clearly the purpose, scope and interface of your microservice. - Adapt your APIs through injectable Policies of logic covering security, quality-of-service, auditing, dynamic data filtering, etc. - Watch your APIs so that you can strategize scalability according to traffic levels and take a temperature gauge on the impact of your assets. - Tailor your APIs to the specific needs of different lines of business so that API management becomes a decentralized or federated exercise in collaboration between LOBs and central IT. Managed access through APIs ensures the security of microservices If the business has connected a few of these services and exposed those connections as APIs, you should be able to reuse those services, discover that connected entity and go ahead and connect it to the next one. As you're building out, and connecting more and more of these systems, you're not necessarily connecting more and more connections, you're actually reusing the ones you've already done. If somebody's figured out how to access something, or a system level person has enabled access to a certain system, you should be able to reuse that access the next time that you do that. That means that there's a single point of governance for that access, even though multiple people can actually make use of that access. Over time, you end up building just the right connections, not everything to everything, but the ones that actually make business sense and then layering value after value on top of those Combined with API management principles, the fact that everyone in the business is using those standardized connections means that there is a well-defined, standardized framework through which one can visualize, manage, and control access to central systems. But it’s important that each microservice and its API access point have have built-in mechanisms for visibility and security. Suddenly, if everyone is responsible for security, that means security principles are spread throughout the enterprise and designed into each microservice, rather than security having to impose standards on top of everything, which slows down the process. An important concept in microservices design is that each microservice has to be well-defined for a specific business capability. A developer doesn’t have to be an security expert in everything to work within a microservices architecture, they do have to understand, for your domain, who should have access, why should they have access, not in the sense of necessarily in creating the authentication mechanism, but saying from a business perspective, "the only things I want to expose, perhaps, is I would like people to be able to get certain information about their invoices." Take a look at best practices for microservices and more resources.
Ramon Miguel Romero We recently encountered a spam sample that purports itself to be a purchase order from IKEA, which is a famous furniture retailer founded in Sweden and features modern Scandanavian furniture. However, once unsuspecting users or legitimate IKEA customers open the attached .doc file, the macro embedded in the said attachment would trigger the download of the malware detected by Trend Micro as W2KM_DRIDEX.YSQU. Affected users may find malicious routines being exhibited on their system. Trend Micro protects users from this threat via detecting and blocking the malware as well as the spammed email. Users are advised to be wary when opening suspicious emails similar to these, even if they come from supposedly legitimate sources.
Cybersecurity defenders should dynamically adapt their methods and techniques as know-how develops and the extent of complexity in a system surges. As machine studying (ML) and synthetic intelligence (AI) analysis has superior over the previous ten years, so have the use instances for these applied sciences in numerous cybersecurity-related domains. A couple of functionalities in most present safety purposes are backed by sturdy machine-learning algorithms educated on substantial datasets. One such occasion is the early 2010s integration of ML algorithms in electronic mail safety gateways. In the case of the real-world state of affairs, creating autonomous cyber system protection methods and motion suggestions is quite a tough enterprise. It is because offering determination assist for such cyber system protection mechanisms requires each the incorporation of dynamics between attackers and defenders and the dynamical characterization of uncertainty within the system state. Furthermore, cyber defenders usually face quite a lot of useful resource limitations, together with these associated to price, labor, and time. Even with AI, creating a system able to proactive protection stays an ideological aim. In an effort to supply an answer to this drawback assertion, researchers from the Division of Vitality’s Pacific Northwest Nationwide Laboratory (PNNL) have created a novel AI system primarily based on deep reinforcement studying (DRL) that’s able to responding to attackers in a simulated setting and might cease 95% of cyberattacks earlier than they escalate. The researchers created a customized simulation setting demonstrating a multi-stage digital battle between attackers and defenders in a community. Then, they educated 4 DRL neural networks utilizing reinforcement studying rules, resembling maximizing rewards primarily based on avoiding compromises and lowering community disruption. The crew’s work has additionally been offered on the Affiliation for the Development of Synthetic Intelligence in Washington, DC, the place it obtained quite a lot of reward. The crew’s philosophy in creating such a system was first to indicate that efficiently coaching such a DRL structure is feasible. Earlier than diving into refined constructions, they wished to show helpful analysis metrics. The very first thing the researchers did was create an summary simulation setting utilizing the Open AI Gymnasium toolkit. The subsequent stage was to make use of this setting to develop attacker entities that displayed ability and persistence ranges primarily based on a subset of 15 approaches and 7 techniques from the MITRE ATT&CK framework. The attackers’ goal is to undergo the seven assault chain steps— from the preliminary entry and reconnaissance section to different assault phases till they attain their final aim, which is the influence and exfiltration section. It’s important to do not forget that the crew had no intention of creating a mannequin for blocking an enemy earlier than they might launch an assault contained in the setting. Quite, they assume that the system has already been compromised. The researchers then used reinforcement studying to coach 4 neural networks. The researchers acknowledged that it’s conceivable to coach such a mannequin with out using reinforcement studying, however it might take a very long time to develop a great mechanism. Alternatively, deep reinforcement studying makes very environment friendly use of this monumental search house by imitating some facets of human habits. Researchers’ efforts to show that AI programs will be efficiently educated on a simulated assault setting have proven that an AI mannequin is able to defensive reactions to assaults in real-time. To carefully assess the efficiency of 4 model-free DRL algorithms in opposition to precise, multi-stage assault sequences, the researchers ran a number of experiments. Their analysis confirmed that DRL algorithms may be educated below multi-stage assault profiles with various ability and persistence ranges, producing efficient protection ends in simulated environments. Try the Paper and Reference Article. All Credit score For This Analysis Goes To the Researchers on This Undertaking. Additionally, don’t neglect to affix our 14k+ ML SubReddit, Discord Channel, and E-mail Publication, the place we share the most recent AI analysis information, cool AI initiatives, and extra. Khushboo Gupta is a consulting intern at MarktechPost. She is at present pursuing her B.Tech from the Indian Institute of Expertise(IIT), Goa. She is passionate concerning the fields of Machine Studying, Pure Language Processing and Net Improvement. She enjoys studying extra concerning the technical discipline by collaborating in a number of challenges.
***** Malware: Fighting Malicious Code. By Ed Skoudis; published by Prentice Hall PTR, www.prenhall.com (Web); 432 pages; $49.99. Some security professionals who pick up this book will first see the many pages of malicious code, and they will put the book down without going any further, assuming it too technical. That would be a mistake. With minimal effort, they will find that code examples are explained simply and concisely and are used to emphasize major points. In fact, once readers get into the book, they will discover that it reads more like a compelling spy novel than like a dry computer tome. Author Ed Skoudis provides amazing insight into the types of tools attackers use to bring down computers and networks or to steal and manipulate information stored on those systems. As would be expected, worms and viruses receive considerable attention, but Skoudis also is adept at explaining backdoors, Trojan horses, malicious mobile code, rootkits, and numerous other tools and scenarios. Humor is also used to make the technical content more palatable. When describing how dangerous a particular implementation could be, Skoudis likens it to “running backwards with scissors up and down stairs while blindfolded and chewing gum.” That makes the reading much more enjoyable. But the hallmark of the book is that, for every tool and attack, Skoudis describes many defense mechanisms to thwart them. He has in effect created a “one-stop shop” for anyone interested in learning about malicious code and how to defend against it. Although a level of technical knowledge is necessary for a complete understanding of the concepts, this book is suitable for anyone working in the security industry. In fact, with businesses becoming almost totally dependent on their computer systems to conduct and support business processes, this book should be required reading. Reviewer: John Mallery is a managing consultant for the firm BKD, LLP, where he is responsible for managing the firm’s computer forensics services. He is also coauthor of Hardening Network Security, recently published by McGraw-Hill. He is a member of the ASIS Information Technology Security Council.
Information Flow Analysis in biological networks [![License Type](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-BSD3-blue.svg)](https://github.com/chiffa/BioFlow/blob/master/License-new_BSD.txt) [![Python version](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7-blue.svg)](https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-2715/) [![Branch Status](https://img.shields.io/badge/status-alpha-red.svg)](https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-2715/) Information Flow Analysis in biological networks [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/chiffa/BioFlow.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/chiffa/BioFlow) [![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/bioflow/badge/?version=latest)](https://bioflow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/chiffa/BioFlow/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/chiffa/BioFlow?branch=master) [![Duplicate Lines](https://img.shields.io/badge/duplicate%20lines-11.45%25-yellowgreen.svg)](http://clonedigger.sourceforge.net/) [![Code Health](https://landscape.io/github/chiffa/BioFlow/master/landscape.svg?style=flat)](https://landscape.io/github/chiffa/BioFlow/master) This project’s goal is to predict a systemic effect of massive gene perturbation, whether triggered by a drug, causative mutation or a disease (such as cancer or disease with complex genetic background). It’s main intended uses are the reduction of high-throughput experiments hit lists, in-silico prediction of de-novo drug toxicity based on their protein binding profile and retrieval of most likely pathways explaining a phenotype of interest from a complex genotype. Its main advantage is the integration of quantitative computational predictions with prior biological knowledge and ability to integrate such diverse source of knowledge as databases, simulation, publication data and expert knowledge. Unlike similar solutions, it provides several levels of access to the underlying data (integrated database instance with graph visualization, courtesy of [neo4j graph platform](https://neo4j.com/), as well as python [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/)/[scikits](https://www.scipy.org/) sparse adjacency and laplacian graphs. The application is currently under development (alpha), hence the API is unstable and can be changed at any point without notice. If you are using it, please pin the version/commit number. If you run into issues, please fill the github ticket. The license is BSD 3-clause, in case of academic usage, please cite the url of this repository (publication is in preparation). The full API documentation is available at [readthedocs.org](http://bioflow.readthedocs.org/en/latest/). ### Ubuntu desktop: Install the Anaconda python 2.7 and make it your default python. The full process is explained [here](https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/linux/) > apt-get -y install libsuitesparse-dev > wget -O - https://debian.neo4j.org/neotechnology.gpg.key \| sudo apt-key add - > echo ‘deb https://debian.neo4j.org/repo stable/’ \| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/neo4j.list > sudo apt-get update > sudo apt-get install neo4j Install MongDB (Assuming Linux 18.04 - if not, see [here](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/install-mongodb-on-ubuntu/)): > sudo apt-key adv –keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 –recv 9DA31620334BD75D9DCB49F368818C72E52529D4 > echo “deb [ arch=amd64 ] https://repo.mongodb.org/apt/ubuntu bionic/mongodb-org/4.0 multiverse” \| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mongodb-org-4.0.list > sudo apt-get update > sudo apt-get install -y mongodb-org For more information, refer to the [installation guide](http://bioflow.readthedocs.org/en/latest/guide.html#installation-and-requirements) Finally, install BioFlow : > pip install BioFlow Or, alternatively, in case command line interface is not desired: > git clone https://github.com/chiffa/BioFlow.git > cd <installation directory/BioFlow> > pip install -r requirements.txt If you want to build locally (notice you need to issue docker commands with the actual docker-enabled user; usually prepending sudo to the commands): > cd <BioFlow installation folder> > docker build -t > docker run bioflow > docker-compose build > docker-compose up -d If you want to pull from dockerhub or don’t have access to BioFlow installation directory: > wget https://github.com/chiffa/BioFlow/blob/master/docker-compose.yml > docker-compose build > docker-compose up -d > warning > > While BioFlow provides an interface to download the databases > programmatically, the databases are subject to Licenses and Terms that > it’s up to the end users to respect For more information about data and config files, refer to the [data and database guide](http://bioflow.readthedocs.org/en/latest/guide.html#data-and-databases-setup) ### Python scripts: This is the recommended method for using BioFlow. Import the minimal dependencies: > from bioflow.annotation_network.knowledge_access_analysis import auto_analyze as knowledge_analysis > from bioflow.molecular_network.interactome_analysis import auto_analyze as interactome_analysis > from bioflow.utils.io_routines import get_source_bulbs_ids > from bioflow.utils.top_level import map_and_save_gene_ids, rebuild_the_laplacians Set static folders and urls for the databases & pull the online databases: > set_folders(‘~/support’) # script restart here is required to properly update all the folders > pull_online_dbs() Set the organism (human, S. Cerevisiae): > build_source_config(‘human’) # script restart here is required to properly update all the folders Map the hits and the background genes (available through an experimental technique) to internal IDs: > map_and_save_gene_ids(‘path_to_hits.csv’, ‘path_to_background.csv’) BioFlow expects the csv files to contain one gene per line. It is capable of mapping genes based on the following ID types: Uniprot accession numbers Preferred mapping approach is through HGCN symbols and Gene names. Rebuild the laplacians (not required unless background Ids List has been changed): Launch the analysis itself for the information flow in the interactome: - > interactome_analysis([hits_ids], desired_depth=9, processors=3, background_list=background_bulbs_ids, skip_sampling=False, from_memoization=False) Launch the analysis itself for the information flow in the annotation network (experimental): - > knowledge_analysis([hits_ids], desired_depth=20, processors=3, skip_sampling=False) hits_ids : list of hits desired_depth : how many samples we would like to generate to compare against processors : how many threads we would like to launch in parallel (in general 3/4 works best) background_list : list of background Ids skip_sampling : if true, skips the sampling of background set and retrieves stored ones instead from_memoization : if true, assumes the information flow for the hits sample has already been computed BioFlow will print progress to the StdErr from then on and will output to the user’s home directory, in a folder called ‘outputs_YYYY-MM_DD <launch time>’: .gdf file with the flow network and relevance statistics (Interactome_Analysis_output.gdf) visualisation of information flow through nodes in the null vs hits sets based on the node degree list of strongest hits (interactome_stats.tsv) The .gdf file can be further analysed with more appropriate tools. ### Command line: > warning > > Command line interface is currently unstable and is susceptible to > throw opaque errors. Setup environment (likely to take a while top pull all the online databases): : > bioflow initialize –~/data_store > bioflow downloaddbs > bioflow setorg human > bioflow loadneo4j Set the set of perturbed proteins on which we would want to base our analysis : > bioflow setsource /home/ank/source_data/perturbed_proteins_ids.csv Build network interfaces : > bioflow extractmatrix –interactome > bioflow extractmatrix –annotome Perform the analysis: > bioflow analyze –matrix interactome –depth 24 –processors 4 > bioflow analyze –matrix annotome –depth 24 –processors 4 The results of analysis will be available in the output folder, and printed out to the standard output. The .gdf file format is one of the standard format for graph exchange. It contains the following columns for the nodes: information current passing through the node legacy_id (most likely Uniprot ID) degree of the node whether it is present or not in the hits list (source) p-value, comparing the information flow through the node to the flow expected for the random set of genes rel_value (information flow relative to the flow expected for a random set of genes) std_diff (how many standard deviations above the flow for a random set of genes the flow from a hits list is) The most common pipleine involves using [Gephi open graph visualization platform](https://gephi.org/): Load the gdf file into gephy Filter out all the nodes with information flow below 0.05 (Filters > Atrributes > Range > current) Perform clustering (Statistics > Modularity > Randomize & use weights) Filter out all the nodes below a significance threshold (Filters > Attributes > Range > p-value) Set Color nodes based on the Modularity Class (Nodes > Colors > Partition > Modularity Class) Set node size based on p_p-value (Nodes > Size > Ranking > p_p-value ) Set text color based on whether the node is in the hits list (Nodes > Text Color > Partition > source) Set text size based on p_p-value (Nodes > Text Size > Ranking > p_p-value) Show the lables (T on the bottom left) Set labes to the legacy IDs (Notepad on the bottom) Perform a ForeAtlas Node Separation (Layout > Force Atlas 2 > Dissuade Hubs & Prevent Overlap) Adjust label size Adjust labels position (Layout > LabelAdjust) For more details or usage as a library, refer to the [usage guide](http://bioflow.readthedocs.org/en/latest/guide.html#basic-usage). 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- Slow Computer - System crashes - Normal system programs crash immediatelly - Connects to the internet without permission - Installs itself without permissions - Can't be uninstalled via Control Panel Hentai Onichan Ransomware When Hentai Onichan Ransomware attacks, all personal files are encrypted and the ".hor" extension is added to the original names to mark them. So, for example, a file before encryption named "picture.jpg" is renamed to "picture.jpg.hor." We cannot understand why this specific extension was used, but the creator of the threat is responsible for naming it. The name is included in the ransom note that is dropped once files are encrypted. The purpose of this note is to convince them to pay a ransom, but the size of this ransom is ridiculously high, and so we believe that perhaps this malware is still being developed. Maybe someone has more time on their hands than usual, and they are simply building inactive ransomware threats for their own entertainment. We hope that that is the case, but we also have to consider the possibility that this threat is spreading actively. Continue reading to learn how to secure your system and also how to remove Hentai Onichan Ransomware if it slithers in. Hentai Onichan Ransomware might use spam emails or bundled downloaders to trick users into executing the infection’s launcher themselves. Other active threats and existing system/software vulnerabilities could be exploited also. All in all, the fact that this malware managed to get in signifies that you do not have reliable protection for your Windows operating system, and that is a huge problem. If you yourself do not catch and delete Hentai Onichan Ransomware right after it is executed, the threat encrypts files immediately. It also drops its own malware files. According to our research team, the ransomware creates temporary files in the %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup folder, and the names of these files are likely to take on the names of legitimate files. For example, "lsass.exe," "svchst.exe," "chrome32.exe," "mysqld.exe," crcss.exe," "firefox.exe," "opera32.exe," "spoolcv.exe," "calc.exe," or "ctfmom.exe." These files, just like the launcher file, should delete themselves after files are encrypted and the attack is complete. Of course, you should inspect your system for any potential leftovers anyway because you do not want to miss any threats. The main file dropped by Hentai Onichan Ransomware is called "HELP_ME_RECOVER_MY_FILES.txt," and it represents the ransom note. The message inside informs that victims have to pay a ransom of 30 Bitcoin to the 1ErGqSg86nW2kEH6dFwe217SNSCdcwWJQ7 Bitcoin Wallet and then confirm the payment and send a unique ID code to [email protected]. If you have not figured that out yet, 30 Bitcoin is an incredibly large sum of money. At the time of research, that converted to around $200,000. Perhaps, this is why the Bitcoin Wallet was also empty. Of course, it is more likely that Hentai Onichan Ransomware is not actively spreading at all. That being said, if you are hit by this malware, you DO NOT want to contact the attackers via email, and you certainly do not want to waste any of your money on the decryption services or tools allegedly offered by the attackers. In all cases, ransomware threats are designed primarily to extort money, and the attackers behind them could not care less about what happens with the victims’ files. This is why you always want to have backup copies stored outside the computer that holds the original files. If you have backups, you can use them to replace the files that were corrupted after you remove the infection. Hopefully, Hentai Onichan Ransomware deletes itself after your files are encrypted, in which case, you do not need to worry about finding and eliminating malware files. Of course, no one can guarantee that malware will act as predicted, which is why you want to check for leftovers. See the guide below for tips. Obviously, we recommend installing anti-malware software to help you with Windows security. Hentai Onichan Ransomware is just one of thousands of file-encrypting threats that could slither into your unguarded system, and so it is time for you to bite the bullet and invest in your virtual security. If you install anti-malware software, malware components that could have been left behind will be removed automatically. Another thing we suggest doing is creating file backups. If you have spacious external drives, you can use those to store copies of photos, docs, and other personal files you want to protect. Alternatively, you can implement cloud storage systems to back up files online. This might be the more convenient solution because online backups allow accessing files from any device. Hentai Onichan Ransomware Removal
AVOIDIT: A Cyber Attack Taxonomy Source: University of Memphis Cyber attacks have greatly increased over the years, where the attackers have progressively improved in devising attacks towards a specific target. To aid in identifying and defending against cyber attacks the authors proposes a cyber attack taxonomy called AVOIDIT (Attack Vector, Operational Impact, Defense, Information Impact, and Target). The authors uses five major classifiers to characterize the nature of an attack, which are classification by attack vector, classification by attack target, classification by operational impact, classification by informational impact, and classification by defense.

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