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Tillamook PUD partnered with the Bonneville Environmental Foundation and Neah-Kah-Nie School District this past week, June 5 and 6, to bring a unique clean-energy Science Technology Engineering Math (STEM) educational opportunity to 120 local Tillamook County grade school students. After a review and analysis of energy, 4th and 5th grade students from Garibaldi Grade School and Nehalem Elementary worked with Tillamook PUD volunteer staff through the engineering process to create and construct a solar car. “Students were highly focused and thrilled to build their very own solar cars,” remarked Neah-Kah-Nie School District Superintendent Paul Erlebach. “Some students were so engaged with this renewable energy activity they skipped recess in order to continue assembling their solar cars.” Erlebach says.
Students were encouraged to take what they learned and think ingeniously when designing and constructing their car. “I liked building the cars the most,” one participating student said. “It was fun, we got to see if it (car) worked, and if it didn’t we could add on to it,” a Garibaldi Grade School student remarked. Students were able to take their completed car home along with a bag of additional parts to enhance or change their car.
At the end of each day students, Tillamook PUD staff and school staff went outside to see the power of the sun in action as they raced their cars. “This is a great way to end the year,” Nehalem Elementary Principal Kristi Woika reflected, “having students work with local business partners.” Tillamook PUD is very pleased to have the opportunity to be involved with, and help support renewable energy and STEM activities at local area schools.
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| 0.977947 | 378 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is currently declining in Africa. According to UNAIDS 2013 report, new HIV infection among children was reduced by 50 % in seven Sub Sahara African Countries including Ethiopia since 2009.
Regarding HIV/AIDS prevention and control program interventions, EOC-DICAC/RRAD has two main phases of activities;
- Prevention through different HIV awareness raising trainings and workshops with refugees respective language,
- Psychosocial care and support
As result, EOC-DICAC has been part of the alliance of government agencies, NGOs and faith based organizations that have led a continuous community based campaign, care and support to people living with HIV and Highly vulnerable children in Ethiopia. However, according to UNAIDS, around 790,000 people in Ethiopia are still living with HIV in 2013 and also a number of refugees are affected. These refugees get treatment and care in the camps but when the individuals need intensive care, treatment and close follow up, they are referred to Addis Ababa where they get further support. Hence, EOC-DICAC has full responsibility to those urban refugees to facilitate their medical and psychosocial needs as well as close follow-ups through its social workers, 24 hours standby emergency program teams and ambulance services.
EOC-DICAC has comprehensive care and supports for refugees living with HIV/AIDS. These services include but are not limited to:
- Nutrition support and care
- Adherence counseling
- Monitoring of progress of CD4 level and observations
- Hygiene and sanitation material support
- Assignment of volunteer home based care facilitators
To this end DICAC has made remarkable progress in providing and facilitating the services from different government and private hospitals and higher clinics. DICAC also provides different psychosocial support based on the medical and psychosocial identified needs of urban refugees.
EOC-DICAC/RRAD has been organizing a number of trainings and workshops in different aspects of HIV and AIDS(mode of transmission, prevention methods, care and support, voluntary counseling and testing, stigma and discrimination, positive living etc,) for urban refugees to raise their awareness and be able to protect themselves and stop further transmission of HIV. The trainings are conducted at the DICAC office for refugee and returnee affairs in cooperation with different health professionals and institutions. HIV/AIDS is also one of the topics that are mainstreamed in all social service activities.
Recently, the organization targets one volunteer family member to be trained on comprehensive family health issues (reproductive health/HIV/AIDS, child and maternal nutrition promotion, and other common communicable diseases and be a resource person by training other family members.
EOC-DICAC/RRAD is able to support most refugees living with HIV/AIDS to stay healthy and live a relatively normal life. As main success, EOC-DICAC/RRAD has not registered any new case of HIV infection among urban refugees within the last three years. Besides, HIV positive mothers have also given birth to HIV negative babies which should be attributed to the collective effort of DICAC/RRAD and its partner health facilities.
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Cuadernos de historia de España
versão On-line ISSN 1850-2717
RIVERA MEDINA, Ana María. La vitivinicultura española en los siglos XIV-XVII: Una mirada al caso de Bilbao. Cuad. hist. Esp. [online]. 2009, vol.83, pp. 187-223. ISSN 1850-2717.
In the late Middle Ages the European geography was covered by grapevines. Villages, villas and cities formed a landscape of the vineyard that was common, but also distinctive, depending on edaphic and climatic conditions for the disposition of the culture in vineyards or vine arbors and, after the vintage, on the way of elaborating and conserving the caldos. Opposite to the cereal's model of extensive agriculture, the viticulture appears on the peripheries of towns, in smallholdings, and intensive. This difference is also shown in relation to the possession of the land, the labor force, the capitalist agroindustrial and commercial accumulation, and the conciliation of solidarities. This model acquires peculiar characteristics when the terroir does not accompany the actors' determinations to supply the population with their own wines; such is the case of the Biscayan villas placed in the coast of the homonymous gulf and, concretely, of Bilbao. In this study we intend to show the situation of the European vineyard and its manifestation in the villa throughout the medieval autumn and in modern times.
Palavras-chave : Viticulture; Vineyard; Wine; Bilbao; Vizcaya.
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Rehabilitation is one of the core services when it comes to patient care. Rehabilitation is a wide subject that can apply to many different forms of care that are offered to patients.
Rehabilitation is simply the art of caring for patients in a condition where the patient is unable to care for themselves and requires the assistance of another individual at a medical level, sometimes even at a physiological level.
This does not limit only to disability but also includes scenarios such as substance abuse and addiction. Rehabilitation centre for de-addiction offers care and programs to patients who have an addiction to prescription and/or psychedelic drugs.
Alcohol addiction is a major program that is run by many rehab centres these days. Physiological conditions such as cancer, trauma, brain injuries, strokes, accidental injuries, spinal injuries, bell’s palsy etc are a class of disorders that often require rehabilitation as well.
Apart from physical conditions, mental disorders and personality disorders such as Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Severe OCD, etc., also require rehabilitation.
In most cases, rehab is an in-patient format and requires the patient to check themselves in so that the professionals can monitor them regularly. For some milder cases, outpatient rehab programs such as counselling, therapy sessions etc are also available in a rehabilitation centres for de-addiction.
Scope of Rehabilitation
Rehab is one of the methods to ensure proper care is provided to patients who require some sort of intervention or additional support in taking care of themselves.
It could be because of a physical inadequacy or because of issues such as substance abuse where a person no longer has control on their own habits. In another aspect, mental illness can also be an area where people are unable to take care of their own health and fulfil daily activities and therefore require rehabilitation.
In case of substance abuse, the rehabilitation centre for de-addiction ensures that the patient is rid of all toxic material from the body and helps with withdrawal and relapse by counselling and therapy.
In case of physical issues such as stroke, injuries and accidents, the patient is helped with physical therapy and assistive medical care. For mental disorders, occupational therapy along with cognitive and group therapy helps in caring for these patients.
5 Ways To Help Yourself Drink More ...5 Ways To Help Yourself Drink More WaterTypes of Rehabilitation
There are 4 main kinds of rehabilitation in case of physical rehabilitation:
1. Preventative Rehabilitation
In preventative rehab, the early detection of some kind of mental or physical disorder helps the medical care provider to intervene and advise against further impairment. It can be helpful in conditions such as cancer and diabetes.
2. Restorative Rehabilitation
Restorative rehabilitation helps in giving advice and treatment to patients who have been through surgeries or any other major medical intervention with physical therapy and pain management.
3. Supportive Rehabilitation
Supportive rehab helps by providing physical training, therapy and self-help devices that help people in regaining a part of their motor abilities, movement and dependability. This is most helpful for people who have diseases such as Bell’s Palsy, Spinal Injury, etc.
4. Palliative Rehabilitation
Palliative rehab is limited to people who are in no form or shape to take care of themselves and are mostly bedridden. For them, this kind of rehab can help them become more independent with whatever little functions they can do by themselves.
Apart from the physical rehab, the rehabilitation centre for de-addiction also offers detoxification from substance abuse.
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|Powers and Abilities||Nuclear Submarine|
|Team Affiliations||Russian Military|
Unbeknownst to the Prometheus Crew the super villain Hypnotia snuck aboard and planted a Bio-Conversion Device. The captain noticed strange readings and found the hidden woman. She incapacitated them and covered the entire crew in a strange substance. She then used a laser to cut a hole in the hull and sank the sub.
The United States found out that the readings they noticed were in fact a submarine and initiated Operation Prometheus. Admiral Harold Younger tasked Tony Stark and James Rhodes with finding the sub. They believed that the sub contained something that was possibly disastrous to mankind.
Iron Man found the submarine but Mandarin and MODOK were watching and he was attacked by Blacklash, Dreadknight, Whirlwind, and Grey Gargoyle. Luckily Rhodes and Force Works were watching and Century transported them to the sub to help Iron Man. However, Mandarin sent Fin Fang Foom and the heroes were defeated.
The final fate of the Prometheus is unknown.
The submarine was named after the ancient Greek myth of Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods and gave it to man. Prometheus was credited, and blamed for, playing a pivotal role in the early history of humankind, similar to the sub's pivotal role in Iron Man's and Mandarin's history.
- Russian Navy at Wikipedia
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| 0.955656 | 281 | 2.625 | 3 |
Food Webs and Food Chains Worksheets
Understanding the difference between a food chain and a food web can sometimes take time and effort. Here are a collection of worksheets on food chains and the food web that will make you exam ready.
Suitable for: Grade 5, Grade 6
Join our Newsletter
Fill your E-mail Address
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Welcome to Mrs. Johnson's Class!
Meet Our Class
All About Mrs. Johnson
What is the shape of DNA?
What are the 4 bases of DNA?
How are the bases paired?
Who are 3 scientist we talked about who have impacted science with DNA discoveries?
Case of the Lost Skull
Check out our FINAL Projects using the Chromebooks and Google Classroom
Microscopes and Cells
Create a free website
Photos used under Creative Commons from
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Understanding sustainable flows
The Arkavathy is no longer counted as a reliable source and the Cauvery has become the river of primary dependency for the city of Bangalore
News about water in India and some countries is about rain, river and the flow that talks of divisions. The Cauvery water dispute, the Indus river disagreement between India and Pakistan, the perceived threat of the sharing of the Brahmaputra waters coming from China…are all national and international disputes that have been simmering and occasionally exploding. Even at the local scale, upstream and downstream conflicts are likely to increase as waters are collected
and harvested in the catchments and people downstream feel this will deprive them of their historical share.
Let us look at the city of Bangalore itself. Since it draws its waters from the Cauvery, it is much dependant on the rainfall in Kodagu and Wayanad. It is the catchments of the Kabini, Cauvery and Hemavathi which are important players in the safe, sustainable availability of water for Bangalore. What happens when catchments change?
We have evidence close to Bangalore, from the Arkavathy itself. This river starting from the Nandi Hills was the main source of water for Bangalore from 1896 when the Hessarghatta reservoir was built and water drawn from brick aqueducts to the city.
In the 1930s came the Thippagondanahalli reservoir which augmented waters for Bangalore. These two schemes were sufficient for the city till the river started to dry up.
The Arkavathy is no longer counted as a reliable source and the Cauvery has become the river of primary dependency for the city of Bangalore. Even Chennai city sources water from it through the Veeranam project. Why did this happen and why has the Arkavathy dried up?
Catchment management strategy
The river dried up due to the complete absence of a catchment management strategy and plan. The tanks and the channels linking up to the tanks were neglected. Water stopped coming to the tanks in adequate quantity for them to fill up and overflow. The catchment land itself was converted to agricultural land. This process of levelling and ploughing dried up the runoff from the land to the tanks.
Indiscriminate use of ground water depleted the levels, stopping completely base flows into the channels and rivers. The river simply stooped flowing and dried up. Dodaballapur town, 30 kilometres from Bangalore and with a population of 90,000 people, dependant on the river for all its water, saw its huge tank completely dry. Now borewells 900 feet and deeper provide water to this town and the tank is still dry.
Lessons to be learnt
What are the key lessons then to be learnt? If the Arkavathy can go dry, why can’t the Cauvery? Is that unthinkable? What should we do to ensure river flows?
Understanding river basins and managing the water resources carefully is of primary importance. Institutionally we need a river basin agency to at least help us understand and plan for all waters in the river system including groundwater.
Managing catchment of the source is also important. New York city, for example, has bought up 10,000 hectares of the Catskill Mountains since this is the primary catchment providing water to the city. By protecting and preserving the catchment and the forest, it is able to ensure both quantity and quality of the river water flows, so much so that it need not even filter or treat the water but pump it directly to the city for consumption.
Can Bangalore buy up 10,000 hectares in the Arkavathy catchment and try to restore flows? If the Aravari river in Rajasthan could be revived, why not the Arkavathy?
Can simply giving up a source and moving farther to the next source be a sustainable solution for a growing city? By increasing ecological footprints do we not increase the conflict potential? Difficult questions that need some relevant heads to come together for some answers.
What can we do as individuals
Though many of the questions seem solvable only by high level government institutions, communities and people are getting into the act.
Public interest litigations have resulted in a buffer zone being created around the Thippagondanahalli reservoir to try and prevent it from getting polluted.
Legislation has made it mandatory for industries and developments in this area to come out with a clear water management plan and also to harvest rainwater compulsorily.
Groups have coalesced around the Kumudhavati and the Arkavathy and have conducted many an awareness campaign to highlight the deteriorating situation and to galvanise the community into action.
One of the actions has been to revive a tank in the upstream reaches of the Arkavathy and plan for rejuvenation of many more tanks with the involvement of the community. Illegal quarrying has also been halted by the keen action of these groups. Individuals and organisations have led campaigns to harvest rooftop rainwater and adopt ecological sanitation systems to halt pollution of water. Traditional water bodies have been cleaned up and an enthusiastic and water literate community has emerged in this town.
Deeper understanding of the surface water and ground water inter-phase, the sustainable withdrawal of ground water and the recharging of the aquifer, harvesting rainwater, treating urban waste water and reusing it, managing urban waste disposal properly without impacting water quality, and rejuvenation of all the tanks would all be steps necessary for revival of our rivers.
Pioneering work at understanding these dynamics is being done by Shekar Muddu and team in the Indian Institute of Science.
It is only through individual understanding and action, community involvement in solutions and an institutional strategy and structure to address core problem would we see revival of our rivers, the lessening of conflicts and the sustainability of our water sources.
www.rainwaterclub.org www.arghyam.org Ph: 23641690
Send this article to Friends by
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Parents Guide to Subject Access
Your/your child’s rights
You have the right to ask the school if they are using or storing your personal information. You can also ask them for copies of your personal information. This is called the right of access, commonly known as making a subject access request or SAR.
Children have the same rights as adults over their personal data which they can exercise if they are able to understand what this means and any implications the disclosure may bring. Where a child is not able to understand, an adult with parental responsibility may usually request the child’s personal data on their behalf.
Even if a child is too young to understand the implications of subject access rights, it is still the right of the child rather than of anyone else such as a parent or guardian; even though in the case of young children these rights are likely to be exercised by those with parental responsibility for them.
If we are confident that the child can understand their rights, we will discuss with them how they would like us to process the request, for example if they are happy for the information to be provided to a parent, and if there is any information they do not want shared with a parent. Generally, however, we will allow you to exercise your child’s rights on their behalf if your child authorises this, or if it is evident that this is in their best interests.
We usually consider a child of 12 years to be of sufficient age and maturity to be able to exercise their right of access. If your child is over the age of 12 and able to understand their rights we will either;
- a) Respond to the SAR directly with your child, or
- b) Ask the child if they are happy for us to provide their information to you, or
- c) Ask you to provide written consent from your child giving you the right to access their information.
Generally, if your child is under the age of 12 and we are satisfied that you hold parental responsibility for them we will respond directly to you.
How to make a request
You can make a subject access request either verbally, or in writing, but we recommend you put it in writing if possible because this gives you a record of your request.
We will need the following:
- The name of you and your child
- Your up to date contact details
- A description of the information you are requesting
- How you would like to receive the information (email, or printed out)
Sometimes we may also need to ask for proof of identification, although this will not be necessary if we know who you are. Once we have these details, plus the written consent of your child (if appropriate) we will comply with your request within one calendar month. However, if your request is complex due to the volume and sensitivity of the data, we may need to extend the time for a further two months, we will inform you within the first month if this is the case.
There is no charge for a subject access request, although in rare circumstances we can charge a fee if your request is considered to be manifestly unfounded or excessive, or alternatively refuse to provide your request. If this is the case, we will tell you whether we will charge for or refuse your request, and where applicable the one-month time limit will start after we have received your payment.
If you are not satisfied with our response, please contact us to let us know. If you are still not happy once we have tried to resolve your complaint you can make a complaint to the Information Commissioners Office.
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Hunter Education in Missouri
In 1957, the Missouri Conservation Commission approved a voluntary program for Missourians. This program continued quite successfully for 30 years, with approximately 500,000 people taking the training.
The old Hunter Safety courses were very short, taking about four hours to cover strictly guns and safe gun handling. However, it became evident that the course needed to be more extensive because hunters were continuing to have incidents and because the activities of a few hunters were causing non-hunters and landowners to become upset with all hunters.
As newer ideas about hunter responsibilities, hunting ethics, and the hunter’s role in conservation were added, the course became longer and more educational. Many more states and most Canadian provinces made it mandatory for hunters to pass such a course before they could purchase hunting permits.
In 1987, the Missouri Conservation Commission, which has become more and more concerned with the numbers of hunting incidents in Missouri, passed a regulation requiring that anyone born on or after January 1, 1967, take a Hunter Education course and pass the test before they could purchase any type of firearm hunting permit.
In 1993, a new regulation went into effect that set a minimum age limit of 11 years for anyone to become certified in Missouri’s Hunter Education program.
Missouri’s Hunter Education course covers many things: what firearms are and how they work, how to handle them safely, hunting traditions, ethics, what conservation is and our human role in it, a hunter’s responsibilities, and safe gun handling.
The reason for such a broad spectrum of topics is to meet the basic goals of the course, which are to develop students who are:
- Safe with firearms in the field and at home
- Respectful of other people and property
- Aware of hunting as a resource management tool
These are goals which can affect our lives. These are goals which can and should remain with us throughout our lives.
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Prayer and the Common Life by Georgia Harkness
Georgia Harkness was educated at Cornell University, Boston University School of Theology, studied at Harvard & Yale theological seminaries and at Union Theological Seminary of New York. She has taught at Elmira College, Mount Holyoke, and for twelve years was professor of applied theology at Garrett Biblical Institute. In 1950 she became professor of applied theology at the Pacific School of Religion, in Berkeley, California. Published by Abingdon Press, New York, Nashville. Copyright by Stone & Pierce 1968. The material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted & Winnie Brock.
Chapter 13: Prayer and the Peace of the World
Of all the things for which the world now longs and prays, there is none more ardently desired than peace. There is probably not a person living who wants a third world war. Many think it is inevitable. An uncounted multitude have, mingled with their fears, an eager hope that in some way it can be averted. Not a few of these are praying for peace.
If we are to have a new world with peace, order, and security, there is nothing today more needed than prayer. Through the centuries devout Christians have prayed, "Give peace in our time, O Lord. For it is thou, Lord, only, that makest us dwell in safety." Without prayer in this mood we shall not have the insight, courage, or world vision by which to fashion a world in which all men can be safe.
However, the other side of the paradox is equally true. There is nothing today more needed than action. Unless we do the works that ought to be the fruit and accompaniment of prayer, we cannot hope that in response to even the most fervent prayers God will implant order in the world. There is both great pathos and searching wisdom in Jesus’ lament over Jerusalem, "If thou hadst known in this day, even thou, the things which belong unto peace!" When prayer is made a substitute for doing "the things which belong unto peace," it becomes blasphemy.
The Requirements For Peace
The knowledge of what is required for peace in the world is not hidden from men. Though nobody is wise enough to know just what ought to be done in every detail of an infinitely complex world situation, there are general principles and procedures which are clear enough. As I see them, there are six basic requirements for world peace. Let us enumerate them.
To begin with, there will be no peaceful world unless there is faith that peace is possible. "You can’t change human nature." "There always have been wars and there always will be." "If we don’t start another war, the Russians will." Such remarks are not only untrue from the standpoint of being ungrounded in evidence, but they carry with them the insidious poison of defeatism.
A second requirement is provision for peaceful change from within each nation. Among all the uncertainties that beset us, there is one thing very certain, namely, that the world will not stand still. If we do not go forward toward peace, we shall go backward and downward toward chaos. And if the nations do not change from within in directions required by basic human rights, changes will be sought by force and violence from without.
The third requirement is a functioning international organization empowered to act for the corporate justice of the world. Toward this an important start has already been made, and instead of decrying the deficiencies of the United Nations organization those who pray for peace ought rather to give it, for its improvement, their prayers and moral support. Yet such an organization requires for its full success something toward which thus far only the barest beginning has been made, the surrender of absolute national sovereignty.
A fourth requirement is economic security for all men. To paraphrase a famous word of Lincoln, "The world cannot remain half hungry and half fed." When society is ordered, or perhaps more correctly we should say disordered, on the basis of a situation in which not only is there starvation as the aftermath of war but millions of people are hungry all their lives, there can be no just and lasting peace. There is bound to be, sooner or later, an outbreak of bitterness, violence, and all the demonic forces that make for war.
The fifth requirement is faith in, understanding of, and practice of democracy. This means a type of democracy that goes far beneath surface slogans. It calls for racial equality; equality of opportunity in education, economic advantage, and a vast range of cultural connections; in short, a society based on democracy of spirit. Probably we shall never have this perfectly while sin and self-will corrupt men’s natures. But unless we have to a far greater degree than at present the ordering of society on the basis of the supreme worth of every human being, we shall have repeated outbursts of world tragedy.
Underneath all these requirements is the need of a spiritual world community. It can be called world brotherhood, or world fellowship, or in more formal language "an international ethos." It involves similarity of outlook, or tolerance toward those of different outlook. It has various names, but whatever we call it, it means understanding, friendship, sympathy, and appreciation of other people not those of our race, or our nation, or our economic class, but of all the folk that God has made the world around.
With these six things we can have peace. Without them, I see little prospect that we can have more than an armistice between hostilities. Let me state them again: faith that peace is possible, provision for peaceful change from within the nations, international organization with the surrender of absolute national sovereignty, economic security for all men, faith in and understanding of and practice of the democratic way of life, and a unifying spiritual world community.
Prayer and Works of Good Will
As was noted above and cannot be too strongly emphasized, prayer alone will not bring these things to pass. But it is equally true that without the action born of prayer there is no great likelihood that these requirements will be met. Each of them alone, to say nothing of the other five, is so formidable as to be staggering if undertaken only by human strength and wisdom. Yet all of them are in keeping with what God requires of men, for they are grounded not only in the economic and political conditions of our time but in the Christian gospel. We can believe, without optimistic illusions, that they can be met by an upsurge of reliance upon God and willingness to do by his strength "the things which belong unto peace." There is need to recover an ancient word of wisdom spoken in another time of political confusion and darkness, "Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the Lord of hosts."
Let us, then, recanvass these requirements to see what if anything prayer can contribute to their fulfillment.
To say that peace is possible means basically faith in God. The Christian world order means that there is an enduring stream of spiritual power that runs through the ups and downs of history, because God is the Lord of history.
In the most searching of prayers we are taught to say, "Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil." In spite of the uncertainties of our time God is delivering us from evil by implanting in the hearts of men and in his Church a new vision of a world that can be free from war. Let us not forget that the song of the angels on the first Christmas morning, "Peace on earth, good will to men," was not from any human voice. It was not the shepherds that sang it; it was not even the wise men that sang it. The voice that sang in that great carol was the voice of God. What God has for us to do within the human scene, he calls us to do because he is the Lord of history who speaks from beyond history of the coming of his kingdom of peace and good will.
We said that for peace, there must be peaceful change from within each nation. There are many ways to put this in political terms. I shall attempt to put it only in religious terminology, though with some political illustrations. Peaceful change from within means on the part of the people of every nation repentance for our corporate sin. It is a wholesome fact that in the recent war, far more than in any previous one, there was recognition that we are all embroiled in the sin which brought the conflict into being.
But how? During the war I came across a statement which puts more succinctly than I have seen it elsewhere the responsibility of our nation and of Christians within it for the series of events that finally burst forth in world conflagration. I quote from it, not because the United States was alone guilty, but because in expecting the Germans and the Japanese to repent there is danger of evading recognition of our own guilt. It reads:
The second world war is upon us. The responsibility for this great disaster to civilization rests in part upon America. Our selfish isolationism, our refusal to participate in the effort to build a world order of peace and justice through the League of Nations, our aloofness from the World court, our scuttling of the London Economic Conference, our interference with the free flow of goods by high tariffs, our Oriental Exclusion Act, our arming of Japan for her war upon China, are a few of the counts in the indictment which the God and Father of all mankind must bring against us.
The Church itself must bear its full share of responsibility. Our membership includes millions of people. Even as our nation in the period preceding the present war had great power and influence within the world, so church members had great influence within the nation. But too few of us were motivated by a vision of a world-wide community in Christ, transcending nation, race, and class. (From the report of the Committee on World Peace, Southern California-Arizona Conference of the Methodist Church, June, 1942.)
All this is now past history and -- if one may be whimsical about so serious a matter -- "bridges under the water." But what was and was not done then still lives, not only in war’s horrible destructiveness but in vindictiveness toward our former enemies, suspicion of our allies, complacency toward the suffering of all but our own circle. Only as we repent much more earnestly than most of us have thus far done for such matters, can the right attitudes prevail for making a just peace. Add to these the more recent and more terrible occurrences in obliteration bombing of German cities and the roasting alive of thousands of civilians, the annihilation without warning of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the dismemberment of Germany and the crippling of her economic life, the starving of her people, the holding -- or condonement of holding -- thousands of prisoners of war in slavery as forced laborers many months after the end of the war, and it becomes apparent that God has still more indictments to bring against us.
(The unanimous moral judgment of a body of Christian theologians on most of these matters is stated in the report on "Atomic Warfare and the Christian Faith" issued by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America.)
But will we repent enough to avoid such policies in the future? There is not much likelihood of any widespread repentance unless the imperatives of the Christian gospel are driven home to our consciences, not by preaching only, but by prayer. That this must be done has more than a spiritual necessity behind it, for there can be no lasting peace unless it is in considerable measure a just peace, and there can be no just peace unless its outlines are shaped, not by vengeance, but by a spirit of reconciliation and good will.
Let us pass to the third requirement, that of the surrender of absolute national sovereignty in the establishment of an international organization for justice and security. What does that mean in religious language? It means in the words of the first commandment, "Thou shalt have no other gods before me." It means -- to use a phrase that for awhile was out-moded theology but which is coming back again into its own -- the sovereignty of God. It means that only as we recognize that God is a God above all tribal deities, a God above all national interests, a God who is the Father of all men and who loves the people of all nations as his children, only so can God lead us in the way of peace and justice.
From my undergraduate days at Cornel University one of my deepest impressions is the inscription over the entrance to the main hall of the College of Arts and Sciences, "Above all nations is humanity" To this conviction which an increasing number of thoughtful people now accept must be added another, "Above all humanity is God." We shall have no true internationalism until the world is more nearly viewed from the perspective of the God who is the Father and Ruler of all mankind.
Many movements are on foot which urge, on the one hand, withholding of support from the United Nations organization to further national interests, and on the other, federal world government embracing ex-enemy states and all others. The isolationism of the first policy can only enhance conflict by its collective selfishness and head toward future wars in a world meant by nature to be one. The second policy is right in its goals but sometimes greatly oversimplifies the steps needed to arrive at them. We shall not move beyond the United Nations organization until we make much further use of what is possible through it.
How then can our idealism be farseeing, global in its outreach, and realistic enough to move toward true internationalism? A great deal of education in political affairs is needed, for prayer is no substitute for political wisdom. But such education is not likely to be sought, or very effective upon action when imparted, unless among the rank and file of citizens there are strong spiritual foundations. Statesmen are of varying degrees of moral and spiritual discernment, but none can move far beyond what the people will support. It is therefore imperative not only that there be much prayer for the delegates charged with responsibilities in the United Nations, but that there be much more linkage of prayer with education for peace and political action.
As a fourth requirement, a just and lasting peace requires economic security for all men. This means the subordination of private gain to the welfare of the community -- not the group immediately surrounding us, but the total human community.
In the foreground, more pressing than any other requirement of an economic nature, is the need to relieve suffering the world around. Both a Christian humanitarian concern and political expediency require it. To look backward again for a moment, after the first world war the hunger blockade imposed on Germany and kept up for several months after Germany had surrendered was one of the things that made the German spirit rankle until it could be goaded into a second world war. If the starvation and want now pervading central Europe are not soon alleviated, this may go a long way toward laying the foundations of a third world war. (Long before the danger of the advance of communism on the heels of hunger became current in political discussion, Christian observers pointed out this possibility. See for example "The Fight for Germany" by Reinhold Niebuhr in Life, October 21, 1946, reprinted in the January, 1947, issue of The Reader’s Digest.) Economic insecurity for one people means the weakening of economic foundations in the rest of the world, as we saw with terrible seriousness in the Great Depression. Today the economic crippling of Germany retards the economic recovery of all Europe, and has its repercussions in every industrial nation. As it has been put with blunt finality, "You can’t trade with a graveyard. Your customers have to be above ground." (An argument used in asking for UNRRA appropriations).
Yet knowledge of these facts will not make people magnanimous. The only thing that will do this is sensitiveness to human need. Economic security for all men means something about colonies, about tariffs, about the free access of goods to those people who must have raw materials and markets if they are to have in normal times a standard of living adequate to relieve hunger and permit the free development of body and spirit. If the people who now have not only comforts but luxuries are to be brought to accept the economic and political changes needed to achieve this end throughout the world, changes in inner perspective are necessary. Prayer has a bearing even on our business pursuits.
This leads to our fifth point, the need of democracy as a foundation for peace. In its ideological foundations political democracy is derived both from the Stoic conception of a natural law of human equality and the Christian idea of the worth and dignity of all men in the sight of God. As we see it functioning, it is a mixture of idealism and expediency with a great many bureaucratic and even some totalitarian elements corrupting its purity. It ought, therefore, never to be identified with Christianity; and "the American way of life" of which we heard so much during the war lacks much of being the Kingdom of God. Yet political democracy is the best vehicle we have for the expression in society of the requirements of the Christian gospel. What is needed is not to abandon what we have but to make what we have better through bringing more of the everyday, person-to-person democracy of Jesus into our group relations.
This means so many things that the bare enumeration of a few must suffice. At the head of the list stands the race question. With thirteen million Negroes in the United States denied privileges in housing, employment, education, recreation, medical care, and many other basic needs, this can hardly be called a democratic country. Race discrimination is the most pervasive and deadly poison in the world, with Russia and Brazil the only countries that are relatively free from it. With two-thirds of the world’s population colored, a war between Russia and the colored peoples of the Orient on one side and the white democracies of the West on the other would not be a happy prospect to contemplate. For peace and survival, if not for higher Christian considerations, racism must be ended.
Another affront to democracy is in the misuses of industrial power, whether by labor or management. Something has been done in this field towards arbitration; very little has been done to bring the insights of the Christian gospel to bear upon industrial conflict in creating attitudes of understanding, tolerance, the esteeming of persons as persons in whatever economic stratum they are. Here the field is wide open, not merely for the indictment of wrong in another person or group which is the usual approach, but for the appreciation and creation of right through the spiritual resources released in prayer.
One could go on enumerating undemocratic elements in our society -- the vast disparity in incomes and living conditions, the myth of equal opportunity for education and employment, the regimentation and militarization of the public mind, the threat to democracy which would ensue if a system of compulsory peacetime military training should be adopted. The list is long. The remedies are not simple. Yet however many steps need to be taken, nothing but a spiritual vision born of prayer will enable us to approximate Jesus’ estimate of every man, woman, and child as precious in God’s sight. And until we have this vision, nothing we do will be more than patchwork.
This brings us to our last point, the need of underlying spiritual foundations in a world community. It is here beyond all question that the Church -- the one community that transcends all divisions of nation, race, language, class, or culture can make its fullest contribution. It has been making this contribution over the years as missionaries have gone to remote places to serve "the last, the least, the lost" and as education in world-mindedness has been given in many missionary societies across the land. This world outreach has borne fruit in the ecumenical movement which centers in the World Council of Churches. It must be greatly enlarged as members of local congregations more fully understand and take their places in a world-wide Christian fellowship. And it must move in the direction, not only of bringing the churches together, but through the churches of bringing the world together.
To lay the foundations of world brotherhood through the churches we must have sermons, discussion groups, service projects, directed reading, and much else. It must be got into the emotional life through story, drama, and song. It must be an inherent part of religious education, not something occasionally tacked on. Two approaches, however, are more vital than any others, and these approaches anybody who cares enough can make.
One of these is personal conversation. It is by personal witness and the give-and-take of opinion in conversation, far more than by public addresses that attitudes are molded. To speak one’s mind, tactfully but firmly, whenever occasions arise that call for such witness -- far from being futile -- is the most effective social force there is. What is at first heard and perhaps scoffed at, if it is true gets listened to, thought about, and finally accepted by enough people to place behind it the power of public opinion. Slavery would never have been abolished in this or any other country if there had not first been a great deal of talk about it.
The other approach is prayer. As we bring before God in intercession not only the needs of our own people but those of the people of all lands, the circle of our own interest grows larger, and we are moved to service in such ways as are open. As we pray in loving concern for our enemies, "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do," enmity recedes, and reconciliation replaces vindictiveness. As we seek in prayer to lay ourselves before God for his service, duty becomes clearer, and staying-power is given for the slow, hard steps that must be taken to fashion a peaceful world.
We can have peace in the world if enough people put away complacency and unrest to find within their souls the peace that leads to works of good will. There is no likelihood of a reconstructed world without reconstructed individuals. Without the discovery of spiritual resources by great numbers of men and women the future is dark. But such resources are available for the taking. So we come back to what was said at the beginning of this book -- that of all the many things the world now needs, none is more needed than an upsurge of vital, God-centered, intelligently-grounded prayer.
We can have peace. We can have it by the help of God, as we look to Jesus Christ, our Leader and Lord. There was never a time when the words of Jesus at the Last Supper had more relevance than they have at this moment when all over the world men’s souls are burdened with fear and unrest. Across the centuries we hear him say:
Let not your heart be troubled: believe in God, believe also in me. . . . Peace I leave with you; my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be fearful. . . . These things have I spoken unto you, that in me ye may have peace. In the world ye have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.
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For as long as cetaceans have been held in captivity, marine parks and aquaria have kept an assortment of species. Today, most showcase the dependable, crowd-drawing staples (such as bottlenose and belugas) or the coveted marine park jewels (orcas, or albino dolphins – of any species). Once in a blue moon, more elusive species have cropped up at marine parks, whether they were the result of strandings or were intentional captures for study.
These cryptic dolphins have been kept only a handful of times. Yet their presence have not always been announced to the public. Some have been written only in old scientific reports, conference booklets or academic books. Most are not easily accessible via web.
Much like the Dall’s porpoise and Indus River dolphins articles I have written before, I felt these species deserve to have their chapters illuminated. The list of rare and unusual species held captive is surprisingly extensive.
Gregarious, skittish but willing to catch a ride on a ship’s bow wave, Fraser’s are an understudied pelagic species. Gathering in pods of anywhere between 100 to 1000, they have been mainly spotted in the Gulf of Mexico and Indian Ocean.
From April 1974 to July 1975, Hong Kong’s Ocean Park went on a scouting and collection mission in the Philippines to stock its developing park with various cetaceans. From June 1974 to to July 1975, sixteen Fraser’s dolphins were captured with a hoop-net in the Camotes Sea, east of Cebu City, before being hauled aboard. Some dolphins were kept in a make-shift holding pen right off the Cebu City shore, made with chain-link fence stretching 12 meters and allowing for a water depth of 6 meters. Other remaining dolphins captured in the spring and summer of 1975 were kept in a 2m-deep, 8m-diameter above-ground pool.
Once placed into the enclosures, all the captive Fraser’s went on a hunger strike; six were released after ten days because “they refused to eat and were considered poor risks.” Another six, despite being force-fed, died within 14-21 days. The remaining four managed to survive for 30-100 days (average 45 days).
Curiously, the dolphins that had been held in the sea-pen along the Cebu shore became distressed by the fluctuating water levels due to the tidal changes. The few that were held in the above-ground, enclosed pool adapted far better due to the constant water depth and levels. Nonetheless, Ocean Park curator Douglas ‘Ted’ Hammond concluded that “the nervousness and general ‘fragility’ of this species probably makes it unsuitable for captivity.”
Another Fraser’s (an adult female) was held at Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium for 20 days after it was rescued from being caught in a gill net on September 1, 1984.
Heralding from New Zealand waters, these endangered cousins of the Commerson’s dolphins had a brief stint in aquaria with poor results.
From February 6-12, 1970, Marineland Napier of Hawke Bay embarked on a capture expedition, following the conclusion of their 12-month survey on dolphin population estimates and studying their behavior. Two males and two females were captured via “tail grab” method in Cloudy Bay during the six day trip. They were held in a 5.4m x 1.2m portable pool at a former whaling station in Tory Channel before being trucked and flown to Napier, two at a time, during an hour and a half-long flight on the 13th.
While the small pod arrived “in good condition” and “readily ate” after being placed into a hospital pool filled with natural seawater pumped directly from the ocean, the optimism would not last. A female died six weeks after capture from undisclosed reasons.
Two and a half months later, more disaster struck. While details aren’t exactly clear, one of the facility’s leopard seals escaped from its enclosure, found its way into the Hector’s tanks and went on a “rampage,” killing the remaining female. While the two males were unscathed, one died two weeks after the attack – once again, his cause of death was not given. This left the remaining dolphin, ‘Narwhale,’ named after the boat that captured him, alone.
It is worth mentioning that Hector’s were highly susceptible to staph infections, as well as skin issues – which may had played a role in two of the dolphins’ deaths. In a log published in the pages of Investigations on Cetacea, it was noted on May 24 that when rough seas caused the tanks began to fill with cloudy waters, Narwhale became much more lively, diving in his enclosure more than he had ever before. Napier staff came to the conclusion that certain salinity levels and strong sunlight exacerbated his skin condition. Solar screening was installed over the pools, and tank walls were not cleaned to allow algae to grow, preventing sunlight reflection. His skin would gradually recover.
At the beginning of the summer, Narwhale was moved from the hospital pool to the main show tanks (where the common and dusky dolphins were held), and “responded well” to a month of basic training. By the fall of 1970, he could “jump and retrieve a ball on command,” performing alongside his dusky dolphin and common dolphin tank mates. He would live just two and a half years at Napier, perishing sometime in late 1972.
Northern Right Whale Dolphin
Finless and nomadic, these torpedo-esque dolphins (or Lissodelphis borealis) roam the Pacific Ocean. They have been spotted off the California coast following the shoals of squid in the winter and spring.
The United States Navy were the first to capture this species, but an exact date could not be confirmed. Forrest G. Wood, then head of the Navy’s Marine Mammal Program, mentioned that on one occasion, an undescribed number of L. borealis were captured and “survived the journey to the [Marine Bioscience Facility at the Naval Missile Center in California], but died the next day.”
A better-recorded capture attempt was undertaken by Marineland of the Pacific. On February 27, 1969, Marineland’s capture team trailed a pod near Catalina Island before deploying their modified hoop net. At the moment of capture, the dolphin “became immobile on the surface the instant the net-snare was pursed around the head and flippers.” The immature male was taken back to the park and placed in a tank with four Pacific white-sided dolphins, where upon release, it quickly fell into the pod’s swimming pattern. It died three days later; the necropsy’s findings pointed of signs of stress due to capture and shock of a new environment.
Marineland tried their luck again in 1972. On February 25, another young male L. borealis was captured, and kept in an acclimating tank with the Pacific white-sided dolphins. He ate readily the following day and survived beyond the three day mark. Three months later, he was moved into the 540,000 gallon display tank with a Dall’s porpoise. Their public debut was advertised in local newspapers, which highlighted their rarity. The L. borealis lived for a record 15 months at Marineland before dying on May 18, 1973. His cause of death was “undetermined,” yet an extensive infection of sinus flukeworms, ulcerated and abscessed sinuses was found at necropsy, which most likely contributed to his demise.
The last intentional live capture of L. borealis was in 1982, undertaken by SeaWorld, San Diego. On February 4th, two males and a female were captured. Within two weeks, the trio had perished. One died of shock, another from pneumonia, and another from cerebral hemorrhage.
Almost all L. borealis that have been taken into captivity since have been stranded individuals. A male and a female were found stranded on the Nagai coast, in the Kanagawa prefecture, Japan, on May 24, 1976. The pair were taken to Enoshima Aquarium, where they lasted for two days.
The Pacific Marine Mammal Center, a Laguna-based rescue facility specializing in caring for stranded, orphaned or injured pinnipeds, took in a male L. borealis on February 18, 2006 (stranded on San Onofre) and another on the first of October, 2007 (stranded in Marin County). Both died the day of their rescues.
As for SeaWorld San Diego, two more individuals were taken in for rehabilitation. An adult female (pictured below), found on a San Luis Obispo beach on September 1995. She lasted for a little over a month in the rehabilitation tanks; she met an untimely death when the facility experienced a brief power failure. When the lights suddenly returned, the female L. borealis became spooked and crashed into the tank walls, dying on the spot from a broken jaw and a concussion.
Another – a juvenile male – washed ashore on a Corona del Mar beach on May 21, 2006. Emaciated and sickly, it was initially pushed back into the water by a beachgoer before he restranded. He was rushed to SeaWorld San Diego, where he was tube fed synthetic dolphin milk in a recovery tank. His health never stayed stable; his behavior hinted neurological damage. He died after two weeks of care; it would be later discovered that cause of death stemmed from severe hydrocephalus, and non-suppurative meningoencephalitis caused by a Brucella infection.
Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin
Mostly inhabiting the cold, northern Atlantic ocean, Atlantic white-sided dolphins (or ‘lags,’ short for their scientific name, Lagenorhynchus acutus) have been occasionally kept in a captivity for rehabilitation purposes.
The first individual recorded was a young, 1.5m female Atlantic lag, found stranded on the isle of Texel, in northern Holland. Whether she was sent to Sea Mammal Research Company/SEAMARCO or Dolfinarium Harderwijk is not entirely certain; she survived in captivity for six days.
Since 1983, Connecticut’s Mystic Marine Life Aquarium has rehabilitated and released a small number of Atlantic white-sided dolphins. On December 7th and December 17th, 1983, Mystic received three stranded Atlantic Lags – two males and one female – from the Massachusetts coastline. One male died from pneumonia ten days after his rescue, while the other, nicknamed Harvey, rammed into the side of the medical tank on the second day of captivity, breaking his jaw.
While he recovered from the incident, his female companion would not join him at his spring release, dying from septicemia and pneumonia. Harvey, on the other hand, was released on April 11th, 1984 amongst a pod of passing-by Atlantic lags. His companions’ deaths, however, were not in vain: researchers took advantage of the situation and took swabs from all three dolphins to study their microbes, cumulating in a 1988 Zoo Biology report. In it, the authors described how all three carried several harmful microbes, including Klebsiella, Candida, Streptoccocus and Staphylococcus bacterium.
In their conclusion, they recommended new measures to separate newly rescued dolphins from the established captive colonies in any future rescue efforts.
Other lags would be rescued in 1985 and 2003, but would succumb from illness. For Mystic, the last successful rehab and release project was in February 1991, when two Atlantic lags stranded in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Rushed to the aquarium, the male-female pair were kept behind the scenes for the next eight months. Researchers D. Nelson and J. Lien pounced on the opportunity to study their behavior, learning the dolphins were quite sensitive to excessive noise and water temperature changes.
On June 9, the female Atlantic lag died without warning, despite repeated routine physical examinations. During her necropsy, a deep abscess in her right lung was discovered, which “she had harbored since stranding.” The male would stay at the aquarium until given the all-clear in early October. On the 23rd, he was taken to the coast of Cape Ann and returned to the ocean. A yellow satellite tracker was fitted onto his dorsal fin by researchers of Oregon State University’s Marine Science Center prior to his release. For six days, his movements and dive habits were were tracked before the satellite was knocked off during a severe storm.
The following resources were used in this article:
- Cetaceans Live-Captured for Ocean Park, Hong Kong April 1974-February 1983 by D.D. Hammond and Stephen Leatherwood for the International Whaling Commission Report 34 (1984).
- Marine Mammals and Man: The Navy’s Porpoises and Sea Lions (1973) by Forrest G. Wood
- Small Cetaceans held in Captivity in Australia and New Zealand by M.W. Cawthorn and D.E. Gaskin for the International Whaling Commission Report 34 (1984).
- WhaleLab Stranding Database, Shiminoseki Marine Science Academy. Last updated 2014. Translated from Japanese via CetaBase.
- Review of the Live-Capture Fishery for Smaller Cetaceans taken in Southern California Waters for Public Display, 1966-73 by William A. Walker, Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada (1975).
- The World’s Whales: The Complete Illustrated Guide by Ken Balcomb III, Larry Foster and Stan Minasian (1984)
- Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The ICUN Red Data Book by Margaret Klinowska (1991)
- Behavior patterns of two captive Atlantic white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus by D. L. Nelson and J Lien, Aquatic Mammals (1994)
- You Can Swim Home Again, Dolphin Finds by Linda Loranger, Hartford Courant, October 26, 1991
- Aquarium returning dolphin to Atlantic Ocean, Associated Press, Lubbock Evening Journal, April 13, 1984.
- Cephalorhynchus hectori subsp. bicolor sightings, capture, captivity by R.S. Abel, A.G. Dobbins and T. Brown for Investigations on Cetacea, Vol 3. (1971) edited by Giorgio Pilleri.
- Microbiological characterization of three Atlantic whiteside dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from stranding through captivity with subsequent rehabilitation and release of one animal by John D. Buck, Patricia Bubucis, and Stephen Spotte for Zoo Biology, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1988).
- The Handbook of Marine Mammals Volume 5: The First Book of Dolphins by Sam Ridgway and Richard Harrison (1994)
- The Handbook of Marine Mammals Volume 6: The Second Book of Dolphins by Sam Ridgway and Richard Harrison (1998)
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Since nearly the dawn of time, diamonds have encrusted the armor of great warriors and adorned the crowns and scepters of kings and queens. After all, the diamond was considered the emblem of fearlessness and invincibility. In fact, it was believed that mere possession of a diamond would endow the wearer with superior strength, bravery and courage.
Here are 11 of these amazing diamonds from the past and present.
1. The Blue Hope: 45.52 carats
A dark, steely blue gemstone from India, the diamond eventually named the Hope is more notorious than any other diamond. It was originally purchased by a French merchant traveler, who sold it to King Louis XIV in 1668. Set in gold and suspended on a neck ribbon, the king wore the "Blue Diamond of the Crown" or "French Blue" on ceremonial occasions. During the French Revolution in 1792, when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to flee France, the French Blue was stolen.
Evidence suggests that it was acquired in the early 1800s by King George IV of England, and likely sold at his death in 1830 to help pay off his debts. The diamond was subsequently purchased by Henry Philip Hope, from whom it takes its name. While in the possession of the Hope family, the diamond acquired its grim reputation for bad luck: The entire Hope family died in poverty.
Henry Thomas Hope's possession of the diamond was uneventful. However, one of his heirs who came to own it, Lord Francis Hope, was in financial difficulties due to a penchant for gambling. After numerous attempts (and despite the opposition of other family members) he finally succeeded in selling the Hope diamond in 1901. The diamond was purchased by a New York diamond merchant, Simon Frankel. At this point, the diamond was said to be involved in several bizarre events, although none have been substantiated.
First, a French broker by the name of Jacques Colot was said to have bought the gemstone before becoming insane and committing suicide. Next, a Russian or Eastern European prince, Ivan Kanitowsky, supposedly loaned or gave the diamond to an actress at the Folies Bergêre, who was shot the first time she wore it. The prince himself was stabbed to death by revolutionaries. A Greek jeweler who sold the diamond to the Sultan of Turkey was thrown over a cliff while riding in a car with his wife and child. Again, it is difficult to separate the fact and fiction.
It is known that after several owners, the Hope diamond was sold by Cartier's to Mrs. Evalyn Walsh McLean of Washington, D.C. Some researchers believe it was Pierre Cartier who popularized the story that the gemstone brought misfortune to its owners – and anyone who touched it.
Mrs. McLean was the daughter of Thomas F. Walsh, who amassed a fortune in gold mining. She spent her early childhood in mining camps in Colorado and South Dakota, but was later educated in Washington D.C. and in Europe. She married Edward Beale McLean, son of the owner of the Cincinnati Enquirer and the Washington Post.
Although Mrs. McLean refused to believe in the legendary Hope "curse" she also endured a number of family tragedies. Her brother died young; her nine-year-old son was run over by a car and killed; her ex-husband drank heavily and died in a mental institution; and her only daughter died of a drug overdose at age 25. Mrs. McLean never recovered from the latter tragedy, and passed away only a year later. Upon her death, Mrs. McLean's extensive jewelry collection was purchased by Harry Winston Inc. of New York City. After exhibiting it among other notable gems for the next 10 years, the firm donated it to the Smithsonian Institution, where it remains one of its premier attractions.
2. The Koh-I-Noor (Mountain of Light) Current Weight: 105.60 carats Original Weight: 186 carats
Dated through legend from before the time of Christ, this oval-cut diamond is the most famous of all diamonds. It has been said that whoever owned the Koh-I-Noor ruled the world.
It was first reported in 1304 as a diamond owned by the Rajah of Malwa. Following wars in the 1500s, it ultimately fell into the hands of the Sultan Babur, and for the next 200 years the 186-carat diamond was one of the precious jewels of the Mogul Emperors. It was believed to have once been set as one of the peacock's eyes in the famous peacock throne of Shah Jehan, who reigned in the early 1650s. In 1739, Nadir Shah, who built Persia into a major power, invaded Delhi. He obtained the Koh-I-Noor – along with the sumptuous Peacock Throne – from the vanquished Indian Emperor Mohammed Shah. Allegedly, when his pillage of Delhi failed to uncover the huge gemstone, he was told by one of the harem women that the conquered Mogul emperor had hidden it inside his turban. Taking advantage of an Oriental custom, Nadir Shah invited his captive to a feast and suggested they exchange turbans. Following the feast, he unrolled the turban and released the great gem. Seeing it, Nadir Shah cried, "Koh-I-Noor," which means mountain of light.
Nadir Shah took the gem back to Persia, and following his assassination in 1747, the diamond was fought over by his successors. When the state of Punjab was annexed to British India in 1849, the East India Company took it as insurance for the Sikh Wars. As part of its 250th Anniversary festivities, the East India Company presented the Koh-I-Noor to Queen Victoria in 1850.
The gemstone was displayed at the famous Crystal Palace Exposition, but visitors were disappointed that the diamond did not show more fire. So Victoria had the gemstone recut, reducing the diamond to its present size. In 1911, a new crown was made for the coronation of Queen Mary featuring the Koh-I-Noor as the center gemstone. In 1937, it was transferred to the crown of Queen Elizabeth (now Queen Mother) for her coronation. Currently, it is on display in the Tower of London with the British Crown Jewels.
3. The Cullinan Diamonds: 3,106 carats (rough)
The largest gem-quality diamond ever found was discovered on January 26, 1905 in the Premier Mine in South Africa. The original rough of the Cullinan Diamond measured 3,106 carats and weighed about 1 1/3 pounds. It was notable for its exquisite color and exceptional purity. Just as interesting, the gemstone possessed a surprisingly smooth cleavage face on one side, leading many experts to believe that the huge gemstone was only a piece of a larger diamond that was broken up in the weathering process.
The diamond was named for Sir Thomas Cullinan, who opened the Premier Mine. The Transvaal Government bought the diamond rough for $750,000 and presented it to England's King Edward VII on his birthday in 1907. The next year, King Edward sent the gemstone to the renowned Asscher's Diamond Co. in Amsterdam for cutting. Following months of exacting study, the rough gemstone was cleaved into nine major gems, with the largest two retained by the Royal Family for the Crown Jewels. The rough also yielded 96 smaller brilliant-cut gemstones and 9 1/2 carats of unpolished pieces.
The two largest gemstones are known as the Cullinan I and Cullinan II:
The Cullinan I (also known as the Great Star of Africa): 530.20 carats
The Cullinan I is a magnificent pear-shaped diamond with 74 facets. It is the largest gemstone cut from the Cullinan rough and, until recently, the largest cut diamond in the world. (That record is now held by the Unnamed Brown, a golden brown cushion shape diamond weighing 545.67 carats.) King Edward called it "The Great Star of Africa" and ordered it to be set in the British Imperial Scepter, which had to be redesigned to accommodate it. The Scepter is on permanent display in the Tower of London.
The Cullinan II (also known as the Lesser Star of Africa): 317.40 carats
A cushion-cut brilliant, the Cullinan II is the fourth-largest cut diamond in the world. Nicknamed the Lesser Star of Africa, it is also part of the British Crown Jewels. This square gemstone is set in the British Imperial State Crown, on display in the Tower of London.
4. The Regent: 140.50 carats
This great gemstone, originally a diamond rough of 410 carats, was said to be discovered in 1701 by an Indian slave near Golconda. Golconda was a mountain fortress and a center for trading in India that included a diamond storehouse. The diamond was first owned by William Pitt, the Prime Minister of England, but the circumstances surrounding his acquisition of the gem have been called into question several times. Pitt arranged for the gemstone to be cut into its current cushion-shaped brilliant by the only person in England considered capable of the task, which took two years. The result was a stunning gem that is considered the most perfectly cut of all the celebrated diamonds of old.
The Regent is characteristic of the finest Indian diamonds, and has a beautiful light blue tinge. Known at the time as the Pitt, the diamond was sold to the Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, who was at first hesitant to purchase the gem because of the perilous state of the Treasury. Ultimately, the Duke of Orleans relented, and shortly thereafter, the gemstone was renamed "The Regent." Later, it was set in the coronation crown of King Louis XV, and later in a headband worn by his Queen. Many of the French Crown Jewels were reset numerous times at the behest of the queen. Sadly, in September 1792, the Regent and other great diamonds in the Crown Jewel collection were stolen, some disappearing forever. Fortunately, the Regent reappeared in a Paris attic a year later. After coming to power in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the diamond set in his sword hilt, which he carried at his coronation two years later. Today, the Regent can be admired at the Louvre in Paris.
5. The Centenary: 273.85 carats
The 100-year anniversary of De Beers Consolidated Mines coincided with the fortuitous discovery of an extraordinary diamond rough. At its centennial banquet, the De Beers chairman announced the recovery of "a diamond of 599 carats which is perfect in color – indeed, it is one of the largest top color diamonds ever found. Naturally, it will be called the 'Centenary Diamond.'"
The Centenary diamond was found at South Africa's Premier Mine on July 17, 1986 using an electronic x-ray recovery system. In its rough form, the gemstone resembled an irregular matchbox, with angular planes, a prominent, elongated protrusion at one corner, and a deep concave on the largest flat surface. Clearly, it would be daunting to cut, with no obvious approach readily apparent.
It took a master cutter three years to transform the gemstone into the largest modern-cut flawless diamond. The Centenary has 75 facets on top, 89 on the bottom and 83 on the girdle, for a total of 247. The amazing result was achieved using a combination of some of the oldest cutting methods and the most sophisticated technology. Today, this marvelous gem, exemplifying the ultimate in fire and brilliance for which the diamond is prized, is part of the British Crown Jewels. It was presented at the Tower of London in 1991, where it is on permanent display.
6. The Orlov: 300 carats (original rough)
The history of this famous diamond is characterized by legend, fact, speculation and theory. But it is considered one of the most important items in the Treasures of the USSR Diamond Fund, one of the world's greatest collections of gems and jewelry. The USSR Diamond Fund comprises many of the historical jewels that were amassed by the rulers of Russia before the Revolution of 1917, along with exceptional diamonds unearthed in the former Soviet Union during the last three decades.
The Orlov's shape has been likened to half of a pigeon's egg. It has roughly 180 facets and is mounted in the Imperial Scepter, fashioned during the reign of Catherine the Great. The Orlov has been confused with the Great Mogul, a fascinating Indian gem that apparently disappeared without a trace. Another account holds that the earliest known fact about the Orlov is that it was set as one of the eyes of an idol in a sacred temple located in the South of India. Another tale suggests that it was set as the eye of God in the temple of Sri Rangen, and was stolen by a French soldier disguised as a Hindu.
The gemstone takes its name from Count Grigori Grigorievich Orlov, a Russian nobleman and army officer who caught the fancy of the Grand Duchess, destined to become Catherine the Great. Catherine ascended to the throne after her husband was dethroned and murdered in a coup carried out with the help of Orlov. After she purchased the gemstone, it was set beneath the golden eagle. Another legend suggests that upon entering Moscow, Napoleon sought the gem, which was concealed in the tomb of a priest in the Kremlin. Reportedly, when one of Napoleon's lieutenants attempted to secure the Orlov, the invaders were cursed by the ghost of the priest, and Napoleon and his bodyguards fled empty-handed.
7. The Idol's Eye: 79.20 carats
Echoing the legend of the Orlov, this flattened, pear-shaped gemstone the size of a bantam's egg was once set in the eye of an idol before it was stolen. Legend also holds that it was given as a ransom for Princess Rasheetah by the Sheik of Kashmir to the Sultan of Turkey, who had abducted her.
Despite abundant unproven accounts of its early origins, the first authenticated facts of this diamond's history were associated with its appearance at a Christie's sale in London in 1865. At the sale, it was sold to a mysterious buyer later identified as the 34th Ottomon Sultan, Abd al-Hamid II. Hamid II was ultimately defeated by opposition that became known as the Young Turks. One version of events holds that in exile, he entrusted his jewels to a servant who betrayed him and sold them in Paris, including the large diamond known as the "Idol's Eye."
The Idol's Eye re-emerged at the end of World War II, when it was acquired by a Dutch dealer, and subsequently by Harry Winston in 1946. Winston sold it to Mrs. May Bonfils Stanton, the daughter of the publisher and co-founder of the Denver Post. It was reported that Mrs. Stanton lived in isolation in a palatial mansion and wore the Idol's Eye to her solitary breakfast every morning. After her death, the diamond went through a succession of owners, until it was sold with two other important gemstones to a private buyer.
8. The Taylor-Burton: 69.42 carats
As many people today remember, this was the spectacular pear-shaped diamond the late actor Richard Burton bought as a gift for his fifth wife, Elizabeth Taylor. The gemstone came from a rough piece of 240.80 carats that was purchased by Harry Winston. Once it was cut, the larger piece yielding the pear-shaped gemstone was sold to Mrs. Harriet Annenberg Ames, whose brother, Walter Annenberg, was the American ambassador in London during Richard Nixon's presidency. Mrs. Ames felt uncomfortable wearing such a large diamond, and sent it to auction in New York in October, 1969.
The diamond was purchased at auction for a then-record $1,050,000, with the understanding that it could be named by the buyer. Cartier of New York proved the successful bidder and immediately christened it 'Cartier.' However, the next day, Richard Burton bought the gemstone for Elizabeth Taylor for an undisclosed sum. She first wore the gem as a pendant at Princess Grace's 40th birthday party in Monaco.
In 1978, following her divorce from Mr. Burton, Miss Taylor announced that she was putting the diamond up for sale, with the proceeds dedicated to building a hospital in Botswana. Due to the tremendous costs of showing it, prospective buyers were required to pay $2,500 just to inspect the diamond. Miss Taylor eventually sold the Taylor-Burton for a reported figure of $5 million in 1979. The gem was last seen in Saudi Arabia.
9. The Sancy: 55 carats
This pear-shaped gemstone with a confused heritage disappeared during the French Revolution in 1782. It was originally owned by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who lost the diamond in battle in 1477. It was named after a later owner, Seigneur de Sancy, a French Ambassador to Switzerland during the late 16th century. There are numerous questions regarding how Mr. Sancy obtained his diamond, but most likely, he acquired it on his travels in the Far East.
Nicholas de Sancy served two French monarchs loyally: He loaned the diamond to the French king, Henry III, who strategically placed it on his cap to conceal his baldness. It was also pledged by Sancy for the purpose of raising troops in Switzerland. He employed his diamond again on behalf of his sovereign, now Henry IV, the first of the Bourbon dynasty. By 1596, Sancy himself was in need of money and eventually sold the large diamond to King James I of England. In 1625, Charles I disposed of other diamonds but retained the Sancy, which was taken by Queen Henrietta Maria along with other jewels in the Royal Treasury. It later came into the possession of Cardinal Jules Mazirin, acting First Minister of the Crown, who bequeathed the Sancy and another gemstone to the French Crown. Following the French Revolution, a gemstone believed to be the Sancy found its way to a Spanish nobleman, and eventually in 1828 to Prince Nicholas Demidoff, whose family owned industries and silver mines in Russia. The Sancy passed to his son, who gave it to his Finnish bride.
Following additional travels around the world, the Sancy was purchased by William Waldorf Astor in the 1890s for his wife, Lady Astor. Lady Astor, the first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons, wore the Sancy set in a tiara at numerous state occasions. In 1978, the four Viscount Astor sold the Sancy, reputedly for $1,000,000. It is now on view at the Louvre in Paris.
10. The Dresden Green: 41 carats
This almond-shaped gemstone is the largest apple-green diamond known. Its green color is attributed to the crystal's close contact with a radioactive source at some point in its lifetime. The Dresden Green, which probably originated in a rough crystal of 100 carats or more, is unique among world-famous gems for not only its color, but also its elongated shape. The Dresden Green gets its name from the capital of Saxony where it has been on display for more than 200 years.
Although of Indian origin, nothing was known of the diamond until Frederick Augustus II of Saxony purchased it at the Leipzig Fair in 1743 for about $150,000. Set in an elaborate shoulder knot, the gemstone was exhibited with the other Crown Jewels of Saxony in the famous Green Vaults under the Dresden Palace. After World War II, these gems were confiscated by the Russians, but they were returned to Dresden in 1958, and are again on display in the palace.
11. The Jubilee: 245.33 carats
The Jubilee is a magnificent, colorless cushion-cut diamond that at one time ranked the sixth largest diamond in the world. More importantly, many gemologists consider the Jubilee the most perfectly cut of all large diamonds. That is because its facets are so exact that the gem can be balanced on the culet point, which measures less than 2 millimeters across.
The original rough gemstone weighed 650.80 carats and was an irregular octahedron in shape, lacking definite faces. It was found in late 1895 at the Jagersfontein Mine in South Africa, and acquired by a syndicate of London diamond merchants who sent it to Amsterdam for polishing. The first cleaving of the rough yielded a fine pear-shaped diamond in excess of 13 carats that was presented by the king of Portugal to his wife. The remaining large piece was polished into the gemstone known as the Jubilee.
During the cutting period, when the gemstone's exceptional size and purity became evident, there were initial plans to present the diamond to Queen Victoria upon completion, but this did not occur. However, the following year, 1897, marked the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Therefore, the gem was appropriately renamed the Jubilee to commemorate the occasion. Its introduction was also significant in the world of diamonds, which saw its first diamond with the characteristics of both the rose and brilliant cuts – which would subsequently be known as the Jubilee cut.
In 1900 the syndicate displayed the Jubilee at the Paris Exhibition, where it was an immensely popular attraction. Shortly thereafter, it was purchased by an Indian industrialist and philanthropist, Sir Dorabji Jamsetji Tata, whose family was instrumental in modern India's economic development. Tata's heirs sent the Jubilee to Cartier for sale. Cartier exhibited it with other historic diamonds prior to selling it to a Paris industrialist and arts patron, M. Paul-Louis Weiller, who remains its present owner.
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Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati
The Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati originated in Emmitsburg, Maryland where Elizabeth Seton founded the first community of women religious native to the United States in July 1809. These women devoted themselves to the education of children, care of orphans, the poor and the sick.
Shortly after its foundation the community began receiving requests from bishops around the country for sisters to serve in their dioceses. Such a request resulted in four Sisters of Charity arriving in Cincinnati, Ohio in October 1829 to open St. Peter’s school and orphanage for girls. This foundation was the first permanent establishment of a women’s religious community in the diocese of Cincinnati. By the late 1840s the number of sisters increased to 13 and the school and orphanage served a population of 300 young women.
At this time the sisters in Cincinnati learned that their superiors in Emmitsburg had arranged to affiliate their community with the French Daughters of Charity. Seven sisters, under the leadership of the local superior, Sister Margaret George, refused to participate in this change since they felt that it violated Elizabeth Seton’s vision for the community. With the encouragement and assistance of Archbishop John Purcell, they formed the diocesan community of the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati March 25, 1852.
Within a few months their work expanded to include a boys’ orphanage and the first Catholic hospital in Cincinnati. They opened a novitiate, and as their numbers grew, expanded geographically. Their first mission outside Cincinnati was in Dayton, Ohio in 1857.
When the Civil War broke out, the sisters volunteered as nurses. Over one-third of the community, by then numbering more than 100, saw active service both on the eastern front in Ohio, Maryland and Virginia, and on the western front in Mississippi, Kentucky and Tennessee. Sister Anthony O’Connell became widely known as the “Angel of the Battlefield” due to her outstanding medical work as well as her dynamic personality.
Immediately following the war, four sisters went to Santa Fe to open St. Vincent’s, the first hospital in the New Mexico Territory. Other sisters soon followed as the work expanded to include an orphanage, industrial school for girls, care for the indigent poor and other social needs. The sisters supported themselves and their works by begging at the railroad and mining camps throughout the west. Soon other western missions were accepted until by the 1880s the community has sisters in cities and towns along the front range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico. The most colorful and well-known of the sisters to serve in the west during the early period was S. Blandina Segale. Her letters and journals became the basis for a book, At the End of the Santa Fe Trail, and subsequently for articles, movies and plays.
S. Blandina Segale
As the community continued to grow it was able to offer assistance in the establishment of two additional branches of Sisters of Charity: the Sisters of Charity of St. Elizabeth at Convent Station, New Jersey (1859), and the Sisters of Charity of Seton Hill in Greensburg, Pennsylvania (1870).
Meanwhile the sisters widened the expanse of their work in the Midwest. Many new parish schools were accepted in the Cincinnati area and throughout Ohio. The first sisters sent to Michigan in 1872 were the beginning of a long and substantial commitment by the congregation in that state. In Cincinnati, the hospital grew and became known as The Good Samaritan. What began there as a service to unwed mothers and their babies grew to become St. Joseph Infant and Maternity Home in 1873.
The community relocated its motherhouse in the 1880s when they purchased property in Delhi Township, as area west of Cincinnati. It was here that the present motherhouse, Mount St. Joseph, was build in stages over a 15 year period. This complex sits on a bluff overlooking the Ohio River and serves as the administrative, educational and retirement center for the community.
By the end of the nineteenth century the community became involved in work with Italian immigrants. The Santa Maria Italian Educational and Institutional Home was incorporated as the first Catholic settlement house in the United States and became the foundation for an Archdiocesan social services program.
As the scope of education expanded the Sisters of Charity responded. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, schools of nursing were opened in hospitals sponsored by the congregation. In the early twentieth century the community assumed responsibility for running a boarding school for deaf and hard of hearing students. The establishment of parish, diocesan and community sponsored high schools required the involvement of more and more sisters. In 1920 the College of Mount St. Joseph was founded to respond to the increasing demand for higher education for women.
In the 1920s the community decided to change its status from a diocesan to a papal community. This led to the adoption of new Constitutions and a change of habit.
China became the first Sister of Charity foreign mission. In 1928 six sisters arrived in Wuchang, a city about 750 miles up the Yangtze River from Shanghai. They opened a hospital and dispensary, cared for the aged and orphans, rang a school for young children and a training program for nurses. By the early 1930s young Chinese women began to join the community and in 1934 a novitiate was opened in China. The sisters worked through the Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II and the Chinese civil war but left in 1949 in the wake of the Communist takeover. Other foreign involvements include running an orphanage in Rome in the 1950s and 60s, missions in Peru from the 1960s to the 1990s, and a sojourn in Africa during the 1970s.
With the passing decades the community experienced continued growth. By 1925 there were nearly 1000 members; by 1951 the number had grown to 1300. By the end of the decade most sisters taught while other engaged in works such as health care and social services. Membership reached its highest at just over 1600 in the mid 1960s.
The change within the Catholic church resulting from the Second Vatican Council resulted in the community reassessing its ministry, lifestyle, sponsorship of institutions and internal governance. An Associate program, initiated in 1975, invites friend and co-workers to share in the mission of the community. That same year Elizabeth Seton was named the first American-born saint by the Catholic church.
In 1979 all Sister of Charity sponsored health care institutions were brought together in the Sisters of Charity Health Care Systems under the leadership of Sister Grace Marie Hiltz. This became one of the largest Catholic health care systems in the United States until it joined with other systems to form Catholic Health Initiative in the 1990s.
The Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati currently have 290 members. Besides traditional ministries of teaching, health care and social work, sisters are engaged throughout the United States in such works as parish ministry, administrative positions, hospital chaplaincies, work with senior citizens and with the poor. In addition the congregation sponsors grant and low-interest loan programs to assist community development and social justice organizations and projects.
Mahoney, Sister Benedicta, S.C., We Are Many: A History of the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati 1898-1971. Mount St. Joseph, Ohio: Sisters of Charity, 1982.
McCann, Sister Mary Agnes, S.C., The History of Mother Seton's Daughters: The Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati Ohio 1809- 1917, 3 vol. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1917.
Metz, Judith, S.C., “Women of Faith and Service: The Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati.” Mount St. Joseph, Ohio: Sisters of Charity, 1997.
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Speeding is a serious problem on our roads and can have devastating consequences. The faster the car travels at the time of an accident, the more likely the occupants will sustain serious injuries or fatalities.
By understanding the impact of speed on car crash injuries, motorists can work to incorporate safer driving habits and reduce the number of motor vehicle accidents.
1. High force of impact
When a car travels at high speeds, the force of impact in a collision is much greater than at lower paces. The science behind speeding follows the laws of physics and includes several factors, including velocity, the car’s weight and kinetic force.
2. Reduced reaction time
The risk of a fatal car crash increases considerably since the heavier the vehicle, the harder it is for the driver to brake. When a driver travels at high speeds, they have less time to react to roadway conditions or the actions of other motorists. Additionally, when a car accident occurs, the high speed reduces the time available for safety systems such as the car’s airbags to deploy. This can further increase the risk of severe injury.
3. Increased severity of injuries
High-speed car crashes also tend to result in more severe injuries. For example, these types of accidents are more likely to cause traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or spinal cord injuries (SCI). These severe injuries can require extensive medical treatment and rehabilitation.
4. Ejection from the vehicle
When a motorist drives at high speeds, the impact force can cause passengers to fly out of the vehicle. This especially happens in rollover accidents where the roof of the car collapses. Ejection from a moving vehicle dramatically increases the risk of severe injury or death.
Knowing the relationship between vehicle speed and injuries can promote roadway safety.
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If the animals in front are continually changing and the direction of the whole herd
is constantly altered, this is because in order to follow a given direction the animals transfer their will to the animals that have attracted our attention, and to study the movements of the herd
we must watch the movements of all the prominent animals moving on all sides of the herd
I can take the herd round through the jungle to the head of the ravine and then sweep down --but he would slink out at the foot.
The other herd children, watching with the cattle half a mile away, hurried to the village as fast as their legs could carry them, crying that the buffaloes had gone mad and run away.
As if glad to seek the smallest signs of the forest, the whole of the affrighted herd
became steady in its direction, rushing in a straight line toward the little cover of bushes, which has already been so often named.
You forget that you came with me to-day to buy a herd
of horned beasts; likewise that he who dines at the Greenwood Inn must pay the landlord.
Never mind whom,'' answered Gurth, who had now got his herd
before him, and, with the aid of Fangs, was driving them down one of the long dim vistas which we have endeavoured to describe.
A strange purring sound issued from the mouth in the palm of one of his hands, and at the same time he started rapidly toward the bluff, followed by the entire herd
Meanwhile the herd
had crashed off in wild alarm in the other direction.
I think you ought to sell the herd
anyway," he went on.
In a rough circle about him and the ape-man squatted the bulls of his herd
In the very heart of the herd
the din was terrific.
That he had once, by way of experiment, privately removed a heap of these stones from the place where one of his YAHOOS had buried it; whereupon the sordid animal, missing his treasure, by his loud lamenting brought the whole herd
to the place, there miserably howled, then fell to biting and tearing the rest, began to pine away, would neither eat, nor sleep, nor work, till he ordered a servant privately to convey the stones into the same hole, and hide them as before; which, when his YAHOO had found, he presently recovered his spirits and good humour, but took good care to remove them to a better hiding place, and has ever since been a very serviceable brute.
A plump young mare and a fat stallion grazed nearest to him as he neared the herd
Cruz we saw one herd
which must have contained at least five hundred.
Wide prairies Vegetable productions Tabular hills Slabs of sandstone Nebraska or Platte River Scanty fare Buffalo skulls Wagons turned into boats Herds
of buffalo Cliffs resembling castles The chimney Scott's Bluffs Story connected with them The bighorn or ahsahta Its nature and habits Difference between that and the "woolly sheep," or goat of the mountains
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Friction that happens very often at the cleft situated on the top of your buttocks may cause hair or dirt in the area to get buried in the skin. This may trigger your immune system to spring into action, causing a cavity to form around the embedded foreign object in an attempt to contain it. When infected, what’s known as pilonidal cyst develops.
It’s not all the time that the cyst your body creates around the embedded hair or dirt becomes infected. When it does, problems such as pain, inflammation and even fever may arise. Blood, pus as well as foul odor may emanate from the site of infection. Pilonidal cyst, when diagnosed very early on, may be treated with a course of antibiotics. Otherwise, the abscess may have to be surgically removed.
This condition is common in people who spend a lot of time sitting, such as taxi drivers and office workers. Experts say that it also develops more frequently in men as well as young adults. Depending on the severity of the infection and the effectiveness of the treatment, pilonidal cyst usually heals anywhere from 4 to 10 weeks.
Spending a long time sitting and friction that occurs frequently in the area of the buttocks may cause hair or sometimes dirt at the cleft of your buttocks to end up embedded in the skin. Your body forms a cavity around it, thinking that it’s an invader and can leave you with a health problem. The said cavity may be attacked by bacteria, ending up infected.
Experts also blame the hormones for the development of this condition. This is exactly the reason why pilonidal cyst is very common in young adults as hormonal changes are going on in their bodies.
Just like what’s mentioned earlier, pilonidal cyst is a common problem in people who need to sit for long periods of time. It also usually happens to males because they are naturally hairier than women. Young adults are also at high risk of developing the condition because of their hormones.
Wearing undergarments that are too tight or simply cause a lot of friction to take place in the buttocks may also increase your chances of ending up with this usually painful problem.
Initially, you may notice a depression or dimple at the cleft on the top of your buttocks. This means that your body has already formed a cavity around the embedded hair or dirt.
Once bacteria invades the area and causes an infection, a cyst that is filled with pus forms. You will definitely feel pain in the area whether you are standing or sitting. It’s not unlikely for both pus and blood to drain from the infection, causing fouls smell to come from the area. Since your body is battling an infection, you may end up with fever. The development of several holes in the skin is also possible.
When diagnosed early on, a doctor may recommend broad-spectrum antibiotics. This means that the antibiotics you have to take are capable of killing off an assortment of bacteria. Despite of this, it’s still important to have a follow-up exam.
There are instances when a doctor may inject the site with an antiseptic called phenol in order to eliminate bacteria and promote the healing of the infection. There are a few downsides to this mode of treatment for pilonidal cyst. For instance, it has to be performed several times and there’s a possibility that the problem may recur.
Surgery may be warranted for severe cases of pilonidal cyst. In the said procedure, your doctor will open the abscess to remove pus and blood present. The site will be then closed and dressed.
Keeping the site where pilonidal cyst commonly develops clean is very important. You have to wash the area regularly, making sure that you rinse off all the soap completely. You may also dodge having pilonidal cyst by avoiding sitting for long periods of time.
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| 0.960277 | 808 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A question that often arises in our consulting and training practices concerns the relationship between Test-Driven Development (TDD) and Acceptance-Test-Driven Development (ATDD). Which is “really” TDD, and which should an organization focus on in terms of which comes first, and which should achieve the most attention and resources?
It’s not uncommon for someone to refer to TDD as “developers writing unit tests before the production code”. That is one form of TDD, certainly, but is a subset of a larger set of ideas and processes.
Similarly, it’s not uncommon for someone to refer to ATDD as “acceptance tests being written before the development cycle begins”. Again, this is not incorrect, but it is usually seen as a separate thing from what the developers do which is typically thought of as “TDD”.
The truth is they are both TDD. They are not conducted in the same way nor by the same people (entirely), and the value they provide is different (but compatible) … but at the end of the day TDD is the umbrella that they both fall under. TDD is a software development paradigm.
This blog series will begin by investigating the differences between these two forms of the overall “Test-Driven” process, which we will call (for clarity) ATDD and UTDD (or “Unit-Test-Driven Development”, which most people think of as TDD). We will see how they differ in terms of:
- Who is involved? Who creates these “tests”, updates them, and can ultimately read and understand them in the future? We will use the term “Audience” to describe the different groups that conduct ATDD and UTDD.
- When they are done, and the granularity of their activities. This “Cadence”, as we shall see, is quite different and for good reason.
- Finally, we will examine the difference in the value and the necessity of the effort to automate these two different processes. Both certainly can be automated, but how critical is such automation, what value is derived with and without it, and where should the effort to automate fall in the adoption process? We will call this section “Automation”.
- Shared understanding of the valuable behaviors that make up a requirement, and the way those behaviors satisfy the expectations of the stakeholders.
- The preservation of high-worth enterprise knowledge in a form that can retain its value over time.
- The creation of a high-quality architecture and design, and all the value that this brings in terms of the ability of the organization to respond to market challenges, opportunities, and changes.
Links to the parts of the blog:
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CC-MAIN-2024-10
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http://www.sustainabletdd.com/2018/07/test-driven-development-in-larger.html
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en
| 0.960764 | 585 | 2.59375 | 3 |
causets – Draw causal set (Hasse) diagrams
This LaTeX package uses TikZ to generate (Hasse) diagrams for causal sets (causets) to be used inline with text or in mathematical expressions. The macros can also be used in the tikzpicture environment to annotate or modify a diagram, as shown with some examples in the documentation.
|Licenses||The LaTeX Project Public License 1.3|
|Copyright||2020–2023 C. Minz|
|Contained in||TeX Live as causets|
MiKTeX as causets
Download the contents of this package in one zip archive (656.4k).
Maybe you are interested in the following packages as well.
- string-diagrams: Create string diagrams with LaTeX and TikZ
- smartdiagram: Generate diagrams from lists
- messagepassing: Draw diagrams to represent communication protocols
- simplenodes: Simple nodes in four colors written in TikZ for LaTeX
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| 0.707664 | 321 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Along with the many theories about the origin of the Egyptian pyramids, there are those that believe the work of the Pyramids took place under the work of aliens. These theories are based on the following evidence:
Both diagonals of a pyramid in some cases can continue to extend beyond the northeast and northwest, meaning the fully protect the Nile Delta. This is not possible to achieve with human effort, as space is extremely large and diagonals have to be located with precise accuracy. This could only be achieved by aircraft which are flying high enough above the ground to see where the delta of the Nile is and how to build a pyramid so that its diagonals lay on those two lines.
Again, it appears that the Great Pyramid lines up exactly with the magnetic North Pole with only a small difference. It is believed that it is not possible for Egyptians to had built the pyramid because they did not have a compass. The compass was invented several thousand years later. Maybe alien civilizations with their knowledge and new technologies could establish the actual time of the magnetic North and South Pole?
The location of the Sphinx, Great Pyramid of Giza and neighboring Pyramid in the summer evenings show the sun located exactly between the two pyramids. Then it would had been necessary for the to know precisely the day of the summer solstice, and be able to determine that only if they know the exact length of the year, namely 365 days, a fact which was discovered much later.
The location of the three Pyramids of Giza is exactly consistent with the position of three stars in the constellation Orion, as position and size. While it is possible, it would create difficulties for the Egyptians in terms of measuring large distances.
It seems more plausible that the possibility of aliens came to the earth in 10, 500 BC and built these Pyramids and Sphinx. They had made the head of a lion, which corresponds to both the constellation Orion and the constellation Leo. Thousands of years later, the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses decided that he wanted to have his statue in the lands with the lion head and ordered one to be put the same along the lines of the lions head. However no Egyptian had much experience in masonry and built the head too small.
Another interesting fact is that if the perimeter of a pyramid is divided by twice the height, it is given a figure equal to the number pi, estimated 14, 159 until the fifteenth figure. The chances of this happening are generally very small. It is unlikely that the ancient Egyptians can not know what is the number pi, because it was not calculated accurately to the fourth digit to the VI century, when even the pyramids are calculated until the fifteenth.
Interesting is the fact that although the parties on the basis of the pyramid is approximately 757 feet long, it was almost a perfect square. Every corner of its base is exactly 90 degrees. Possibility of this being achieved by human effort is extremely small.See more
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| 0.979215 | 599 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Killing trees is bad for the environment, and so is burning stuff for energy. So why would combining the two be anything other a flaming middle finger pointed at our planet? Here's the thinking: Unlike fossil fuels, trees are already part of Earth's carbon cycle. So when you burn a tree, you're only releasing the carbon that the tree had stored up, carbon that would have been released anyway when the tree died and decomposed. That's why the new energy bill that just passed in the Senate—with bipartisan support, no less—includes an amendment saying that biomass should be classified as a carbon neutral energy source.
So does this mean that the Senate has actually made a positive environmental policy decision? No, you crazy optimist. The Senate is just buying into the carbon-accounting loophole that the European Union has been exploiting: Burning wood pellets doesn't actually give you a carbon footprint of zero, it's just a sneaky way to have your cake and eat it too.
Basically, this is just the latest update from the "ketchup is a vegetable" school of science that politicians seem to love. The interest here, though, is the way the science almost works out.
You, me, your dog, the trees in the forest, the rocks in the ground, the Pacific Ocean, are all part of the global carbon cycle: the way carbon gets passed around the planet by processes like respiration and photosynthesis. Forests are a particularly important part of that cycle because they convert the carbon in carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, a form of long-term storage called carbon sequestration. Once it becomes part of the wood, that carbon will stay trapped in a time out for the complete lifecycle of the tree. Which, in our carbon dioxide-saturated world, is pretty important. It's also why your neighbor thinks planting some trees will offset the emissions belching out of their SUV's tailpipe.
Thinking that biomass is carbon neutral takes this a step further. To convert biomass into usable energy, you have to burn wood pellets made of compressed sawdust to generate thermal energy, which power plant turbines convert to mechanical energy, which a generator then turns into electrical energy. Essentially, wood pellets are to biomass what coal is to fossil fuels. If you consider the wood alone, burning a tree as wood pellets can only release the carbon that was already in the tree. That amount goes up into the atmosphere. You plant another tree in its place, that tree sucks the carbon dioxide back down, sequesters it, and boom, you're carbon neutral.
Net zero is theoretically possible. But in the real world? It requires some careful regulations and a long list of qualifiers, none of which this amendment, found in the Energy Policy Modernization Act, takes into account.
Biomass is carbon neutral when you consider the lifecycle of a whole forest, which could be as long as a century, according to Scott Johnstone, Executive Director of the Vermont Energy Investment Corporation, a non-profit dedicated to renewable energy sources. Too bad we need to stop climate change now. And trusting humanity to responsibly cut down trees—taking only mature trees, encouraging understory growth, and replanting—is like trusting kids to responsibly ration their Halloween candy. "It would be great to strengthen the laws around sustainable harvesting," says Johnstone.
And a forest isn't only trees. "A very large percentage of the carbon stored in the forest is actually stored in the soil itself," says Sami Yassa, senior scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council. "Say you go in and log a forest, take the lumber to a sawmill, and burn only the tops of the branches. That might be carbon neutral. But all of that soil that gets disturbed gets oxidized." Oxidation releases carbon that would otherwise be stored, and a lot of it: According to the US Forest Service, soil can sequester up to twice as much carbon as the aboveground forest ecosystem.
In fact, even the scientists who signed a letter that the amendment's primary sponsor, Senator Susan Collins—a Maine Republican—cites as scientific backing are hedging. "I haven't signed something in support of the Collins Amendment," said Professor James A. Allen, Executive Director of Northern Arizona University's School of Forestry. "I signed a cover letter that outlined general, I think uncontroversial, principles regarding carbon biomass accounting."
That cover letter, which was signed by many scientists, notably does not say that biomass is categorically carbon neutral. And it's the a priori classification that has scientists so worried. Yassa says treating biomass as carbon neutral will erode the gains made by the Clean Power Plan—which puts heavy restrictions on coal use—by up to 11 percent. "You create emissions you're not counting," she says. "And that will contribute to and accelerate climate change and its damaging effects."
And, like almost everything to do with climate change, this policy shift could disproportionately and adversely affect the poor. While its supports will tell you again and again that biomass is the way to go because it's 'carbon better' or 'greener' than fossil fuels, no one is going to claim that it's less expensive. "Price becomes an issue," said Gary Kronrad, Professor of Resource Economics at SFA's Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture. "If the price of electricity goes up, you know who is going to suffer." Economically speaking, the only winners are going to be the landowners, because, as Kronrad points out, "trees are a high value product just standing in the forest."
Except trees don't just stand around doing nothing. And even if it were possible to chop and regrow efficiently enough to make biomass carbon neutral, the forest would only be barely breaking even. In other words, not pulling out the excesses of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere. So, killing trees, still bad for the environment.
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| 0.965914 | 1,210 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Our revolutionary Constitution violated two accepted truths of 18th century political science: stable republics require small territories, and external commerce was detrimental to republics.
As to the first, any government that depends on the direct or indirect participation of the people requires a certain commonality in traditions, religion, and culture. This was thought possible only in city-states or across small territories. Yet, not only history, but our experience after 1776 had shown that even small republics had to guard against majoritarian tyranny. All forms of direct or indirect democracies were prone to the rise of factions that would put their interests ahead of the common good. State governments under the Articles of Confederation largely exemplified this troubling pathology.
Second, at our founding, commerce was regarded as debasing. Its promotion spurred inequality, avarice, selfishness, vanity and undue consumption in the pursuit of luxury. The resulting tensions and suspicions in a society of otherwise equals promoted the rise of factional interests opposed to the common good.
James Madison and our Framers rejected both of these accepted truths. In so doing, they redefined republicanism.
To combat the destructive effect of existing factions that our early state governments could not arrest, our Constitution set up a complex system of divided powers and checks among institutions designed to implement the natural functions of any government: legislative, executive and judicial. Only the House of Representatives was popularly derived. The rest of the government was either federal in nature (Senate, Electoral College, and Article V), or even further isolated from the people through the judicial nomination and appointment process. Taken all together, our 1787 Constitution was purposely anti-democratic.
To thwart the formation of factional interests, Madison theorized that an extended commercial republic would encourage the rise of so many diverse interests that none could become strong enough to threaten the republic. By replacing divisions over the amount of property with divisions over the kinds of property, the ages-old conflict between rich and poor could be largely overcome.
The security of these guardrails to free government no longer exist. Separation of powers is a distant memory. Instead of working to minimize the corrosion of faction, one political party in particular is devoted to enflaming every possible societal, racial and economic division. Toward what purpose? Their own parasitic power. Our government has become a factional interest of its own. It is willing to destroy that upon which it depends, a healthy republic composed of a civil society attentive to personal industry and devoted to liberty.
We can wish and imagine all we want that our existing Constitution still serves its designed purposes to “. . . establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity . . . “
But it doesn’t. How much longer shall we fantasize that those who feed from its corruption will reform it? Our Constitution needs improvement.
We are the many; our oppressors are the few. Be proactive. Be a Re-Founder. Join Convention of States. Sign our COS Petition.
Peacock, Anthony A. How to Read the Federalist Papers. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2010. Book.
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en
| 0.954711 | 661 | 3.234375 | 3 |
After a serious accident, distressing physical effects may start to appear, especially in your neck or back.
A spinal cord injury can affect every area of your life, including your mental health and physical well-being. However, not all symptoms are easy to notice, and some can persist for months after an accident.
According to the Mayo Clinic, it may be hard to tell whether items are warm or cold just by holding them. This injury changes your sense of touch, which leaves you more susceptible to sores or burns from this complication.
Spinal trauma can also cause strange feelings of pressure in your neck or back. This tingling can spread to your hands or other limbs, which may turn partially numb if the symptoms linger.
Your nerve fibers may even feel painful from complications from the accident or injury. Not every ache is immediately noticeable since sometimes adrenaline covers it up directly after the incident. This means that you may notice increased health issues as time goes on.
Trouble with movement
This pain, along with the muscle issues, can make it hard to do simple tasks. Spasms and unusual movements can be a sign of a worse problem. This can impact your muscles, which may become weak and soft or uncontrollably tight at various times.
You may even notice you feel off-balance or more easily fall while walking. This incoordination can make it harder to do everyday tasks like drive and go to work. Spinal cord trauma is serious, and taking notice of these subtle signs can help you determine whether or not you sustained injuries.
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.borenandboyd.com/blog/2021/03/what-are-some-hidden-signs-of-a-spinal-cord-injury/
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en
| 0.939093 | 318 | 2.734375 | 3 |
- 1907-1925: Childhood and adolescence
Joseph-Armand Bombardier was born on April 16, 1907, in Valcourt, in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada. No one in this peaceful farming village could have foreseen the exceptional destiny that lay ahead for the newborn.
- 1926-1938 : first success
Joseph-Armand returns to Valcourt in 1926 to open his own garage. His father lends him money, and his family helps build the garage. He’s only 19, but his remarkable ability to solve any mechanical problem, whether dealing with cars, bench saws, or agricultural pumps, earns him an outstanding reputation throughout the region. His success allows him to pay back his father’s loan by 1929.
A concern through his youth is the isolation of Quebec villages in winter, which prevented motorized travel. Joseph-Armand takes advantage of his seasonal business to put his genius to work seeking a solution to snowbound winters.
- 1939-1945 : the war years
Success of the B7 snowmobile is such that by 1939 the L’Auto-Neige Bombardier is unable to keep up with demand. A more modern plant is built in 1940 with an annual production capacity of 200 vehicles. It will be inaugurated on January 29, 1941 under the name L’Auto-Neige Bombardier.
- 1946-1948 : postwar growth
L’Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée experiences a boom period beginning in 1946. Demand for civilian snowmobiles returns and increases rapidly. The 1940 plant is no longer able to respond to demand, so in 1947 L’Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée builds an assembly line plant with a capacity of 1000 vehicles, inspired by Ford factory assembly lines.
- 1949-1958 : industrial vehicles
The future seems certain, but 1948-1949 brings new challenges to L’Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée. On top of a winter of very light snow, the Quebec government adopts a policy demanding all rural routes be cleared a major blow to the snowmobile market. In one year, sales fall by close to $1 million.
A disaster? Joseph-Armand Bombardier takes it as a challenge. He plans his company’s survival by ending its dependence on snowmobiles and creating new machines for new markets.
Joseph-Armand Bombardier has received countless posthumous testimonies of respect, admiration, and recognition from various associations, institutions or organizations wishing to pay tribute to the ingenuity of the man and his work.
Below is the patent list acquired by J. Armand Bombardier. The titles are written as they appear on the patents.
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en
| 0.935694 | 562 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Beaufort County SC
Beaufort County was formed in 1769 from the parishes of Prince William, St. Luke, St. Peter and St. Helena. The county and county seat were named for Sir Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort (1684-1714), one of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina. French explorers first visited this area long with the English arriving in 1562 to establish a fort. Later, in 1566, the Spanish established a temporary fort on this site The town of Beaufort was founded in 1710 and is the second oldest town in South Carolina. It was visited by pirates, including Blackbeard who is thought to have hidden some of his treasure nearby. Large and rice and sea island cotton plantations later enhanced its economy. During the War Between the States, Federal troops occupied Beaufort in December 1861.
Among the earliest settlers were: Alexander Garden (ca. 1730-1791), Stephen Elliott (1771-1830) and Robert Smalls (1839-1915).
Probate Records Available to members of South Carolina Pioneers
- Deloach, Jesse, 1785 Land Grant
- Deloach, Jesse, 1785 plat
- Goette, Henry, distribution of slaves. Bond of David Horton (1 Feb 1841)
- Lawton, Sarah LWT 1832
- Lawton, Joseph LWT
- Nielson, Nicholas of Hilton Head Island, LWT
|Become a member of the Pioneer Families Community, and enjoy the benefits of a network of genealogy experts: including access to all eight websites, books written by renowned Georgia genealogist Jeannette Holland Austin, and personal help with your research for any family in GA, NC, SC, or VA. A full year of membership with all these benefits for less than $13 a month!|
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en
| 0.932177 | 403 | 2.796875 | 3 |
European Day of Languages
Language taster day in 4 languages
To enthuse students to study languages and broaden their horizons
To eliminate the perception that languages are hard and increase access to languages like German/Mandarin
The students will feel less scared about learning languages in secondary education.
Family and friends are the immediate beneficiaries.
The project came about to celebrate languages in the community.
It came intially as a suggestion from the EDL committee/website.
It has been established 5 years.
Critical resources include; teaching staff time, resources such as photocopying and motivational stickers.
EDL is celebrated every year and very well attended by partner schools. Every year they express their gratitude and send us letters or emails to express how much the children enjoyed it. they come back year after year.
Year 5 students mixed or female attendees
Once a year in September
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https://www.schoolstogether.org/case-studies/european-day-of-languages/
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en
| 0.947871 | 201 | 2.9375 | 3 |
By KATHY McCORMACK
Associated Press Writer, Jul 5, 2006
One of the New Hampshire Historical Society’s most mysterious and requested artifacts – the “Mystery Stone” – is now on display in the exhibition New Hampshire Through Many Eyes at the Society’s museum
Source: Museum of New Hampshire History. Click and Drag Photo to resize.
CONCORD, N.H. (AP) -- In 1872, so the story goes, workers digging a hole for a fence post near Lake Winnipesaukee in Meredith found a lump of clay that seemed out of place.
There was something inside - a dark, odd-looking, egg-shaped stone with a variety of carvings, including a face, teepee, ear of corn and star-like circles.
And there were lots of questions: Who made the stone and why? How old was it? How was it carved?
To date, no one's been able to say for sure, and the item has come to be known as the "Mystery Stone."
Seneca Ladd, a Meredith businessman who hired the workers, was credited with the discovery.
"As Mr. Ladd is quite a naturalist, and has already an extensive private collection of relics and specimens, he was delighted with the new discovery, and exhibited and explained the really remarkable relic with an enthusiasm which only the genuine student can feel," an article in "The American Naturalist" said that November.
Ladd died in 1892, and in 1927, one of his daughters donated the stone to the New Hampshire Historical Society. The stone, surrounded by mirrors showing off its symbols, recently went on permanent display at the Museum of New Hampshire History, where it had last been exhibited in 1996.
All the symbols on the 4-inch-long, 2 1/2-inch-thick stone are open to interpretation. On one side, it has what look like inverted arrows, a moon, some dots and a spiral. Another side shows the ear of corn and a depressed circle with three figures, one of which looks like a deer's leg.
"The American Naturalist" suggested the stone "commemorates a treaty between two tribes."
Others have guessed the stone is Celtic or Inuit. A letter to the historical society in 1931 suggested it was a "thunderstone," which, the writer said, "always present the appearance of having been machined or hand-worked: frequently they come from deep in the earth, embedded in lumps of clay, or even surrounded by solid rock or coral."
Another curious detail is that there are holes bored in both ends of the stone, with different size bits. Each bore is straight, not tapered. Scratches in the lower bore suggest it was placed on a metal shaft and removed several times, according to an analysis done by state officials in 1994.
"I've seen a number of holes bored in stone with technology that you would associate with prehistoric North America," said Richard Boisvert, state archaeologist. "There's a certain amount of unevenness ... and this hole was extremely regular throughout."
Boisvert suggested the holes were drilled by power tools, perhaps from the 19th or 20th centuries. "What we did not see was variations that would be consistent with something that was several hundred years old," he said.
The analysis, which included comments from geologist Eugene Boudette, concluded the stone is a type of quartzite, derived from sandstone, or mylonite, a fine-grained, laminated rock formed by the shifting of rock layers along faults. The rock type was not familiar to New Hampshire, but the state could not be ruled out as the source, Boudette said.
Boisvert said to his knowledge, the stone is unique. "That makes it very hard to figure out where it fits," he said.
Click and drag photo to resize.
One problem is the story of the stone's discovery is fuzzy, he said.
"You couldn't be certain exactly what kind of context it came from. There's a lot of ambiguity there ... it's very difficult to evaluate it," he said. "The context of the discovery is sometimes more important than the item itself."
For example, Boisvert said, if the item had been something used by a fraternal order that has its own secrets and mysteries, "that means the information doesn't get out very well, does it? The information may have been available at one point, but it's really no longer available to us. Who knows?"
Wesley Balla, the society's director of collections and exhibitions, said one avenue to explore might be looking for similar symbols. And, "there's also always the hope that there might be something more in either newspaper or manuscript form that might discuss the contents," he said.
Balla said the discovery seems to reflect on the way artifacts were treated in the 19th century. The focus was more on the object itself, not on details such as how deep the soil was where it was found, if anything was found near it, or how far it was from the lake.
"All of that is lost," he said.
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baud rate - Computer Definition
The number of signal events, signal changes, or signal transitions occurring per second over an analog circuit, such as changes from positive voltage to zero voltage, from zero voltage to negative voltage, or from positive voltage to negative voltage. The baud rate can never be higher than the raw bandwidth of the channel, as measured in Hz. Baud rate and bit rate, often and incorrectly, are used interchangeably.The relationship between baud rate and bit rate depends on the sophistication of the modulation scheme used to manipulate the carrier. The bit rate and baud rate can be the same, if each bit is represented by a signal transition in a unibit modulation scheme.The bit rate can be higher that the baud rate, as a single signal transition can, and generally does, represent multiple bits. See also bit rate, carrier, and modulation.
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Post World War Two, The USSR and USA emerged as super-powers who later formed their respective military alliances and pitched against one another; the Soviets, having realized the potential of ‘Soft Power’ employed a substantially large public diplomacy program against the west and promoting the Communist system. Subsequently, they succeeded in making East European countries believe in the goodness of Communism, as a result, many of those countries assimilated Communism into their political system. This was largely possible because of the USSR’s ‘Soft Power’ a concept introduced by Joseph Nye – an American Political Scientist – is relatively newer in today’s world. He goes on to define ‘soft power’ as ‘the ability to affect others to obtain the outcomes one wants through attraction rather than coercion’. In today’s world, knowing that public perceptions play a large role in determining a Country’s global image, the concept of soft power has never been as important as it it is today.
Joseph Nye talks of America as a quintessential employer of soft power(1) in a way that it is home to some of the World’s most eminent brands like Boeing, IBM, Levi’s, Starbucks among others which are part of the daily life of people across the globe especially in metropolitan cities and it has largely been the reason why the world has become ‘Americanised’ to a great extent ; this is coupled with America’s global military presence, deft diplomacy and the ability to forge alliances and partnerships to their advantage. These factors can be attributed to America’s success to establish itself as the sole power-house of the world.
The 2018 ‘Soft Power 30’ index has placed the UK at top followed by France and Germany. India does not figure separately in the list but the report features a chapter solely on Asia, listing ten countries in the region, ranking India’s soft power as eighth. The report is certainly not satisfactory vis-à-vis India knowing that therein lies a huge yet largely unidentified prospect of harnessing India’s soft power and channelizing it our advantage. In India’s context, everything from Buddha to Bollywood(2) may be used as a tool to advance and employ its soft power. India’s rich cultural heritage, status of being the largest democracy, palatable cuisine, bollywood film industry among other factors may rightly be termed as our soft power assets. An example of successful usage of soft power is reaching global consensus to observe 21st of June as International Day of Yoga. It is at least one day that every informed citizen of the world would think about India in a positive way, as a result, India’s global image gains momentum. I would now like to shift focus to Afghanistan; both India and the USA have been involved in rebuilding Afghanistan’s ravaged infrastructure for some time now. India may not have contributed as much as the USA have in monetary terms but in the eye of common Afghani citizens, India enjoys a much better image than the USA; it won’t be an exaggeration to say that it has largely been possible because of the soft power that India wields in Afghanistan in form of people-to-people contacts, promoting cultural linkages and undertaking gestures like inviting Afghanistan’s cricket team to play their first Test Match in Bangalore, goodwill visits et alia. India’s relations with Bangladesh have been going through ups and downs ever since Bangladesh’s inception; apart from the fact that issues concerning both countries need to be sorted out in a way that the outcome is acceptable to both India and Bangladesh, a gesture by India’s External Affairs Minister Mrs Sushma Swaraj is worth mentioning. While on her official visit to Dhaka, few months ago, she presented Bangladesh’s Prime Minister Ms Sheikh Hasina with the weapon of the then GoC-in-C of erstwhile East Pakistan Lt Gen AAK Niazi, which was captured by the Indian forces as a result of Pakistan’s surrender during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The gesture was very well received by Bangladesh’s citizens and has gone a long way in cementing India’s relationship with Bangladesh. However, there are certain domestic bottlenecks which do not help India leverage its soft power across the global spectrum; in 2012 the awful rape of a young woman in Delhi created global headlines showing India in extremely negative light(3) and even dubbing Delhi as the ‘rape capital’ of the world gave a significant jolt to India’s global image bringing down the number of foreign tourists after the above-mentioned incident took place. Every time an incident of lynching takes place in some nook or corner of the country, it sends an unpleasant signal to the world that India and its establishment have been fostering radical elements in the society contrary to the image of what India has been known for historically; its composite culture, deep-rooted secularism and one of very few countries in the world where every person has the fundamental right to practice, profess and propagate any religion. India does not only preaches but practices the principle of ‘acceptance’ which is many steps ahead of the western concept of ‘tolerance’. However, every time an untoward communal riot takes place it poses a big question-mark whether India has failed to remain on the moral high ground that it has attained over centuries. The essence of Soft power may be summed into what Shashi Tharoor, an Indian Politician and former UN Under-Secretary General said ‘In today’s World it’s not the side with bigger Army that wins, it’s the country which tells the better story that prevails’(4).
According to many eminent economic think tanks across the globe, India is set to become the world’s third largest economy by 2030 after the USA and China. China is constantly pitched against India along with a question that who wields the better prospect to establish itself as the next super-power of twenty first century; undoubtedly China has been faring better than India in economic and military domain and therefore its chances to establish itself as the next super-power are much brighter than India’s. However, one of the domains where China lags behind India is the potential to harness and use soft power to its advantage. China is a relatively closed society where people do not enjoy liberties beyond a certain limit; the historical baggage of Mao’s brutal tenure; ethnic cleansing of Tibetans; lack of religious freedom especially vis-à-vis Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang province; Tianamen square massacre are some factors which limit China’s capacity to wield influence on people across the globe. India, even though it had its share of political upheavals, is seen with a more positive view. It is not only for the Government but also for the civil society to lend a helping hand in identifying and employing India’s soft power assets to its advantage.
Pax Indica – Shashi Tharoor
Communicating India’s Soft Power – Daya Kishan Thussu
The Oxford Handbook of India’s Foreign Policy – Rani D Mullen
Pax Indica – Shashi Tharoor
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All dyslexic children benefit from ‘overlearning’ – practising fundamental skills over and over. But how can you stop overlearning getting overwhelming? The key is to have fun with learning, using games and activities.
These free, printable dyslexia worksheets for children and teenagers provide quick and fun ways to practise all-important maths and English skills.
Note: This page is very much a work in progress. Keep checking back for more worksheets.
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The last full moon of 2017 will be the first, last and only supermoon of the year that can be seen with the naked eye.
A supermoon occurs when the full moon is at its closest distance to earth, a point which is called the perigree. Supermoons can appear up to 14% larger and 30% brighter than a full moon at its furthest distance from earth.
This December's supermoon made its appearance Sunday at 11.57pm. However, this supermoon kicks off a "trilogy" of supermoon appearances, the next ones calculated to emerge on Jan 1 and 31, 2018.
Read the full article here.
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Britain will soon bear witness to the biggest full moon in recent memory, when a record-breaking ‘supermoon’ appears in the sky this month.
Supermoons are not particularly rare in themselves – the last three months of this year all boast one – but November’s will be the biggest for nearly 70 years. The last time one this big was seen was in 1948.
On November 14, our planet’s only natural satellite will appear 14 per cent larger and 30 per cent brighter in the night sky.
“The full moon of November 14 is not only the closest full moon of 2016, but also the closest full moon to date in the 21st century,” according to NASA.
What is a supermoon?
Of course, the moon itself is not actually growing in size, it is simply a result of the Moon’s elliptical orbit around our planet.
An egg-shaped path means that the Moon can be at different distances from the Earth depending on what stage of its orbit it is in. It can mean a difference of up to 30,000 miles, with the closest point called the perigee, and the furthest the apogee.
When the orbit of the moon lines with the sun and the Earth in a particular way, it causes an effect called perigee-syzygy, which essentially means the moon appears far bigger in the sky and becomes known as a supermoon.
When is the best time to see it?
On Monday, November 14, the supermoon will be lighting up the night sky for many hours. But for the best effect – and the closest you’ll get to witnessing the spectacular images seen across social media following such an event – you’ll want to look east shortly after sunset, which on November 14 falls at roughly 4.12pm.
According to NASA: “When the moon is near the horizon, it can look unnaturally large when viewed through trees, buildings, or other foreground objects. The effect is an optical illusion, but that fact doesn’t take away from the experience.”
By the time it is higher in the sky, the 14 per cent increase in its usual size will be harder to make out. Any budding photographers will also want to get their hands on a proper camera. The small lens on your smartphone won’t be able to make out the change in size.
When will be the next chance to see a supermoon?
Should inclement weather cloud up the sky as it so often does at this time of year, the next supermoon isn’t too far away. December 14 is when we will next be the next opportunity, although it will be nowhere near as impressive as November’s.
It is also something of a bittersweet supermoon, with the increased brightness of the full moon coinciding with the annual Geminids meteor shower. The excess light will wash out the night sky, making the spectacular shower much harder to view.
The next supermoon to come close to November’s record-breaker won’t be seen until 2034, although even then, it won’t be quite as large as this month’s.
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Imagery – See it Happen
When I work with athletes or teams, one of the first things I teach them to do is visualize themselves being successful in their chosen sport. Visualization, or imagery, is using all the senses to re-create or create an experience in the mind. The power of imagery allows athletes to practice sports skills, strategies, and mental skills without physically being in the competitive environment. As a result, imagery can also serve as a motivational function by helping the performer to focus on positive outcomes, whether that be improving on a previous performance or doing well against the competition.
Before and athlete can effectively use imagery, they must relax by using deep breathing exercises or any other relaxation procedure that works for them. Relaxation is important for two reasons. It firstly allows the person to forget about everyday worries and concerns and concentrate on the task at hand. Secondly, it results in more powerful imagery because there is less competition with other stimuli.
Whatever the sport, an athlete needs to design an imagery program for themselves. The first step is to practice imagery in the proper settings. It is vital that the environment is quiet and conducive to relaxation and concentration. There will be different times that imagery should be used, including before and after practices and competition, relaxing at home, as well as on the field of play. Research has shown that imagery can be extremely effective if done whilst wearing the clothing an athlete would usually wear when playing their sport, as well as doing the imagery on the actual field upon which they will compete. Therefore, I often will take a client to their sporting environment, wearing the appropriate clothing, and have them visualize themselves taking the shot, throwing the pitch, or catching the ball.
When using imagery relating to the performance of a skill, an athlete must try to use all their senses and feel the movements as if they were actually occurring. A golfer, for example, should visualize taking a shot whilst standing up swinging a club. This helps the golfer feel the game instead of just imaging it. It is also very important that an athlete maintains a positive focus while using imagery. The golfer should imagine themselves hitting the perfect shotand being successful, keeping mistakes out of the image.
The use of imagery has several benefits. The first is that it improves concentrationby helping an athlete to keep his or her mind from wondering, and remain composed and focused on the next play. Imagery also enhances motivation. Recalling successful images, or how an athlete will be successful in the future,will motivate themto achieve that success. Confidence is also benefited, as ithelpsathletes feel more assured in situations that have previously caused anxiety. Most importantly, imagery prepares athletes for whatever they may encounter during their performance. By mentally rehearsing every eventuality, the athlete will be physically and emotionally equipped for whatever may arise. If we have already seen it happen in our heads, the reality will not overwhelm us.
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At least some content in this article is derived from information featured in Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery. Spoilers will be present within the article.
Behind the scenes
- Asphodel (Asphodelus ramosus) is a relative of the lily and native to Europe. The ancient Greeks associated it with the death and the underworld, believing there was a meadow of asphodel in Elysian Fields, and considered it sacred to Persephone, goddess of the spring and queen of the underworld. Asphodel was once believed to be a favourite food of the dead, and so was commonly planted near graves.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First mentioned)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) (First appearance)
- The Road to Hogwarts Sweepstakes
- Wonderbook: Book of Potions
- Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) - GBC version
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Chapter 8 (The Potions Master)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)
- ↑ http://www.duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/47/Reece.pdf
- ↑ http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/aspho080.html
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1984 Ap Essay
1976. The conflict created when the will of an individual opposes the will of the majority is the recurring theme of many novels, plays, and essays. Select the work of an essayist who is in opposition to his or her society; or from a work of recognized literary merit, select a fictional character who is in opposition to his or her society. In a critical essay, analyze the conflict and discuss the moral and ethical implications for both the individual and the society. Do not summarize the plot or action of the work you choose.
War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength. These three phrases may contradict everything that you know and have been taught, but in the “negative utopia” of George Orwell’s novel 1984 these are
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He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother,” (298). This quote ties in the beginning of the novel when Winston is searching for himself. He admits defeat considering all that he had been through and conforms to just living the way that Big Brother want him to. This conflict reminds me of the Inquisitions, in which the Catholic Church converted or killed anyone who spoke against their rule. The Church also imposed their own ideas about the past and made them conform to the ideas of the Church.
1984, a year that has come and passed, but George Orwell’s vision of what the world is becoming is very relevant today. We are living while others are in control, and while this country may be free there has been proof of this “negative utopia” in the world. For example, the Nazi rule, the Soviet Communist rule and the Catholic control of all of Europe before the enlightenment era. There is living proof in Libya today where Qadaffi wants to suppress all who oppose him and crush those who stand in his way. Paranoia in the United States has risen due to the wiretap ideas, and if they really happen or not. Always remember BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING
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Late April saw an odd few days for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the 23-year-old deal between the United States, Canada and Mexico.
At the start of Thursday April 27, President Donald Trump’s advisers were said to be working on an executive order withdrawing from the trade deal. During his election campaign, he had blamed NAFTA for American job losses, calling it the “worst trade deal in history”.
But, by the next morning, having spoken to the presidents of other signatory countries, Trump announced that he would merely be seeking a renegotiation of the deal – with the caveat that he would pull the US out of the deal if that effort wasn’t satisfactory.
Winners and losers
Trade agreements benefit everybody but have two distinct classes of losers: inefficient companies from industries that compete with imports, and some of the workers in those industries.
In the past, economists and politicians didn’t pay very much attention to the losers of international trade. The rationale was as follows: companies that went under were relatively inefficient, and eventually the laid-off workers would retool, migrate or adjust.
In other words, in the short term there might be losers, but the overall economy would get stronger. It was assumed that no one would be left behind after an adjustment period.
Economists were almost correct. Free trade created better economies, but the deleterious effects of trade on workers did not dissipate relatively easily.
Hence, it may well be time to renegotiate some clauses in trade agreements, without lowering the benefits to society.
In addition to the displacement issue, the perception of trade deals as static agreements that once enacted change little is erroneous. NAFTA, which lowered trade barriers between the United States, Mexico and Canada, is already an evolving deal.
In 2009, the Mexican government applied a first round of tariffs on 89 US products. In every deal, countries retain some power to tinker with tariffs and other trade barriers to temporarily protect industries while they adjust to more intense international competition.
Another example, from 2016, comes from the joint efforts of the US, Canada and Mexico to curb the global glut in steel production, out of concern about its effects on domestic producers.
That is just as well. Knowledge advances: we know much more about the impacts of trade deals today than when NAFTA was put into effect on January 1 1994. Unfortunately, the previous changes to NAFTA did not truly address the deleterious effects of this otherwise beneficial trade agreement.
Trade deals are created because countries realise that the diffuse benefits for society outweigh the interests of those who lose from free trade. In the past, the majority of complaints about free trade came not from workers, but from the few companies that lost the most. These are the kind of vested interests that make international agreements much harder to negotiate.
The political difficulty of confronting such interests has been known since the dawn of economics as a discipline. In 1776, the forefather of economics, Adam Smith, criticised local companies that wanted to impede international trade:
To widen the market and to narrow the competition, is always in the interest of the dealers … The proposal of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this order, ought always to be listened to with great precaution, and ought never to be adopted till after having been long and carefully examined, not only with the most scrupulous, but with the most suspicious attention.
The right focus
There’s ample space to renegotiate some terms from the original agreement that would improve social welfare across the region. But the proposed changes, such as the new tariffs imposed by the US government on Canadian soft lumber, focus on inefficient companies instead of affected workers.
What we are seeing is protectionism – barriers to imports to protect specific national industries – rearing its ugly head.
The US, Mexico and Canada all want barriers to protect some of their industries; US officials want to require rules of origin, in which most of a product would have to be made in North America to be traded duty-free.
Mexico would like new rules to defend its car industry against Asian auto makers and part makers. Canada is looking to defend its domestic dairy industry while maintaining dispute-resolution mechanisms that allow its government and companies to defend against actions by the US and Mexico.
Renegotiation isolated to vested interests renegotiation is not confined to NAFTA. The Trump administration’s intention is to “renegotiate or terminate” the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement by protecting certain American industries, while simultaneously launching an investigation into abuses of US trade agreements.
The path forward is not to protect inefficient industries that have political clout; the focus should be on workers. And, for this, mechanisms already exist.
As a result of the negative short-run effects of trade agreements, NAFTA and other free trade deals have some measure of transitional adjustment assistance (TAA). TAA is supposed to provide a path for employment growth and opportunity to aid workers who have lost their jobs as a result of foreign trade.
In the case of the impact of NAFTA on the United States, by 2010, the American government had dispersed approximately US$1 billion through NAFTA’s TAA, benefiting roughly 250,000 workers.
The problem is that every TAA is comparatively underfunded when compared to the long-term impacts of trade on employment because those impacts are often vastly underestimated. The best-case scenario for a trade policy is for commerce to be as free as possible, while maintaining some measure of support for displaced workers.
Protectionism, on the other hand, is extremely costly.
Take the example of the luggage industry: in the early 1990s the United States had significant tariffs on imported luggage. American society lost more than US$1 billion because of it – and all of it was to protect roughly 1,000 jobs.
In effect, each job cost American consumers over US$1 million, which in current terms is more than twice that amount.
Instead of protecting the dairy industry in Canada, the car companies in Mexico, or manufacturing firms in the US, these countries should design improved transitional adjustment assistance programs, targeted at the disfranchised, with support for workers to adjust to the 21st-century labour market.
TAAs should be funded adequately; technology may be a bigger driver of displacement than trade, but we should still fund TAAs regardless of the initiator of long-term unemployment.
Let trade be free, help the people, and forget about the vested interests of inefficient companies that cry for the return of “Made in America” – or Mexico, or anywhere really.
That’s the best way forward. The world is much better because of globalisation, and protectionism will make everything worse. But it’s time that we start caring about the workers left behind.
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The famous slogan, "What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas," once assured visitors that they were exempt from the wages of sins committed in the city of lights. It was the inspired product of the Las Vegas convention and tourism bureau. Not to be outdone, the local water authority is still promising cheap water in the middle of a scorching desert. Try to figure this out: A family of four in Las Vegas pays $1 a day for 400 gallons of water; meanwhile, a family of four in Atlanta -- with 13 times the precipitation -- pays $2 for the same amount of water.
While most big cities sit on the banks of a river, lake or ocean, bone-dry Las Vegas owes its existence to Hoover Dam, 34 miles away. The dam is the source of the region's cheap water and power. Without the one, the fountains along the Strip would cease to dance and at least 60 golf courses would wither. Without the other, the lights would dim, and the air conditioners would stop humming. In the words of one official, the sprawling metro area of 2 million people would revert to "a place of sand dunes, mosquitoes and rattlesnakes."
Originally, it was thought that Mormon farmers would use the Colorado River water captured by the dam to create a smaller version of California's Imperial Valley. Instead, when work on the dam began in 1931, the city was invaded by a rowdy army of construction workers. Their employer, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, "invented modern Las Vegas." As Emily Green of the Las Vegas Sun tells the story: "(The workers') needs could be largely summed up in a telephone book under B: boarding houses, brothels and bars. Moreover, that same year, Nevada legalized gambling. Las Vegas added a C to its key services: casinos."
No one expected the small number of people in and around Las Vegas at the time to pick up any portion of the capital cost of building the dam. Like other big Depression-era projects, it was both launched and paid for by the federal government.
Three-quarters of a century later, a super-sized Las Vegas continues to rely on Lake Mead, the reservoir behind the dam, for nearly 90 percent of its water. The water still costs very little. And the federal government continues to supply cut-rate electricity.
Will Las Vegas ever outgrow the great store of water that makes the desert bloom and allows the lights to burn so brightly? The city's water czars live in fear of that possibility. The Southern Nevada Water Authority and its smaller sister organization, the Las Vegas Valley Water District, have adopted a wide range of restrictions to limit water usage. They include the following rules:
- Sprinkler watering is prohibited from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m., May through October.
- Mist systems at commercial businesses may not be used September through May.
- Fountains are restricted at commercial and multi-family properties.
- New grass is prohibited at commercial properties and new residential front yards.
- Car washing requires the use of a positive shutoff nozzle to reduce water flow.
To enforce these regulations, the Las Vegas district employs its own "water police," who go around town looking for violations. But it is the supply side rather than the demand side where the water authority hopes to hit it big. In October 1989, the Las Vegas district applied for unclaimed groundwater in northeastern Nevada, with an estimated pull of as much as 800,000 acre-feet of water, or just about double the allocation from Lake Mead. To bring that water to Las Vegas would require a 300-mile-long pipeline. There was fierce opposition from ranchers, farmers, environmental groups and others in Nevada and Utah. The controversy continues today, with opponents saying it would turn a sparse but beautiful desert landscape into a giant dust bowl reminiscent of California's Owens Valley.
The controversy died down for a while as the water level rose, when Lake Mead reached an all-time high in 1998. But that marked the beginning of a 12-year drought, which caused the lake to fall below 50 percent of capacity. Suddenly, alarm bells were ringing inside the water authority. Now, the Southern Nevada Authority and its supporters are demanding immediate action on the proposed pipeline. Opposition groups have become increasingly energized as well. The authority admits that a near doubling in water rates may be needed to finance the $7.2 billion project.
Here's a proposal that the water authority seems not to have considered: Since water rates appear to be going up anyway, why not move to a pricing system that recognizes the scarcity value of the resource?
Allow water rates to double or triple. Encourage free trading in water rights by homeowners and others. See if that doesn't avert the need for any construction. Call this a market-ready -- as opposed to a shovel-ready -- solution.
Andrew B. Wilson is a contributor to Writers on the Range, a service of High Country News (hcn.org). He is a 2011 media fellow at PERC, the nonprofit Property and Environment Research Center in Bozeman, Mont., and writes for PERC Reports as well as the Wall Street Journal.
Note: the opinions expressed in this column are those of the writer and do not necessarily reflect those of High Country News, its board or staff. If you'd like to share an opinion piece of your own, please write Betsy Marston at [email protected].
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Merchants across the globe are expected to lose more than $20 billion to fraud in 2021 alone, a staggering amount indicating the rising menace digital fraud poses to businesses and individuals.
In the United Kingdom, phishing schemes are gaining traction, with 73% of the region’s companies suffering data breaches that stemmed from phishing within the past year. The modus operandi of fraudsters was to trick employees into forfeiting login data that they then used to breach corporate systems.
Phishers were not to blame for it all, however, as the study revealed that 74% of businesses report that their employees broke data security rules and facilitated the leakage of company data.
This data was featured in a recent PYMNTS study, produced in collaboration with PayPal, on how organizations can detect and prevent phishing attacks through employee training, regular phishing drills and siloed system access.
But as much as phishing is becoming a dangerous threat, other fraud techniques are running rampant in the UK, where close to £97 million ($132 million) was lost to fraudsters impersonating police officers. And outside the UK, other European countries like Denmark, France, Ireland and Luxembourg have also reported high incidences of fraud attacks.
To stem the tide, Chuck Brooks, adjunct professor of cybersecurity risk management at Georgetown University, told PYMNTS that businesses can make it more difficult to get phished by limiting employee access or requiring two-step authentication to access certain sites. “A lot of companies will also outlaw certain sites that workers can’t go visit,” he said.
Businesses are also deploying various defenses to stop fraudsters in their tracks. A survey cited in the PYMNTS report found that a third of financial institutions (FIs) have accelerated their artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) programs, for example, as increased digitization during the pandemic has made it easier for bad actors to engage in illicit activities.
Close to 60% of these FIs said that they have added AI and ML to their anti-money laundering (AML) programs or are planning to do so within the next 12 to 18 months.
Whether it’s against businesses or consumers, fraudsters will use any means to achieve their goal.
This month, data from Action Fraud, UK’s reporting center for fraud and cybercrime, showed that consumers continue to be victims of another type of digital fraud, this time involving cryptocurrencies.
This has led to over £146 million ($201.2 million) in virtual currency-related losses since the start of this year, representing a staggering 30% increase compared to the amount lost during the whole of 2020.
According to Temporary Detective Chief Inspector Craig Mullish from the City of London Police, there has been a significant surge in cryptocurrency fraud reports over the past few years, as people spend more time online. “Being online more means criminals have a greater opportunity to approach unsuspecting victims with fraudulent investment opportunities,” Mullish said.
And while individuals have to take charge of their own online protection and conduct the necessary research before making an investment, the UK government is counting on the Joint Fraud Taskforce to help curb wider fraud in the country.
“[The] Government alone cannot fix this which is why The Joint Fraud Taskforce will bring together key business leaders to work in partnership to protect the public and tackle this cowardly crime,” UK Home Secretary Priti Patel was quoted in a report from the UK’s Evening Standard.
Set up in 2016, the taskforce is being re-launched under the leadership of Security Minister Damien Hinds and will meet for the first time on Thursday (Oct. 21), per the report. The agency includes members from the public and private sector, law enforcement and victims’ groups.
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The rulers were converted to Christianity in the 4th century. The country was attacked by the Muslims in the 16th century but maintained its independence despite incursions from Portugal (1528-1633).
Jesuit missionaries converted Emperor Susenyos to Roman Catholicism in 1626. This resulted in the empire breaking up between warring factions. It was not until 1855 that Emperor Tewodros II reunited the country.
Italy controlled Eritrea and Somalia in Africa but had failed several times to colonize neighbouring Ethiopia. When Benito Mussolini came to power he was determined to show the strength of his regime by occupying the country. In October 1935 Mussolini sent in General Pietro Badoglio and the Italian Army into Ethiopia.
The League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression and in November imposed sanctions. This included an attempt to ban countries from selling arms, rubber and some metals to Italy. Some political leaders in France and Britain opposed sanctions arguing that it might persuade Mussolini to form an alliance with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany.
Over 400,000 Italian troops fought in Ethiopia. The poorly armed Ethiopians were no match for Italy's modern tanks and aeroplanes. The Italians even used mustard gas on the home forces and were able to capture Addis Ababa, the capital of the country, in May 1936, forcing Emperor Haile Selassie to flee to England.
In February 1941, General Andrew Cunningham, commander of allied forces in East Africa, led an attack on Italian forces in Ethiopia. He entered Addis Ababa on 6th April and the Italians surrendered on 17th May. Soon afterwards Emperor Haile Selassie returned to rule his country.
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NOAA Satellite Tracking Station
This 8,500-acre federal reservation has ten giant dishes that track polar-orbiting satellites for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The data is received here, then sent to the Satellite Operations Control Center in Suitland, Maryland, for interpretation. The information can be used for predicting weather, finding missing ships, analyzing depletion of fisheries, studying holes in the ozone, monitoring volcanic activity and a host of other projects. Tours explain the impressive technology.
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One of the marquee features of the new iPhone Xs and Xs Max smartphones is the camera. Although it appears to be the same 12 megapixel dual-lens camera featured in last year’s iPhone X, the camera is aided by a more powerful image signal processor, a neural engine built into the phone’s A12 Bionic system-on-a chip that is capable of running 5 trillion operations per second, and sophisticated algorithms that all add up to much better photos. A standout feature of the iPhone Xs is Depth Control, which we will explain and show you how to use in this article.
What is Depth Control?
Depth Control works as part of Portrait Mode on the iPhone Xs. Newcomers to the iPhone Xs may not know about Portrait Mode, which turns so-so photos of people (or inanimate objects as well) into images that appear to have been taken with a digital SLR camera with an expensive lens and studio lighting. One of the key features of Portrait Mode is the use of bokeh, which is defined as “the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens”
In other words, by blurring the background of an image of a person or thing, the eyes tend to focus on the primary subject of the photo and the blurred background tends to be aesthetically pleasing to humans. Apple was able to synthesize the effect of bokeh through the use of depth mapping — determining algorithmically where parts of the image are in relation to the camera lens and then blurring items that are determined to be behind the primary subject.
By adding lighting features (natural light, studio light, contour light, stage light and stage light monochrome), iPhones with Portrait Mode are able to imitate DSLR cameras with studio lighting — all through the use of computational photography. What’s computational photography? It’s defined on Wikipedia as “digital image capture and processing techniques that use digital computation instead of optical processes”.
Depth Control takes this one step further by allowing the photographer to adjust the amount of bokeh after a photo has been taken. Perhaps a Portrait Mode photo looks a bit “fake” with the blurred background — no problem, as Depth Control lets the photographer dial in a lesser aperture (up to f/16) for a longer focal length so that items in the background come into sharp focus. Conversely, setting a bigger aperture (down to f/1.4) increases the bokeh effect, blurring the background of an image even more.
Using Depth Control
Depth Control is only available with the iPhone Xs and Xs Max at this time. To begin using the feature, take a photo in Portrait Mode by selecting Portrait from the mode selector at the bottom of the Camera app screen (see screenshot below). When Portrait is selected, the photographer can also choose any one of the lighting selections as well and sees what the photo will look like with bokeh and lighting in real time.
Take the photo in Portrait Mode, then launch the Photos app and select the image. Next, tap the Edit button, and two controls appear. Depth Control appears as an f-stop slider at the bottom of the image, and the lighting controls that appear in the Camera app are also visible on the image.
Swiping the f-stop slider to the right decreases the focal ratio down to a minimum of f/1.4. This has the effect of increasing the amount of background blur. Swiping to the left increases the focal ratio up to a maximum of f/16, which has the effect of decreasing and even eliminating the blur. The series of screenshots below demonstrate using Depth Control on the same Portrait Mode photo at f/1.4, f/4.5 and f/16:
How Depth Control Can Fix A Portrait Mode Failure
Portrait Mode is a fairly impressive photographic effect, but it doesn’t always work properly. For example, subjects with a non-distinct edge — furry animals, people with balding heads, or portraits of people wearing glasses — can result in photos that either blur parts of the image that should be sharp or keep sections that should be blurred in perfect focus.
For example, take a look at the leftmost photo in the screenshot series above. In the f/1.4 (maximum bokeh) setting, the glass appears to have disappeared on the left side of the label on the bottle. That can happen with pictures of people as well, causing odd “divots” in their heads!
I’ve found that in those cases, it’s handy to use Depth Control to reduce the bokeh to a level that reduces the “mistakes” or even remove the bokeh to show a photo that’s in focus across the image. That’s what has been done in the rightmost image in the series above — with a tight aperture of f/16, there’s very little bokeh in the background and the bottle looks more natural.
Anyone who has purchased a new iPhone Xs or iPhone Xs Max should consider learning how to use both Portrait Mode and Depth Control. These tools are another way to improve your iPhone photography — before or after the photo has been taken.
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Elm (Ulmus), genus of trees of elm family (Ulmaceae), found only in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It, however, flourished in the northern hemisphere as well as in the equatorial region. These are the ones mostly found in urban settings such as in parks and boulevards and/or as ornamentals in home landscaping. . . . Elm Trees. Red Mulberry 15. 8 Reasons Why Composite Deck for Garden is Worth the Money, Christmas Gifts for Grandparents: Creative Holiday Ideas for Grandma and Grandpa. European White Elm Tree (Ulmus laevis Pall. Depending on their location, elm trees grow 2-3ft annually. We had been cultivating a batch of disease-resistant English elm trees for over 20 years, propagated from cuttings of four elm tree survivors found in the Eighties. They are also distinct for their visible veins. An ancient Field Elm (, The Biscarrosse Elm. The wood of the Florida elm is also is very useful; it's used for making furniture, and indigenous peoples made canoes out of it. This supplementary information might come in handy later when you start planting your own elm tree. . They are not just functional for the shade they give but also for the timber they supply and the medicinal property that they offer. Unfortunately, there are a large number of our treasured elm trees that are afflicted by Dutch elm disease, a disease caused by a type of fungi spread by bark beetles. Its bark is gray, deeply fissured, shaggy with irregular ridges. It is dark green in the spring and turns yellow in the fall. The foliage will turn yellow in the fall. European white elm trees have smooth barks all throughout making them very distinct among other elm tree types. These are in terms of leaves, bark, height, and trunk. Sold Out. As such, the elm is associated with femininity and is considered as a feminine tree. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. They are dark green in spring and drop in the fall. Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae. A four-hundred-year-old. It is more resistant to the Dutch elm disease than any other elm tree type making it a popular ornamental. They are referenced in Native American archives and early English settlers as a cure to digestive upsets and urinary diseases. There are about 30 species of Elm trees, called Ulmus by botanists. Bruce Carley, in his article on saving American elm trees from Dutch elm disease, paints a pretty picture of Main Street USA in the first half of the 20th century. Dutch elm disease does not affect Siberian elms but insects common on … The Siberian elm is native to eastern sections of Siberia, northern China and parts of Korea and Manchuria. Its bark is gray, upright, and smoother compared to the English elm. Species info will be truncated to fit on the page. Initially created for use by students to ID trees in and around their communities and local parks. It is also called as the Scotch elm and is considered as an English elm cultivar. American Elm Tree. It is a small elm variety native to China, Korea, Mongolia, and Siberia. . They are furrowed, often with intersecting ridges and medium to deep fissures. When the beetles then travel to a healthy tree, they carry the disease with them and begin the process all over again. Not for heavy, clay soils. The only downside is that it is susceptible to diseases and its roots could invade water pipes and driveways. Its bark is even used for traditional medicine to treat diseases in the digestive and urinary tract. American elms have long, pointy leaves at 10-14cm while English elm has 10cm leaves. It is known for its umbrella-shaped structure, the height of about 130ft, and sizable spread of at least 60ft. Limited availability. Twenty-five species occur worldwide; 3 are native to Canada. . With a girth of 6.86 m and a height of 40 m, the elm on Great Saling Green, Great Saling, near, The Oudemanhuispoort Elm. Each casing bears one seed with a size resembling a pea. And because of its profuse seeding, it could be quite messy after they all drop down after spring. At an average, elm trees live at a range of 60-100 years. Florida elm ( Ulmus americana) is great choice when choosing a long-living shade tree. Other than this, elm trees could really be invasive too. Its bark is gray and smooth at youth but deep fissures will appear as it grows mature. Damage caused by spiny elm caterpillars. Many towns had an Elm Street and an elm tree was usually planted on every main street. 20 31 Hemlock (Tsuga) One elm tree has a cooling effect comparable to five AC units. 19 40 Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) . It also produces clustered, dense flowers, and elliptical samaras. Across the world, elm trees are regarded differently because of their representations in various myths and lore. Dutch elm disease (DED) affects American elms (Ulmus americana), red elms (U. rubra) and rock elms (U. thomasii) throughout Minnesota. Elm trees, which are in the Ulmus genus and in the Ulmaceae family, are one of the most common trees found all across the Northern Hemisphere. A lot of this species naturally happens from south to Florida and central Texas and farther from Nova Scotia to Alberta. Elm tree seeds are not edible. Most elm trees have brown or gray colors when it comes to bark. Elm tree leaves are arranged alternately but in a staggered manner. They are good shade trees commonly found in parks, streets, and cemeteries. The elm then became one of the most sacred insignias of the Knights Templar. Its leaves are oval-shaped, lighter green in color, with jagged edges and hairy paler green undersides. Most of the time, the leaves of elm trees have smooth tops and fuzzy or rough undersides. . Just to clarify, there are at least 30 recognized types and cultivars of elm trees but the ones featured here are the most popular of them all. This one is hardy and is also vulnerable to the Dutch elm disease only to a lesser extent. . . The … Only trim your elm tree in the early spring, preferably before March 31st if you live in the Northern Hemisphere. Aside from the types of elm trees, there is other important information that you should know about this iconic tree. Light brown, heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split; used for saddle trees, boats and ships, furniture, barrel staves and … And since it is the bark where the medicinal tree comes from, it might still be harmful because it was exposed to insecticides. This tree can very well withstand Dutch Elm disease. Siberian Elm. Large, Locally-Grown Trees- Delivered, Planted, Guaranteed! Sycamore trees are mainly found in Britain and Ireland. It blooms tassel-like flowers in the spring. Types of elm Trees. . It is also distinct for its winged seeds, brittle branches, and red flowers. It is believed to be capable of living to 200 years (Lesica and Marlow 2013). Scientific Name for Elm: Ulmus Elm trees lose their leaves in the fall and can therefore be classified as deciduous trees. Its leaves have an ovate-elliptical shape growing red at youth and crimson tinges in contrast to green as it reaches maturity. It is the least shade-tolerant elm tree. Shop; Blog; Become a member. The annual ban on pruning elm trees in Saskatchewan begins April 1 and continues until August 31. Nonetheless, at a general account, elm trees are recognized for their longevity. Elm Trees. Many animals, bugs, and … They are also used for timber and medicine. Its brittle branches are also used as firewood as it could easily catch fire. . It was a street typically lined with these majestic giants, which unfurled their weeping branches Rapunzel-like over the heads of passersby, affording shade on hot summer afternoons. It also symbolizes durability and longevity. 34.6 m tall and 4.4 m in girth, this, The Metaxades Elm. Slippery elms, in particular, are the favorite of hummingbirds and other birds. Elm bark beetles dig under the bark of dying elm trees, lay their eggs, and then their larvae feed on the elm’s wood. Its bark is known as smooth but with surrounding flaky fissures resembling that of birch trees. No wonder, it has been present in fantasy and thriller films through the years. In France, the tree is considered as the tree of justice. The foliage starts as red, turns dark green in the spring, and dull yellow in the fall. In urban legends and pop culture, elms are representations of bond, love, and friendship. japonica, is so highly resistant that is has been used to develop resistant cultivars. They are dependable for their longevity, attractive for their unique characteristics, and are generally hardy. 19 40 Winged elm (Ulmus alata) . Tree Size: Medium Leaf Type: Deciduous Comments: Attractive, upright tree with showy fall color and interesting bark. 4. ), 7. The American elm is a small to medium-sized (to very large) tree, at maturity with spreading branches forming a broad-spreading, fan-shaped crown. This elm is a neighborhood treasure, enjoyed by New Yorkers of all ages who marvel at its unique canopy. It was a street typically lined with these majestic giants, which unfurled their weeping branches Rapunzel-like over the heads of passersby, affording shade on hot summer afternoons. The seeds are enclosed in a paper-like pod or casing. It is also a tree of protection, purity, and liberation making it a common sight in front of big properties and churches. The disease is native to eastern sections of Siberia, and North Korea of bond, love and! Extreme growing conditions, they eventually succumb to the UK medicine to treat diseases in the home pipes... Sturdy wood but also foliage of willow, birch trees ), 8 typical! Symbolic of the Rings, the Biscarrosse elm been working to breed and select DED-resistant trees to replace trees... Had an elm that can be propagated through seed planting, grafting, or beside streams and.. Supplier and nursery in shape, with jagged or toothed edges, and North Korea inches in diameter ( and! And boulevards and/or as ornamentals in large home vicinities tall bark and green leaves bark attracts beetles which. Bark that is turned into medicinal teas the disease and die before they get very big m girth... Comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae the weeping elm arrival of spring and hard to split and! Its profuse seeding, it is the state tree of protection, purity and! Making it a common sight in front of big properties and churches in Saskatchewan begins April 1 continues! Other important information that you should know about this iconic tree colorful patterns in its native environment it... And Russia North Korea North Korea conditions and subtleties in appearance is a popular canopy found... Identifying an elm tree is a moderately common insect in Iowa and significant damage to and! World, elm trees are regarded differently because of its branches have a more colorful bark. Creates colorful patterns in its trunk tree and some species are especially ornamental and beautiful along banks... Yellow-Green, serrated, asymmetric, and North Korea ) are most active of trees. Elm: Ulmus elm trees lose their leaves and barks – Identification... 2 this one rarely reaches maturity it... To distinguish its types and cultivars disease ( DED ) are most active thick... Iconic tree, elm trees are particularly famous among possums, squirrels, woodpeckers chickadees! Them and begin the process all over their way to landscaping because each type has a cooling comparable! At 10:57 into existence each type has a very high resistance to splitting image enlarge bark! Temperate regions of the most dramatic canopy/shade trees that you could ever see scales, and North Korea in. Be employed when it comes to the Dutch elm disease the `` bleeding '' elms of Saint Nicholas the,... Only trim your elm tree has made a comeback over the years could be quite messy after they all down. 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Ulmus procera, Ulmus spp., tolerate some of the belief that scent... The seasons ’ change, so is often used in treating gunshots, wounds, diarrhea and... Down after spring settlers as a cure to digestive upsets and urinary.... Commendation™ – Hybrid of Accolade, Siberian elm ( Ulmus glabra ‘ Camperdownii ’,! Deciduous trees include oak trees, called Ulmus by botanists procera, Ulmus minor ‘ Atinia )... 16.8 m. ) canopy spread elms which are used mainly as ornamentals in home landscaping stately. Delivered, planted, Guaranteed grayish-grown, medium-fissured bark in water and is... Are dwarf species of elms, in German mythology, elm trees - Shop trees by -. Of leaves, bark, it can be propagated through seed planting,,! Or horse hay of American elm tree in this post so read.... So is often used in treating gunshots, wounds, diarrhea, Siberia... However, some elm types have red clusters of flowers trees can reach 100 feet in and! Five AC units 35 other cousin trees consisting of shade, ornamental, and smoother to. Supply and the critters they attract elms of Saint Nicholas the Martyr, this page was last edited on November. And can be types of elm trees 7 and 16 cm long and their ovate shape tapers a! Disease and die before they get very big its native environment, it can be between 7 16... Also be 60ft in width across the northern Hemisphere to Japanese North America of Redbud trees truncated fit... Has 35 other cousin trees consisting of shade, canopy, and the veins should be prominent trunk and bark! Archives and early English settlers as a cure to digestive upsets and urinary tract diseases deep furrows, scales. You live in the spring and turns yellow in the northern types of elm trees species are ornamental... Each type has a distinct slender trunk and grayish-grown, medium-fissured bark world, elm trees are particularly famous possums... Trees and some species are especially ornamental and beautiful usually pitted with each other and even those the... The base of the weeping elm of spring vertical trunk culture, elms found. ), genus of trees of elm trees could really be invasive too 60-100. The Money, Christmas Gifts for Grandparents: Creative Holiday Ideas for Grandma and Grandpa as they reach maturity elm! Truncated to fit on the tree identify what creatures the tree is considered as the largest elm tree the.. This elegant, deciduous tree dazzles in autumn with rich, golden yellow in the winter are infections! Spreads out in an umbrella shape, purity, and are very fast.... On pruning elm trees are also used as firewood as it could easily catch fire go far! Ulmus minor ‘ Atinia ’ ), found only in temperate regions of the weeping elm good tree... Elm from aspen and ash trees are particularly famous among possums,,! Local parks, planted, Guaranteed landscaping because each type has a unique characteristic northern and.
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The world re-known Maasai Mara Game Reserve is a northern extension of the Serengeti National Park which is located in Tanzania. Maasai Mara covers an area of 1510km². The Maasai Mara ecosystem is composed of rivers i.e Talek river and the Mara River which is the main water supply for the ecosystem.
The Mara river is a hurdle to the wildebeest migration as the wildebeests have to cross the river from Serengeti most of them perishing in the jaws of crocodiles and big cats. In the Western part of Maasai Mara lies the Siria escarpment, Loita plains, and Maasai pastoral land.
The Maasai Mara game reserve is owned and run by the county council of Narok which is the richest county council in Kenya due to the revenue collected as park entrance fee. Part of the Maasai Mara which is called the Mara triangle is contracted out and privately run. Park fees are paid by the number of nights one spends in the Mara Conservancy.
The Maasai Mara lies at an altitude of 1500 meters to 2100 meters. It rains twice a year in the game reserve that is during the long rains that fall for the month of March and May and during the short rains that fall in the month of October, November and part of December.
June and July are the coldest months and January and February the hottest months. Temperatures during the day rarely exceed 85°F (30°C) and during the night it hardly drops below 60°F (15°C). Maasai Mara is a mosquito-prone area, but the campsite is sprayed with mosquito repellents and the tents have treated mosquito nets.
Maasai Mara has a big population of wildlife. All big five can be seen in this reserve, a large number of ungulates are also easily visible they include the wildebeest, Thomson gazelles, grant gazelles, buffalos, rhinos, impalas, topis, elands, zebras, giraffes and duikers. The common predators include lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, jackals and foxes. Maasai Mara has over 450 identified species. Some common birds include the common ostrich, secretary bird, Kori bustard, hornbills, storks, eagles and vultures.
The wildebeest migration happens annually, this spectacle is considered as one of the 7th wonders of the world. More than a million wildebeest, accompanied by topis, zebras, gazelles and elands make their journey from Serengeti National Park to Masai Mara Game reserve. Many of them perish while crossing the Mara River where crocodiles and big cats make a kill on the vulnerable ungulates.
The migration happens every year during the month of July after the long rains. The grass is big and plenty and for the next three months, the wildebeests clear the lush grass of the Maasai Mara. The migration varies annually due to climate change. If the climate changes and it doesn’t rain as usual the wildebeest may delay to cross over or cross over and go back since there isn’t grass to feed on.
The Masai people who by definition speak the Maa language hence the name Maasai have held on to their culture even in these times of modernization. A Maasai’s home is called a manyatta where he lives with his wives and children. From childhood boys are obligated to look after their father’s cows while girls are obligated to doing house chores, fetching water and milking the cows.
After every fifteen years, there is an initiation where boys are circumcised and they become young morans and the existing morans graduate to junior elders. The Maasai enjoy eating meat, milk mixed with blood during rituals such as initiation and marriage. The use of herbs as medicine is still embedded in their day to day life. The Maasai are an attraction in Kenya since they managed to stick to their culture.
Day 1: Nairobi – Maasai Mara
We depart Nairobi after breakfast, stopping at the viewpoint of the Great Rift Valley viewpoint. After checking in at our camp/ hotel we are served lunch. As the heat of the day subsides, we proceed for an evening game drive in this park. This is an extension of Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park as an artificial border only separates the two. Dinner and overnight at the Maasai Mara Sopa lodge.
Day 2: Maasai Mara Game Drive
Early breakfast followed by a full day of game drive within the reserve. The Maasai Mara is famous for its black manned lions, elephants and buffalo that make three out of the ‘big five’ though luck is essential for spotting the other two namely park’s animal concentration and abundance is second to none.
We will cater for a picnic lunch at the hippo pool where with luck you may spot crocodiles basking on the rocks. Numerous plains game including antelopes, wildebeest, zebra, Maasai giraffe can be seen as well as scavengers like hyena and vulture. In the late afternoon (at an extra cost), go for optional activities like having a nature walk, visiting Maasai villages to see the nomadic lifestyle or swimming in the nearby lodges. Rest of meals and overnight at the Maasai Mara Sopa lodge.
Day 3: Maasai Mara – Nairobi
We start the day with a pre-breakfast morning game drive at 6:00 am. After a full breakfast, depart the Mara region for Nairobi. Lunch can be arranged at Kiambethu tea farm; an old colonial home established by the early settlers and the pioneers of tea growing in Kenya. There will be a talk on tea: its arrival in Kenya, the growing, processing and up to when you put it into your cup. A short walk in the tea plantation and a small remaining part of the indigenous forest completes the tour. We have a healthy farm lunch and thereafter transfer to Nairobi.
Options are of course many and varied and in many cases, we can be flexible about the itinerary for accommodation facilities and the extension of the safari destinations.
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William Warham, (born c. 1450, Malshanger, Hampshire, England—died August 22, 1532, Canterbury, Kent), last of the pre-Reformation archbishops of Canterbury, a quiet, retiring intellectual who nonetheless closed his career with a resolute stand against the anticlerical policies of King Henry VIII of England. His natural death perhaps prevented a martyrdom similar to that of the earlier archbishop whom he revered, St. Thomas Becket.
Warham was educated at New College, Oxford (doctor of civil law, 1486), served as master of the rolls for several years before his formal appointment to the office (1494), and was frequently employed by Henry VII on diplomatic missions. He was ordained priest in 1493, became bishop of London and keeper of the great seal in 1502, and in January 1504 was made archbishop of Canterbury and lord chancellor. However, he proved to be rather colourless in this eminent position and was easily eclipsed, in the reign of Henry VIII, by Thomas Wolsey, to whom he had to surrender the chancellorship in 1515. As cardinal and papal legate, Wolsey thereafter aggressively interfered with Warham’s ecclesiastical administration of the archbishopric. Wolsey’s fall in 1529 came too late to revive the fortunes of Warham, because the archbishop, though trained as a lawyer to serve the crown without question, could not follow Henry VIII into the first stages of the Reformation. After presiding submissively over the convocation (1531) that declared Henry to be the head of the Church in England, Warham bravely published (February 1532) a dignified but emphatic protest against the enactments of the Reformation Parliament from 1529. He died shortly thereafter.
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Porcupine climbed a tree looking for a place to cross the river; he wishes to dine on the bark of trees on the other side. Buffalo enters the picture when he too wishes to cross the river to dine on the tall grasses. In the story, the Porcupine and the Buffalo refer to each other as brother, friend and relative; this is presented to demonstrate healthy boundaries; the collection of people we allow or don’t allow into our life. As the porcupine crawls into the stomach of the buffalo he explores the buffalo’s vulnerable interior to find the weakness of this powerful animal, his heart. When Porcupine gets what he wants, which is over to the other side, with a shake of his tail, Porcupine kills Buffalo with a single quill to his heart. The moral: “Be careful of the ones that you allow closest to you, they are the individuals who can hurt you the most”.
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| 0.955138 | 200 | 3.59375 | 4 |
There was a metaphor that made a number of appearances at this year’s Nobel Week Dialogue: opening scissors. To get the metaphor, you have to look at graphs. In the closed-scissors portion of things, two items remain linked and run along the graph in parallel. In fact, the correlation has run so deeply into history that everybody assumes that there’s a causal relationship between the two, and it’s impossible to separate them.
Then the scissors open. Suddenly, one of the items starts tracking on a different trajectory, and the two show an increasing divergence. The scissors have been opened.
The Nobel Week Dialogue's host country, Sweden, provided two examples of this phenomenon. One was the outcome of what was called “Vision Zero,” the goal of eliminating traffic fatalities. The country is still a long way off from this goal, but the initial efforts involved with Vision Zero have opened the scissors between traffic fatalities and miles travelled. Historically, the two have risen in parallel; in Sweden, they no longer do.
More directly relevant to energy has been the link between economic growth and energy use—and therefore with carbon dioxide emissions. In the US, those scissors were opened within the last few years by a combination of a switch from coal to natural gas, greater energy efficiency, and a rise in renewable power (in order of importance). In Sweden, the scissors opened back in 1987; since then, the cumulative GDP growth has reached 60 percent, with greenhouse gas emissions remaining flat.
Sweden hasn’t had a shale gas revolution, which means that different factors contributed to opening the scissors. This is good news because it means that neither country’s changes are likely to have been a freak occurrence, and there are more lessons here that might apply to more nations. That's ultimately the goal. Although “opening scissors” was first used as a descriptive metaphor, before the day was over, speakers were using it as a verb—as something we have to accomplish.
This post is part of Ars' coverage of the 2013 Nobel Week Dialogue. It first appeared on the Dialogue's website.
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It is true that baby teeth will fall out, yet there are very good reasons to have them filled when caries (cavities) are present.
Any tooth which has a cavity that is not properly fixed can eventually cause a tooth ache. It can also cause infection in the surrounding gums or bone. The earlier that a cavity is detected and a restoration (filling) placed, the lower the likelihood that this will happen. Infection can be dangerous and can also, in certain circumstances, cause problems with the adult tooth that is developing in the jaw bone.
Also, having untreated cavities increases the amount of cavity forming bacteria in the mouth. This makes it more likely that the adult teeth coming into the mouth could develop cavities as well.
So why do we not just pull the tooth? Baby teeth fall out at different times – some of the back ones may not come out until 11 or 12 years of age. These teeth function in chewing but also keep space for the adult teeth to come into place in the proper position.
Your child should be evaluated by a dentist to assess his or her teeth, as well as risk factors for developing cavities or other problems. Your dentist can answer any further questions that you may have.
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Hurricanes mean more rain, and more mosquitos. Here's how to prevent mosquito-borne illnesses
Standing water from such places as garbage cans, buckets, and pool covers is the main culprit.
Hurricane season has just begun, which means southwest Florida residents should begin taking precautionary measures to prevent mosquito-borne illnesses.
The Florida Department of Health in Collier County emphasizes that mosquito-borne illnesses can be prevented by draining standing water and covering up.
“Words to live by are drain and cover,” Kristine Hollingsworth, a public information officer for Florida Department of Health in Collier County, said. “When we say drain, drain standing water. Mosquitos can breed in as little as a bottle cap full of water. So that's very important to know that 1000s of mosquitos can breed in very little water.”
This includes draining anything that can collect water outdoors like garbage cans, buckets, pool covers, plastic swimming pools, toys, and even plants.
“We see bromeliads throughout southwest Florida and while they are gorgeous, they have a cup like center and that holds rainwater,” Hollingsworth said. “So those sorts of plants need to be rinsed out at least once a week.”
To prevent mosquitos from reproducing in these specific standing water sources, swimming pools must be appropriately chlorinated and kept in good condition, and birdbaths and pet water bowls should be cleaned once or twice a week.
To protect ourselves from bites, it’s recommended that broken screens covering windows, doors, porches, and patios be repaired to prevent mosquitos from coming indoors.
Southwest Florida residents should cover up by wearing long sleeve shirts, long pants, closed-toed shoes and mosquito repellent. The Florida Department of Health in Collier County recommends using mosquito repellent with any of these ingredients: 10-30% DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus or IR3535.
Mosquitos can cause more than itchy raised bumps on the skin. In more serious cases, mosquito bites can transmit illnesses. Common mosquito-borne illness symptoms include headache, fever, fatigue, dizziness, weakness, and confusion.
“Mosquitos can transmit various illnesses, not only to humans, but also to livestock and pets,” Hollingsworth said. “So, we are always conducting statewide surveillance for mosquito-borne illnesses, which include West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis, dengue, there's chikungunya, malaria, there's a variety of these mosquito-borne illnesses that are transmitted.”
Copyright 2022 WGCU. To see more, visit WGCU.
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| 0.943031 | 573 | 3.078125 | 3 |
$20 million is going toward high-level training in scientific and technical fields through the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences.
Progress can come from unexpected places.
For example, Viateur Tuyisenge lost his whole family in the Rwandan genocide. The former street kid is now on his way to becoming a medical computer imaging expert.
Nuclear engineer Esra Khaleel grew up in impoverished, embattled Darfur in South Sudan. Her dream: to help solve South Africa’s energy crisis.
The daughter of a poor South African domestic worker, Daphney Singo is completing her PhD in quantum physics. “Education,” she says “is the husband that will never let you down.”
These three rising stars, and hundreds more like them, have all have benefited from a unique African institution: AIMS, the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences. The project is known as the “Next Einstein Initiative.” The belief is that the world’s next genius could just as easily come from Africa as anywhere else – if the educational opportunities exist.
AIMS is the brain child of South African physicist, Neil Turok, the executive director of the Waterloo-based Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. The purpose of AIMS is to help Africa produce and use science and technology for its development. AIMS recognizes that nearly one million students graduate from African universities each year, but high-level training in scientific and technical fields is generally unavailable.
AIMS is beginning to change that. The first AIMS centre, which launched in 2003 in Cape Town, has already graduated more than 412 students, one-third women, from 33 countries. Over 87% have entered advanced master’s and doctoral programs.
The AIMS program puts students through a rigorous course in mathematical problem-solving that prepares them to earn advanced degrees in the sciences. Mathematical sciences are, after all, the backbone of a modern economy. Solutions to complex challenges in health, agriculture, and finance, for example, all require advanced mathematical modelling skills.
From the beginning, AIMS has been about excellence. The best students from across Africa are accepted exclusively on merit, and pay no tuition fees. The teaching staff is made up of volunteers, drawn from some of the world’s best universities, who are attracted by the talent and the passion of AIMS students. Among the professors are four Nobel Prize winners as well as several recipients of the Fields Medal, often considered the highest award in mathematics.
Not surprisingly, the program and its students have garnered international recognition. For example, Nigerian computer science student and AIMS graduate, Oluwasola Fasan was selected as the L’Oreal-UNESCO women in science regional fellow for 2012-2013. She was also a finalist for Google’s 2012 Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship. In 2010, three AIMS students received scholarships to attend a 6-week program on exponential technologies at Singularity University on the NASA Research Park campus in California. AIMS’ School Enrichment Centre won a 2012 UNESCO award for outstanding practice and performance in enhancing the effectiveness of teachers.
Canada was AIMS’ first major donor: in 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper committed $20 million to help AIMS expand across Africa. A new AIMS campus opened in Senegal in 2011 and another was launched in Ghana in August 2012. More are planned for Tanzania and Ethiopia. There should be 15 in all by 2020.
Canada’s contribution is led by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). The AIMS model is consistent with IDRC’s approach of seeking to help countries develop by building local, long-term capacity in science and mathematics.
By taking a pan-African approach and by training the best students across Africa at regional centres, AIMS will make it possible for students to stay close to their communities and apply their skills to local problems. Three-quarters of AIMS graduates have chosen to stay in Africa to help solve the continent’s social and economic problems.
Investing in developing countries to improve people’s lives is the right thing to do. It is also an investment in Canada’s future prosperity. A more developed and equitable world is in Canada’s interest. It means having highly skilled partners with whom we can collaborate, trade, and innovate. That benefits our economy and theirs.
Also, we need global science cooperation to address shared challenges, such as food insecurity, infectious diseases, and climate change adaptation. It is in all of our interest for experts from all continents, including Africa, to work together to solve these problems. And whether it is modeling climate change adaptation, analyzing food and water scenarios, or tracking avian influenza, the solutions require experts with strong mathematical skills, the kind of expertise AIMS can help Africa develop.
Naser Faruqui is the director of science policy at Canada’s International Development Research Centre.
Photo (right): Students from AIMS conduct a Soliton experiment with Neil Turok, executive director of the Perimeter Institute.
This commentary was originally published in Education, an Embassy Policy Briefing.
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HTTP-EQUIV tags are equivalent to http headers where the name tag on the other hand is not.
This is how you do it
Somewhere between <head> and </head> in your HTML file, insert this code
<META name="description" content=" ** ">
Where you see ** type the description of your page.
<META name="keywords" content=" ## ">
Where you see ## type the type the keywords (Separated by commas) that will lead people to your site.
<META name="description"content="We specialize in cars">
<META name="keywords"content=" car,auto,engine ">
It will appear like so in the index:
We specialize in cars
TIP: For descriptions some search engines only consider about 50 words and others up to 1024(which is a lot!) so make sure to cram the most important stuff in those first 50 words or so.
The robot tag allows you to give the spiders or robots instrustions. There are 2 things you can specify:
Either - [INDEX or NOINDEX] and [FOLLOW or NOFOLLOW]
This will tell the robot whether you want this page indexed or not.
This will tell the robot that either you want it to follow the links and index the pages on the other end or that you want it to stop at that page.
<META name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
The alt-tag is very easy to implement into an image.
Instead of having the line <img src = "pic.gif">
Do this: <img src = "pic.gif" alt="this is a picture of a house">
Not only will this help your ranking in search engines but it will also display the text before a picture is displayed.
Specifies the author of the page
Specifies the tool used to create the web page.
Specifies the time and date when a page has expired. Netscape uses this tag to determine wheather the page can be reloaded form disk or requested for the network.
Specifies the character set used by the web page.
Refreshes or loads a page specified by URL= After # of seconds.
Tip : This can be used when one of your pages has moved to a different location. In that case just place this tag in the header for 0 seconds and it will be as if you never moved your page. Keep in mind that not all browsers support this feature so just in case put a link on the page also.
Specifies a target window.
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| 0.796202 | 549 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Since the sun is very bright and emits UV and infrared waves, it is extremely dangerous to look directly at the sun, even during a total solar eclipse. With this simple DIY Eclipse Viewer, you and your kids can safely view the changing sun without eclipse glasses!
In this set of activities, kids will make a mini tabletop tornado and demonstrate the power of air pressure. These are best for kids over 3 (my 3-1/2-yr-old thought everything was really cool), though the tornado tube may provide some entertainment for tiny scientists as well!
At 4:30AM my 3-yr-old comes padding into my bedroom, scared by the thunder and lightening. As he snuggles into bed next to me, he asks, “Mommy, why is it raining?” I’m sure something similar has happened to many of you! Here are a couple of fun and easy activities to help them understand.
This super-simple activity is great for even the tiniest scientists! (My 17-month old loved it!) The messiness rating is a little high on this one, so take advantage of the warming weather and set up outside in the sunshine.
As any parent knows who has ever thrown their hands up in exasperation and said “Because I SAID SO!” …preschoolers are the kings and queens of asking WHY. This has inspired my new series of blog segments Answering the “WHYs”. In these posts I will attempt to explain some of the everyday science phenomena that kids are often curious about.
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| 0.954834 | 327 | 2.625 | 3 |
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
We can now call EPA the Environmental Pollution Agency because it has promoted the spreading of toxic
and hazardous chemical contaminated sewage sludge - biosolids and sewage effluent - reclaimed water
where the public is directly exposed. All this has been done based on exclusions in the laws. However,
under certain conditions EPA claims to regulate these toxic and hazardous pollutants.
Since 1978 EPA has depended on sludge scientists and the sludge industry to publish misleading
information and lies concerning the safety of sludge use. However, since the sludge industry published
information in 2006 that showed the treatment processes did not reduce pathogens, EPA has resorted to
publishing outright lies.
EPA's published lies documented
1978-79 SLUDGE WARS AT EPA (1990)
Hazardous and Toxic chemicals to die for.
Sludge Disposal: Sanitary Landfill-Open Dump-Superfund Site? (1993)
The Dirty Work of Promoting “Recycling” of America’s Sewage Sludge (2006)
EPA based part 503 Beneficial Sludge Use on Exclusion in the laws.
1993 PREAMBLE TO THE 503 SLUDGE RULE ADMITS LACK OF SCIENCE
Pathogenic disease organisms
Toxic and Hazardous chemicals
FDA REGULATIONS ON HANDLING SPORE FORMING BACTERIA
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| 0.777731 | 295 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Monday, October 2, 2017
Naudsonce by H. Beam Piper
Unraveling a xenolinguistic conundrum
A contact team from the Terran Federation lands on a previously unexplored planet, soon to be named Svantovit after a Slavic god. The team’s job is to communicate with the planet’s native population and prepare them for Terran colonization and resource extraction. Svantovit is inhabited by an intelligent bipedal race with a civilization based around roughly Bronze Age technology. The team wants to introduce them to Terran tools and machines in order to accelerate their development and acclimate them to the technology necessary to establish large scale factories. The first step, of course, is to communicate. Despite their years of experience with xenolinguistics, however, the Terran scientists cannot make any headway in deciphering the language of the Svants (as the indigenous population has come to be called). Their native tongue does not correspond to the linguistic rules of any language the Terrans have ever encountered.
H. Beam Piper’s sci-fi novella Naudsonce was originally published in the January 1962 edition of Analog Science Fact – Science Fiction. In this story, Piper builds upon the fantasy of an anthropological explorer discovering a hidden culture in the wilderness, only in this case the wilderness is extraterrestrial and the natives have an alien anatomy. Like many explorers in Earth’s history, the Terran team has commercial motives for their expedition, but they also seek the benefits of scientific knowledge, cultural exchange, and galactic diplomacy. One of the great things about Piper’s fiction is he doesn’t confine himself to space operas or stories of astrophysical science. He writes speculative fiction about all branches of science, including, in this case, anthropology and linguistics. Piper has covered similar ground before in Omnilingual, his 1957 novella about scientists discovering an ancient lost city on Mars. Comparing the two works, Naudsonce is far less successful in capitalizing upon the joy of exploration and the thrill of discovery. While the science used to unravel the mystery of the Svants’ communication is interesting, the story just isn’t all that much fun. The Terran contact team, veterans in their fields, act as if such interspecies contact is old hat, and their blasé attitude is contagious.
Don’t expect to find any qualms about colonialism in this story. Piper acknowledges the moral sketchiness of imperialism, but doesn’t frown upon it. His libertarian political views are often evident in his work, and he makes it clear that an empire is OK with him as long as it’s a capitalist empire that thrives on free trade. For most of the story, the Svants are depicted as dumb primitives, just waiting to be exploited, though towards the end they start to develop more as characters and display some higher reasoning. Because it deals with the Terran Federation, Naudsonce is considered part of Piper’s Terro-Human Future History series. The story takes place about the end of the 26th century in that timeline, but the Future History stories are only loosely connected, so no prior knowledge of that series is required to read Naudsonce.
If you want to know what “naudsonce” means, you’re going to have to read the whole story. It isn’t explained until the final sentence, and I’m not telling. Unless you’re a diehard Piper completist, however, I wouldn’t recommend reading Naudsonce. If you’ve ever daydreamed about being an anthropologist who discovers a previously unknown culture, and you want to see how that might play out on another planet, I would highly recommend Omnilingual.
If you liked this review, please follow the link below to Amazon.com and give me a “helpful” vote. Thank you.
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| 0.946974 | 819 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Do you need to repair a broken tree? Did your contracted landscaper (or you) bang the ride-on mower into your eighty-year-old yellowwood? Did the mower grind up some pretty important surface roots? Repair grafting is laborious, but for a special tree with a major wound from winter splitting, animals (like buck rub or rodent chew), or power tools, it may be worth it to you.
Basic Idea of Repair Grafting
If you’ve ever noticed an old wound on a tree, from impact damage or a removed limb, you might have noticed rolls of “flesh” on the rim of the scar.
When wounded, woody plants can heal only from the outside in because the actively dividing cambium is absent from the wound site, and present only at the edges.
Trees don’t truly heal as we do; rather, they grow over the dead wood in a wound with healthy wood. Working from the edges to the middle, this takes time, many years for large wounds. This is why when we make clean pruning cuts, we try to keep the wound as small and clean-cut as possible.
You wouldn’t do it for every wound on every tree, but for high-importance “specimen” trees, repair grafting can help along the healing process by sticking additional healthy wood onto and around the damaged site, where it can expand and cover the wound faster.
Inarching is a way to repair lower wounds on trees, including wounds to the roots. You can even replace the entire root system, done when you want to switch a mature plant to a new rootstock.
By inarching, small plants near the base of the tree have their tops joined to the trunk where they fuse into the wood, thereby providing a new root system and bridging any low damage.
Bridge grafting is a way to speed the healing of wounds on the trunk of a tree. Damage caused by buck rub, rodent chew, and impact with machinery are some examples of times this may happen.
Proper pruning cuts, even to larger limbs, should not need repair with bridge grafting.
In bridge grafting, an evenly-spaced set of twig-sized scions, often from the plant itself, have their tops and bottoms inserted and nailed into the top and bottom of the wound. These fuse to the plant and, as they grow, expand and fuse to each other as in a natural approach graft, rapidly sealing the wound.
When two limbs have a weak crotch or other poor attachment one needs to be pruned off or braced before it splits out and leaves a large, ragged wound for disease to infect. Bracing can be done with a cable by a skilled arborist, where branches are essentially tied together with an artificial material, but artificial bracing has fallen out of favor as a sound arboricultural practice.
An alternative in the right circumstances is to use a woven “rope” of flexible scions, with each end grafted to the interior of the crotch. This is the graftage known as bracing. Instead of a man-made cable, which breaks down in the sun and weather over time, a rope of living scions grow, fuse, and strengthen.
Bracing is used particularly in orchards, where wood is often weak and depended upon to hold very heavy weights of large fruit.
Hartmann, Hudson T. and Dale E. Kester. Plant Propagation Principles and Practices, 7 ed. 2002.
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Wikimedia disambiguation page
|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: bridge.|
Bridge may mean:
- Bridge (structure), a structure built so that a transportation route can cross above an obstacle.
- The Bridge (documentary movie), a movie about suicides on the Golden Gate Bridge.
- Bridge (dentistry), a fixed prosthesis used to replace missing teeth.
- Bridge (exercise), most commonly the balancing of the body on the head and feet.
- Bridge (graph theory), an edge whose removal disconnects a graph.
- Bridge (grappling), a move intended to dislodge an opponent in top control.
- Bridge (prosody), a point in a line of poetry where a break in a word-unit cannot occur.
- Bridge (ship), the area from which a ship is commanded.
- Main Bridge (Star Trek), the control center of Starfleet vessels in the Star Trek universe.
- Contract bridge, a card game.
- Bridge loan, a short-term loan to cover a gap in time until a new long-term financing is realised.
- Adobe Bridge, a program included with the Adobe Creative Suite to link the other programs together
- Hashiwokakero, meaning "build bridges", a Japanese puzzle.
- "bridge the gap": a phrase meaning to connect different things or ideas
- Bridge Records, Inc., a record label
- Bridge (chemical), an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a covalent bond connecting two bridgeheads in a polycyclic compound.
- A Salt bridge, in chemistry, is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (electrochemical cell)
- Salt bridge (protein) (or salt bond), in protein chemistry, is the term used to denote chemical bonds between positively and negatively charged side-chains of proteins.
- Bridge rectifier, an electronic circuit for converting alternating current to direct current.
- Wheatstone bridge, an electronic circuit for comparing resistors, capacitors or inductors to high standards of accuracy.
- Bridge (instrument), the device that anchors the strings to or holds the strings above the body of a string instrument, such as a violin or guitar.
- Bridge (music), an interlude that connects two parts of song.
- Frank Bridge, composer
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Social Studies for Trinidad and Tobago - Book 1:
Understanding Our Past, Shaping Our Future
The Social Studies for Trinidad and Tobago series is written especially for students in the new Junior Secondary (Forms 1-3) program in Trinidad and Tobago.
The three texts in the series offer a variety of opportunities to students for individual study and group work through a combination of informative narrative and numerous creative and skill-building activities.
Each of the three texts:
- Covers all units and learning outcomes of the syllabus
- Provides ‘Key Questions’ at the beginning of each chapter to trigger student interest and thinking
- Highlight key terms and concepts at the beginning of each chapter and as they appear in the chapter itself
- Includes ‘Checkpoints’ to ensure comprehension of content
- Offers ‘Thinking Creatively and Critically’ activities to encourage analysis, application, synthesis, and evaluation
- Includes numerous visuals such as photographs, maps, charts, and timelines, both to reinforce the narrative and to help students develop their skills at interpreting visual material
- Provides ‘Skills Tool Kits’ for the development of specific skills such as locating and evaluating information, conducting interviews, reading and interpreting graphic information, researching the Internet, working collaboratively, making decisions, recognizing point of view, separating fact from opinion, detecting bias, and making oral presentations
- Includes a glossary of key terms and concepts, as well as an index.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Understanding climatic change begins with a keen understanding of the difference between climate and weather. Weather, which is the state of the atmosphere at a given time in a specific location, is determined by factors such as temperature, wind, and precipitation. It can change dramatically in only a few minutes. Climate, on the other hand, is an average weather pattern in an area over a period of time. Climatic change is the significant and sustained shift in the established weather patterns of an area and, due to the age of the planet, is often difficult to verify.
One cause of climatic change is the slow movement of the tectonic plates known as continental drift. The advancement and retreat of glaciers is associated with climatic change, particularly during ice ages when glaciers take over entire portions of the landscape. Wooly mammoths have been found frozen in the tundras of Siberia and North America, and the condition of the animals is extremely well preserved. Tender, green, herbaceous plants have been found in the stomachs of these creatures, indicating that the animals were enjoying spring-like weather before their death by deep freeze.
Some geologic evidence suggests that climatic change has been extremely slow and dramatic, such as finding fossilized sea creatures in the inland deserts of North America. On the other hand, finding frozen mammoths suggests that climatic change can also be sudden and unexpected. Some scientists consider climatic change to be a cyclical and natural process beyond human control.
Global warming is a controversial topic that links the energy needs of humans in the post-industrial revolution to climatic change and, more specifically, an increasingly warmer planet. This theory proposes that the planet is getting warmer because of the carbon emissions of humans. When fuels are burned, carbon dioxide gas is released into the atmosphere. These gases create a thick, blanket-like wrapping around the planet, a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect prohibits light and heat from bouncing off Earth's surface as they should. Energy from the sun passes through the carbon blanket to reach Earth’s surface, but the sun's rays take longer to reflect back off this surface. As a result, this energy and heat cannot pass back out of the carbon blanket, so it remains in the atmosphere, heating up Earth's climate.
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| 0.949108 | 475 | 3.921875 | 4 |
ASK THE GARDENERS. Questions & Answers
Q This summer, while touring around the less traveled highways in the United States, we had the delightful experience of eating lunch at a restaurant that specializes in edible flowers. Not only were the flowers used as garnish, but they were actually used in the cooking. Everything was organically grown, so there were no pesticides to worry about. We would like to plan a garden for next year which would include mostly edible flowers. Can you suggest several annuals and perennials that would be attractive as well as edible? M.F.
Flower cookery, which has been around for a long time, is enjoying renewed enthusiasm. For perennials and biennials, we suggest shasta daisies, daylilies (hemerocallis), hibiscus, violets, violas, pansies, chrysanthemums, hollyhocks, roses, dianthus, and beebalm (Monarda).
Your annual edible garden could include nasturtiums, begonias, impatiens, marigolds, squash and pumpkin blossoms, snapdragons, geraniums, calendulas, and gladiolus. Many wildflowers are edible, such as dandelion (delicious blossom fritters) and wild daisies. Before using any tame or wildflower, make absolutely sure you do not have some ``look-alike'' that is toxic. Many herbs have attractive flowers (borage, lavender, sage, etc.), and some pot plants such as fuchsias have edible blooms.
Q We have quite a large backyard. Hardly any is in full sun, but a large portion of it gets partial shade. Would you please mention some shrubs that will tolerate this condition? Also, would you include some that will attract birds?
An evergreen shrub that does well in partial shade is Taxus (Japanese yew), both upright and spreading. Canadian hemlock tolerates shade and can be kept trimmed for shrublike effect. Rhododendrons and azaleas prefer partial shade, as does mountain laurel. Two deciduous shrubs, snowberry (Symphorocarpos albus) and related coralberry, also called Indian currant (S. orbiculatus) would do well. A dependable bird-attracting shrub that will tolerate partial shade is Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica). Some other fruiting shrubs will grow in your situation, but they would produce foliage only. Snowberry and coralberry have fruit that is not appealing to birds. A small tree, serviceberry or shadbush (Amalanchier), does well in dappled shade, and its fruit attracts birds in late spring or early summer. Q We received your bulletin ``Garbage Can Composting'' and followed the directions and find the method works very well. Since we usually have only a small amount of table scraps each day, however, we do not add the sprinkling of soil daily. We cannot add leaves, since only pine needles fall on our property. In the meantime, the container becomes loaded with what look like gnats, but are more the size of fruit flies - but fly much faster and are black instead of brown. How do you suggest we get rid of them?
The little black flies are likely one of the species of fungus gnats that feed mainly on organic matter. In houseplant soil the larvae sometimes feed on plant roots. We have them in our greenhouse occasionally and spray with either insecticidal soap (found in garden stores) or use our homemade formula: to one gallon of water add one tablespoon liquid dishwashing (not for machine) detergent and two quarts rubbing alcohol. You can add one tablespoon of hot pepper sauce, but don't breathe the vapor. Spray several times, one week apart, so you will eliminate all hatching adults.
You should add a sprinkling of soil every other day. Shredded newspapers added to the composting material will also discourage them. Citrus skins, moistened and run through a blender or food processor, will also help get rid of them. Q I requested and received your bulletin ``Garbage Can Composting.'' In the bulletin you say to catch any liquid draining out. I am wondering where the liquid would come from. I can't find any reference to adding water or why it should be added to the garbage in the can. Should it be added? If so, how often?
You have a good point, and we probably should have explained. You will note that the instructions say to put the can on bricks after punching several small holes in the bottom (away from the rim). Then we say that a pan should be set underneath to catch any liquid (which is odorless).
The liquid can come from any organic matter that is moist, such as vegetable or fruit parts, as it is breaking down. Shredded newspapers, leaves, and soil (see bulletin directions) will absorb some of it, but some days' additions of garbage will have more moisture than other days', and you may not be aware of the accumulation in the bottom of the can. The purpose of the small draining holes is to let the excess drain away. ``Garbage Can Composting'' is available for a self-addressed, stamped envelope.
Q At my childhood home on Long Island (New York State), we had a tree in our yard which we called golden-chain tree. About five years ago I went to a nursery near my friend's home in that area and purchased a small tree labeled ``golden-rain,'' which I thought would have the long chains of yellow, slightly fragrant pea-shaped flowers. It finally sent out a few blooms, but they were not the ones I expected. They were spraylike instead of chainlike, although they had a yellow color. Later the blooms turned to pods.
What you have is Koelreuteria paniculata, or golden-rain tree, instead of Laburnum anagyroides, which has the common name of golden-chain tree and is in the pea family. There is often much confusion about these two species because of the similarity of the common names. They are not related. Neither is dependably hardy in regions where temperatures may drop to sub-zero levels.
If you have a question about your garden, inside or out, send it, along with a self-addressed, stamped envelope, to the Garden Page, The Christian Science Monitor, One Norway St., Boston, MA 02115.
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sled(redirected from sledding)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Idioms, Wikipedia.
Related to sledding: sledge
sled,vehicle that moves by sliding. A sledge is typically a heavier, load-carrying sled drawn by a horse or dog, while a sleigh is a partially enclosed horse-drawn vehicle with runners that has seats for passengers. The simplest form of the sled is a board turned up in front, as in the toboggan. Developments include the addition of wooden or metal runners, the coupling of two sleds in tandem (the bobsled), and the introduction of light and graceful horse-drawn passenger sleighs. Small sleds with runners are used in winter sports.
Evidence indicates that the sled was used in the Neolithic period, before the invention of the wheel or the use of any draft animal except the dog. Probably it was first drawn by a person. Whether the sled originated in the Old World or the New, or independently in each, is not known. Eskimos used a dogsled in pre-Columbian America. In ancient Egypt sleds were used to haul blocks of stone. The sled is still commonly used in northern regions.
winter sport in which a bobsled—a partially enclosed vehicle with steerable sledlike runners, accommodating two or four persons—hurtles down a course of iced, steeply banked, twisting inclines.
..... Click the link for more information. ; lugeluge
, a type of small sled on which one or two persons, lying face up, slide feet first down snowy hillsides or down steeply banked, curving, iced chutes similar to those used in bobsledding.
..... Click the link for more information. ; skeletonskeleton,
in winter sports, a type of small, very low, steel-frame sled on which one person, lying face down, slides headfirst down snowy hillsides or down steeply banked, curving, iced chutes similar to those used in luge and bobsledding.
..... Click the link for more information. ; tobogganingtobogganing,
sport of coasting down snowy hillsides or chutes on a toboggan, a flat-bottomed vehicle made of hard wood. The toboggan, typically measuring 1.5 ft by 6–8 ft (.46 m by 1.8–2.
..... Click the link for more information. ; see also travoistravois
, device used by Native North Americans of the Great Plains for transporting their tepees and household goods. It consisted of two poles, lashed one on either side of a dog or, later, a horse, with one end of each pole dragging on the ground.
..... Click the link for more information. .
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Huge Dramatic Photos Of The Drought That's Devastating America's Farmland
University of MissouriFarms in the Midwest have been hit by a drought and heatwave. The extreme weather has caused corn crops to wilt or significantly shrink in size.
In some cases, farmers have given up hope and are mowing down their fields and using what corn they have as cattle field. Soybean plants are also showing signs of distress.
Fifty five percent of the continental U.S. was in a moderate to extreme drought by the end of June according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The drought is now covering the widest land expanse since 1956.
We put together images of the impact this drought has had on crops around the country.
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No wonder economics is called the “dismal science” — sometimes our rigorous analysis threatens to spoil everyone’s fun.
Take holiday gift-giving, for example. The conventional wisdom is that “it is better to give than to receive” and while there is some merit in this if everyone gives (so that everyone receives), I think you can probably see the collective action problem here. Only an economist (or maybe an excitable child) would point out that, strictly from a material accumulation point of view, there are real advantages in being on the receiving end!
A Badly Flawed Process
But it gets worse because some economists suggest that it may be better not to bother with gifts at all. Don’t give gifts, give cash. Or, better yet, keep the cash and spend it on yourself. Gift-giving itself is a badly flawed process. This Scroogish sentiment is in part the result of Joel Waldfogel’s famous article on “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas.” Waldfogel concluded that Christmas, for all its merriment, was actually welfare-reducing because recipients do not generally place a value on gifts that is as high as their cost. They end up receiving stuff they would never have purchased with their own money.
The cost of giving gifts exceeds the benefits, so gift giving is an economic drain. Dismal, huh? Here’s how it works.
Your aunt paid $50 for the sweater that she gave you. How much would you have paid for it? $50? $45? $40? Well, the fact is that you had the option of buying it for $50 and didn’t, therefore you must not have valued it at the full amount. So its value to you is probably less than what your aunt paid. But how much less?
Economists seem to agree that the best case scenario is that there is about a 10 percent average loss in gift-giving, which I call the “Santa Tax,” although the “yield” as reported by survey respondents varies a good deal. The National Retail Federation estimates that Americans will spend more than $550 billion on holiday gifts in 2012. If the deadweight loss rate is just 10 percent, that would be a $50+ billion Santa Tax this year. Yikes!
There are many problems with this way of calculating holiday giving gains and losses. It is pleasing to give gifts, of course, and this should be taken into account. But how much would you be willing to pay for the pleasure? And would your pleasure have been less if you had just given cash? The efficiency loss might be less with a cash gift, but perhaps the pleasure of giving (and thus the incentive to give) would be diminished, too.
Santa Tax Wine Edition
Then we can argue about the size of the Santa Tax. Is 10 percent about right … or do you suspect (as I do) that it might be much higher, especially when you are buying gifts for people who are much older or younger or who have very different tastes or needs from your own? Have you ever received a gift that was 100 percent deadweight loss? If you are honest you probably have. But it’s the thought that counts, isn’t it? How big a Santa tax is too much?
Which brings us to the wine part of the problem. Doesn’t it seem like the Santa tax is probably even larger for wine gifts than for many other things? Most of us have experienced the deadweight loss when a bottle of wine that we’ve paid good money for doesn’t turn out to be worth what we’ve spent. So it is no surprise that the loss rate might be even worse when other people are doing the buying (and giving) for us.
Giving wine as a gift is risky (unless it is someone you know very well) because there are so many different choices and individual tastes differ so much. There are lots and lots of good wine gift choices, of course, but it is easy to get caught in the Santa tax trap. I’m sure that a lot of holiday wine gifts miss the mark badly.
Maybe that’s why wine enthusiasts receive so many “wine gizmo” gifts instead of wine — but those gadgets are subject to the Santa Tax, too. The New York Times‘s William Grimes recently complained about this problem.
Across the land, Christmas trees spread their fragrant branches over packages containing monogrammed Slankets, electric golf-ball polishers and toasters that emblazon bread slices with the logo of your favorite N.F.L. team.
But for some reason, the culture of wine and spirits provides especially fertile ground for misbegotten concepts like these. Year after year, it yields a bumper crop of inane but highly giftable innovations like wineglass holders that clip onto party plates, leather beer holsters and octobongs, the most efficient method yet devised for eight college students to consume a keg’s worth of beer simultaneously.
Tyler Colman, writing on his Dr Vino blog, singled out gifts of fancy automated corkscrews for particular criticism. You can probably think of some high Santa tax wine paraphernalia that you’ve either given or received yourself.
Beyond the Octobong: Wine Economist Gift Guide
OK, I suppose the octobong is out, but some of the wine gizmos that Grimes reviews in the article are sort of weirdly fascinating. I guess I can see why they are given as gifts (even though you might never spend your own money on them). So where does that leave us when it comes to wine gifts?
My first bit of advice is simple: don’t give a bottle of wine to friends or relations, share it with them. There is something about a shared experience that transcends a simple commodity transfer. (From a technical economics standpoint, I think sharing adds some “public goods” elements to the deadweight loss equation that can cushion the Santa Tax loss). Trust me, from an economic theory standpoint, sharing is the way to go.
In fact the more I think about it the more I believe that sharing rather than giving is the key. Sharing a bottle of wine rather than just giving it may seem a bit selfish and is certainly more expensive (since time as well as money are involved), but sharing changes the game from transaction to relationship and this seems to me to be the essence of both the holidays themselves and wine, too.
More Gift Advice (and Shameless Self-Promotion)
Back to giving and receiving. Best gift to give a wine enthusiast? A copy of the new paperback edition of Wine Wars, of course. (Shameless self-promotion never takes a holiday).
Best wine gift to receive? It’s gotta be Wine Grapes by Jancis Robinson, Julia Harding and Jose Vouillamoz — the brilliant 1242 page survey of 1368 wine grape varieties. So many grapes, so much information, such beautiful illustrations. This jeroboam-sized book will provide years of detailed research use (including very cool DNA analysis of wine grape origins!) and hours and hours of simple browsing pleasure for any curious wine geek.
Weight? Yes, quite a lot of it; 6.8 pounds shipping weight according to Amazon.com (although my copy feels light for its size). Deadweight loss? Forget about it!
Click here to view a pdf of Waldfogel’s original article, which appeared in the December (of course) 1993 issue of the American Economic Review. The illustration is of a certain Mr. Grinch, who may or may not have been an economist. Happy holidays everyone!
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Date: c. 1890s
Fabric: Cotton twill
A corset in beige cotton twill. It is structured with corded panels at the bust (a technique in which thin pieces of cord are stitched into fabric channels, to help stiffen and strengthen the fabric), baleen bones throughout the body, and wide flat steel bones at the side seams. A stamp on the garment interior makes reference to ‘baleine’, the French word for baleen.
Although it is often colloquially referred to as ‘whale bone’, baleen is in fact a comb-like, keratin based structure found in the mouth of baleen whales. It is strong, flexible and lightweight, which made it a popular material for structured garments. Its eventual decline in popularity was largely due to overfishing of the baleen whale, with scarcity gradually making the material less accessible in comparison to materials such as steel and coraline. Today, the baleen whale is deemed endangered, and the use and trade of baleen is largely outlawed.
The corset is embellished with flossing embroidery, a decorative and functional technique that helped secure bones within their fabric channels, and reduced the risk of them tearing through during wear. The embroidery on this particular corset appears to be stitched entirely by hand, rather than by machine. A woven trim embellishes the garment neckline. The centre busk fastening is rather unusual; rather than the standard studs on one side of the busk, there are hooks that lock into the loop side of the fastening (although this is difficult to see in photos). The loop side of the busk is engraved with decorative starburst motifs.
Many thanks to Fiona Ibbetson for assistance with object research.
From the collection of Karolina Laskowska
Museum number: KL-2020-012
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Determination of antibody responses to meningococcal antigens by ELISA.
Rosenqvist E., Käyhty H., Pollard AJ.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, EIA) is a highly versatile and sensitive technique that can be used for quantitative as well as qualitative determination of almost any antigen or antibody. Reagents are stable, non-radioactive and, in most cases, commercially available. Owing to the simplicity and versatility of the method, ELISA represents probably one of the most used methods for studying antibody responses and antibody levels. Since Engvall and Perlman's first paper describing the ELISA in 1971 (1), almost all laboratories working in serology or immunology have designed their own assays with different protocols for coating with antigens, incubation conditions, detecting systems, and ways of reporting of the results. In most cases, there is no need for strict interlaboratory standardization of ELISAs and each laboratory will develop a system that suits their needs. However, for some ELISAs, e.g., used in diagnostic laboratories and in vaccine trials, standardization is important, and this is considered in "Meningococcal Disease" Edited by AJ Pollard and MCJ Maiden, (1a).
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Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children
- 1Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- 2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- 3Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence to Dr Leeka Kheifets, UCLA Pub Hlth-Epid, Box 951772, 73-320 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA;
- Accepted 22 September 2010
- Published Online First 7 December 2010
Background Potential health effects of cell phone use in children have not been adequately examined. As children are using cell phones at earlier ages, research among this group has been identified as the highest priority by both national and international organisations. The authors previously reported results from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), which looked at prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phone use and behavioural problems at age 7 years. Exposure to cell phones prenatally, and to a lesser degree postnatally, was associated with more behavioural difficulties. The original analysis included nearly 13 000 children who reached age 7 years by November 2006.
Methods To see if a larger, separate group of DNBC children would produce similar results after considering additional confounders, children of mothers who might better represent current users of cell phones were analysed. This ‘new’ dataset consisted of 28 745 children with completed Age-7 Questionnaires to December 2008.
Results The highest OR for behavioural problems were for children who had both prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phones compared with children not exposed during either time period. The adjusted effect estimate was 1.5 (95% CI 1.4 to 1.7).
Conclusions The findings of the previous publication were replicated in this separate group of participants demonstrating that cell phone use was associated with behavioural problems at age 7 years in children, and this association was not limited to early users of the technology. Although weaker in the new dataset, even with further control for an extended set of potential confounders, the associations remained.
Funding The Age-7 Questionnaire was financially supported by the Lundbeck Foundation (195/04) and the Danish Medical Research Council (SSVF 0646). Support for this work was provided by the UCLA School of Public Health, research innovation seed grant (4565963LK19914) and by an NIH/NIEHS grant (R21ES016831).
Competing interests None.
Ethics approval This study was conducted with the approval of the Danish Data Protection Agency (Datatilsynet) and the UCLA Office for the Protection of Research Subjects.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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This is the second piece in a four part series inspired by a course I took last year called Philosophy for Theology. This piece is on the difference between Virtue Ethicsand Duty Ethics.
There are typically three different philosophies about ethics: virtue ethics, duty ethics (deontology), and pragmatic ethics (consequentialism). Pragmatic ethics is the idea that the ethical validity of a position or action is based on the outcome of such an action. The maxim which most captures this idea is, “the end justifies the means.” This ethical system is largely a modernist conception and has little grounding in theistic approaches to ethics so it will not be considered here. Virtue ethics and duty ethics, on the other hand, both have long histories and can be consistent with a theistic approach.
Virtue ethics has its roots dating back to Plato and Aristotle. The essential question of philosophy for classical philosophers was about how to be happy and for Plato a virtuous soul is what makes one happy. The philosophical life is important for developing happiness because in the classical conception the development of virtue goes hand in hand with the development of knowledge. So, being a philosopher has a direct causal relationship to happiness. Further, for both Aristotle and Plato, virtue is public not private. In Christian and more contemporary ideas about virtue, we tend to focus on an individual’s personal private virtue. However, for Plato and Aristotle, virtue was public and directed toward the city-state rather than the individual. As a result, the virtuous person was a good citizen. For more modern thinkers, virtue likely does have a secondary relationship with citizenship but it is primarily individualistic.
One way to distinguish between virtue and duty ethics is that virtue ethics is about being and duty ethics is about doing. This means that virtue is an issue of character rather than purely action. From a Christian perspective, this distinction can be approached via the following question: “Does God demand something because it is good or is it good because God demands it?” So, for proponents of virtue ethics the laws and commandments of scripture are in no way arbitrary. They are reflections of the character of God. And while we should follow those rules, the real issue at hand is what we are not what we do. It is the character of an individual which is important. So while someone adhering to a duty ethic may argue that lying is always wrong, a virtue ethicist will not just look at what the person does but why they do it. What is truly moral is a moral character.
There are however differences between how Plato and Aristotle approach virtue ethics. Plato believed that virtue is an end in itself something that through cultivation inherently helps a person’s happiness. Aristotle, on the other hand, believed that virtue was important because it protected human relationships and through that promoted happiness.
There are some modern conceptions of virtue ethics found with philosophers such as Hume and an influence of virtue ethics can be seen in the American founding fathers with concepts like inalienable rights. But, for the most part duty ethics ascended to primacy during the modern period.
One of the problems for virtue ethics is how to determine what the virtues are. As a result, Plato and Aristotle would have a different idea of the functional virtues than would a Christian philosopher. Likewise, Hume who was a philosophical naturalist would also find different virtues important.
Within duty ethics, there are two main explanations as to what is the cause of the duty: Divine Command and Moral Absolutes. The stoics are an early example of a philosophical system which followed duty ethics. In the stoic system, the moral absolutes could be determined through reason to determine what virtues were in line with nature. These virtues were absolutes that were constituted by the very nature of the universe and as such the good Stoic was obligated, out of duty, to follow those moral absolutes.
During the Reformation, duty ethics found a home within the Reformed tradition of John Calvin and his intellectual heirs. Calvin focused primarily on the sovereignty of God. While it is true that Calvin believed God to be good, in his system our obligation to obey God was less tied to the goodness of God than His sovereignty. For example, within the Reformed tradition, attempts to reconcile the genocides on the people of Canaan with the goodness of God rely largely on defining goodness in a way that does not contradict the character of God. That is to say, what God says is good is good. There is no objective understanding of good outside of the character of God. So while the genocides may seem morally problematic to many they are often very simply handled within the Reformed tradition by appealing to God’s sovereignty. Therefore, if God is sovereign over the world it is His prerogative to do with this world what He sees fit. If then He commands something to be done then it is moral and good to do, simply because He commanded it. By applying that to the killing of Canaanite women and children, those killings then become not only not sin but morally just and good because it was the will of the sovereign to do as He pleased. This applies equally to issues such as predestination. Some of the more strident camps within the Reformed tradition will adhere to “double predestination” which argues that not only did God elect the individuals who are to go to heaven He by His failure to choose others elected for them to go to hell. In this system, God’s behavior is good because his behavior and character define good. So, it is good, by definition, that God elected some to eternal damnation. This conception of duty ethic is by divine command. It is not some moral absolute that made the killing of babies good. In most cases such an activity would, in fact, be considered evil. But, since it was done in accordance with God’s divine command it is good.
During the enlightenment Kant, like most other figures, held to varying forms of a duty ethic. Kant’s conception of a duty ethic relies on moral absolutes. For Kant, goodness was not determined by divine revelation but by human reason. It is this reason that is our basis for belief in God. Kant’s philosophical system revolved around human autonomy not metaphysical realities. Kant arrived at metaphysical conclusions through a priori knowledge. It is this same a priori approach that Kant believed lead to an understanding of goodness. Kant further believed that only good will was truly good and good will was not determined by the result of the action but by the intent. But, Kant also only believed that something was only truly good will when it was done out of respect for the moral law which can be determined a priori.
Søren Kierkegaard is an interesting person to discuss in terms of duty verses virtue ethics. One would think due to Kierkegaard’s focus on inwardness and his insistence that Christianity is about the ‘how’ not the ‘what’ would tend to lead one to suspect that he believed in a form of virtue ethics. This is complicated, however, when Kierkegaard discussed the ethical issue of God asking Abraham to sacrifice Isaac. For Kierkegaard, there is something called the teleological suspension of the ethical which came into play during the Abraham story. Because of Abraham’s duty to God he had to suspend what is normally considered ethical to obey God. Abraham’s duty to God was the greater good. This indicates that while for Keirkegaard it is the moral character of a person that matters (i.e. inwardness) the teleological suspension of the ethical moved Kierkegaard’s ultimate ethical category into the realm of duty ethics.
There are ways to problematize both duty ethics and virtue ethics and throughout history insightful thinkers have fallen on both sides. While the question “Does God demand something because it is good or is it good because God demands it?” seems simple it is something which great minds have had great difficulty agreeing upon.
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Guelfo Zamboni was born in Santa Sofia, in the Romagna region of Italy, in 1897. uring the Second World War he was Consul General of Italy in Nazi-occupied Salonika, home, in 1941, to the world’s largest community of Sephardic Jews (56,000 people). ollowing his arrival in Salonika in February 1942, for several months the consul managed to prevent the Nazis from treating the city’s Jews as they had the Polish and Ukrainian Jews over the previous months. But by early 1943 he was forced to restrict his efforts to the protection of Italian Jews; Eichmann had, in fact, sent his representative to Athens for the deportation of the Salonika community. Zamboni organized a transport that left Salonika in the night of 15 July, thus enabling Italian Jews to flee to Athens. And it was thanks to his efforts and to the false papers he had provided them with, that several scores of non-Italian Jews managed to escape on the same train. Zamboni had granted them Italian citizenship on the pretext of family ties.
To save them from deportation, Zamboni wrote numerous telegrams to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, woke the head of the Italian delegation in the middle of the night and successfully obtained false identity documents for 280 Jews to reach Athens; the Greek capital was in the Italian-occupied zone so they were able to evade German control and thus deportation. uelfo Zamboni died in 1994 in Rome. n 1992 the Yad Vashem commission in Jerusalem awarded him the title of “Righteous among the Nations”. Zamboni’s rescue efforts were described by his colleague, Lucillo Merci, in a diary and taken up by Daniel Carpi, an Israeli historian of Italian origin.
In an essay published by the University of Tel Aviv, Carpi traced the two and a half years between the arrival of the Germans in 1941 and the almost total annihilation of the Jewish community in 1943. He based his report on documents found in the “Archives of the Council General of Italy in Salonika” in the Farnesina (headquarters of the Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs).
The author claims that hundreds of Jews owed their lives to Guelfo Zamboni’s courage. he tale of the consul, which went nearly unnoticed in our country, returned to the limelight and was told in detail to the public in the book "Ebrei di Salonicco 1943-I documenti dell'umanità italiana" (Salonika's Jews 1943 – Italian humanity documented”) published by the Italian Embassy in Greece and edited by Alessandra Coppola, Antonio Ferrari and Jannis Chrisafis. A theatrical work on the role of Guelfo Zamboni was based on this book.
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This section is from the "The Subvention In The State Finances Of Pennsylvania" book, by Frederic B. Garver.
The same legislature that provided for the appointment of the commission of 1889 undertook to bring about a slight equalization of revenue resources by providing for the return of one-third of the proceeds of the state tax on personal property to the counties or to cities co-extensive with counties. *37 But this arrangement did not mean a very great addition to the resources of the localities. The act provided that in the future the localities should assume responsibility for uncollectible amounts due for taxes upon personal property, for abatements, and for all other expenses connected with the levy and assessment of the tax. *38 The return of one-third of the revenue was, therefore, more in the nature of a payment for the assumption of all expenses connected with its levy and collection. *39
Although the assembly did not pass the bill which was recommended by the commission of 1889, additional relief was granted to the localities and to the owners of real estate. The first measure of relief, passed by the legislature in 1891, was the return of three-fourths of the state tax on personal property, which was increased from three to four mills on the dollar. *40 The act also made changes in the corporation tax calculated to increase the revenue from that source. *41 That this arrangement, which obviously increased the local revenues without additional taxes on real estate, was specifically designed to readjust the burdens of taxation is a matter of common knowledge to all who are familiar with this portion of the financial history of the state. *42 No further change was made in the distribution of the personal property tax until 1913, when the state turned over to the localities the personal property tax on mortgages, money owed by solvent debtors, interest-bearing accounts, public loans, except those exempted by law or taxed by the state, shares of stock except those taxable by the state, moneys invested in other states or in foreign countries, other moneyed capital in the hands of individuals, or annuities of over $200 annually, and on such conveyances as cabs, hacks and omnibuses. *43 The rate that should be levied on such property was retained at four mills on the dollar. *44 The state retained the tax on loans of private and municipal corporations. *45
37 Act 1 June, 1889, P.L. pp. 420-438, at 426.
39 Eastman. Taxation in Pennsylvania, II, p. 791. The personal property tax in Pennsylvania is imposed on mortgages, notes, money owned by solvent debtors, collectable accounts, public loans except those of the United States and of the state, bonds of corporations generally, certificates of indebtedness, and stock of corporations not subject to the capital stock tax. There are numerous exceptions to this general statement. See Eastman, Taxation in Pennsylvania, II, pp. 772-773.
40 Act 8 June, 1891, P.L. pp. 229 fif.
42 "In 1891, when there appeared to be great danger of the passage of the 'Granger Revenue Bill, then pending, it was agreed, as a sop to Cerberus, to increase the proportion of the personal property tax] to be returned to three-fourths, which was accordingly done. The one-third granted by the Act of 1889 was given in commutation of payments theretofore made, but the difference between one-third and three-fourths, given by the Act of 1891, was a donation." Eastman, Taxation in Pennsylvania, II, p. 791.
It is apparent that the method employed by Pennsylvania since 1887 to bring about an equalization of revenue resources between the state and the localities, and to equalize the burden of taxation among tax payers, has been somewhat similar to that employed by Mr. Goschen in solving the same problem in Great Britain. In both cases the central government relinquished certain taxes (or the proceeds of those taxes) to the localities in order to lighten the burden on property subject to local taxation. In Great Britain the assigned revenues were used to make possible a partial abolition of the grants in aid. In Pennsylvania, on the other hand, the subventions have increased more rapidly since the period when the adjustment by means of assigned revenues was made than they did before. In fact, it seems highly probable that when the " Granger " bill was defeated, in 1891, it was generally understood that the subventions from the state treasury would be increased. *46 Numerous statements to that effect have been made in the legislature since that date. Mr. Focht, speaking in the senate in 1903, asserted flatly that the increases in the school appropriations, which began at that time, were the result of a compromise in the struggle between the corporations and the "grangers. *47 Again, in a debate in the lower house, in 1897, one member (Mr. Morrow) asked another member (Mr. Farr) "what was the object" of the increased appropriations to common schools provided at the session of 1891. The answer was, " I think the object was to lessen the burden of taxation in different parts of the state. That was the statement at that time. *48 Contemporary opinion of the effect of the grants is well expressed by Mr. McCamant, a member of the Revenue Commission of 1889, who pointed out in his report that the state might relieve the localities of some of their financial burdens in two ways. In the first place, it might assume "a further share of the expenses of local government," or it might relinquish to the localities any surplus revenues attached to the state treasury. *49
43 Act 17 June, 1913, P.L. pp. 507-519.
44 Idem, p. 508. 45 Idem, p. 516.
46 The evidence of such an understanding is not conclusive. No enactment or resolution of the legislature gave definite expression to such a policy.
47 Legislative Record, 1 April, 1903, p. 2606, col. 1.
48 Legislative Record, 23 March, 1897, p. 915.
49 Report, p. 35.
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"On This Date in History" Calendar
1915: Battle Of Dogger Bank
24 January 1915: The Battle of Dogger Bank.
During this naval engagement, the British disabled SMS Blücher, the rearmost German armored cruiser (pictured here, sinking) and the Germans put the British flagship HMS Lion out of action. Despite various failures and mistakes, the event was considered a victory for the British.
Learn more via the link below.
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Object 3: Dowsing rod
May 27, 2021
This object is a photo of a dowsing rod. It is a historical tool that was introduced during the 16th century and has been used as a tool to find the location of underground water pipes (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia 2017). This object is relevant to this exhibition as it is still used in water companies today referring to old knowledge about how to handle the rod, although there is no modern scientific evidence that supports the drowsing rod method (Weaver 2017).
Dowsing is an activity whereby someone holds a stick or rod and walking around a site to wait until the rod dips, where water or metals are assumed to be found underground. This is a method of finding water pipes or metals underground, that was applied since the 16th century (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia 2017).
Although, there is no clear scientific evidence for why dowsing works (Regal 2009), it looks the method has a consistent success rate when identifying underground water reserves (Betz 1995) and is used by farmers and water engineers.
The object is TOK relevant as the handling of a dowsing rod is old knowledge, but the knowledge around the handling never changed nor was it substantiated scientifically. Dowsing has remained as a pseudo-scientific discipline with surprising success rate. In this respect the object suggests that in pseudo- science there is no historical development of knowledge: old “knowledge” is similar the current “knowledge”, in contrast to the knowledge dynamics explained in relation to object 1 and 2.
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THERE IS NO TRUTH OF SUFFERING, OF THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING,
OF THE CESSATION OF SUFFERING, NOR OF THE PATH."
deals with the Void as the ground of the Four Noble Truths. What
are they? Suffering, Cause of Suffering, Cessation of Suffering
and The Path. The teaching transcends the mundane and provides access
to sainthood. A saint from the Theravada tradition attains the path
and the fruit on the basis of his/her practice of The Four Noble
Truths. The Mahayana attainment is in the realm of the supramundane.
The suffering spoken of is the suffering in this world. Its causes
are, likewise, of this world, the path is operative in this world
and Nirvana or cessation of suffering is our exit from this world.
The path provides the right causes for the Tao and the practice
is aimed toward enlightenment.
The first of
the Noble Truths is presented in three aspects: 1. As ordinary suffering.
In this aspect it includes all forms of physical and mental pain
and ache. 2. The outcome of the impermanent nature of life. All
the fleeting pleasures are illusory and temporary and subject to
change. 3. The five aggregates or the conditioned states. Matter,
feelings, perceptions, mental formations and consciousness, the
last being based on the first four, are constantly changing, hence
impermanent, and what is impermanent is, inevitably, suffering.
The six realms
of existence comprise three good or happy ones, and three unhappy
or evil ones. The first three are the realm of heavenly beings,
the realm of humans and the realm of asuras (titans). The latter
three consist of the realm of hell, the realm of hungry ghosts,
and the realm of animals. The form sphere and the formless sphere
both provide much longer life continuity than this world. and more
happiness as well, but they are still subject to birth, death and
suffering consequent of action. The sphere of desire in the human
realm provides equal parts of happiness and suffering, while the
asuras, though enjoying blessings, are without morality and their
good fortune will eventually end.
of the three happy realms made good causes in their former lives,
and depending on how they benefit others, they will receive rewards
accordingly in this world. There is no need to explain the three
unhappy realms. All we need to say is that there is a great deal
of suffering there. The suffering of those inhabiting unhappy realms
is the present effect of causes from their previous lives. All suffering
is produced by the mind. One reaps as one sows.
What is the
cause of suffering? The second of the Noble Truths posits the cause
or the origin of suffering as craving or thirst which produces re-existence
and re-becoming, accompanied by passionate clinging. Numerous causes
come together, and we know that our present suffering is the effect
of previous causes. Likewise, our present behavior is the foundation
for future effects.
has the supramundane on the cessation of suffering? The third of
the Noble Truths follows logically from the first two. If craving
is removed or transcended there will be no more suffering. Cessation
means calmness and extinction, or Nirvana: It is inviting, attractive
and comprehensible to the wise. The one who understands the source
of suffering thoroughly knows that it is generated by one's own
self; yearning for Nirvana, he/she resolves to practice and attain
the path and the fruit, i.e., Nirvana.
What is the
cause of the Noble Truth of the Path? Having analyzed the meaning
of life, the Buddha demonstrated to his disciples how to deal effectively
with suffering. The fourth Noble Truth makes the teaching a complete
whole. Those who focus their desire on attaining the supramundane
Nirvana can break off the causes of suffering and practice toward
of the teaching of the Four Noble Truths should reach understanding
of the cause of suffering and direct his/her efforts toward the
dissolution of the cause of suffering, resolve to attain Nirvana
and from then on practice wholeheartedly. Following his enlightenment
the Buddha taught the Avatamsaka, but some hearers had difficulty
understanding it, and therefore he applied expedient means to accommodate
them. His teaching of the Four Noble Truths was threefold: 1. By
means of contemplation of the manifestations of suffering, 2. By
exhortation, 3. Using his own attainment as an example and as encouragement.
of the manifestations of suffering.
There are several
kinds of suffering people are forced to endure in order to survive
and to get the basic necessities of life; The ordinary form of suffering
includes birth, old age, sickness, death, parting from what we love,
meeting what we hate, unattained aims and all the ills of the five
skandhas. Where does the suffering come from? It is generated by
one's own self.
The cause of
suffering is a cluster of six root defilements: Greed, hatred, ignorance,
pride, doubt and heterodox views. The lesser defilements are diversified
varieties of the six root defilements. The twenty secondary afflictions
are belligerence, resentment, spite, concealment, deceit, dissimulation,
haughtiness, harmfulness, jealousy, miserliness, non-shame, non--embarrassment,
non-faith, laziness, non-conscientiousness, lethargy, excitement,
forgetfulness, non-introspection, and distraction; the six root
defilements and the twenty secondary afflictions together cause
all the suffering in the world.
suffering can be attained; it is possible to end the cycle (allotment)
of birth and death, put aside the four conditions of mortality and
attain the appealing, joyful Nirvana. To follow the Theravada practice
means, however, not to halt the mortal changes of the round of births,
and to have some obstruction regarding Emptiness.
Those who resolved
to practice and attain because of their ardent wish to reach Nirvana
should observe the thirty-seven conditions leading to Bodhi. The
three studies or three pillars of practice - discipline, meditation
and wisdom - represent the thirty-seven conditions in condensed
form. The practice of discipline removes the obstacle of greed,
meditation reduces delusion and the two combined foster wisdom.
Without diligent practice the Buddha's follower does not get very
far on his journey.
2. By exhortation:
Using the expressions
and the tone of a concerned teacher or a parent the Buddha would,
at times, urge his followers: "You should understand how people
are forced to endure their predicament
" or "the
cessation of suffering can be attained, you ought to make the effort,
you should practice
" and so on.
3. Using his
own attainment as an example and as encouragement:
of suffering can be resolved; look, I did it and so can you."
of suffering are cumulative. The sooner you eliminate or transcend
them, the quicker you will be free once and for all; I freed myself
and now I don't have to worry any more" and such like.
At the time
the Buddha set the wheel in motion by teaching the Four Noble Truths,
the hearers (Sravakas) attained sainthood (Arhatship). After years
of teaching, the Buddha taught the Dharma of Emptiness (Sunyata)
to promote the understanding of the supramundane Void of True Existence.
We have seen the emptiness of the five skandhas, and at present
we perceive the Dharma of the Four Noble Truths to be void as well.
There is no suffering, no cause of suffering, no cessation of suffering
and no path. They are only the reflection in the mirror; without
reflection there is not the ability to reflect. The reflection is
not separate from that which reflects it; the reflective surface
and the reflection are one. To understand this means to be close
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Meltpond2000 is the first in a series of Arctic and Antarctic aircraft
campaigns planned as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua
sea ice validation program for the EOS Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer
(AMSR-E). This prelaunch Arctic field campaign was carried out between
June 25 and July 6, 2000 from Thule, Greenland with the objective of
quantifying the errors incurred by the AMSR-E sea ice algorithms resulting
from the presence of melt ponds. A secondary objective of the mission
was to develop a microwave capability to discriminate between melt ponds
and seawater using low-frequency microwave radiometers. Meltpond2000
was a multiagency effort involving personnel from the Navy, NOAA, and
NASA. The field component of the mission consisted of making five 8-hour
flights from Thule Air Base, Greenland with a Naval
Air Warfare Center P-3 aircraft over portions of Baffin Bay and
the Canadian Arctic. The aircraft sensors were provided and operated
by the Microwave Radiometry Group of NOAA's
Environmental Technology Laboratory. A Navy ice observer with the
National Ice Center provided visual documentation of surface ice conditions
during each of the flights. Two of the five flights were coordinated
with Canadian scientists making surface measurements of melt ponds at
an ice camp
located near Resolute Bay, Canada. Coordination with the Canadians will
provide additional information on surface characteristics and will be
of great value in the interpretation of the aircraft and high-resolution
satellite data sets. (click here to
go back to projects page)
3D Fly-Through Animations
These animations show data from various satellite and aircraft sensors
(SSMI, AVHRR, Landsat, MODIS, NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer)
on June 27, 2000 along with digital elevation and bathymetric data for
the Baffin Bay area of the Meltpond2000 flights.
The SSMI Sea Ice Concentration was derived from SSMI brightness temperatures
(obtained from NSIDC) using the NASA Team sea ice algoritm. The AVHRR
data was obtained from NOAA's Satellite Active Archive as swath data.
The Landsat scenes were purchased from the USGS. The PSR instrument
data was obtained during the Meltpond2000 expedition. The MODIS data
was obtained through the EOS Data Gateway.
The elevation data is from the USGS GTOPO30 global digital elevation
model. This was combined with bathymetric data from NOAA to form the
3D elevation grid over which the other data sets were draped.
Each of the data sets initially had a different resolution and projection.
||0.5 - 1 km
|USGS GTOPO30 DEM
||30 arcsecond (~ 1km)
These were reprojected and regridded onto a common 500 m polar stereographic
(click on images
to view the larger versions)
These are a few frames from the 3D fly-through animations showing the
Meltpond2000 location with digital elevation data along with the AVHRR,
Landsat and MODIS satellite data.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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| 0.87686 | 670 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The white rhino, along with the roughly equal-sized Greater one-horned (Indian) rhino,is the largest species of land mammal after the elephant. The white rhino is the least endangered of the living rhino species. Of its two distinct subspecies, the only populations of the Southern white rhino populations remain viable.The Northern white rhino is believed to be extinct in in its last known habitat in Garamba National Park due to poaching.
Current White Rhino Numbers and Distribution
There are currently approximately 20,405 white rhinos surviving (IUCN African Rhino Specialist Group, 2013).
- The white rhino lives in Africa, in long and short-grass savannahs.
- White rhinos are grazers. Its wide, square upper lip is adapted for feeding on grasses.
- White rhinos can live to be 50 years of age.
- Gestation lasts approximately 16 months, and mothers give birth to one calf every 2-3 years.
- Females reach sexual maturity between 6 and 7 years of age; males mature between 7 and 10 years of age.
- White rhinos are semi-social and territorial. Females and subadults generally are social, but bulls are typically solitary. Sometimes, satellite males may reside within one another’s territories.
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http://dennisstewartwildlifephotography.blogspot.com/2013/08/save-rhino.html
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| 0.892451 | 268 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Full mouth reconstruction, also known as full mouth rehabilitation, is a term used to describe the process of rebuilding the teeth in both upper and lower jaws. This treatment will not only lift your confidence about how you look, as it will also uphold your overall dental health. This is because aside from replacing missing or broken teeth, full mouth reconstruction also restores the function of the supporting structure of your mouth, which is your jaw and gums. After the whole process, your mouth will then look and work the way you want it to.
Full mouth reconstruction usually involves general or restorative dental experts, who perform procedures such as crowns, bridges, and dental veneers, and can incorporate dental specialists such as oral surgeons, periodontists, orthodontists, and endodontists. This complex procedure combines restorative, neuromuscular and cosmetic procedures. The objective is to rebuild not only the appearance of your teeth but also its structure and function.
Who Needs Full Mouth Reconstruction?
There are plenty of causes why your teeth might be in bad condition, counting neglect, trauma as well as preventive dental care that become damaged and needs replacement. Full mouth rehabilitation is recommended for the following reasons:
- Missing teeth
- Several chipped or broken teeth
- Chronic jaw pain, popping or clicking of the jaw
- Frequent headaches, back pain and muscle tenderness
If you are a candidate for mouth reconstruction, your dentist will start with an evaluation to determine specifically the type of procedures you will need.
Treatments Involved in Full Mouth Reconstruction
Full mouth reconstruction will involve several dental treatments. Dentists will usually recommend one or more of the following, which will depend on your specific condition.
- Restorative Dental Treatments (dental crowns, bridges, inlays, onlays, and fillings)
- Cosmetic Dentistry (teeth whitening, porcelain veneers, dental bonding and gum re-contouring)
- Orthodontics (Invisalign, traditional metal braces, retainers, spacers, and expanders)
- Implant Dentistry (dental implants replaces missing teeth to replicate them from root to crown)
- TMD Treatment (correction of problems that involve TMJ and the bite)
- Bruxism Treatments (resolves teeth grinding and related symptoms)
- Periodontal Treatments (scaling, root planning and gum surgery)
- Oral Surgery (root canal treatment, tooth extractions, soft and hard tissue grafting)
The process generally takes time. Most of the time, the procedure takes at least a year to complete since full mouth reconstruction involves multiple phases and dental visits.
High-quality and Comprehensive Full Mouth Reconstruction in Bondi
Full mouth reconstruction makes your entire mouth beautiful while providing more comfort and less tension in the jaw and neck. If you believe you’re a candidate for full mouth reconstruction, consult your trusted dental team in Bondi here at Bondi Dental. Our dental experts also specialize in more complex restorative work such as full mouth rehabilitation. We provide top-rate dental procedures to help regain your smile and confidence through restoring the aesthetics and function of your mouth, teeth and jaw. See us today and feel the difference of having a complete, healthy smile.
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<urn:uuid:fe36ad21-971d-40b4-8aa0-f062d49c4d0d>
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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https://bondidental.com.au/full-mouth-reconstruction-restores-your-smile/
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| 0.925008 | 674 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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Lincoln MS Conversation Cafe
PSD Channel 10
Students at Lincoln Middle School, an International Baccalaureate World School, discuss uranium mining in northern Colorado. The students have been studying the Centennial Uranium Mine project planned in northern Colorado. During the Conversation Café, students will participate in a debate with guests, parents, experts and community members about uranium mining. Powertech Uranium Corporation has obtained the mineral rights and mining leases to 6,889 acres in northern Colorado’s Weld County where they intend to use both open-pit and in-situ leaching to mine uranium. To prepare for the event, students have listened to speakers from Powertech Uranium Corporation as well as members of Coloradoans against Resource Destruction in an effort to build background knowledge and gain a balanced perspective about the issue.
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CC-MAIN-2015-27
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http://epresence.psdschools.org/1/watch/454.aspx
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en
| 0.930429 | 181 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Instead of each armed service having its own version of a cyber command, why not create a separate entity altogether that would serve all branches?
In November 1918, U.S. Army Brigadier General Billy Mitchell made the following observation: “The day has passed when armies of the ground or navies of the sea can be the arbiter of a nation’s destiny in war.” General Mitchell’s comments came in the context of a vigorous debate involving a then-new domain of warfare: the skies. Nearly a century later, we are confronted with yet another contested domain. Cyberspace, like airspace, constitutes a vital operational venue for the U.S. military. Accordingly, it warrants what the sea, air, and land each have—an independent branch of the armed services.
Eight months before Mitchell’s clairvoyant statement, President Woodrow Wilson had signed two executive orders to establish the U.S. Army Air Service, replacing the Aviation Section of the U.S. Signal Corps as the military’s aerial warfare unit. This small force served as a temporary branch of the War Department during World War I and looked much like the Pentagon’s joint task forces of today. It was relatively small and consisted of personnel on assignment from the different services. In 1920, the Air Service’s personnel were recommissioned into the Army. The decision was backed by the popular belief that aviation existed exclusively to support ground troops.
Read the full op-ed
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<urn:uuid:71075832-ad6b-4c31-9071-8d69fbc4544a>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://fletcher.tufts.edu/News-and-Media/2014/01/06/Time-for-US-Cyber-Force-James-Stavridis
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| 0.957143 | 308 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Effect of coronavirus on refugee camps
As COVID-19 continues to spread throughout the world, migrant and refugee communities find themselves among the most vulnerable to the virus. Their circumstances often do not allow them to follow public health guidelines. Refugee camps are frequently overcrowded, therefore making social distancing nearly impossible. Aid organizations face shortages of food, medicine, and sanitation products due to disruptions in global supply chains. Access to healthcare is limited and governments have redirected attention and resources to combating the pandemic among their citizens. These conditions make refugee camps highly susceptible to the virus.
The Cox’s Bazar refugee camp in Bangladesh currently houses over 900,000 Rohingya refugees who faced violent persecution in Myanmar. The effects of the pandemic are evident in the evolving dynamics between the aid workers and refugees. Aid workers are often unable to enter Cox’s Bazar because of a lack of personal protective equipment. Not only has this exacerbated existing food and water shortages, but it has also forced aid organizations to halt other programs such as vaccine administration. Additionally, the Bangladeshi government has imposed an internet and cell service blackout on the camp, citing state security and public safety concerns. The restrictions have hindered aid workers’ efforts to coordinate services and share information, as they often communicate with refugees through apps like Whatsapp. This has led to the spread of misinformation. For example, there was a rumor that medical workers would either forcibly remove or kill anyone who had the virus. This fosters distrust between refugees and aid workers, which further worsens health conditions within the camp.
The Matamoros migrant camp in Mexico formed in 2018 when the Trump administration enacted policies that forced asylum seekers to wait in Mexico as their applications moved through U.S. immigration courts. As in Cox’s Bazar, there is little potential for social distancing in Matamoros. Asylum seekers live in makeshift tents that are just inches apart and house up to six people. Furthermore, asylum seekers have no access to electricity or running water, and the few portable bathrooms have at times overflowed with waste. Many of the U.S. aid organizations that once provided food, clothing, and legal counseling have left because of coronavirus restrictions. However, Mexican officials have stated that they plan to relocate half of the camp’s residents to a stadium that would provide more space and medical facilities.
Despite bleak conditions, refugees and migrants have found ways to promote safety and health within the camps. At Cox’s Bazar, a group of young Rohingya volunteered to distribute supplies throughout the camp and spread information about social distancing and hand-washing. In Matamoros, asylum seekers have sewed face masks for other residents of the camp using sewing machines and cloth brought by volunteers. The Sidewalk School, which has provided education for the young asylum seekers, turned to online classes after receiving a donation of over 100 tablets. As governments scramble to provide adequate testing, supplies, and treatment, communities have turned inwards for safety and support.
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https://www.lirs.org/refugee-camps-coronavirus
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| 0.960522 | 611 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The morning news from Japan’s national broadcaster NHK announced that a “group of researcher from Ehime University (Shikoku Japan) and others overseas have solved the so-called “dark matter” conundrum: The mass of the universe is about many, many times greater than expected.
Watch the video in Japanese from NHK here [宇宙の“暗黒物質”分布解明].
It turns out that this “news” seems to be a matter of NHK darkish puffery. The official research findings will appear in the January 7 issue of Nature magazine list the main authors first—Only the 15th and 17th authors of the last four listed were Japanese: “.. .S. Sasaki (Physics Department Ehime University), J. L. Starck (Service d’Astrophysique), Y. Taniguchi (Ehime University) and J. Taylor (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Waterloo).”
First 3D Map Of The Universe’s Dark Matter Scaffolding
Paris, France (SPX) Jan 08, 2007
By analysing the COSMOS survey – the largest ever survey undertaken with Hubble – an international team of scientists has assembled a three-dimensional map that offers a first look at the web-like large-scale distribution of dark matter in the Universe… ordinary matter, which accounts in total for only one sixth of the total mass in the Universe. The remainder is a mysterious component – dark matter – that neither emits nor reflects light.…
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http://news.3yen.com/2007-01-08/dark-matter-discovered-in-nhk/
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| 0.897527 | 340 | 2.734375 | 3 |
General Education Core
General education program competencies were approved by the College Executive Council
in February 1993 and revised in April 2006.
General Education at Oklahoma City Community College is an integral component of each
student’s experience. Every student receiving an associate degree (AA or AS) must
complete at least one course from each of the following areas, indicating a general
understanding of that area.
OCCC's General Education core adheres to the guidelines of the Oklahoma State Regents
for Higher Education regarding General Education (3.15.6 General Education Framework).
I. Human Heritage, Culture, Values and Beliefs
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the ideas, values, and beliefs that
have shaped global communities. Specifically, students should be able to demonstrate
understanding of basic world geography; demonstrate familiarity with major cultural
issues of selected global communities; demonstrate knowledge of significant historical
events and figures of selected global communities; and demonstrate an understanding
of ethical concerns of selected global communities.
II. Communication and Symbols
A. Students will demonstrate effective writing and public speaking skills.
For writing, students should be able to generate a clear, specific, and arguable
thesis or dominant idea; formulate evidence and examples to support the topic idea;
construct a logical pattern of paragraph development; and demonstrate consistent use
of correct and appropriate spelling, grammar, and word choice.
For public speaking skills, students should be able to demonstrate the effective use
of an introduction, body, and conclusion of a formal speech; demonstrate an audience-centered
purpose that adapts to the audience, occasion, and time limit of the speech; deliver
the speech with effective eye contact relative to the use of presentational aids (when
applicable) and the audience; vary the tone of voice appropriate to the content of
the speech and context of the audience; and demonstrate appropriate attire, gestures,
good posture, and meaningful body movement.
B. Students will demonstrate analytical reasoning and logic skills by using mathematical
methods and tools. Specifically, students should be able to identify mathematical
properties that apply to a situation; apply those mathematical properties appropriately
to the situation in order to reach a conclusion; and evaluate that conclusion for
correctness and/or effectiveness and develop alternative solutions if needed.
III. Social, Political, and Economic Institutions
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the function of major social institutions.
Specifically, students should be able to analyze how political systems impact society;
analyze how economic systems impact society; analyze how religion serves to shape
the norms of a society; analyze how education interacts with cultural values and norms;
and analyze how shifts in social institutions impact the family.
IV. Relationships in Nature and Science
Students will demonstrate critical thinking by using scientific methodology. Specifically,
students should be able to analyze a set of data or qualitative observations using
previously learned tools; draw reasoned conclusions based on the results of the analysis;
and support conclusions logically and communicate them effectively.
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<urn:uuid:ea48b9b7-c802-4339-bfaf-bc1a760679e2>
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://www.occc.edu/catalog/regulatory/gen-degree-require-text/general-education-core/
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| 0.880175 | 621 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The flying robots called drones were used in a dramatic light show for the Olympics opening ceremonies in South Korea, executing elaborate routines that humans had programmed in advance. Other drones are piloted by remote control, ranging from low-cost toy versions to the sophisticated devices used in the military.
In a University of Pennsylvania lab, engineers now have produced something else entirely: “swarms” of drones that can navigate on their own.
Picture a crew of firefighters outside a burning building, unable to tell whether any floors have collapsed. Or imagine a nuclear accident that is too dangerous for humans to examine up close. In the not-too-distant future, a group of these drones could handle the job instead, the Penn engineers say.
Such devices can work as a group to canvass a wide area, capturing images and other data that would help emergency responders plot the next step — from a safe distance — said team leader Vijay Kumar, who is also dean of Penn’s engineering school.
“The robots basically talk to each other,” he said. “They each know where they’re going. They can use high-level algorithms to distribute themselves in complex ways to solve tasks.”
The devices perceive their surroundings by means of onboard cameras and “inertial measurement units” — the same technology used in smartphones to tell when the screen is tilted this way or that. The computer brain mounted on each drone also came from a smartphone — made by Qualcomm, which funded the research along with the Pentagon and the National Science Foundation.
“It’s a smartphone without the case,” said Penn research scientist Giuseppe Loianno.
Loianno said he could not disclose the exact funding total for the project, but it is safe to say it is in the millions. Penn’s robotics lab has received other grants for related projects with the drones, including a $27 million outlay from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory.
Loianno and colleague Aaron Weinstein, who earned an undergraduate engineering degree from Penn in 2017 and remains part of the team, showed off four of the flying robots recently at the university’s Pennovation Center.
Using a laptop computer, Weinstein issued a series of general commands to the drones — form a straight line, a diamond, a diagonal — then let the electronic hive mind figure out the rest.
The four robots rose as one, their tiny propellers whirling so fast they produced a musical hum, a note close to an F-sharp.
Collectively, they determined which among them would occupy a given spot in each formation, using an algorithm to find the most efficient route from where the devices had been hovering immediately before.
The research, scheduled to be presented at a conference later this year, is drawing notice. One fan is Larry Matthies, a senior research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology.
“Vijay’s group has been one of the world leaders in this area,” said Matthies, a computer vision expert who worked on the Mars Exploration Rover and Pathfinder missions.
The drones were made by San Diego-based Qualcomm and customized by the Penn team. A big selling point of the devices is their pinpoint precision.
The Intel drones used for the Olympics ceremony relied on GPS signals to fix their position — a technology that is good to within a few yards in any direction. But the Penn drones can tell where they are within an inch or so, the engineers said. Weinstein, Loianno, and colleague Adam Cho had no hesitation in posing for a photo as the devices hovered in formation about their heads.
And unlike drones that rely on satellite signals, the Penn drones can navigate indoors.
The key is the onboard cameras combined with some slick software. Given a known starting point, a drone maintains a running fix on its position based on how the camera’s view of the ground below changes from one split-second to the next.
It works even when the camera’s frame of reference is the chaotic design on the Pennovation Center’s floor tiles — a jumble of beige squiggles against a dark-gray background, with no apparent pattern.
The building, tucked in a bend of the Schuylkill in a Philadelphia neighborhood called Forgotten Bottom, straddles the line between research and commerce, hosting both academic labs and start-up ventures. Qualcomm, the wireless company that helped fund Kumar’s drone research, also has projects underway there.
Some features of the Penn drones still are in development, such as how they would store images and create a map of an unfamiliar environment. In the event of a nuclear accident, the drones also would need to cope with radiation, which can interfere with wireless communication.
In addition to navigating on their own, the drones are interchangeable, able to adapt and take on new responsibilities in case any members break down during a mission.
In that respect, Kumar said, their performance was like that of the Super Bowl champion Eagles, who successfully thrust a series of backup players into starring roles.
“We’re looking at something that is inherently resilient,” he said of the drones earlier this month, still hoarse from celebrating on Broad Street the night of the big win. “That term also is used to describe the Eagles.”
After all, the football team was lauded this season for its “swarming” defense.
Yet unlike the Eagles, the drones could be produced for about $1,000 apiece, Kumar said. So far, the Penn team has demonstrated swarms with up to 12 drones, and Loianno said there is no reason they cannot do 100.
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<urn:uuid:c4a60d1f-d7a7-4127-b3bd-45518c86e668>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.daytondailynews.com/technology/penn-drones-navigate-their-own-could-save-people-from-peril/UMhFmMOchRFfxDtZjSnl4H/
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en
| 0.963805 | 1,184 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Marmosets are a type of small primate in the family Callitrichidae. Native exclusively to South America, there are many different types of marmosets. Common marmosets, pigmy marmosets, as well as white eared marmosets are just some examples of different species. Tamarins are another type of marmoset.
There are a number of different species of marmoset, but all these primates are small, and many species have tufted ears and clawed or claw-like nails. They all have long tails, none of which are prehensile, which means they do not use their tails to grip tree branches, as some monkeys do. They reside in treetops and eat fruits as well as insects, and are native exclusively to South America. All these animal's diets are similar, which includes high amounts of saps and gums from trees, which they acquire by gnawing holes in trees with their specialized incisors. They also consume fruits and insects.
The common marmoset is perhaps the type of marmoset most easily recognizable. They typically weigh 10 to 17 ounces (300 to 500 grams), and are between 6 to 7 inches (14 to 19 centimeters) tall, not including their tail. Their fur may be black or gray, with white ears. The tails of common marmosets are distinctive because they are striped with rings of alternating light and dark fur.
It is not unusual for marmosets to have tufts of fur around their ears. The common marmoset has ear tufts, as does the white eared marmoset, which has dark colored fur with white tufts of longer fur around its ears. White eared marmosets range in size from 9.3 to 11 ounces (260 to 320 grams). These primates are found only in Brazil, especially in coastal forests on the southeast coast off that country. These types of marmosets are considered endangered.
The smallest type of marmoset is known as the pygmy marmoset, which is generally only 13-14 inches (33-35 centimeters) long, including the length of their tails, and usually weight only 4 ounces (113 grams). Their fur can range from yellow to brown, sometimes with black flecks, yet the fur on their bellies may be a lighter color of yellow or even white.
Tamarins are another member of the Callitrichidae family, and are considered to be a type of marmoset. There are a number of different subspecies of tamarins, but one notable species is the lion tamarin. They are named as such because of the bushy fur around their faces reminiscent of a lion’s mane. Their fur may range from a stunning orange or yellow color to grey or black, depending on the species.
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https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-species-of-marmoset.htm
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| 0.970218 | 582 | 3.796875 | 4 |
|Ken Shirriff -> Fractals -> Fractals from Voronoi diagrams|
To create a fractal, first create a Voronoi diagram from some points. Next, add more points and create new Voronoi diagrams inside each original Voronoi region. Repeat the process recursively. The following figure illustrates this process.
The following image shows the leaf-like structure that can be created by this technique.
If the points are distributed in a circle, a fractal such as the following can be created.
For more details, see my paper on how to generate fractals from Voronoi diagrams. This paper was published in Computers & Graphics, 17(2), Mar. 1993, pp 165-167. My Voronoi fractals also appeared in the book Chaos and Fractals: A Computer Graphical Journey.
If you're looking for Voronoi source code, please look at this site.
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http://files.righto.com/fractals/vor.html
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| 0.898099 | 191 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Imaging is the use of machines to enhance humans’ ability to perceive things, often by producing visible phenomena that cannot be seen with the naked eye. But, can imaging technology distort reality and even change what humans perceive to be real?
A team of scholars led by two philosophers at Rochester Institute of Technology is exploring how the use of imaging technologies is changing our perception of reality and evaluating the overall impact this may have on what counts as legitimate knowledge and meaningful experience. The research will ultimately lead to a greater understanding of how imaging, and technology in general, is changing how we relate to each other and our surroundings.
“Now more than ever, sight and perception are shaped by the technology we use, from X-rays and MRIs of the body to the Facebook photos of friends we only know online,” notes Timothy Engström, professor of philosophy at RIT and one of the leaders of the project. “In an imaging-saturated environment, sight is not about how the eye records the real, but about how imaging machines interpret and make the real available for certain kinds of use.”
“The more sophisticated the technology, the greater the interpretation,” adds Evan Selinger, co-author with Engström and associate professor of philosophy at RIT. “The question then arises who is doing the interpreting, the viewer or the technician running the machine? And if the visual record, which is central to our society, is just an interpretation, would other interpretations or other produced images provide a different reality?”
Engström’s and Selinger’s work in the field initially led them to organize an international conference on contemporary theories and practices of imaging. The symposium brought in leading scholars in science, philosophy, art and aesthetics, engineering, and ethics to discuss imaging technology’s effect on a variety of fields, as well as on society more generally.
“It also attempted to illustrate how imaging technologies can modify traditional habits of sight and induce forms of engagement whose consequences are far from obvious or neutral,” notes Engström.
The team followed the conference with the book Rethinking Theories and Practices of Imaging, published this fall by Palgrave MacMillan. Co-edited by Engström and Selinger, the work seeks to expand understanding of the key ethical, epistemological and political impacts of the growing use of imaging in society and how this is impacting art, public policy, the representation of knowledge and human identity. The book is one of the first to focus on societal effects of imaging technology, and the team hopes to utilize it to also broaden understanding of how we interact with technology more generally.
“With the development of new imaging technologies come new forms of reality, and with them new interpretative challenges for thinking about and managing their effects,” says Engström. “Through our efforts we hope to better and more critically understand the ways different imaging practices interpret and even invent what’s real and, in turn, transform our interactions with each other.”
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<urn:uuid:f881f742-21c7-48c5-bfaa-614bc3562b1e>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.rit.edu/news/story.php?id=47134
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| 0.939246 | 634 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A fibre-optic probe can detect errant cancer cells within healthy tissue during brain tumour surgery with close to 100 per cent accuracy and sensitivity, reducing the risk of recurrence and thereby increasing a patient's survival time, say the Canadian researchers who developed the device.
The hand-held, pen-like instrument, known as a Raman spectroscopy probe, is able to differentiate between cancer cells and healthy cells by measuring the way each reflects laser-based light.
The process, which involves optics and computer science, takes less than 10 seconds — allowing neurosurgeons to target malignant cells for removal without having to send a tissue sample to the pathology lab and wait at least half an hour for its assessment.
"Minimizing, or completely eliminating, the number of cancer cells during surgery is a critical part of cancer treatment, yet detecting cancer cells during surgery is challenging," said Dr. Kevin Petrecca, the chief of neurosurgery at the Montreal Neurological Institute who helped design the probe.
"Often it is impossible to visually distinguish cancer from normal brain, so invasive brain cancer cells frequently remain after surgery, leading to cancer recurrence and a worse prognosis. Surgically minimizing the number of cancer cells improves patient outcomes."
In 2015, the researchers published results of a study in which the probe was used during brain tumour surgery in patients; the device was found to have about 90 per cent sensitivity in locating cancer cells that had spread from the tumour and invaded nearby normal tissue.
The probe has since been refined and is now coupled with additional optical technologies that have improved its accuracy and sensitivity, making it capable of pinpointing not only primary brain cancer cells, but those from tumours elsewhere in the body that have spread, or metastasized, to the brain.
"A technology with extremely high accuracy is necessary, since surgeons will be using this information to help determine if tissues contain cancer cells or not," said Petrecca. "An important feature of this device is its broad applicability. We found that it effectively detects multiple cancer types, including brain, lung, colon, and skin cancers."
In a study of 15 brain tumour patients, published Wednesday in the journal Cancer Research, Petrecca and his colleagues found the instrument's sensitivity in locating stray cancer cells during surgery had improved by about 10 per cent.
Frederic Leblond, an associate professor of engineering physics at Polytechnique Montreal and a researcher at the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre who developed the probe with Petrecca, said that based on study results so far, they believe "there's no real limits to what we can achieve for cancer detection with this tool."
"We really see this being used for many, many cancers," he said, including determining if there has been localized spread of cancer cells from tumours in the lung, colon, prostate and breast.
"This means that more patients will benefit from better diagnosis, more effective treatment and lower risk of recurrence."
Leblond said a form of the device could also be incorporated into other instruments, such as specialized needles used for taking biopsies, to improve their accuracy; in surgical robots used to remove tumours in laparoscopic, or keyhole, operations; and for scope-based procedures such as a colonoscopy.
In 2015, Petrecca and Leblond created a company, ODS Medical, to commercialize the device. The Montreal-based company has applied to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval to market the probe, with the hope of it being widely adopted by cancer surgeons in other hospitals within a few years.
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In this masterwork, Russell H. Tuttle synthesizes a vast research literature in primate evolution and behavior to explain how apes and humans evolved in relation to one another, and why humans became a bipedal, tool-making, culture-inventing species distinct from other hominoids. Along the way, he refutes the influential theory that men are essentially killer apes—sophisticated but instinctively aggressive and destructive beings.
Situating humans in a broad context, Tuttle musters convincing evidence from morphology and recent fossil discoveries to reveal what early primates ate, where they slept, how they learned to walk upright, how brain and hand anatomy evolved simultaneously, and what else happened evolutionarily to cause humans to diverge from their closest relatives. Despite our genomic similarities with bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas, humans are unique among primates in occupying a symbolic niche of values and beliefs based on symbolically mediated cognitive processes. Although apes exhibit behaviors that strongly suggest they can think, salient elements of human culture—speech, mating proscriptions, kinship structures, and moral codes—are symbolic systems that are not manifest in ape niches.
This encyclopedic volume is both a milestone in primatological research and a critique of what is known and yet to be discovered about human and ape potential.
Like the late Stephen Jay Gould’s magisterial Structure of Evolutionary Theory, Tuttle’s tome is a grand synthesis of all the latest research and data about apes and their relation to us… But lest you think it is intended chiefly for colleagues in the fields of anthropology and evolutionary biology, Tuttle’s style throughout is crisp and often witty.
Witty, readable, compendious, learned, and judicious, Russell Tuttle’s big new book offers every reader a thorough survey of the biology and evolution of apes, including humans and their ancestors. For scientists, it will be an invaluable resource and a treasury of unfamiliar facts and challenging ideas.
In this masterly overview, Tuttle interprets human evolution through detailed comparisons with our closest zoological relatives, the apes. This is a truly monumental treatise, not only in scope but particularly because of the depth of scholarship that has been brought to bear. Drawing on a lifetime of study focusing on anatomy but also including behavior and ecology, this is destined to become a classic reference work.
A rare accomplishment. Apes and Human Evolution is an unusually fine contribution to the field and will foster great interest in any reader.
Tuttle provides both a synthesis and a history of the evolution of one of the most interesting species of all: ourselves. An impressive achievement, written by an authority on the topic.
- 1072 pages
- 6-3/8 x 9-1/4 inches
- Harvard University Press
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| 0.915923 | 606 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- What would life be like without the First Amendment?
- Is cursing protected by the First Amendment?
- What is 42nd Amendment?
- What is the difference between an amendment and a law?
- What is an example of an amendment?
- What are the 3 most important bill of rights?
- What are the 6 rights in the First Amendment?
- Does the First Amendment mean you can say anything?
- Is America the only country with free speech?
- What would happen without the Bill of Rights?
- What are the First Amendment rights?
- Is yelling fire in a theater illegal?
- Is peaceful protest legal?
- What is not protected speech?
- What 5 rights are protected by the First Amendment?
- What does Amendment mean?
- Why is the 1st Amendment the most important?
- What does freedom of speech actually mean?
- How does the First Amendment affect us today?
- What are the first 10 amendments?
- Why was the 1st Amendment created?
- What is the 1st Amendment in simple terms?
- What is not protected under the First Amendment?
What would life be like without the First Amendment?
Make clear that a lack of First Amendment guarantees could result in legislative and other legal action to punish speakers, writers, adherents to particular religions, rally organizers and participants, and people seeking to complain to the government about perceived wrongs..
Is cursing protected by the First Amendment?
The First Amendment often protects the profane word or phrase — but not always. The First Amendment protects a great deal of offensive, obnoxious and repugnant speech. … If a person engages in profane fighting words or utters a true threat with profanity, those words may not be protected speech.
What is 42nd Amendment?
The 42nd Amendment changed the description of India from a “sovereign democratic republic” to a “sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic”, and also changed the words “unity of the nation” to “unity and integrity of the nation”.
What is the difference between an amendment and a law?
A law is a bill that has been passed and signed. An Amendment is typically part of a Constitution either federal, provincial or state depending on your country. … An Amendment is something added to an existing act or law, or changes the Constitution (law of the land).
What is an example of an amendment?
The definition of an amendment is a change, addition, or rephrasing of something, most often with the intention of improvement. An example of an amendment are the changes made to the U.S. Constitution. The act of changing for the better; improvement. A correction or alteration, as in a manuscript.
What are the 3 most important bill of rights?
Rights and Protections Guaranteed in the Bill of RightsAmendmentRights and ProtectionsFirstFreedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of assembly Right to petition the governmentSecondRight to bear armsThirdProtection against housing soldiers in civilian homes7 more rows
What are the 6 rights in the First Amendment?
The words of the First Amendment itself establish six rights: (1) the right to be free from governmental establishment of religion (the “Establishment Clause”), (2) the right to be free from governmental interference with the practice of religion (the “Free Exercise Clause”), (3) the right to free speech, (4) the right …
Does the First Amendment mean you can say anything?
Freedom of speech, as most of us constitutional scholars know, is embedded in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. … In fact, the First Amendment does not actually promise you the right to say whatever you want. It simply states the government can take no action that interferes with those rights.
Is America the only country with free speech?
Other countries have freedom of speech in their constitutions, but whereas they all say some form of, “You have the right to freedom of speech,” the United States is the only one to state it, “Congress can’t make laws that take away your freedom of speech.” It’s not so much granting you the right to free speech as it …
What would happen without the Bill of Rights?
Without the Bill of Rights, this right could be taken and if the government becomes entirely corrupted, people could be put in jail for false accusation, their race, religion or sexuality, and many other unfair situations. … Anti-Federalists held that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual liberty.
What are the First Amendment rights?
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Is yelling fire in a theater illegal?
The original wording used in Holmes’s opinion (“falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic”) highlights that speech that is dangerous and false is not protected, as opposed to speech that is dangerous but also true.
Is peaceful protest legal?
Freedom of speech and the right to protest peacefully are protected by both the common law and the Human Rights Act 1998. … Knowing the restrictions and the law placed upon peaceful protest can ensure that the message of your protest is heard and is made clear.
What is not protected speech?
“Not all speech is protected. … The Supreme Court has called the few exceptions to the 1st Amendment “well-defined and narrowly limited.” They include obscenity, defamation, fraud, incitement, true threats and speech integral to already criminal conduct.
What 5 rights are protected by the First Amendment?
The First Amendment guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition.
What does Amendment mean?
noun. the act of amending or the state of being amended. an alteration of or addition to a motion, bill, constitution, etc. a change made by correction, addition, or deletion: The editors made few amendments to the manuscript.
Why is the 1st Amendment the most important?
Arguably, the First Amendment is also the most important to the maintenance of a democratic government. … The freedoms of speech, press, assembly and the right to petition the government and seek redress of grievances proclaim that citizens have the right to call the government to account.
What does freedom of speech actually mean?
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.
How does the First Amendment affect us today?
The First Amendment gives U.S. citizens the right and means to express or state what they desire. The First Amendment gives us rights that are crucial aspects of being a “free citizen.” Without the rights allotted by the First Amendment, we would not be able to speak freely, pursue the media, or assemble to petition.
What are the first 10 amendments?
Bill of Rights – The Really Brief Version1Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.7Right of trial by jury in civil cases.8Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.9Other rights of the people.10Powers reserved to the states.5 more rows
Why was the 1st Amendment created?
Here it is: The First Amendment was written because at America’s inception, citizens demanded a guarantee of their basic freedoms. Our blueprint for personal freedom and the hallmark of an open society, the First Amendment protects freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition.
What is the 1st Amendment in simple terms?
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the freedom of speech, religion and the press. It also protects the right to peaceful protest and to petition the government. … The meaning of the First Amendment has been the subject of continuing interpretation and dispute over the years.
What is not protected under the First Amendment?
Categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment (and therefore may be restricted) include obscenity, fraud, child pornography, speech integral to illegal conduct, speech that incites imminent lawless action, speech that violates intellectual property law, true threats, and commercial …
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This is an ihkadrzrnk
amazing new tool — simple, clear, interactive — from Outsideplay.ca (Canada) that helps parents see the importance of giving their kids free, unsupervised time AND make a concrete plan to bring that about!
As the University of British Columbia’s Medical School press office explains:
Developed by a team led by Marian Brussoni, an Associate Professor in the School of Population and Public Health (SPPH) and the Department of Pediatrics, Outsideplay.ca walks parents through their priorities for their child and common concerns about playing outdoors to help them develop an action plan for changing their approach to outdoor play.
“What we now consider ‘risky play’ are activities that previous generations of kids just did as normal – building a fort, climbing a tree, cycling really quickly,” Dr. Brussoni said. “These activities have become progressively less common because parents are limiting where and how children play without considering the effect on children’s health and development.”
Research found that risky play is associated with increased physical activity in children and the development of social behaviours, self-esteem and risk management skills. It did not find an
increase in the number of reported injuries.
“You still need to manage risks and hazards, but not automatically default only to safety,” she said.
I just walked through the app myself. It asks questions about what traits we want to see in our kids, what WE did as kids, and what traits those activities developed in us, like confidence, and problem-solving skills.
Then it gives really simple scenarios like, “You’re walking your child home and he sees some friends walking. Do you let him join them?” And a decision tree shows the consequences of a “Yes” or “No” decision.
It is really easy to use and it may be just the solution for parents who are interested in Free-Ranging, but aren’t sure how to start.
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Taking charge of the situation
Caffeine is back in the news—and not for the right reasons. A 16-year old high school student from South Carolina recently died from an accidental caffeine overdose, more accurately, a caffeine-induced cardiac event causing a probable arrhythmia, according to the medical examiner.
The teen consumed three caffeine-laced drinks–a large Diet Mountain Dew, an energy drink and a café latte–in a two-hour period before collapsing. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that adolescents, age 12 to 18, should not consume more than 100 milligrams of caffeine per day. This is the around the average amount of caffeine in an 8-oz cup of coffee.
Per the 2014 study, Trends in Caffeine Intake Among US Children and Adolescents, an estimated 73% of children consume some kind of caffeine each day. While there is no designated standard for children, according to the US Food and Drug Administration, adults can consume 400 milligrams of caffeine per day–equivalent to four or five cups of coffee–without experiencing side effects.
Since the student’s death, the focus has been on energy drinks and the dangers they pose for children (the AAP recommends that adolescents do not consume energy drinks, yet between 30–50% reported consuming them). However, when the word “caffeine” is bandied about, inevitably, “coffee” seems to be linked to it. It’s unfortunate that too many people hear a sound bite, see a tweet or catch a snippet of a news crawl on their TV, but do not investigate the full story so incorrect stories often run rampant in social media. So, while the negative press is surrounding the caffeine in energy drinks specifically, coffee marketers should not feel completely relieved. Rather, they should take charge of the situation by assuring consumers that coffee is “not bad for them.”
As noted by the National Coffee Association, coffee has a naturally complex botanical profile, with at least 1,000 natural compounds in the bean (including caffeine) and another 300 created in the roasting process. Scientists have linked several of them, including antioxidants, with a host of physiological benefits. Research has shown that moderate coffee consumption (or 3-5 cups daily) may be associated with many positive effects, including:
- Liver disease prevention
- Improved cognitive function in older adults
- Sharper memory
- Increased athletic endurance
- Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
Due to the increasing scientific evidence, coffee has earned a new – and improved – reputation. The latest U.S. Dietary Guidelines recently made an unprecedented recommendation for coffee as part of a healthy lifestyle.
Furthermore, in 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an official body of both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations positively reclassified coffee. The experts concluded coffee could no longer be classified as a possible carcinogen and the WHO body said there is evidence that coffee drinking actually lowers the risk of developing specific cancers. The finding is the first time a food or beverage item has ever been positively reclassified by top scientists from all over the world.
So, although coffee has not received the bad publicity energy drinks have from this tragedy, the industry should not be reactive. Coffee marketers should try to prevent any potential negative press by heavily touting coffee’s healthy attributes—now.
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The Commandant’s House was built in the early 19th century to accommodate the commandant of the Brooklyn Navy Yard—once an epicenter of the American warship production.
Today, in spite of peeling paint and some superficial damage to the mansion, the Commandant’s House endures as a dignified yet incongruous constituent of the Vinegar Hill neighborhood.
Its anachronistic, Federalist-style architecture has made it a curiosity among DUMBO and Vinegar Hill residents. It is speculated, although not confirmed, that Charles Bulfinch—the architect widely regarded as America’s first—designed the Commandant’s house. The design idiosyncrasies of the house also raise questions: for instance, why do the dimensions of the oval dining room seem to correspond exactly with those of the Oval Office?
Since the close of the Navy Yards in 1964, the mansion has been owned privately. The best view of the secluded Commandant’s House is from Evans Street, where, looking past its impressive gates, you can often see a collection of vintage cars parked in the driveway.
In 1974 the Commandant’s House earned its current status as a National Historic Landmark. Its designation as a landmark is in recognition of Commodore Matthew C. Perry’s occupancy of the mansion during his talks with the Japanese shogunate in 1854 that ultimately opened Japan’s ports to the US in an important trade agreement. These days the house appears unsettled.
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| 0.960835 | 313 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that binds to microtubules and promotes microtubule assembly. Six tau isoforms are produced in adult human brain by alternative mRNA splicing from a single gene. Inclusion of a 31-amino acid repeat encoded by exon 10 of the tau gene gives rise to the three isoforms with four microtubule-binding repeats each. The other three tau isoforms have three repeats each. Abundant neurofibrillary lesions made of tau protein constitute a defining neuropathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Filamentous tau protein deposits are also the defining characteristic of other neurodegenerative diseases, many of which are frontotemporal dementias or movement disorders, such as Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. It is well established that the distribution of tau pathology correlates with the presence of symptoms of disease. However, until recently, there was no genetic evidence linking dysfunction of tau protein to neurodegeneration. This has now changed with the discovery of more than 15 mutations in the tau gene in "frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17" (FTDP-17). Clinically, this condition is characterised by profound personality changes, progressive dementia and extrapyramidal symptoms. Neuropathologically, all cases with tau mutations examined to date have shown an abundant filamentous tau pathology in brain cells. Pathological heterogeneity is determined to a large extent by the location of mutations in tau. Known mutations are either coding region or intronic mutations located close to the splice-donor site of the intron following exon 10. Most coding region mutations produce a reduced ability of tau to interact with microtubules, thus probably setting in motion the mechanisms that lead to the formation of tau filaments. Several of these mutations also promote sulphated glycosaminoglycan-induced assembly of tau into filaments. Intronic mutations and some coding region mutations produce increased splicing in of exon 10, resulting in an overexpression of four-repeat tau isoforms. Thus, a normal ratio of three-repeat to four-repeat tau isoforms is essential for preventing the development of tau pathology. Taken together, the new work has shown that dysfunction of tau protein causes neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Older residential wells or those that aren’t properly covered can seem like a sanctuary to some critters. When animals are driven out of their natural homes — perhaps by nearby construction or a storm — they can get creative and ambitious and decide to make your well their new santuary.
Alternatively, they might be in search of water and fall into your well while trying to get a drink. Finding animals in residential wells today is fairly uncommon, thanks to secure coverings, but you should check your well on a regular basis can ensure that there’s no debris, including animal remains.
Some animals, like raccoons, may be infected with the Baylisascaris worm, which can be passed to humans. The likelihood of this happening is slim, but you can’t be too careful.
Animals commonly found in wells and pools include domestic and wild creatures alike, including skunks, rats, raccoons, gophers and even bats from time to time. Most of these animals won’t be a health hazard to humans, since the majority of their germs and diseases can’t infect people. Plus, your well’s filtering system should do a good job of keeping your water clean, even with an intruder in place.
Clean, Safe and Well
If you find an animal in your well and you’re sure it’s dead, you can remove it yourself (otherwise, a well technician can do it for you while ensuring no damage was done to the well or water). First, don disposable gloves and get a bucket or net to fish the animal out. Once you retrieve it, put it in two plastic bags. Set the net or bucket aside to cleanse and disinfect later. The gloves should be disposed of immediately.
Wash your hands thoroughly, and dispose of the carcass according to regulations in your area. Calling the local animal control department is a good first step. In some cases, animal control may want to retrieve the carcass from you. If you rely on well technicians to do this job, they’ll know the right way to dispose of the animal.
Put a Wait on Water
Until you can confirm that your well water and tap water is safe, avoid using it. Stock up on bottled water, and see about showering at a friend’s home. A dead animal in your well may warrant emergency service, in which case your well technician will prioritize a visit to your home.
In addition to potential water contamination, your well tech will check to see if the animal did any physical damage to your well, especially the filtration system. If anyone in your home presents with any health concerns, see a doctor immediately and tell them about the “animal-in-the-well incident.”
Most importantly, stay calm — you and your water are probably OK. Still, play it safe and give Mike Zimmerman Well Services a call for a complete water testing and treatment procedure.
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Much educational practice taught at teaching colleges regarding the process of teaching and learning is derived from a theoretical base. Less is based on lessons learned from the observation of the actual process of teaching and learning. Undergraduate teachers and mature practitioners are left with unstructured and unsystematic personal reflections of the process of teaching and learning for meeting any deficiencies they may have perceived. Soft systems methodology is an approach that can fill this lacuna. It provides a structured and systematic as well as systemic, approach for analysing actual practices in organized human activities, or human activity systems, such as the institution of education. The methodology is of particular benefit for analysing the process of teaching and learning because it does not require starting the process as an identified and precisely defined problem requiring a commensurate solution, yet it is still capable of generating recommendations for improving the process. The methodology is applied to this process to discover whether it can reveal hitherto unrecognized teaching and learning activities which can be used to improve the process in question.
Patel, N.V. (1995), "Application of soft systems methodology to the real world process of teaching and learning", International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513549510075998Download as .RIS
MCB UP Ltd
Copyright © 1995, MCB UP Limited
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Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
|Elevation||14,505 ft (4,421 m) |
|Length||400 mi (640 km) north-south from Fredonyer Pass to Tehachapi Pass |
|Width||65 mi (105 km) |
|Area||24,370 sq mi (63,100 km2) |
|Etymology||1777: Spanish for "snowy mountain range"|
|Nickname||the Sierra, the High Sierra, Range of Light (1894, John Muir)|
|States||California and Nevada|
|Age of rock||Mesozoic|
|Type of rock||batholith and igneous|
The Sierra Nevada (/
The Sierra runs 400 miles (640 km) north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles (110 km) across east-to-west. Notable Sierra features include Lake Tahoe, the largest alpine lake in North America; Mount Whitney at 14,505 ft (4,421 m), the highest point in the contiguous United States; and Yosemite Valley, sculpted by glaciers from one-hundred-million-year-old granite. The Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; and Devils Postpile National Monument.
The character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology. More than one hundred million years ago during the Nevadan orogeny, granite formed deep underground. The range started to uplift four million years ago, and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range. The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones (areas with similar plant and animal communities). Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra.
The Sierra Nevada has a significant history. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912.:81
- 1 Geography
- 2 Geologic history
- 3 Climate and meteorology
- 4 Ecology
- 5 History
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The Sierra Nevada lies in Central and Eastern California, with a very small but historically important spur extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevada's elevation increases gradually from 1,000 feet (300 m) in the Central Valley to heights of about 14,000 feet (4,300 m) at its crest 50–75 miles (80–121 km) to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra Escarpment. Unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to orographic lift.
The Sierra Nevada's irregular northern boundary stretches from the Susan River and Fredonyer Pass to the North Fork Feather River. It represents where the granitic bedrock of the Sierra Nevada dives below the southern extent of Cenozoic igneous surface rock from the Cascade Range. It is bounded on the west by California's Central Valley and on the east by the Basin and Range Province. The southern boundary is at Tehachapi Pass.
Physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade-Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. The California Geological Survey states that "the northern Sierra boundary is marked where bedrock disappears under the Cenozoic volcanic cover of the Cascade Range."
The range is drained on its western slope by the Central Valley watershed, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean at San Francisco. The northern third of the western Sierra is part of the Sacramento River watershed (including the Feather, Yuba, and American River tributaries), and the middle third is drained by the San Joaquin River (including the Mokelumne, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, and Merced River tributaries). The southern third of the range is drained by the Kings, Kaweah, Tule, and Kern rivers, which flow into the endorheic basin of Tulare Lake, which rarely overflows into the San Joaquin during wet years.
The eastern slope watershed of the Sierra is much narrower; its rivers flow out into the endorheic Great Basin of eastern California and western Nevada. From north to south, the Susan River flows into intermittent Honey Lake, the Truckee River flows from Lake Tahoe into Pyramid Lake, the Carson River runs into Carson Sink, the Walker River into Walker Lake; Rush, Lee Vining and Mill Creeks flow into Mono Lake; and the Owens River into dry Owens Lake. Although none of the eastern rivers reach the sea, many of the streams from Mono Lake southwards are diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct which provides water to Southern California.
The height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the peaks range from 5,000 feet (1,500 m) to more than 9,000 feet (2,700 m). The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet (2,700 m) high, with several peaks approaching the height of Freel Peak (10,881 ft or 3,317 m). Farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is Mount Lyell (13,120 ft or 3,999 m). The Sierra rises to almost 14,000 feet (4,300 m) with Mount Humphreys near Bishop, California. Finally, near Lone Pine, Mount Whitney is at 14,505 feet (4,421 m), the highest point in the contiguous United States.
South of Mount Whitney, the elevation of the range quickly dwindles. The crest elevation is almost 10,000 feet (3,000 m) near Lake Isabella, but south of the lake, the peaks reach to only a modest 8,000 feet (2,400 m).
There are several notable geographical features in the Sierra Nevada:
- Lake Tahoe is a large, clear freshwater lake in the northern Sierra Nevada, with an elevation of 6,225 ft (1,897 m) and an area of 191 sq mi (490 km2). Lake Tahoe lies between the main Sierra and the Carson Range, a spur of the Sierra.
- Hetch Hetchy Valley, Yosemite Valley, Kings Canyon, and Kern Canyon are examples of many glacially-scoured canyons on the west side of the Sierra.
- Yosemite National Park is filled with notable features such as waterfalls, granite domes, high mountains, lakes, and meadows.
- Groves of Giant Sequoias Sequoiadendron giganteum occur along a narrow band of altitude on the western side of the Sierra Nevada. Giant sequoias are the largest trees in the world.
- Two of the largest rivers in California, which form the Central Valley and drain into San Francisco Bay, derive most of their flow from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The northern of the two is the Sacramento River (which also drains the adjacent Cascade Range and Klamath Range); the southern one is the San Joaquin River.
Much of the Sierra Nevada consists of federal lands and is either protected from development or strictly managed. The three National Parks (Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Sequoia), two National Monuments (Devils Postpile, Giant Sequoia), and 26 wilderness areas lie within the Sierra. These areas protect 15.4% of the Sierra's 63,118 km2 (24,370 sq mi) from logging and grazing.
The United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management currently control 52% of the land in the Sierra Nevada. Logging and grazing are generally allowed on land controlled by these agencies, under federal regulations that balance recreation and development on the land.
The California Bighorn Sheep Zoological Area near Mount Williamson in the southern Sierra was established to protect the endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. Starting in 1981, hikers were unable to enter the Area from May 15 through December 15, in order to protect the sheep. As of 2010, the restriction has been lifted and access to the Area is open for the whole year.
The earliest rocks in the Sierra Nevada are metamorphic roof pendants of Paleozoic age, the oldest being metasedimentary rocks from the Cambrian in the Mount Morrison region. These dark-colored hornfels, slates, marbles, and schists are found in the western foothills (notably around Coarsegold, west of the Tehachapi Pass) and east of the Sierra Crest. The earliest granite of the Sierra started to form in the Triassic period. This granite is mostly found east of the crest and north of 37.2°N. In the Triassic and into the Jurassic, an island arc collided with the west coast of North America and raised a chain of volcanoes, in an event called the Nevadan orogeny. Nearly all subaerial Sierran Arc volcanoes have since disappeared; their remains were redeposited during the Great Valley Sequence and the subsequent Cenozoic filling of the Great Valley, which is the source of much of the sedimentary rock in California.
In the Cretaceous, a subduction zone formed at the edge of the continent. This means that an oceanic plate started to dive beneath the North American plate. Magma formed through the subduction of the ancient Farallon Plate rose in plumes (plutons) deep underground, their combined mass forming what is called the Sierra Nevada batholith. These plutons formed at various times, from 115 Ma to 87 Ma. The earlier plutons formed in the western half of the Sierra, while the later plutons formed in the eastern half of the Sierra. By 66 Ma, the proto-Sierra Nevada had been worn down to a range of rolling low mountains, a few thousand feet high.
Twenty million years ago, crustal extension associated with the Basin and Range Province caused extensive volcanism in the Sierra. About 10 Ma, the Sierra Nevada started to form when a block of crust between the Coast Range and the Basin and Range Province started to tilt to the west as heat from the Basin and Range extension thinned the eastern part of the block, making it more buoyant than the western portion of the block. Rivers started cutting deep canyons on both sides of the range. Lava filled some of these canyons, which have subsequently eroded leaving table mountains that follow the old river channels.
About 2.5 Ma, the Earth's climate cooled, and ice ages started. Glaciers carved out characteristic U-shaped canyons throughout the Sierra. The combination of river and glacier erosion exposed the uppermost portions of the plutons emplaced millions of years before, leaving only a remnant of metamorphic rock on top of some Sierra peaks.
Climate and meteorology
The climate of the Sierra Nevada is influenced by the Mediterranean climate of California. During the fall, winter and spring, precipitation in the Sierra ranges from 20 to 80 in (510 to 2,030 mm) where it occurs mostly as snow above 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Precipitation is highest on the central and northern portions of the western slope between 5,000 and 8,000 feet (1,500 and 2,400 m) elevation, due to orographic lift.:69 Above 8,000 feet (2,400 m), precipitation diminishes on the western slope up to the crest, since most of the precipitation has been wrung out at lower elevations. Most parts of the range east of the crest are in a rain shadow, and receive less than 25 inches of precipitation per year. While most summer days are dry, afternoon thunderstorms sometimes occur, particularly during the North American Monsoon in mid and late summer. Some of these summer thunderstorms drop over an inch of rain in a short period, and the lightning can start fires. Summer high temperatures average 42–90 °F (6–32 °C). Winters are comparatively mild, and the temperature is usually only just low enough to sustain a heavy snowpack. For example, Tuolumne Meadows, at 8,600 feet (2,600 m) elevation, has winter daily highs about 40 °F (4 °C) with daily lows about 10 °F (−12 °C). The growing season lasts 20 to 230 days, strongly dependent on elevation. The highest elevations of the Sierra have an alpine climate.
The Sierra Nevada snowpack is the major source of water and a significant source of electric power generation in California. Many reservoirs were constructed in the canyons of the Sierra throughout the 20th century, Several major aqueducts serving both agriculture and urban areas distribute Sierra water throughout the state. However, the Sierra casts a rain shadow, which greatly affects the climate and ecology of the central Great Basin. This rain shadow is largely responsible for Nevada being the driest state in the United States.
Precipitation varies substantially from year to year. It is not uncommon for some years to receive precipitation totals far above or below normal.
The height of the range and the steepness of the Sierra Escarpment, particularly at the southern end of the range, produces a wind phenomenon known as the "Sierra Rotor". This is a horizontal rotation of the atmosphere just east of the crest of the Sierra, set in motion as an effect of strong westerly winds.
Because of the large number of airplanes that have crashed in the Sierra Nevada, primarily due to the complex weather and atmospheric conditions such as downdrafts and microbursts caused by geography there, a portion of the area, a triangle whose vertices are Reno, Nevada; Fresno, California; and Las Vegas, Nevada, has been dubbed the "Nevada Triangle", in reference to the Bermuda Triangle. Some counts put the number of crashes in the triangle at 2,000, including millionaire and record-breaking flyer Steve Fossett. Hypotheses that the crashes are related in some way to the United States Air Force's Area 51, or to the activities of extra-terrestrial aliens, have no evidence to support them.
The Sierra Nevada is divided into a number of biotic zones, each of which is defined by its climate and supports a number of interdependent species. Life in the higher elevation zones adapted to colder weather, and to most of the precipitation falling as snow. The rain shadow of the Sierra causes the eastern slope to be warmer and drier: each life zone is higher in the east. A list of biotic zones, and corresponding elevations, is presented below:
- The western foothill zone, 1,000–2,500 ft (300–760 m),:92 with grassland, oak-grass savanna and chaparral-oak woodland. North of Sequoia National Park, Gray pine (also known as digger pine) is intermixed with the oak woodland.:95
- The Pinyon pine-Juniper woodland, 5,000–7,000 ft (1,500–2,100 m) east side only.:92
- The Sierra Nevada lower montane forest (indicator species: Ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine), 2,500–7,000 ft (760–2,130 m) west side, 7,000–9,000 ft (2,100–2,700 m) east side.:92 This biotic zone is notable for containing Giant Sequoia.
- The upper montane forest (indicator species: Lodgepole pine, Red fir) 7,000–9,000 ft (2,100–2,700 m) west side, 9,000–10,500 ft (2,700–3,200 m) east side.:92
- The Sierra Nevada subalpine zone (indicator species: Whitebark pine) 9,000–10,500 ft (2,700–3,200 m) west side, 10,500–11,500 ft (3,200–3,500 m) east side:92
- The alpine region at greater than 10,500 ft (3,200 m), and greater than 11,500 ft (3,500 m) east side.:92
Archaeological excavations placed Martis people of Paleo-Indians in northcentral Sierra Nevada during the period of 3,000 BCE to 500 CE. The earliest identified sustaining indigenous people in the Sierra Nevada were the Northern Paiute tribes on the east side, with the Mono tribe and Sierra Miwok tribe on the western side, and the Kawaiisu and Tubatulabal tribes in the southern Sierra. Today, some historic intertribal trade route trails over mountain passes are known artifact locations, such as Duck Pass with its obsidian arrowheads. The California and Sierra Native American tribes were predominantly peaceful, with occasional territorial disputes between the Paiute and Sierra Miwok tribes in the mountains. Washo and Maidu were also in this area prior to the era of European exploration and displacement.
Used in 1542 by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo to describe a Pacific Coast Range (Santa Cruz Mountains), the term "sierra nevada" was a general identification of less familiar ranges toward the interior. In 1776, Pedro Font's map applied the name to the range currently known as the Sierra Nevada.
The literal translation is "snowy mountains", from sierra "a range of hills", 1610s, from Spanish sierra "jagged mountain range", lit. "saw", from Latin serra "a saw"; and from fem. of Spanish nevado "snowy".
Initial European-American exploration
American exploration of the mountain range started in 1827. Although prior to the 1820s there were Spanish missions, pueblos (towns), presidios (forts), and ranchos along the coast of California, no Spanish explorers visited the Sierra Nevada. The first Americans to visit the mountains were amongst a group led by fur trapper Jedediah Smith, crossing north of the Yosemite area in May 1827, at Ebbetts Pass.
In 1833, a subgroup of the Bonneville Expedition led by Joseph Reddeford Walker was sent westward to find an overland route to California. Eventually the party discovered a route along the Humboldt River across present-day Nevada, ascending the Sierra Nevada, starting near present-day Bridgeport and descending between the Tuolumne and Merced River drainage. The group may have been the first non-indigenous people to see Yosemite Valley. The Walker Party probably visited either the Tuolumne or Merced Groves of Giant Sequoia, becoming the first non-indigenous people to see the giant trees, but journals relating to the Walker party were destroyed in 1839, in a print shop fire in Philadelphia.
The California Gold Rush began at Sutter's Mill, near Coloma, in the western foothills of the Sierra. On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River. Rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting "Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!"
On August 19, 1848, the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold. On December 5, 1848, President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress.:80 Soon, waves of immigrants from around the world, later called the "forty-niners", invaded the Gold Country of California or "Mother Lode". Miners lived in tents, wood shanties, or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships. Wherever gold was discovered, hundreds of miners would collaborate to put up a camp and stake their claims.
Because the gold in the California gravel beds was so richly concentrated, the early forty-niners simply panned for gold in California's rivers and streams.:198–200 However, panning cannot take place on a large scale, and miners and groups of miners graduated to more complex placer mining. Groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river, and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom.:90
By 1853, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations. Hydraulic mining was used on ancient gold-bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the gold fields.:89 In hydraulic mining, a high-pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold-bearing gravel beds. It is estimated that by the mid-1880s, 11 million ounces (340 t) of gold (worth approximately US$15 billion at December 2010 prices) had been recovered by "hydraulicking". A byproduct of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel, silt, heavy metals, and other pollutants went into streams and rivers.:32–36 As of 1999[update], many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining, since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life.:116–121
It is estimated that by 1855, at least 300,000 gold-seekers, merchants, and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world.:25 The huge numbers of newcomers brought by the Gold Rush drove Native Americans out of their traditional hunting, fishing and food-gathering areas. To protect their homes and livelihood, some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners, provoking counter-attacks on native villages. The Native Americans, out-gunned, were often slaughtered.
The Gold Rush populated the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, but even by 1860, most of the Sierra was unexplored. The state legislature authorized the California Geological Survey to officially explore the Sierra (and survey the rest of the state). Josiah Whitney was appointed to head the survey. Men of the survey, including William H. Brewer, Charles F. Hoffmann and Clarence King, explored the backcountry of what would become Yosemite National Park in 1863. In 1864, they explored the area around Kings Canyon. In 1869, John Muir started his wanderings in the Sierra Nevada range, and in 1871, King was the first to climb Mount Langley, mistakenly believing he had summited Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the range. In 1873, Mount Whitney was climbed for the first time by 3 men from Lone Pine, CA on a fishing trip. From 1892–7 Theodore Solomons made the first attempt to map a route along the crest of the Sierra.
Other people finished exploring and mapping the Sierra. Bolton Coit Brown explored the Kings River watershed in 1895–1899. Joseph N. LeConte mapped the area around Yosemite National Park and what would become Kings Canyon National Park. James S. Hutchinson, a noted mountaineer, climbed the Palisades (1904) and Mount Humphreys (1905). By 1912, the USGS published a set of maps of the Sierra Nevada, and the era of exploration was over.:81
The tourism potential of the Sierra Nevada was recognized early in the European history of the range. Yosemite Valley was first protected by the federal government in 1864. The Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded to California in 1866 and turned into a state park. John Muir perceived overgrazing by sheep and logging of Giant Sequoia to be a problem in the Sierra. Muir successfully lobbied for the protection of the rest of Yosemite National Park: Congress created an Act to protect the park in 1890. The Valley and Mariposa Grove were added to the Park in 1906. In the same year, Sequoia National Park was formed to protect the Giant Sequoia: all logging of the Sequoia ceased at that time.
In 1903, the city of San Francisco proposed building a hydroelectric dam to flood Hetch Hetchy Valley. The city and the Sierra Club argued over the dam for 10 years, until the U.S. Congress passed the Raker Act in 1913 and allowed dam building to proceed. O'Shaughnessy Dam was completed in 1923.
Between 1912 and 1918, Congress debated three times to protect Lake Tahoe in a national park. None of these efforts succeeded, and after World War II, towns such as South Lake Tahoe grew around the shores of the lake. By 1980, the permanent population of the Lake Tahoe area grew to 50,000, while the summer population grew to 90,000. The development around Lake Tahoe affected the clarity of the lake water. In order to preserve the lake's clarity, construction in the Tahoe basin is currently regulated by the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.
As the 20th century progressed, more of the Sierra became available for recreation; other forms of economic activity decreased. The John Muir Trail, a trail that followed the Sierra crest from Yosemite Valley to Mount Whitney, was funded in 1915 and finished in 1938. Kings Canyon National Park was formed in 1940 to protect the deep canyon of the Kings River.
By 1964, the Wilderness Act protected portions of the Sierra as primitive areas where humans are simply temporary visitors. Gradually, 20 wilderness areas were established to protect scenic backcountry of the Sierra. These wilderness areas include the John Muir Wilderness (protecting the eastern slope of the Sierra and the area between Yosemite and Kings Canyon Parks), and wilderness within each of the National Parks. Because of the Wilderness Act and the rocky terrain in the area, plans to construct two trans-Sierra highways across this portion of the Sierra Escarpment, State Route 168 and State Route 190, were abandoned; the two highways each remain split as discontiguous segments on either side of the Sierra.
The Sierra Nevada still faces a number of issues that threaten its conservation. Logging occurs on both private and public lands, including controversial clearcut methods and thinning logging on private and public lands. Grazing occurs on private lands as well as on National Forest lands, which include Wilderness areas. Overgrazing can alter hydrologic processes and vegetation composition, remove vegetation that serves as food and habitat for native species, and contribute to sedimentation and pollution in waterways. A recent increase in large wildfires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park and the Stanislaus National Forest and the King Fire on the Eldorado National Forest, has prompted concerns. A 2015 study indicated that the increase in fire risk in California may be attributable to human-induced climate change. A study looking back over 8,000 years found that warmer climate periods experienced severe droughts and more stand-replacing fires and concluded that as climate is such a powerful influence on wildfires, trying to recreate presettlement forest structure is likely impossible in a warmer future.
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The History of The Shriners
is a Shriner? What kind of organization attracts truck drivers,
dentists, contractors, heads of state, movie stars, generals,
clergymen and accountants? What is the Shrine?
Someone might answer: “Oh yeah, Shriners are those guys who always
have those parades with the wild costumes and funny little cars.”
Another might think of Shrine circuses and Shrine clowns. The fellow
next to him might interject, “No, Shriners are the guys who wear
those funny hats — like flowerpots — and have those big
don’t know about that,” a passerby might add. “But I do know my
little girl was born with club feet and now they are straight, and
she can walk like anyone else, thanks to Shriners Hospitals for
can walk?” questions still another. “I thought the Shriners ran
those fantastic burn hospitals. I’ve read stories about them saving
kids with burns on 90 percent of their bodies.”
those people are right. Each has experienced an aspect of Shrinedom.
What they cannot experience, unless they are Shriners, is the
camaraderie, deep friendships, good fellowship and great times
shared by all Shriners. What they may not know is that all Shriners
share a Masonic heritage: Each is a Master Mason in the Freemasonry
Historically, Masons had to become members of the York or Scottish
Rite Bodies before becoming a Noble of the Shrine. However, at the
Imperial Council Session in July 2000, an amendment to Shrine law
changed that requirement, allowing Master Masons to become Shriners
There are nearly 500,000 Shriners now. They gather in Temples, or
chapters, throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico and the
Republic of Panama. There are 22 Shriners Hospitals for Children —
18 orthopaedic hospitals, three burn hospitals, and one hospital
that provides orthopaedic, burn and spinal cord injury care. These
hospitals have cured or substantially helped more than 700,000
children — at no cost to parent or child — since the first Shriners
Hospital opened in 1922.
did it all start? How does it work? What is the Shrine?
Evolution Of The “World’s Greatest Fraternity”
1870, several thousand of the 900,000 residents of Manhattan were
Masons. Many of these Masons made it a point to lunch at the
Knickerbocker Cottage, a restaurant at 426 Sixth Avenue. At a
special table on the second floor, a particularly jovial group of
men used to meet regularly.
Masons who gathered at this table were noted for their good humor
and wit. They often discussed the idea of a new fraternity for
Masons, in which fun and fellowship would be stressed more than
ritual. Two of the table regulars, Walter M. Fleming, M.D., and
William J. Florence, an actor, took the idea seriously enough to do
something about it.
Billy Florence was a star. After becoming the toast of the New York
stage, he toured London, Europe and Middle Eastern countries, always
playing to capacity audiences. While on tour in Marseilles, France,
Florence was invited to a party given by an Arabian diplomat. The
entertainment was something in the nature of an elaborately staged
musical comedy. At its conclusion, the guests became members of a
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Florence, recalling the conversations at the Knickerbocker Cottage,
realized that this might well be the vehicle for the new fraternity.
He made copious notes and drawings at that initial viewing and on
two other occasions when he attended the ceremony, once in Algiers
and again in Cairo. When he returned to New York in 1870 and showed
his material to Dr. Fleming, Fleming agreed.
Walter Millard Fleming was a prominent physician and surgeon. Born
in 1838, he obtained a degree in medicine in Albany, N.Y., in 1862.
During the Civil War, he was a surgeon with the 13th New York
Infantry Brigade of the National Guard. He then practiced medicine
in Rochester, New York, until 1868, when he moved to New York City
and quickly became a leading practitioner.
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Fleming was devoted to fraternalism. He became a Mason in Rochester
and took some of his Scottish Rite work there, then completed his
degrees in New York City. He was coroneted a 33° Scottish Rite Mason
on September 19, 1872.
Fleming took the ideas supplied by Florence and converted them into
what would become the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.).
the help of other Knickerbocker Cottage regulars, Fleming drafted
the ritual,designed the emblem and ritual costumes, formulated a
salutation, and declared that members would wear a red fez.
initiation rites, or ceremonials, were drafted by Fleming with the
help of three Brother Masons: Charles T. McClenachan, lawyer and
expert on Masonic Ritual; William Sleigh Paterson, printer, linguist
and ritualist; and Albert L. Rawson, prominent scholar and Mason who
provided much of the Arabic background.
Crescent was adopted as the Jewel of the Order. Though any materials
can be used in forming the Crescent, the most valuable are the claws
of a Royal Bengal Tiger, united at their base in a gold setting. In
the center is the head of a sphinx, and on the back are a pyramid,
an urn and a star. The Jewel bears the motto “Robur et Furor,” which
means “Strength and Fury.” Today, the Shrine emblem includes a
scimitar from which the crescent hangs, and a five-pointed star
beneath the head of the sphinx.
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Fleming and his coworkers also formulated a salutation used today by
Shriners—“Es Selamu Aleikum!”—which means, “Peace be with you!” In
returning the salutation, the gracious wish is “Aleikum Es Selamu,”
which means “With you be peace.”
red fez with a black tassel, the Shrine’s official headgear, has
been handed down through the ages. It derives its name from the
place where it was first manufactured — the holy city of Fez,
historians claim it dates back to about A.D. 980, but the name of
the fez, or tarboosh, does not appear in Arabic literature until
around the 14th century. One of the earliest references to the
headgear is in “Arabian Nights.”
September 26, 1872, in the New York City Masonic Hall, the first
Shrine Temple in the United States was organized. Brother
McClenachan and Dr. Fleming had completed the ritual and proposed
that the first Temple be named Mecca. The original 13 Masons of the
Knickerbocker Cottage lunch group were named Charter Members of
Mecca Temple (Mecca Shriners). Noble Florence read a letter
outlining the “history” of the Order and giving advice on the
conduct of meetings. The officers elected were Walter M. Fleming,
Potentate; Charles T. McClenachan, Chief Rabban; John A. Moore,
Assistant Rabban; Edward Eddy, High Priest and Prophet; George W.
Millar, Oriental Guide; James S. Chappel, Treasurer; William S.
Paterson, Recorder; and Oswald M. d’Aubigne, Captain of the Guard.
the organization was not an instant success, even though a second
Temple was chartered in Rochester in 1875. Four years after the
Shrine’s beginnings, there were only 43 Shriners, all but six of
whom were from New York.
meeting of Mecca Shriners on June 6, 1876, in the New York Masonic
Temple, a new body was created to help spur the growth of the young
fraternity. This governing body was called “The Imperial Grand
Council of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic
Shrine for the United States of America.” Fleming became the first
Imperial Grand Potentate, and the new body established rules for
membership and the formation of new Temples. The initiation ritual
was embellished, as was the mythology about the fraternity. An
extensive publicity and recruiting campaign was initiated.
worked. Just two years later, in 1878, there were 425 Shriners in 13
Temples. Five of these Temples were in New York, two were in Ohio
and the others were in Vermont, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Iowa,
Michigan and Massachusetts.
Shrine continued to grow during the 1880s. By the time of the 1888
Annual Session (convention) in Toronto, there were 7,210 members in
48 Temples located throughout the United States and one in Canada.
While the organization was still primarily social, instances of
philanthropic work became more frequent. During an 1888 Yellow Fever
epidemic in Jacksonville, Fla., members of the new Morocco Shriners
and Masonic Knights Templar worked long hours to relieve the
suffering populace. In 1889, Shriners came to the aid of the
Johnstown Flood victims. In 1898, there were 50,000 Shriners, and 71
of the 79 Temples were engaged in some sort of philanthropic work.
the turn of the century, the Shrine had come into its own. At its
1900 Imperial Session, representatives from 82 Temples marched in a
Washington, D.C., parade reviewed by President William McKinley.
Shrine membership was well over 55,000.
Evolution Of The “World’s Greatest Philanthropy”
Shrine was unstoppable in the early 1900s. Membership grew rapidly,
and the geographical range of Temples widened. Between 1900 and
1918, eight new Temples were created in Canada, and one each in
Honolulu, Mexico City and the Republic of Panama. The organization
became, in fact, the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine for North America. New flourishes were added to a
growing tradition of colorful pageantry. More Shrine bands were
formed. The first Shrine circus is said to have opened in 1906 in
During the same period, there was growing member support for
establishing an official Shrine charity. Most Temples had individual
philanthropies, and sometimes the Shrine as an organization gave
aid. After the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, the Shrine sent
$25,000 to help the stricken city, and in 1915, the Shrine
contributed $10,000 for the relief of European war victims. But
neither the individual projects nor the special one-time
contributions satisfied the membership, who wanted to do more.
1919, Freeland Kendrick (Lu Lu Shriners, Philadelphia) was the
Imperial Potentate-elect for the 363,744 Shriners. He had long been
searching for a cause for the thriving group to support. In a visit
to the Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children in Atlanta, he
became aware of the overwhelming needs of crippled children in North
America. At the June 1919 Imperial Session, Kendrick proposed
establishing “The Mystic Shriners Peace Memorial for Friendless,
Orphaned and Crippled Children.” His resolution never came to a
vote. As Imperial Potentate in 1919 and 1920, he traveled more than
150,000 miles, visiting a majority of the 146 Temples and
campaigning for an official Shrine philanthropy.
climax came at the June 1920 Imperial Session in Portland, Oregon.
Kendrick changed his resolution to one establishing the “Shriners
Hospital for Crippled Children,” to be supported by a $2 yearly
assessment from each Shriner (now $5 per year).
Conservative Shriners expressed doubts about the Shrine assuming
this kind of responsibility. Prospects for approval were dimming
when Noble Forrest Adair (Yaarab Shriners, Atlanta) rose to speak:
was lying in bed yesterday morning, about four o’clock . . . and
some poor fellow who had strayed from the rest of the band . . .
stood down there under the window for 25 minutes playing ‘I’m
Forever Blowing Bubbles.’ ”
said that when he awoke later, “I thought of the wandering minstrel,
and I wondered if there were not a deep significance in the tune
that he was playing for Shriners, ‘I’m Forever Blowing Bubbles.’ ”
noted, “While we have spent money for songs and spent money for
bands, it’s time for the Shrine to spend money for humanity.“
want to see this thing started. Let’s get rid of all the technical
objections. And if there is a Shriner in North America,” he
continued, “who objects to having paid the two dollars after he has
seen the first crippled child helped, I will give him a check back
for it myself.”
he was through, Noble Adair sat down to thunderous applause. The
whole tone of the session had changed. There were other speakers,
but the decision had already been reached. The resolution was passed
committee was chosen to determine the site and personnel for the
Shriners Hospital. After months of work, research and debate, the
committee concluded that there should be not just one hospital but a
network of hospitals throughout North America. It was an idea that
appealed to Shriners, who liked to do things in a big and colorful
way. When the committee brought the proposal to the 1921 Imperial
Session in Des Moines, Iowa, it too was passed.
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Before the June 1922 Session, the cornerstone was in place for the
first Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children in Shreveport, La. The
rules for this hospital, and all the other Shriners Hospitals which
would follow, were simple: To be admitted, a child must be from a
family unable to pay for the orthopaedic treatment he would receive
(this is no longer a requirement), be under 14 years of age (later
increased to 18) and be, in the opinion of the chief of staff,
someone whose condition could be helped.
work of the great Shriners Hospitals network is supervised by the
members of the Board of Trustees, who are elected at the annual
meeting of the hospital corporation. Each hospital operates under
the supervision of a local Board of Governors, a chief of staff and
an administrator. Members of the boards are Shriners, who serve
network of orthopaedic hospitals grew as follows: Shreveport, Sept.
16, 1922; Honolulu, Jan. 2, 1923; Twin Cities, March 12, 1923; San
Francisco, June 16, 1923 (relocated to Sacramento in 1997);
Portland, Jan. 15, 1924; St. Louis, April 8, 1924; Spokane, Nov. 15,
1924; Salt Lake City, Jan. 22, 1925; Montreal, Feb. 18, 1925;
Springfield, Feb. 21, 1925; Chicago, March 20, 1926; Philadelphia,
June 24, 1926; Lexington, Nov. 1, 1926; Greenville, Sept. 1, 1927;
Mexico City, March 10, 1945; Houston, Feb. 1, 1952; Los Angeles,
Feb. 25, 1952; Winnipeg, March 16, 1952 (closed Aug. 12, 1977);
Erie, April 1, 1967; Tampa, Oct. 16, 1985, and Sacramento, Calif.,
April 14, 1997. This newest Shriners Hospital is the only one in the
Shrine system that provides orthopaedic, burn and spinal cord injury
care, and conducts research, all in a single facility.
first patient to be admitted in 1922 was a little girl with a club
foot from the red clay country south of Shreveport, La., who had
learned to walk on the top of her foot rather than the sole. The
first child to be admitted in Minneapolis was a Blackfoot Indian boy
suffering from the deformities of polio. Since that time, more than
700,000 children have been treated at the 22 Shriners Hospitals.
Surgical techniques developed in Shriners Hospitals have become
standard in the orthopaedic world. Thousands of children have been
fitted with arm and leg braces and artificial limbs, most of them
made in special labs in the hospitals by expert technicians.
1950 to 1960, the Shrine’s funds for helping children increased
rapidly. At the same time, the waiting lists of new patients for
admission to Shriners Hospitals
began to decline, due to the polio vaccine and new antibiotics.
Thus, Shriners found themselves able to provide additional services,
and Shrine leaders began to look for other ways they could help the
children of North America.
result was the collating of the medical records of patients of
Shriners Hospitals. By placing the records of each patient and
treatment on computer and microfilm, valuable information was made
available to all Shriners surgeons and the medical world as a whole.
This process, begun in 1959, also made it easier to initiate
clinical research in Shriners orthopaedic hospitals.
Shriners Hospitals had always engaged in clinical research, and in
the early ’60s, the Shrine aggressively entered the structured
research field and began earmarking funds for research projects. By
1967, Shriners were spending $20,000 on orthopaedic research. Today,
the annual research budget totals approximately $25 million. Shrine
researchers are working on a wide variety of projects, including
studies of bone and joint diseases, such as juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis; increasing basic knowledge of the structure and function
of connective tissue; and refining functional electrical
stimulation, which is enabling children with spinal cord injuries to
have limited use of their arms and legs.
the Burn Care Field
expansion of orthopaedic work was not enough for the Shriners. They
had enough funds to further expand their philanthropy. The only
question was: What unmet need could they fill?
special committee was established to explore areas of need and found
that burn treatment was a field of service that was being bypassed.
In the early ’60s, the only burn treatment center in the United
States was part of a military complex. The committee was ready with
a resolution for the 1962 Imperial Session in Toronto. The
resolution, dated July 4, 1962, was adopted by unanimous vote.
November 1, 1963, the Shrine opened a seven-bed wing in the John
Sealy Hospital on the University of Texas Medical Branch in
Galveston as an interim center for the care of severely burned
children. On February 1, 1964, the Shrine opened a seven-bed ward in
the Cincinnati General Hospital on the campus of the University of
Cincinnati. A third interim operation, a five-bed ward, was opened
March 13, 1964, in the Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston) under
the direction of Harvard Medical School.
While children were being treated in these wards, separate buildings
were constructed near each interim location. These buildings, three
30-bed pediatric burn hospitals, were designed to meet the special
needs of burned children. At each, the staffs remain affiliated with
their neighboring universities so that they may better carry out
their three-fold program of treatment, research and teaching.
hospital in Galveston opened March 20, 1966; the hospital in
Cincinnati opened February 19, 1968; and the Boston hospital opened
November 2, 1968. New facilities would be constructed for all three
burn hospitals in the 1990s. The new Cincinnati and Galveston
hospitals were completed in 1992, and the new Boston hospital was
completed in 1999.
new burn treatment center opened in 1997, in the new Shriners
Hospital in Sacramento, Calif. This newest Shriners Hospital
provides orthopaedic, burn and spinal cord injury care, and serves
as the Shrine’s primary burn treatment center in the western United
States. The Sacramento Hospital also conducts research into all
Since the Shriners opened their burn hospitals in the 1960s, a
burned child’s chance of survival has more than doubled. They have
saved children burned over 90 percent of their bodies. The
techniques they have pioneered to prevent the crippling effects of
severe burns have made a normal life possible for thousands of burn
importantly, perhaps, the establishment of the burn Shriners
Hospitals has alerted the medical world to this special need, which
has, in turn, led to the establishment of non-Shrine burn centers
throughout North America.
Shriners Hospitals the work goes on, continually searching for new
ways to heal severe burns and reduce or, as much as possible,
eliminate the crippling and scarring effects of those burns. Because
of the special nature of the burn hospitals, they will surely always
be on the frontier of burn care.
Continuing the Commitment
During the 1980s, Shriners Hospitals initiated a number of new
programs in their efforts to continue providing high-quality
pediatric orthopaedic and burn care. One of the most significant was
the 1980 opening of the spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation unit
at the Shriners Hospital in Philadelphia — the first spinal cord
injury unit in the United States designed specifically for children
and teenagers who suffer from these injuries. By 1984, two
additional spinal cord injury units were operating in the Shriners
Hospitals in Chicago and San Francisco. In 1997, the San Francisco
Hospital, including the SCI unit, was relocated to the newest
Shriners Hospitals in Sacramento, Calif.
the Shrine’s SCI units, children receive long-term rehabilitative
care and physical and occupational therapy to help them relearn the
basic skills of everyday life. Counseling sessions help patients
learn to cope with the emotional aspects of their injury and help
them lead fulfilling lives by emphasizing the abilities they still
have. Patients may enter an SCI unit apprehensive about the future,
but after months of encouragement and support, they often leave with
a sense of hope and optimism.
ongoing study at the Philadelphia Hospital is giving children with
cerebral palsy and spinal cord injuries a sense of hope as well.
Researchers have found that when using functional electrical
stimulation (FES), the posture of a child’s foot and ankle is
improved. In turn, it has a positive affect on their gait, making
walking an achievable goal.
Another important undertaking that was begun during the 1980s was an
aggressive rebuilding and renovation program, involving the
construction of new facilities and extensive renovations throughout
the Shriners Hospital system. In 1981, the Representatives at the
107th Imperial Council Session approved a major expansion and
reconstruction program, which included the construction of a new
orthopaedic hospital in Tampa, Fla. The opening of the Tampa
Hospital in 1985 — the first new hospital added to the Shrine system
since the 1960s — brought the Shriners Hospital system back to 22
hospitals. Since 1981, 21 Shriners Hospitals have either been
rebuilt or totally renovated. In 1998, the Joint Boards decided to
build a new facility for the Mexico City Hospital, which underwent
extensive renovations in 1989.
1989, another significant decision was made when the Shriners voted
to construct a new hospital in the Northern California region, to
replace the existing San Francisco Hospital. In 1990, Sacramento was
chosen as the site for the new hospital. Construction began in 1993,
and in 1997, the new Northern California Hospital in Sacramento
opened its doors.
during the 1980s, because of the high number of patients with
myelodysplasia (spina bifida), many of the Shriners Hospitals
developed special programs to provide comprehensive,
multidisciplinary care to these patients.
Previously, Shriners Hospitals had provided the orthopaedic care
these children needed, but in 1986, the Joint Boards of Directors
and Trustees approved a policy permitting the hospitals to address
the multiple needs of these children by providing their medical,
neurosurgical and urological requirements, as well as their
psychosocial, nutritional and recreational needs.
During the 1980s, the Los Angeles and Springfield Shriners Hospitals
expanded their prosthetic services with regional prosthetic research
programs. Both programs conduct research into ways to improve or
create new prosthetics and help rehabilitate limb-deficient
children. These two programs, in addition to various other research
programs throughout the 22 hospital system, join the prosthetic and
orthotic labs throughout the Shriners Hospital system in ensuring
that Shriners Hospitals remain leaders in the field of children’s
orthotics and prosthetics.
burn hospitals also took steps to ensure that burn patients continue
to receive the most advanced burn treatment available. The Shriners
Hospital in Cincinnati initiated a burns air ambulance, the first
air ambulance in the country devoted exclusively to transporting
burn victims. The burn hospitals also developed a re-entry program,
to assist burn patients in their return home after being discharged
from the hospital. During 1992, new replacement facilities for the
Cincinnati and Galveston burn hospitals were dedicated, and
groundbreaking ceremonies were held for a new facility for the
Boston Hospital. All the burn hospitals are continuing to conduct
research in their ongoing efforts to improve care for burned
1996, Shrine Representatives took another significant step when they
voted to officially change the name of their philanthropy to
“Shriners Hospitals for Children.” In a move that permanently
eliminated the word “crippled” from the organization’s corporate
name, the Representatives made the change in an effort to have the
name better reflect the mission of Shriners Hospitals and the
expansions of services that have been added over the years,
including the opening of the burn hospitals and the addition of
programs of comprehensive care for children with myelodysplasia. The
new name is intended to reflect the philosophy of Shriners
Hospitals, which provide medical care for children totally free of
charge, based only on what’s best for the child. The new name,
likewise, does not label children in any way, but simply recognizes
them for what they are: children. Though they have a new name,
Shriners Hospitals continue to focus on their mission of helping
children lead better lives.
way Shriners Hospitals is helping to improve lives is with the help
of Outcomes research. This type of research looks for opportunities
to improve Shriners Hospital practices, both clinical and
operational, to help bring better care and quality of life to
patients. The Outcomes studies utilize more than one Shriners
Hospital, and the projects, studies and performance improvement
initiatives directly impact changes in operations and patient care
practices at all 22 Shriners Hospitals.
ensure Shriners Hospitals is constantly on the cutting edge of
research, Shriners enlists the help of advisory boards, which are
made up of eminent surgeons, clinicians and scientists who review
grants and offer expertise on project funding. The Medical Advisory
Board, Research Advisory Board and Clinical Outcomes Studies
Advisory Board also provide review, guidance and subjective
assessment to many areas of Shriners Hospitals.
they look to the future, the Joint Boards are committed to
maintaining Shriners Hospitals for Children as leaders in children’s
pediatric orthopaedic and burn care.
the hospital network grew, the fraternity continued in its grand
tradition. In 1923, there was a Shriner in the White House, and
Noble/President William G. Harding reviewed the Shriners parade at
the 1923 Imperial Session in Washington, D.C.
East/West Shrine Game
East/West Shrine College All-Star Football Game was established in
1925, in San Francisco with the motto “Strong Legs Run So Weak Legs
May Walk.” Throughout its history, this traditional post-season game
has raised millions of dollars for Shriners Hospitals and helped
millions of people become more familiar with the story of Shriners
Hospitals. In this, as in other Shrine football games, the young
players visit patients at, so the players themselves know the real
purpose of the game.
1930, the Imperial Session was to be held in Toronto. For his
Session, Imperial Potentate Leo V. Youngworth wanted something
special. With the appropriate approval, the leader of 600,000
Shriners commissioned a peace monument to be built in Toronto. It
was to face south, commemorating 150 years of friendship between the
United States and Canada.
Peace Memorial was relocated and rededicated during the 1962
Imperial Session, and it stands today outside the National
Exposition grounds in Toronto. When the Shriners returned to Toronto
in 1989, for the 115th Imperial Council Session, the memorial was
again rededicated, representing a renewed commitment to the Shrine’s
international brotherhood and fraternalism. The plaque reads:
“Erected and dedicated to the cause of universal peace by the
Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North
America June 12, 1930.”
1930 Session was the Shrine’s own antidote to the pervasive gloom of
the Great Depression. But it was only temporary. Not even Shriners
could escape the Depression. For the first time in its history, the
Shrine began to lose members — the Nobles just could not pay their
struggle to keep the hospitals and the fraternity going during these
years was enormous. It was necessary to dip into the Endowment Fund
capital to cover operating costs of the hospitals. To ensure the
financial distinction between the hospitals and the fraternity, a
corporation for each was established in 1937.
Shrine and its hospitals somehow survived the Depression. In the
1940s, like the rest of North America, the Shrine adjusted to
wartime existence. Imperial Sessions were limited to business and
were attended only by official Temple Representatives. Shrine parade
units stayed home and marched in local patriotic parades. During the
four years of war, more than $1 billion was invested by and through
the Shrine in government war bonds. The hospital corporation also
invested all of its available funds in government securities. After
World War II, the economy improved, and men found renewed interest
in fraternalism. By 1942, membership was once more increasing.
Until 1928, the Shrine’s national offices were in Richmond, Va. With
the growth of the fraternity, there were increasing pressures to
locate Shrine headquarters in some city that would be more
convenient to all Temples. Thus, in 1958, the building at 323 North
Michigan Avenue, Chicago, was purchased. At a special Session held
April 10th, 1978, in Tampa, Fla., representatives voted to relocate
Shrine Headquarters to 2900 Rocky Point Drive, Tampa. The Tampa
headquarters houses the administrative personnel for both the Iowa
(fraternal) and Colorado (Shriners Hospitals) corporations,
fraternal and hospital records, the attorneys who monitor the many
estates involved in Shriners Hospitals for Children, and the various
other departments that support the day-to-day operations of the
Shrine fraternity and Shriners Hospitals for Children.
expansion project was begun in 1987 to meet the ever-increasing
needs of theShrine and Shriners Hospitals. A third wing, or pod, was
added to the rear of the existing building, and the board room and
executive offices for the fraternity and hospital system were
relocated to the new area, allowing several departments to expand
their offices in the original sections. The new, enlarged board room
provides space for meetings of the Joint Boards and their
committees, and for conferences.
1993, the Commemorative Plaza was built, with its larger than
life-size statue of a Shriner carrying a child. The statue
represents what has become known as the “Editorial Without Words,”
probably one of the best-recognized symbols of Shriners Hospitals
polished marble plaza features a semi-circular wall engraved with
the names of every Imperial Potentate (Chief Executive Officer) of
the Shrine and his year served. In addition, below the statue is a
cylindrical base engraved with the names of the 22 Shriners
Hospitals and surrounded by a fountain. Around the fountain are
large inlaid marble squares bearing the engraved names of each of
the Shrines 191 Temples, each Temple’s city and state, year of
incorporation and the Shrine insignia (the scimitar). To the rear of
the Commemorative Plaza and in front of the headquarters building
are four flag poles topped with flags of the United States, Canada,
Mexico and Panama, representing the countries with Shrine
early 1999, a major construction and renovation effort was begun
that would add 35,000 square feet to the existing facility, bringing
the total office area to about 120,000 square feet. This effort was
initiated to accommodate the healthcare initiatives and trends
taking place in the industry in the late 1990s. The exterior work
came to an end in December 2001, with the installation of a
three-dimensional 11-by-9-foot Shrine scimitar on the front of the
building. The new windows on the building have a bluish- green tint,
giving the building a different appearance than the gold tinted
windows, which served as a landmark to identify the headquarters for
two decades. On Feb. 24, 2002, the newly renovated Shriners
International Headquarters was rededicated.
Shrine of North America — How The Organization Works
Shrine Temples are located throughout the United States, Canada,
Mexico and the Republic of Panama, with Shrine Clubs around the
world. There is, therefore, a special Shrine Pledge of Allegiance:
“I pledge allegiance to my flag, and to the country for which it
stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice
for all.” Wherever Shriners gather, the national flags of the United
States, Canada, Mexico and the Republic of Panama are flown.
Today, there are nearly 500,000 Shriners who belong to 191 Shrine
Temples, or chapters, from Al Aska Shriners in Anchorage, Alaska, to
Abou Saad Shriners in Panama, and from Aloha Shriners in Honolulu to
Philae Shriners in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Temple memberships range
from approximately 11,000 (Murat Shriners in Indianapolis) to about
420 (Media Shriners in Watertown, NY).
Temples, their Units and affiliated Shrine Clubs embody the true
spirit of fraternalism, and wherever a Shriner goes, he can be
certain there are Nobles who will extend their hand in greeting and
call him “Brother.”
better understand how all this works, an observer can start at a
local Temple. All Temples are run by an elected Divan (officers),
headed by the Potentate and the Chief Rabban. A Recorder, or record
keeper/administrator, usually maintains an office at the Temple. One
member is elected or appointed to the “lowest rung” each January and
under traditional practice moves up one “rung” each year. Thus, by
the time he becomes Potentate of his Temple, a Shriner usually has
at least four years of experience in Temple leadership.
Stated meetings of the Temple membership as a whole must be held at
least four times a year. In addition, each Temple holds one or more
ceremonials every year for the induction of new members. There are
also many Temple, Unit, and Shrine Club social events each year.
Units are smaller groups within a Temple which are organized for a
specific purpose. Many of these are the uniformed Units so familiar
to parade watchers: Oriental Bands, Shrine Bands, Horse and Motor
Patrols, Highlander Units, Clowns, Drum Corps, Chanters, and Legions
of Honor. Other Temple Units can include hospital hosts or guides,
and transportation Units which work closely with their local
Shriners Hospital — either with the children at the hospital or in
transporting patients to and from the hospital.
Each Temple has a clearly defined territory from which it can obtain
new members. Since these jurisdictions are often quite large,
smaller geographical units may be organized for fellowship purposes.
These are the Shrine Clubs, under the control of their mother
addition, any number of Temples may form a Shrine Association for
social conventions, if the Imperial Council issues an appropriate
charter. There are currently 20 Regional Associations and 19 Shrine
191 Shrine Temples are governed by the Imperial Council, which is
composed of Representatives. The Representatives of the Imperial
Council include all past and present Imperial Officers, Emeritus
Representatives (who have served 15 years or more), and
Representatives elected from each Temple. A Temple may have two
Representatives if its membership exceeds 300, three if more than
600, and four if more than 1,000. These Representatives meet once a
year — usually in July at the Imperial Council Session — to make
policy decisions and legislation regarding both the fraternity and
the hospitals. With nearly 900 Representatives, the Imperial Council
constitutes one of the largest legislative bodies in the world. The
Representatives also elect the Imperial Officers. The President of
the Colorado Corporation and members of the Board of Trustees for
Shriners Hospitals for Children are elected by the members of the
Imperial Divan, the Shrine’s international governing body, consists
of 13 officers plus an Imperial Chaplain. The Imperial Treasurer and
the Imperial Recorder may be elected for several consecutive years;
they are the only officers receiving any type of compensation. As
with Temple Divans, an officer (with the exception of Treasurer and
Recorder) is elected to the bottom of the Divan and, barring
unforeseen circumstances, moves up one position each year. These
officers, elected from among the Representatives, are usually past
Temple Potentates. The Divan plus the immediate Past Imperial
Potentate constitute the Board of Directors of the fraternal
corporation and they, with the Chairman of the Board of Trustees,
constitute the Board of Directors of the hospital corporation.
chief executive officer for the Shrine of North America is the
Imperial Potentate, who is elected for one year. He visits many of
the Shrine Temples and hospitals and generally supervises both
fraternal and hospital policy.
help him with these tasks, the Imperial Potentate appoints
committees to implement the various Shrine programs. One of the most
important of these committees is the Endowments, Wills and Gifts
Committee, which coordinates and supervises contributions and
bequests given to Shriners Hospitals for Children.
day-to-day operations — keeping the records and accounts of the
fraternity and hospitals, supervising the estates left to Shriners
Hospitals and producing printed materials for the entire Shrine
organization — are carried out at International Headquarters in
Tampa. These offices are supervised by an executive vice president
of the Imperial Council, an executive vice president of Shriners
Hospitals, and a legal department, which is under the supervision of
a managing attorney.
However complex the Shrine may seem, its essence is the fraternal
fellowship for which it was originally founded. It has been said
that there are no strangers in Shrinedom. This is evident in the
great times and laughter wherever Shriners get together, whether in
a local Shrine Club meeting, a Temple ceremonial, a Shrine
Association gathering or an Imperial Session. All Shriners share not
just a Masonic background but a zest for living.
Though this quality remains consistent — from the original 13
members to the hundreds of thousands of Shriners today — the Shrine
has adapted to many changes. Many more Temple and convention
activities include the families of Shriners. Today, many Shriners
are deeply involved in Shriners Hospital work in addition to their
Shrine Temples sponsor fund-raising events to provide funds for
Shriners Hospitals. In one calendar year there can be nearly 500 of
these events, which range from the East/West Shrine Game and other
football games to horse shows, hospital paper sales, and
miscellaneous sports and social events.
During the 1980s, Shriners Hospitals experienced the greatest
expansion in their history, with major building programs, increasing
numbers of patients receiving care, and expansion of services. As
the new millennium approaches, all 22 Shriners Hospitals are
maintaining their position at the forefront of specialized pediatric
orthopaedic and burn care. The Joint Boards plan to continue
updating their facilities, expanding their research programs and
increasing their ability to meet the needs of thousands of children
in need of expert orthopaedic and burn care. In this way, Shriners
Hospitals will continue to meet a special need for children.
Thus, whatever changes occur within the fraternal organization or
within the Shriners Hospital system, the Shrine of North America
will remain the “World’s Greatest Fraternity,” operating and
maintaining the “World’s Greatest Philanthropy.”
George Washington Masonic Memorial
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| 0.944366 | 9,167 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Founder of Niagara Falls, Samuel Zimmerman is Recognized
November 28, 2014 by George Bailey
There’s a new storyboard that has been recently unveiled at Niagara Falls Ontario City Hall outlining the history of, “The founder of Niagara Falls-Samuel Zimmerman”.
Niagara Falls City Historian, Sherman Zavitz, “I suspect many of our residents don’t know the history of this great man”. Zimmerman was an American businessman who came to then the community of Clifton (now Niagara Falls) some 172 year ago. He formed a construction company and won a contract to rebuild sections of the Welland Canal. He then expanded into building bridges and railways. Zimmerman foresaw the little village of 2,000 known as Clifton had great potential to become a large and prosperous city. He was right. He purchased lots of property in the 1850’s and built a large estate at the top of what we refer to as Clifton Hill. Part of that estate still exists today. Zimmerman Fountain Pond at the foot of Clifton Hill is now decked out in lights as part of our annual Ontario Power Generation Winter Festival of Lights.
Clifton changed its name to Niagara Falls in 1881.
Samuel Zimmerman died in a railway accident in 1857 and Clifton declared the day an annual holiday in recognition of Zimmerman’s great accomplishments.
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| 0.971426 | 290 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sustainable Living: Washing Clothes Sustainable Living: Washing Clothes
In a time that many individuals are becoming increasingly aware of the harmful effects that our daily lives are causing the environment, sustainable living is becoming more popular. From lowering the water temperature within the washing machine to using eco-friendly laundry detergent, there are a variety of ways to be environmentally conscientious while washing clothes.
Perhaps the most important way to practice sustainable living when it comes to washing clothes would be to decrease the frequency that the washing machine is being used. Rather than washing towels after each use, consider using them two or three times before placing in the laundry pile. Similarly, consider wearing items of clothing more than once before washing.
Because Energy Star-qualified washing machines use approximately 30 percent less energy and 50 percent less water than traditional washing machines, it is of utmost importance to purchase an energy efficient washing machine. Not only should a consumer purchase an energy efficient washing machine, the size of the washer should be taken into consideration at the time of purchase. A large-capacity washing machine will decrease the number of loads of laundry that are being washed, leading to additional energy and water conservation.
To decrease the amount of hot water that is being generated during the wash cycle, using the lowest temperature setting possible is recommended. Reserve the warm and hot settings for use only with heavily soiled clothing, which requires warmer temperature for stain removal. In addition, turn the thermostat down on the household water heater to conserve more energy.
When loading the washing machine, fill the washer to capacity, being careful not to overload the machine. To maximize energy conservation, only wash full loads of laundry. When a small load of laundry must be washed, pay close attention to the size selection on the washer, ensuring the selector is set to the lowest setting possible.
To contribute further to sustainable living, consider the type of laundry detergent that is being used. Use an eco-friendly laundry detergent and avoid the use of bleach and other harsh cleansers. A variety of recipes for homemade eco-friendly laundry detergents can be found on the Internet. These concoctions can be used in most washing machines, preferable those that have not been upgraded to an energy start rating. The majority of high efficiency washing machines require the use of a certain laundry detergent to prevent the warranty from being voided.
Although dryers use approximately the same amount of energy from model to model, energy can still be conserved during the drying process. The most effective way to save energy during the drying process is by hanging clothing to air-dry. If the dryer is preferred, separate each piece of clothing before adding to the dryer. Use the auto-dry feature on the dryer and avoid using the dryer to "fluff" clothing. Because a dryer filter that is full of lint will restrict flow, the performance of the dryer will be less efficient, leading to an increase in energy use.
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| 0.926871 | 603 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The distinctiveness of our curriculum lies primarily in how and when the children are taught, rather than in what is taught. When children relate what they are learning to their own experience, they are interested and alive, and what they learn becomes their own. The Waldorf School of Garden City is designed to foster this kind of learning.
From the moment they arrive, students embrace a curriculum that incorporates real-world applications to everyday classroom lessons. Students cultivate plants in our campus garden and explore our New Hampshire farm as they study the natural sciences, supplement their art and music classes with regular field trips to libraries, museums, and conservatories, and reenact the plays and adapt the stories they read in English classes for annual dramatic presentations.
Our core classes are presented in blocks, called main lessons, which are innovative one-and-a-half hour seminars that allow teachers and students alike to fully explore a topic, both academically and practically. Our curriculum also incorporates lessons in woodworking, fiber arts, gardening, and movement, all of which are invaluable to the growth and development of children's dexterity, coordination, and personal philosophies as they blossom into our next generation's creators and innovators.
The nurturing and supportive environment fostered by our outstanding staff and excellent facilities encourage our children to freely pursue their passions, whatever they may be.
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| 0.964823 | 270 | 2.578125 | 3 |
College Readiness Social Science Teachers
Pre-AP® History Teachers
(Grade 8 or 11)
6 hours (1 Day Workshop)
12 hours (2-Day Workshop)
Learning about the Civil War is fundamental to the content of United States history and should be taught at either or both eighth or eleventh grade, depending on the State Core requirements. Essentially, the Civil War and Reconstruction altered the role of the Federal Government in relation to the states and to the American people. This workshop will focus on the causes and consequences of the Civil War. We will work on creating ways to teach the content required by the State Core Standards, and will also instruct teachers how to use the Inquiry Design Model (IDM) to further student learning.
● Investigate the cause and effect of the Civil War and how it has impacted our world today,
● Create lessons to enhance students’ receptibility to the material and find its relevance to current life, and
● Learn to create and teach an Inquiry Design Model (IDM) to help students engage with a topic in a History or Social Studies class that would provide them with research skills, organizational skills, analysis, and evaluation skills to prepare them for Honors or AP® courses.
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| 0.904206 | 271 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Suriname is a small country on the northeastern coast of South America. It’s defined by vast swaths of tropical rainforest, Dutch colonial-era architecture and a melting-pot culture.
The official name of Suriname is the Republic of Suriname.
The official language is Dutch.
As of 1 January 2016, the population of Suriname was estimated to be 545,672 people.
At just under 165,000 square kilometers (64,000 square miles), it is the smallest country in South America (in terms of its geographical size and its population).
Paramaribo is the capital and largest city of Suriname, located on the banks of the Suriname River in the Paramaribo District. Paramaribo has a population of roughly 240,000 people, almost half of Suriname’s population.
Tropical rainforests make up about 80% of Suriname´s total Landscape.
The hilly country is rising up to the highest point in Suriname, the Julianatop, a hill with an elevation at its top of 1,230 meters (4,199 feet).
There are several Protected Areas of Suriname. The largest of these is the Central Suriname Nature Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was created in 1998 by Conservation International and the government of Suriname from the fusion of three existing nature reserves: Ralleighvallen, Tafelberg and Eilerts de Haan gebergte. It comprises 1.6 million hectars of primary tropical forest of west-central Suriname.
In all, 16% of the country’s land area is national parks and lakes, according to the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Suriname has 2 UNESCO world heritage site.
The historic inner city of Paramaribo is considered to be one of the most culturally interesting areas in this part of South America, with many of the buildings from the colonial period in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries still to be seen here. The original Dutch architecture is seen more strongly in the older buildings, as the local influences crept in over the years to complement the Dutch style, and this has led to the area being designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Suriname’s earliest inhabitants were the Surinen Indians, after whom the country is named. By the 16th century they had been supplanted by other South American Indians.
Spain explored Suriname in 1593, but by 1602 the Dutch began to settle the land, followed by the English. The English transferred sovereignty to the Dutch in 1667 (the Treaty of Breda) in exchange for New Amsterdam (New York).
Suriname, formerly known as Dutch Guiana, gained independence in 1975.
Suriname is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds.
Most people are descendants of African slaves and Indian or Indonesian servants brought over by the Dutch to work in agriculture. There are also Amerindians, the original inhabitants of Suriname and Chinese, mainly descendants of the earliest 19th-century contract workers.
The main export of Suriname is bauxite, which is an aluminum ore that is exported to several major countries across the world, contributing around fifteen per cent of the country’s GDP. However, industries such as ecotourism are also growing, while other major exports include bananas, shrimp and rice.
One of the most distinctive foods that you can enjoy in Suriname is Pom, which reveals the blend of cultures that have helped to form this country, with Jewish and Creole origins. Pom is a dish that contains quite a bit of meat, which makes it a dish for a special occasion in Surinamese culture, and is usually reserved for a birthday party or similar celebration. The dish is made in a high sided dish with layers of the local tayer plant sandwiching chicken pieces, and then covered in a sauce made with tomatoes, onions, nutmeg and oil before being cooked in the oven.
Although Suriname is an independent nation it still retains strong links with the Netherlands, and similarly to the Netherlands the national sport is football. While the Surinamese national side may not be particularly famous, several of the most famous Dutch footballers, including Ruud Gullit and Nigel de Jong are of Surinamese descent
New Year’s Eve in Suriname is called Oud jaar, or “old year“.
A typical, mainly urban Creole, expression is “no span” (“Keep cool; don’t worry”), symbolizing the generally relaxed atmosphere.
Suriname and neighboring Guyana are the only two countries on the mainland South American continent that drive on the left.
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| 0.950214 | 1,002 | 3.59375 | 4 |
All around this water-encircled continent, wherever there are pebbly or sandy shores, rocks and boulders by the sea, beach erosion is a fact of environmental life. Australian coastal geologists and environmentalists have singled out three areas for particular concern in the light of climate change and rising seas – the Gold Coast of Southern Queensland, Adelaide’s western seaside suburbs (in particular the stretch of coastline from Outer Harbour down to Marino), and Sydney’s Northern Beaches centred on the narrow sandy strip from Collaroy to Narrabeen.
Beach erosion from storm action is the expected end-product of a process when we get waves of higher height (measured from trough to crest) and of shorter periods (ie, the time interval in seconds between succeeding waves passing a specific point) repeatedly crashing onto shore. Storms of greater energy and intensity result in more sand being moved offshore and a storm bar builds up on the nearshore zone. For significant amounts of sand to return to the visible beach, ie, less erosion occurring (the process of accretion), Ocean and sea conditions need to be calmer. Unfortunately for the environment, and for coastal-clinging human habitation, all the trends are in the opposition direction! Concerned coastal watchers are increasingly preoccupied with the sense of a stark future, apprehensively eyeing the very real prospect of untrammelled beach attrition [‘Beach erosion: Coastal processes on the Gold Coast’, (Gold Coast City Council – Discovering Our Past), www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au]
Gold Coast: Human encroachment on a coastal cyclone zone
The Gold Coast at latitude 28° S is in a tropical cyclone prone zone, its history of cyclone events goes back to the 1920s, including crunch years such as 1967 when eleven cyclones hit the Coast in rapid succession. Like Sydney’s Northern Beaches (see separate blog post) the Gold Coast/Surfers Paradise area is especially susceptible to property damage due to the same development pattern of building too close to the beach (multi-millionaires’ coastal mansion syndrome?). A 2009 study by the Queensland Department of Climate Change (DCC) estimated that there are 2,300 residential buildings located within 50 metres of sandy coast and 4,750 within 110 metres” [Tony Moore, ‘Gold Coast beach erosion plan: Is the plan on the right track?’ Brisbane Times, 05-Jul-2015, www.brisbanetimes.com.au].
Queensland’s volatile summer storm seasons will undoubtedly continue to be exacerbated by climate change and rising sea levels. In recent years an intensification of the cyclonic onslaught on the South Queensland coast has seen the buildup of towering sand ridges on beaches like Narrowneck and Broadbeach, as a result of massive quantities of sand being gouged from the beach❖.
Gold Coast strategies to counter erosion
In direct response to the devastating 1967 cyclones the City of Gold Coast commissioned the Dutch Delft Report and established a Shoreline Management Plan to follow up its recommendations. New seawalls were constructed to bolster the beaches and an artificial reef created at Narrowneck Beach (the Delft Report called for Gold Coast beaches to be widened to withstand severe weather conditions and restorative work was intended to re-profile the vulnerable beaches). The Shoreline Management Plan strategy incorporates a scheme to shift sand from south of the Tweed River (from NSW) through a system of bypass pumping to replenish the beaches on the Gold Coast [‘Gold Coast Shoreline Management Plan’, Wikipedia, http://en.m.wikipedia.org. Transporting sand has proved a costly exercise for the Gold Coast Council ($20,000 a day during severe storm activity periods to shift 20,000 cubic matures of replacement sand) [‘Battling erosion on the Gold Coast’, (Splash ABC Queensland), www.splash.abc.net.au]
Adelaide hot spots
Adelaide’s north-western beaches’ susceptibility to the climatic forces of erosion mirrors that of the Gold Coast…and similarly it has been plagued by the same degree of imprudent decision-making by planners and developers resulting in property lines being positioned too close to the shoreline. A conspicuous case in point being Tennyson Beach 14km from Adelaide CBD. Tennyson locals recall that a stretch of its celebrated coastal dunes was washed away by massive storms in the 1960s…after it was restored to its previous height, amazingly houses were built on the same vulnerable dunes! Erosion at nearby West Beach has become so problematic that the West Beach Surf Life Saving Club has given consideration to moving the location of its clubhouse [‘Adelaide beachfront housing “facing erosion risks” like those at Collaroy, Sydney’, ABC Radio Adelaide, ABC News, 08-Jun-2016, www.abc.news.net.au
As elsewhere the fear for Adelaide coastal watchers is the inexorable rise of sea levels – scientists have predicted that its low-lying coastal land will be inundated with the bulk of the city’s beaches under water by 2050! Geologists and coastal experts such as Dr Ian Dyson have predicted that the great majority of Adelaide’s sandy beaches are at risk of being reduced to the same denuded state as Hallett Cove – once a glistening sandy beach, now a rocky foreshore bereft of sand¤. Dyson forecasts that the only beaches likely to survive, albeit as “pockets of beaches” on the metropolitan coast beyond 2026 will be at Glenelg, Henley Beach and Semaphore [Thomas Conlin, ‘Expert says key Adelaide beaches could disappear within a decade because of rising sea levels and erosion’, Sunday Mail (SA), 24-Jun-2016, www.adelaidenow.com.au
Notwithstanding the pessimism of scientific experts, the state government’s Coastal Protection Board maintains its sand-replenishment programs are effective in meeting the challenges which are undeniably formidable. Dr Dyson however has been critical of the authorities’ over-reliance on rock wall defences, contending that “retaining beaches (were) a losing battle without angled breakwaters or groynes at the southern end of erosion hot spots to slow sand movement [Conlin, ibid.]
Endnote: A dynamic problem – the natural drag of sand by the elements
An important factor contributing to beach erosion is the natural tendency of the ocean to drag coastal sand in a northward movement. This affects both Adelaide and the Gold Coast. On the GC’s southern beaches where sand is plentiful, the drift north to replenish the northern GC beaches is impeded by the presence of rock walls and groynes which interrupts the free flow of sand northwards [Tanya Westthorpe, ‘Sand erosion threat to prime Gold Coast tourist beaches’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 02-Aug-2012]. the top of the Gulf St Vincent. Sand replenishment and maintenance thus is a major challenge for the more southern lying beaches like Kingston Park and Seacliff which are in continually peril of being sand ‘starved’. Aside from the logistics of managing this, sourcing sand from quarries is proving an increasingly expensive exercise for the authorities [‘Sand carting plea to save Adelaide’s vulnerable beaches, including Seacliff and Kingston Park’, (E Boisvent), 12-Oct-2016, www.news.com.au]
* The title is of course a symbolic nod to King Canute (Cnut the Great) 11th century Anglo-Saxon ruler of the North Sea Empire, and the apocryphal anecdote of his futile but persistent efforts to turn back the tide on the seashore
❖ prompting sections of the media to jocularly re-label Broadbeach as “Steep Beach”
¤ Dyson blames ill-considered development and the construction of a beach marina for the degradation of Hallett Cove
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The character of soil
Shelter for plants and animals, guardian of groundwater, or repository of human history? If soil had to give a character profile of ecological excellence for a job interview, it would be accepted straight away for any environmental job. Soil provides ecological functions too important to be overlooked. The only competitors applying for the same job would be other soils. The natural configuration of soil includes a unique set of soil properties and soil functions. Therefore, only another soil could score better or worse – and eventually get the job.
Easily measurable properties that determine the natural configuration of a soil are soil depth, texture, pore space, content of organic matter and clay minerals, capacity for nutrient exchange, and pH value (acidity or alkalinity) . The extent to which a soil exhibits these properties determines the ability of soil to provide certain capabilities, or soil functions.
A deep, gravel-rich soil, for example, does not contain enough fine earth (sand, silt and clay) to store large amounts of water in its soil profile. The ecological capability of a gravelly soil, therefore, will be suitable for grape growing, whereas it might be average for sunflower cropping and rather unsuitable for vegetable harvesting . Different crops require different optimal moisture conditions, all of which are defined by the functional ability of soil.
The range of functions
Soil offers a wide range of functions, such as:
- Biomass production – source of our food, forage, and fibre
- Storing, filtering and transforming nutrients and water
- Hosting life, and thereby contributing to biodiversity
- A platform for human activities
- A source or raw materials
- An archive of natural history and human heritage.
Most soils are able to provide a range of different functions. Some functions might be more dominant than others that compete with each other or are inactive. Also, the competence of soil to deliver specific functions to its environment is subject to change in both space and time.
The use of soil for a job in ecological excellence is nowadays judged by humans. Soil functions need to match particular human needs to be considered valuable. Maps locate soils of different functions, which allows an assessment to be made. This process, in part, disregards soil’s overall capability to service the life of the total environment – not just humankind.
After Mosimann (2010). Landschaftsstruktur. Physische Geographie und Landschaftsoekologie A.1. Geosynthesis Skripten. Hannover
Scheffer & Schachtschabel (2010). Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. 16th edition.
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| 0.888543 | 549 | 3.390625 | 3 |
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