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- Sit on machine with lower back against padding and grasp
handles to sides. Position toes and balls of feet on foot of
platform with arches and heels extending off. Straighten knees.
- Raise heels by extending ankles as high as possible. Lower
heels by bending ankles until calves are stretched. Repeat.
- Keep knees straight throughout exercise or bend knees slightly
only during stretch. Quadriceps serve as synergists muscle if
knees are bent slightly during stretch. Also known as Sled Donkey
Calf Raise. See Calf
- No significant stabilizers
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Simultaneous Laser Diode Emission and Detection for Optical Fiber Sensors
Reflective fiber optic intensity sensors often use a coupler to guide part of the reflected light back to a photodetector. We have demonstrated a sensor that requires no coupler, and instead uses the emitting laser diode for photodetection. A laser diode operating at constant current can detect light reflected into the junction region if the terminal voltage is monitored. We used a self-detecting source to sense rotation using a simple magneto-optic transducer and single-fiber sensor system.
Become a member or log in to view the full text of this article.
OSA Members get the full text of Optics & Photonics News, plus a variety of other member benefits.
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Astronomers Have Found A Supermassive Black Hole At The Center Of An Oddball Galaxy
Astronomers have discovered a supermassive black hole at the center of an “oddball” galaxy, and it’s thought to be the most massive black hole yet discovered.
According to UniverseToday.com, as part of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Massive Galaxy Survey at the University of Texas in Austin, astronomers have discovered a giant black hole at the center of the “NGC 1277″ galaxy, which is estimated to be the equivalent of 17 billion solar masses — in other words, it’s 17 billion times the mass of our own Sun. The galaxy is 220 million light-years away, in the constellation Perseus.
The odd thing about this galaxy is its size in relation to the black hole at its center. The galaxy is only a tenth the size of the Milky Way, but somehow the black hole makes up 14% of its entire mass. “This is a really oddball galaxy,” said Karl Gebhardt of The University of Texas at Austin. “It’s almost all black hole. This could be the first object in a new class of galaxy-black hole systems.”
The radius of NGC 1277 is about 300 astronomical units, or the distance between the Earth and the Sun times 300. For some perspective, it’s 11 times wider than Neptune’s orbit, which is 30 times wider than our own solar orbit. If you were to travel across NGC 1277 at the speed of light, it would take you four Earth days to make the trip across. Now that’s humongous!
The discovery was made using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and was part of a survey to examine the relation between galaxies and black holes. Astronomers now have a new understanding of how black holes work because of NGC 1277. “The mass of this black hole is much higher than expected,” said Gebhardt. “It leads us to think that very massive galaxies have a different physical process in how their black holes grow.”
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Contemporary ceramic art is a form of art developed from traditional ceramics. Artists explore new creative possibilities among conventional pottery shapes. They give new life to objects. They extend their artistic energy, creativity and visions to their artwork. Whether an expression of tangible figure or intangible ideas, ceramic artwork is an articulation of vision and a practice of ideas. Those pieces of art are not merely some visible objects. They are also interpretations of ways of thinking about ceramic art and platforms where art collides and intertwines with the society, environment and public sphere. By observing, pondering, analyzing and reviewing their own culture, artists search for their core values, identities and cultural significance. Only when they come back to the very essence will they be able to thoroughly engage in independent thinking, to make decisions, to raise questions, and to change the status quote—which is one of the missions of art creation.
Whether in one piece or in multiple pieces, those works of art explore the nature of ceramics, creative expressions of ceramic art and traditional as well as innovative techniques to realize the richness and diversification of modern ceramic art. They concretely manifest the primary spirit of “ceramics” and the theme “Concept”. In addition, in recent years, many artists have paid close attention on expanding the boundaries of ceramic art, crossover art, breakthroughs of languages and forms of creative expression, searching for the application of new materials, and expanding the depth and width of ceramic creation. Yet those global trends in modern art also reveal the blurring lines and uncertainties of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of materials and those of crossover collaborations in ceramic art. Another concern worth examining is the global ceramic art talent gap. In any case, the diversification of modern ceramic art comes from artists who freely express their various ways of thinking through their own art languages. And that is exactly what Taiwan Ceramics Biennale would like to present through the means of international competition, in order to inspire new possibilities of ceramic art and other fields in Taiwan, to represent different ideologies, and to lead the general public to enter and experience the beauty of ceramic art.
This year’s Taiwan Ceramics Biennale, with a core structure centered on the theme “Concept”, has further categorized the 119 pieces of art into two sub-themes based on artist’s statements and forms of expression, in order to help the viewers to obtain a general understanding of the artwork and of the relationships among materials, functions, forms, space and creation concepts. The two sub-themes are “Ceramics Beyond Vessels” and “Concept Beyond Objects”. As a matter of fact, no categorization can fully describe the ideas and concepts of the artwork created. However it is still hoped that the sub-themes for and the visual display of the works of art may guide viewers in their appreciation, reflection and exchanging ideas as they navigate the world of those artists and learn the nature of the artwork and the trends of modern ceramic art.
Following the 2012 biennale, which was held around a competition of ceramic works, Yingge Ceramics Museum began to plan for the 2014 event. Like the one in 2010, it is to be based on a curatorial competition. So early this year, an invitation was issued to ceramic professionals, scholars and curators to ask for exhibition proposals in the form of an outline. As of the end of March deadline, 18 proposals from 12 countries were received. They were reviewed by seven Taiwanese judges, including curators, ceramic artists and experts, in a meeting held at Yingge Ceramics Museum on the afternoon of April 29. The judges studied the potential for development and execution of each proposal as well as the experience of each curator who had submitted a proposal before picking eight for consideration in the final selection. For this stage, each of the eight curators was asked to provide a detailed proposal.
When the deadline for that expired on June 30, the museum received detailed and complete proposals from seven curators. Three foreign judges -- from Australia, the United States and Japan, respectively -- joined four local judges for the final selection meeting on the morning of Aug. 5. They discussed issues such as the theme of each proposal and the strength of its argument, the feasibility of the plan, its comprehensiveness, display arrangement, educational activities and publicity recommendations. In the end, Wendy Gers from South Africa won out with her proposal titled “Ceramics Now: Art, Design & Digital Materiality” to become the winning curator of the 2014 Taiwan Ceramics Biennale.
The concepts contained in the seven proposals reviewed by the judges were varied. One began with the nature of ceramic as a medium and sought to display the techniques and process of the making of ceramics. Another one employed modern technologies and added elements of media such as audio-visual recordings and action art. Yet another focused on the development of 3D printing and virtual pottery wheels as examples of the combination of contemporary ceramic art and new technologies. It was evident that all the proposals were full of creative ideas on the part of the participating curators and their observations and creative thinking about the trends in contemporary ceramic art. These efforts made interesting topics during the selection process.
During that process, several judges expressed the view that the Taiwan Ceramics Biennale should be one that can facilitate exchange and dialogue between Taiwan and the world outside by ensuring the event is both Taiwanese and international in nature. The judges also hoped the biennale can be influential enough to provide some theoretical basis for future studies on ceramics. It was hoped that the event will contribute a perspective that is both global and forward-looking to the development of contemporary ceramic art and help inspire local artists at the same time. It is because of these considerations that the proposal by Gers won unanimous approval. In her proposal, Gers touched on such topics as local traditional ceramic works, the current trend of ceramic recycling and another new trend to combine ceramic art and technologies. She envisioned an exhibition that would encompass both the past and the future, one that would display works from a great variety of sources and that would contain educational activities featuring Taiwanese culture.
The 2012 Taiwan Ceramics Biennale selects works to be exhibited at the biennale through a competitive format. In addition to the competition element of the biennale, Yingge Ceramics Museum also presents an exhibition that focuses on the meaning the 111 artists convey through their works. To that end, it is our hope that dividing the pieces into one central theme and four sub-themes will enable visitors to better understand and appreciate the works.
The word "manifestation" (象) refers to the appearance of an object. It also alludes to the creative process in which an artist combines a tangible exterior with intangible ideas. The nominated works for this exhibition can be divided into four broad categories: Physical Manifestation - the pursuit of external beauty; Mental Manifestation - uncovering inner feelings and emotions; Environmental Manifestation - a narrative record of the contemporary social environment; Existential Manifestation - a discussion of change and uncertainty in time and space.
"Observation" (觀象) suggests the existence of different interpretative viewpoints. Although an artist's work is infused with his or her own point of view, when seen by a third party, the power of interpretation is transferred to the viewer. The result is often an altogether different understanding. In this sense, a work of art is like a mirror, because it reflects the life experience and inner world of the observer. At the same time, the process of viewing art also forces the observer to reconsider the relationships between objects and their meaning. The result is a dialogue with the artist that can lead to even more creative sparks.
"Manifestation" and "observation" are elements in an ongoing dialectical discourse between artist and viewer. It is through this dynamic process that we have crafted a ceramic vision that is highly diverse in nature. The 2012 Taiwan Ceramics Biennale encourages viewers to embrace their own interpretations of the works on display. Within an arena in which there are no limits to exchange, the biennale showcases a very modern vision of ceramic art.
The exhibition theme and categories were chosen to help viewers better appreciate and understand the art works on display. However, although categorization can be useful as a rough guide it also places artificial limits around artistic creation, so it is important to recognize that the four manifestations adopted at the biennale offer visitors nothing more than a place to start their exploration of ceramic art. Ultimately, how an individual interprets or feels about a work of art is determined at a personal level and that is the spirit that underpins this exhibition. The 2012 Taiwan Ceramics Biennale invited four art critics to evaluate works in the four designated categories, believing that different perspectives would ensure an exhibition as rich and diverse in ideas and opinions as art.
This is an international exhibition where the conversations are between ceramics, one of the oldest art forms in history, and with contemporary life in all its variants.
The great American, Ralph Waldo Emerson, in 1849, said, ‘In conversation the game is to say something new with old words’. So it is when the conversation is applied to art, particularly ceramic art, for the tools are long known and layered in antiquity but the expression must be contemporary.
Studio ceramics, along with contemporary art of many genres is deeply engaged in exchanges – with other art forms, with histories, with philosophies, with wider domains such as industrial production, with current preoccupations and spheres of contemporary life, in fact with society and culture in all its diversities, and these are often referred to in texts as ‘conversations’.
Taiwan’s contemporary ceramics follows traditions established by preceding generations. A style unique to the island has grown and developed over the course of the past several decades. In the 1980s and 90s, ceramicists schooled in Western countries and Japan returned to Taiwan, bringing a new contemporary style to their work. As Taiwan’s contemporary ceramics continued to flourish, local ceramicists began to have exchanges with the international ceramics community. The ideas of contemporary ceramicists from Taiwan were heard in many countries around the world.
The first Taiwan Ceramics Biennale invites ceramic critics and ceramicists to Taiwan to take part in the international competition, symposium and workshops, bringing their own experience in ceramics and unique pottery making techniques. At the onset of the new century we hope through this biennial event to witness the development of ceramic art in the world and inject more vitality into a new epoch for ceramics.
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Islands and most populous of the islands in the State of Hawaiʻi. The state capital Honolulu is located on the southeast coast. Including small close-in offshore islands such as Ford Island and the islands in Kaneohe Bay and off the eastern (windward) coast, it has a total land area of 596.7 square miles (1,545.4 km2), making it the 20th largest island in the United States.In the greatest dimension, this volcanic island is 44 miles (71 km) long and 30 miles (48 km) across. The length of the shoreline is 227 miles (365 km). The island is the result of two separate shield volcanoes: Waiʻanae and Koʻolau, with a broad "valley" or saddle (the central Oʻahu Plain) between them. The highest point is Mt. Ka'ala in the Waiʻanae Range, rising to 4,003 feet (1,220 m) above sea level.
The island is home to about 953,307 people (approximately 75% of the resident population of the state, with approximately 75% of those living on the "city" side of the island). Oʻahu has for a long time been known as "The Gathering Place". However, the term Oʻahu has no confirmed meaning in Hawaiian, other than that of the place itself. Ancient Hawaiian tradition attributes the name's origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates that he named the island after a son.
Residents of O'ahu refer to themselves as "locals" (as done throughout Hawai'i), no matter their ancestry.
The city of Honolulu—largest city, state capital, and main deepwater marine port for the State of Hawaiʻi—is located here. As a jurisdictional unit, the entire island of Oʻahu is in the City & County of Honolulu, although as a place name, Honolulu occupies only a portion of the southeast end of the island.
Well-known features found on Oʻahu include Waikīkī, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma, Kāneʻohe Bay, Kailua Bay, North Shore.
Being roughly diamond-shaped, surrounded by ocean and divided by mountain ranges, directions on O'ahu are not generally described with the compass directions found throughout the world. Locals instead use "ewa" (pronounced "eh-va") to mean toward the western tip of the island, "Diamond Head" to be toward the eastern tip, "mauka" is toward the mountains and "makai" toward the sea.
Locals consider the island to be divided into various areas, which may overlap. The most commonly-accepted areas are the "City", "Town" or "Town side", which is the metropolitan area from Halawa to the area below Diamond Head (residents of the island north of the Ko'olau Mountains consider the Town Side to be the entire southern half); "West O'ahu," which goes from Pearl Harbor to Kapolei and Ewa and may include the Makaha and Waianae areas; the "North Shore" (northwestern coast); the "Windward Side" (northeastern coast); the "East Side" (the eastern portion of the island, including both the Windward Side and the area east of Diamond Head; and "The Valley" or "Central Oahu" which runs northeast from Pearl Harbor toward Haleiwa. These terms are somewhat flexible, depending on the area in which the user lives, and are used in a mostly general way.
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Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work!
Curiosity, also called Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), U.S. robotic vehicle, designed to explore the surface of Mars, which determined that Mars was once capable of supporting life. The rover was launched by an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on November 26, 2011, and landed in Gale crater on Mars on August 6, 2012.
Curiosity is about 3 metres (10 feet) long and weighs about 900 kg (2,000 pounds), which makes it the longest and heaviest rover on Mars. (By contrast, the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, are 1.6 metres [5.2 feet] long and weigh 174 kg [384 pounds].) Unlike previous rovers, Curiosity did not have its landing cushioned by air bags; rather, because of its large size, it was lowered to the surface by three tethers from the spacecraft’s body, called the sky crane.
The landing sequence was highly intricate. After a parachute significantly slowed the vehicle and after its heat shield—which had protected the rover during its entry into the atmosphere—was discarded, the spacecraft was eased toward the planet’s surface by rockets that stabilized the vehicle, allowing it to hover and protecting it from horizontal winds. Curiosity had also shed its protective shell on the way to the planet’s surface, and its mobility system—wheels and suspension—had already been released while still in the air. Curiosity was therefore ready to rove immediately after it landed, unlike the Mars Exploration Rovers, which had to wait for their lander “petals” that enclosed the rovers to open. Once touchdown of Curiosity had occurred, onboard computers released the tethers. The sky crane then pitched away and crashed far from Curiosity.
All told, there were 15 critical steps involved in the landing sequence, and all of them had to be executed flawlessly for the mission to succeed. This sequence took approximately seven minutes, an interval referred to in NASA circles as the “seven minutes of terror” because of fears that errors during this stage would compromise the entire mission and years of work.
Curiosity does not rely on solar cells for its energy needs but rather draws its electric power from a thermoelectric power generator, with the heat source being the radioactive decay of plutonium and the heat sink being Mars’s atmosphere. This internal power supply will allow Curiosity to continue operating through the Martian winter. Curiosity’s mission is planned to last one Martian year (687 Earth days).
Curiosity’s landing site, Gale crater, is at a low elevation; if Mars ever had surface water, it would have pooled there. Aeolis Mons (also called Mount Sharp), the crater’s central mountain, consists of many layers of sedimentary rock that were laid down over much of Mars’s geological history. In September 2012 Curiosity took pictures of water-transported gravel, meaning that at one time Gale crater was likely the floor of an ancient stream.
Curiosity found that early Mars could have supported life. It also found traces of organic molecules preserved in rock layers 3.5 billion years old and that the amount of methane in the Martian atmosphere varies with the seasons. As of 2020, Curiosity had traveled 21.8 km (13.5 miles) in Gale crater.
Curiosity carries several experiments that probe the Martian environment. A neutron-beam generator provided by the Russian Federal Space Agency can detect water ice down to two metres (six feet) below the surface. The Spanish Center for Astrobiology supplied Curiosity’s weather station. The largest experiment, the Sample Analysis at Mars, consists of a mass spectrometer, a gas chromatograph, and a laser spectrometer that search for carbon-containing compounds. Curiosity also has several cameras, one of which takes high-definition video at a rate of 10 frames per second.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Mars: Spacecraft explorationMars Science Laboratory rover, called Curiosity, landed in Gale crater in 2012. Weighing about 900 kg (2,000 pounds) and measuring about 3 metres (10 feet) long, it was the heaviest and longest rover on Mars. Gale crater is at a low elevation, so if Mars…
Mars, fourth planet in the solar system in order of distance from the Sun and seventh in size and mass. It is a periodically conspicuous reddish object in the night sky. Mars is designated by the symbol ♂.…
Life, living matter and, as such, matter that shows certain attributes that include responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy transformation, and reproduction. Although a noun, as with other defined entities, the word lifemight be better cast as a verb to reflect its essential status as a process. Life comprises individuals, living…
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In some countries children have very strict rules of behavior, in other countries they are allowed to do almost anything they like. To what extent should children have to follow rules?
Freedom plays a pivotal role in everybody’s life. We can see in today’s modernized era that nobody likes to be restricted, whether it is a child or an adult. Some people think that there should some strict rules of behavior for children, but I disagree with this statement.
In other words we have to look other aspects as well, if we usually ignore our children’s bad habits, then they good human beings in their future life. Moreover if we never draw attention the children’s main activities then they might end up in a bad company. They the value of respect for their elders importance of relationships. They their cultural values as well.
In a nutshell, I would like to say that children should be the value of their customs, rituals and respect towards their elders for their future life, but most of the additional restriction should . It would good human beings in their future.
This is a good, well-written essay. Some sentences are too short and could be combined together to create a more complex structure. There is also some repetition of words, which should be avoided. Overall, nicely done.
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It's no secret that eating a variety of fruits and vegetables on a daily basis is one of the keys to a healthy body, great skin, strong nails and a host of other positive attributes, but few people pay enough attention to eating what's in season. Not only will eating in season benefit your health, it's beneficial for budgets and will make it more likely that you'll stick to eating healthfully (because in-season produce tends to be more flavorful than say…peaches in December). Ideally, we'd all be buying organic, but if you don't have access to pesticide-free produce or are on a tight budget, opt for ones known to have the fewest trace pesticides (marked with an asterisk below).
Here's a look at some of what's in season for summer and why you should be eating it.
Rich in vitamin C, kiwis are known to help treat lung problems including shortness of breath, asthma and coughs. They're also rich in vitamin E, magnesium, potassium and copper, all of which work to protect the cardiovascular system.
They are loaded with immune-boosting vitamins and ones that help regulate blood sugar and aid the body in metabolizing fats and protein like vitamin C, manganese and vitamin B.
Avocado*Full of "good" fat (monounsaturated fat), avocados have been shown to help lessen your LDL cholesterol, which is harmful to your body, while raising the HDL cholesterol (called "good cholesterol"). They also have a high fiber content, B vitamins, vitamin K and vitamin E, all of which work to help the body's metabolism and help bones grow properly.
High in glutamine acid which is good for boosting memory and keeping cells active, mangoes are also high in iron, which is especially important for women who tend to run low on this crucial mineral. Bodies low in iron tend to experience dizziness, fatigue, pale skin, low energy and frequent headaches.
A good source of vitamin C, potassium, lycopene, calcium, fiber and phosphorous, it also contains bioflavonoid and other plant chemicals, which helps protect against various cancers and heart diseases.
High in vitamin K and A, spring onions are known to help lower blood sugar levels, help treat gastrointestinal problems, alleviate cold symptoms and speed up the level of blood circulation in the body.
These spongy wild mushrooms provide antioxidants that protect healthy cells from disease formation, macronutrients beneficial for heart health, and they're thought to help improve liver function.
Rich in flavonoids, which help fight cancer, spinach also contains a variety of anti-inflammatory agents. The high amount of vitamin A in spinach also promotes healthy skin.
High in fiber and vitamin C, radishes also contain a group of compounds called isothiocyanates, which have been shown to be effective cancer fighters.
Though it's a vegetable, it's usually used as a fruit for dessert and makes for a good source of vitamin C, potassium and manganese. That said, if you aren't a fan of tart flavors, you might want to stay away from rhubarb as it will require a lot of sugar, which may negate some of its health benefits.
Known as one of nature's aphrodisiacs, beets contain high amounts of boron, which is related to the production of human sex hormones. Beets are also particularly beneficial to women who are pregnant because they're a rich source of vitamin B and iron, which help with the growth of cells during pregnancy.
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Jump Into Writing
Want to get your kindergartener excited about writing? Invite him to write a scary, spooky, or simply silly sentence about an alien.
Want to give your kindergartener's writing skills an edge? This fun worksheet prompts her to author her own story about a bug.
Tweet, tweet! Remember: The early bird get the worm, so it's never too early for your kindergartener to practice writing skills.
What kid doesn't get excited about space-traveling rockets? Help him use his excitement to write a sentence about the fastest rocket ship he can imagine.
Help your kindergartener reach deep into her imagination to jot down a creative sentence about one or many jellyfish.
Get your child's creative juices flowing by encouraging her to write and illustrate a sentence about a colorful spring flower.
Check out a book from your local library on one of the most inspirational people in the world, and get inspired by this amazing activist's achievements.
Inspire your kindergartener's imagination by helping her write a very "froggy" sentence!
Help your kindergartener improve his all-around writing skills with a made-up sentence about an interesting insect.
Inspire your kindergartener to write a make-believe sentence about her favorite dog!
Buzz, buzz, buzz! Get your kindergartener buzzing about bees with this beginning writing worksheet. Writing has never been this fun!
Furry and cute, cats aren't just great to cuddle with. Help your kindergartener write an imaginative sentence about a favorite pet, or an imagined cat.
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Build a better mousetrap, and they say the world will beat a path to your door. But the artists at Studio AATB probably shouldn’t expect much foot traffic after finding a way to use a wall-mounted robot arm to improve one of the oldest ways we have to tell time: the sun dial.
Because our timekeeping is based on the movements of our solar system, it’s hard to find a more accurate way of telling time than the sun. It’s just unfortunately incredibly unreliable. All it takes is an errant cloud for a sun dial to stop working, which is why we’ve had to invent complex machines and electronics to instead keep tabs on the minutes and seconds that govern our day. With Sunny Side Up, the sun dial is made useful again, because it’s the sun itself that’s been replaced with modern tech.
The robotic arm has been programmed to precisely rotate around a metal bar sticking out of a wall while a high-intensity LED light on the end produces a shadow that represents the hour of the day. To represent sunrise and sunset, the most important times of the day back when sun dials were in prevalent use, the LED also slowly dims and brightens in the evenings and morn.
The art piece doesn’t make sun dials any easier to read. If you’ve got an appointment at 11:45am exactly, you’ll still want to rely on your watch. But had our ancestors had access to robotic arms, they would have never missed a meeting on overcast days.
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Blood pressure monitor helps detect atrial fibrillation
17th January 2013 - A new blood pressure measuring device that can also detect a dangerous heart condition has been backed by the health watchdog.
New guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) supports the use of the ‘WatchBP Home A’ device which can detect atrial fibrillation (AF) whilst blood pressure is being measured.
AF is a heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate. It is the most common heart rhythm disturbance and is a major cause of stroke if left untreated. It can lead to dizziness, shortness of breath and palpitations but some people have no symptoms and are unaware their heart rate is irregular.
The NICE recommendations note that using WatchBP Home A could increase the detection rate of atrial fibrillation, which would allow preventative treatment to be given to reduce the incidence of AF-related stroke.
WatchBP Home A
The new device is a blood pressure monitor which automatically detects pulse irregularity whilst it records blood pressure in the traditional way - using a cuff which fits around the upper arm. If the pulse rate is above a certain threshold then atrial fibrillation is likely to be present and an atrial fibrillation icon is displayed on a small unit which records the reading.
Those with suspected atrial fibrillation should then have an electrocardiogram (ECG) in line with other NICE guidelines.
Maureen Talbot, Senior Cardiac Nurse at the British Heart Foundation, says in a press release: "This new device won’t replace electrocardiograms but any device that aids in earlier detection of atrial fibrillation should be welcomed.
"Atrial fibrillation is a potentially dangerous condition that affects roughly one in 100 people in the UK and can increase four-fold the risk of a stroke. With appropriate treatment that risk can be substantially reduced so early diagnosis is vital."
Professor Carole Longson, Director of the NICE Centre for Health Technology Evaluation, says in a media release:"The evidence considered by the independent Medical Technologies Advisory Committee (MTAC) indicates that the device can offer advantages in detecting atrial fibrillation opportunistically whilst measuring blood pressure, and that using the device in primary care could increase the detection rate of atrial fibrillation compared with taking the pulse by hand. This would allow preventative treatment to be considered to reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation-related stroke.
"The guidance is not about screening for atrial fibrillation, but about the benefits that the device offers in helping to pick up atrial fibrillation by chance in people with suspected high blood pressure or those being screened for high blood pressure, in primary care."
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Chairs have changed so much over the history of design, that sometimes it’s difficult to see their relation to one another. They can look like different species, undeserving of a common label. A cal-style bar stool looks less like a an antique English leather armchair than a dog looks like a human. But the practical purpose of giving your legs a rest unites that diverse caste of objects we call chairs. And they’re united also by common breakdown of their anatomy—backs, seats, legs, and arm supports. With that in mind, we’ve put together a guide to antique and vintage chairs arranged by their component parts:
Before the 12th century, chair designers didn’t see the need to provide something to lean against. When it came to sitting, plain wooden stools pretty much did the trick. But sometime during the Gothic period they began to add backs. These were plain and straight at first, but back-design would become an art in itself during the Renaissance when furniture makers began to carve or stitch intricate geometric and floral patterns and even Biblical scenes across them. Elaborate ornamentation continued to carry the day across the 18th and 19th centuries as well—albeit through style transformations from rococo to neoclassical to Victorian. The 20th century rang in an ear of less elaborate but more varied back designs: there was the willow chair with its cage-like wicker stalks, the 1940s womb chair—a marriage of comfort and practicality—with its back angled at the ideal ergonomic degree, and the minimalist metal net of the Charles and Ray Eames’ wire chair.
You could say that the seat is the very thing that makes a chair a chair. But that’s not to say all seats are created equal. In fact, they’re as variable as any other part. Early chair seats were plain and wooden, rigid and uncomfortable. But the Renaissance and its flair for decoration brought about a revolution in comfort as well. Seats began to be cushioned with needlework and leather. They grew gradually less cushy and more practical during the 19th and 20th centuries. Michael Thonet’s “bistro chair,” invented in 1859, was a triumph of pragmatism that is still being produced today. Twentieth-century seat designs are generally of a piece with the diverse modernist movements—practical, but not the extent that edgy artistry is forfeited. The Eames brothers’ La Chaise is an extreme example of this; looking like an abstract sculpture of a leaf or a wisp of clouds, it still doesn’t fail to provide a comfortable place to rest your bottom.
In the era of the stool, chairs were typically three-legged. But the innovation of the back came with the addition of an extra ground support. And the ensuing centuries brought about the same changes in decoration of the legs as occurred with the back: Practical beginnings, a long middle period of increasingly extravagant embellishments, and a final return to their streamlined roots. This last period of practicality was, of course, marked by greater variation in style—from the long, elegant curves of certain minimalist Biedermeier chair legs to the understated stumps of Art Deco fauteuils. Many 20th century designs found creative ways to keep the seat off the ground without relying on legs. The 1934 Zig Zag makes use of a clever cantilever concept to support the sitter. The 406 Cantilevered armchair is another study in this concept, its “legs” resembling the prosthetics of Paralympic runners.
The Arm Supports
Arm supports are the wild card of chair design. Simply put—some chairs have them and some do not. In the long years stretching from the Renaissance to the Victorian period, they tended to be as decorative as the rest of the chair—sometimes featuring a scroll design or the hand-carved forms of maidens. But modernism and related movements gave them a more discreet nature and sometimes did away with them entirely, as in the 1950s Antony chair and the 1960s Series 7 chair. In a number of Eames brothers’ designs—like the DAR chair and the RAR rocking chair—the “arms” are just a slightly indented continuation of the back.
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Seeing the Bigger Picture: How Dental and Vision Health Affects Overall Wellness
When you think of overall health, what comes to mind? Weight loss, physical fitness, eating right? Most definitely. But how often do you consider dental and vision health when assessing your wellness? Chances are not enough. Because it’s true—dental and vision issues can lead to far more serious medical conditions if left untreated. Let’s take a deeper dive into why dental and vision are so important for human health.
The Connection Between Oral Health and Overall Wellness
When was the last time you visited the dentist? If it’s been over six months, you’re overdue for a checkup. Research shows that poor oral hygiene is linked to heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and even dementia. Poor oral hygiene can also result in gum diseases like gingivitis that lead to swollen gums, bad breath, tooth loss, and more severe complications down the line. Regular brushing and flossing as well as bi-annual visits to the dentist will help maintain healthy teeth and gums. Additionally, your diet plays an important role in maintaining strong teeth with foods such as fruits (especially apples) or whole grains containing Vitamin B12 which helps protect against periodontal disease.
Taking Care of Your Vision
It’s easy to take good vision for granted until something goes wrong with our eyesight. Good eye care is an essential part of self-care because poor vision left untreated can cause greater issues such as headaches or migraines or even lead to long-term problems such as glaucoma or cataracts. Wear protective eyewear when participating in sports activities like snowboarding or rock climbing; get regular eye exams; wear sunglasses outdoors; avoid smoking; eat healthy foods rich in antioxidants (think green veggies!); reduce screen time; blink frequently when working on the computer—these are just a few ways that you can keep your eyes healthy over time.
Dental and vision care are integral parts of maintaining overall wellness—and both should be taken seriously if we want to live a long life free from disease! With limited resources available for adults especially those who don’t have access to medical insurance—it’s important to prioritize preventive care measures such as brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste or wearing sunglasses outdoors—so that bigger problems don’t occur down the line! Taking basic steps now may save thousands later on—so let’s stay focused on good dental & vision habits today!
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Who would have forgotten the stories of the notorious serial killer who established fear and terror on women during the late 1800s in England? Decades have passed, and still, the real identity and personality of this man are still unknown. Although news of his mysteries and plight was uncovered on previous investigations, and some authorities have pointed their fingers on the ‘alleged’ suspects, Forensic studies are still not convinced that they were the real ‘Jack the Ripper.’
However, not until today.
The identity of the notorious killer, ‘Jack the Ripper,’ may finally be known. This probe questions to the public, ‘how after centuries could someone be able to find clues to the real person?’
Forensic science provides us the answer. This month, a DNA forensic investigation was administered by two British researchers who published their work in the Journal of Forensic Science. Both made the discovery who identified, Aaron Kosminski, a 23-year old Polish Barber and also the main suspect at that time, is likely the perpetrator.
The said study is authored by Jari Louhelainen of Liverpool John Moores University and David Miller of the University of Leeds.
Way back 1888, the famous killer, ‘Jack the Ripper,’ brutally killed five female prostitutes who lived and worked in the slums of the East End of London, whose throats were deeply cut and mutilated their abdominal parts. The removal of internal organs from most of his victims led to speculation that the killer is somehow inclined to the anatomical or surgical field, but it was only a mere allegation because the murderer has never been identified.
Rumors intensified in October 1888, as media received letters from a person who named himself as ‘Jack the Ripper.’ The letter is widely believed to be a hoax, and the public increasingly believed in a single serial killer mainly because of the extraordinary brutal nature of the murders and media’s sensationalized news covers.
Today, as the Forensic Sciences put life to the case, it also gave the media another story to tell.
The investigation explained that the ‘semen stains’ match those with the analysis done by the police on the main suspect, Aaron Kominski. The procedures which the authors conducted include genetic testing of blood and semen on a shawl found near the body of Catherine Eddowes, the killer’s fourth victim, who badly mutilated her body and was only discovered on September 30, 1888, days after she was gone missing.
USA Today revealed how researchers had instigated the samples. They compared fragments of mitochondrial DNA inherited from one’s mother to that of living relatives of Eddowes and Kosminski. The result is a massive development to finally resolve the case: the DNA samples matched those of Kosminki’s relative.
The researchers said that they have been analyzing the silk shawl for the past eight years and the only physical evidence linked to the victim and the suspect.
The study also includes an analysis of the killer’s appearance which suggested that the murderer had features of brown hair and eyes. This data reflects the only reliable eyewitness statement from the murder, which law enforcement had considered accurate.
Kosminski was the only suspect who had been tried and investigated several times. But his guilt has been a matter of debate in the past decades until now, and no one has ascertained his crimes. His name resurfaced in 2014 in a book authored by British businessman and a self-proclaimed ‘armchair detective,’ as well as, ‘Ripper researcher,’ Russell Edwards.
But, the latest finding marks the first time that Edward’s DNA evidence has been included in a Science investigation. And, the research conducted by Jari and David is the most advanced case study to date regarding with the murder and represent the first ‘systematic’ molecular level analysis of the only surviving physical evidence associated with the Jack the Ripper murders.
The recent findings, however, may not satisfy other Ripper experts who continue to claim that the shawl may have been contaminated over the years. The shawl came from Edwards who bought it in an auction in 2007 then gave it to Louhelainen for research purposes.
Jack the Ripper features in hundreds of works of fiction including movies, TV shows, and inspired many mystery-inclined books, games, songs, plays, and operas. The case straddles the boundaries between fact and fiction including the Ripper letters and a hoax Diary of Jack the Ripper. Today, finding such as this will be a great help to the case of Jack the Ripper even if it means swimming through the oceans of critics and some Ripper experts.
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There is over $1 trillion in outstanding student loan debt nationally, and approximately $7.2 billion in Nevada. Allowing so much outstanding debt to exist is a drag on economic growth, and it prevents people from investing in themselves. Student loan debt depletes savings and drags down credit, prevents young people from buying a first home, limits flexibility in career options and opportunities, and decreases consumer spending, which creates a ripple effect into the larger economy. Unsustainable levels of student loan debt will also ultimately limit risk taking, preventing the next wave of innovative entrepreneurs from starting businesses. If student loan debt continues to rise, we should expect fewer and fewer people to be able to participate fully in the economy.
Aaron Ford proposes that the State of Nevada create the Student Loan Refinancing Program, a state lending program that gives Nevadans the opportunity to consolidate and refinance student loans. Easing the burden on students paying off their loans will spur growth that benefits everyone. Nevada is currently attempting to create a one-stop shop for Nevadans to consolidate loans into one payment and refinance at a lower interest rate. The proposal also includes educational components that are designed to help prevent students from making bad decisions regarding how much and when to borrow so they can be prepared before they begin taking on debt.
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On Gemini 10, Michael Collins and John Young used a color patch kit like this to give scientists a known set of colors to compare with those seen in space. Attached to a long arm, the color patch could be photographed to determine if the camera or anything in space changed color perception. The actual experiment used in space did not return and the Museum's collection includes two back-up units, of which this is one.
NASA transferred this experiment to the Museum in 1976.
Transferred from NASA
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Group process & procedures you are here the process of establishing a working group is described in the setting up a working group section. How to write the nhd process paper each group or individual who enters the exhibit, performance, or documentary categories must produce a process paper. What to consider when writing a process essay a process paper either tells the reader how to do something or describes how something is done as you write your process essay, consider the following. Pankaj garg date: 04/17/2006 org 530 (online) group process paper our group is a 5-member team whose goal was to finish the assignment on time.
This can be done through various grading forms or having students write a brief essay on the group /members strengths and (1992) a field investigation of peer assessment as part of the student group grading process paper presented at the western speech walker center for. View essay - group behavior and process paper from crjs 260 at vcu running head: group behavior and process paper 1 group behavior and process paper tina martin-fleming cja-444 4-9-15 thomas. Each year more than half a million students participate in the national history day contest students choose a historical topic related to the annual theme a process paper is a description of how you conducted your research, developed your topic idea. Group process paper essays: over 180,000 group process paper essays, group process paper term papers, group process paper research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access.
This section outlines a number of ways to build reflection into group tasks and projects helping students monitor their or the process of compiling a group see the student handout steps in writing a collaborative report on group processes this paper can be extended to. Reflective group dynamics essay:: 1 works cited length: 967 concepts of group dynamics that i found to be the most interesting is the idea of how any and all aspects of the group process has the natural ability to bring up all the past relatable experiences of each individual group member. Small group assignment small group project: individual analysis paper individual objective: writing a small group analysis paper is an excellent way to examine group processing, since you will have to reflect on the group process as you are experiencing it.
Objectives, procedures, client handouts, pregroup planning fon a separate sheet of paper draw a circular diagram for the group and write in the first names of or disruptions take the focus off of the group process (cont) 168 objectives. The first essay assigned in a composition course is often the so-called process essay a difference between a process essay that tells readers how to do something and a process essay that describes the process by which something gets done by with a group of little icons along the. Psych 150b final project: group process analysis — individual paper purpose: in addition to understanding management by interviewing managers, the group project gives you an opportunity to practice management this assignment gives you a chance to observe the influences of individual behavior on groups and group norms on individuals.
Group process paper sarah brooks group 65 professor eric jansen december 15, 2011 on monday november 14, 2011, i observed a meeting of the leadership group. Critical analysis of group process 2 critical analysis of group process this paper is a critical analysis of the group process during the planned community.
Process paper: after first learning about the national history day competition, our group tried brainstorming about topics that we could use we wanted a topic that was narrow enough. We will then look at how individual roles can develop and inhibit group development this essay is illustrated throughout the first stage of this group process is it is important to be aware that conflict will take place within all groups, and if handled well this conflict can. Although the article has explained group dynamics and group process before explaining what is group and team if you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the essay published on the uk essays website then please click on the link below to request removal.
- sample group project report - the author of this paper followed the directions outlined in the assignment and received full credit. Free group dynamics papers, essays, and research papers. That is the main purpose behind the process essay you are to select something (a process) that you know how to do very well and then write a follow all of them very closely the formal name of the mode is process analysis process = a step-by-step movement from a beginning point to an.
Interaction process analysis 14 sociometry interest in the study of group process and behaviour has led to the development of group for toilet paper or to light a fire or to soak up liquid or to cut out words for anonymous mes-sages, etc. In a paper titled teams were given 30 minutes to brainstorm using the traditional group process to test the hybrid model, they were asked to spend 10 minutes generating and ranking ideas individually and 20 minutes discussing those thoughts as a group. A process paper is a description of how you conducted your research and you can usually include more information in a paper than in some of the other categories the paper category does not require a process paper to be submitted with the project if a group is performing. An essay or paper on group process and dynamics the following paper presents group processes and dynamics as exemplified in three different groups the first is a group of domestic violence female victims, the second is a group of female children who are victims of child sexual abuse, and the th. One of the first things you might want to do is create a document, sometimes called a group charter, which clarifies what the group is about, what the group expects from its members, and other, related guidelines » home » student toolkits » working in groups » group process. What this handout is about whether in the academic world or the business world, all of us are likely to participate in some form of group writing—an undergraduate group project for a class, a collaborative research paper or grant proposal, continued. Tip sheet writing a process paper a process paper describes to a reader how to do something or how something occurs stages in psychological development, steps in installing software or carrying out a marketing plan, or processes in science or historical change, for example, could all be described in a process paper.
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Pecans have been part of human diet since the dawn of the civilization, and are among the most nourishing nuts, outshined only by macadamia nuts. There is a widely-held belief that pecans' fat increases cholesterol and leads to weight gain, but the truth is pecans are full of unsaturated fats, which are actually beneficial for the body.
Pecan Medicinal Properties
- Medicinal actionAntioxidant, Hypocholesterolemic
- Key constituentsLinoleic acid, vitamin E
- Ways to useLiquid extracts, Food
- Medicinal rating(4) Very useful plant
- Safety rankingSafe
Health Benefits of Pecan
Traditionally, pecans have been always considered a "brain food," but they owe their popularity mostly to their delicious taste. Studies have shown that pecans are good for:
Improving cardiovascular health. Due to their unsaturated fats, dietary fiber, and plant sterols, pecans lower cholesterol accumulations and help prevent heart attacks.
Reducing the risk of obesity. Pecans can improve metabolic rate and increase satiety, promoting weight loss and helping to maintain it.
Delaying age-related neurodegeneration. By preventing cell damage, pecans help to fight amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease.
PECANS ARE A GREAT SOURCE OF UNSATURATED FAT, WHICH MAKES THEM A GREAT ALLY IN FIGHTING BAD CHOLESTEROL.
How It Works
Thanks to their linoleic acid and other unsaturated fats, pecans are able to modify serum lipids and lipoproteins in men and women, effectively lowering cholesterol. Additionally, the nut's high content of vitamin E and other phytochemicals is believed to be responsible for its antioxidant effect, protecting blood lipids from oxidation and preventing arterial obstruction.
Pecans' beneficial effects in weight loss diets are attributed to their density of nutrients, which increases metabolic rates and enhances satiety. A 100-gram serving of pecans has 691 calories, 72 g total fat (only 6.2 grams of which is saturated fat), zero cholesterol, zero sodium, 9.6 g dietary fiber, and over 19 vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, vitamin E, several B vitamins, calcium, potassium, and zinc.
PECANS HAVE MORE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY THAN WALNUTS, HAZELNUTS, PISTACHIOS, ALMONDS, PEANUTS, AND CASHEWS.
Pecans Side Effects
Pecans don't usually cause any side effects, but they may trigger allergic reactions in sensitive people. In those cases, it can affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and even the cardiovascular system. Symptoms can appear within minutes to several hours after consumption.
How to Consume Pecan
- Edible partsSeed, Oil
- Edible usesOil
To take full advantage of pecans' antioxidant powers, it is recommendable to eat them as a snack, whether alone or with other nuts. They can be consumed in a variety of dishes and baked goods, and their benefits can also be reaped through medicinal preparations.
Main preparations: Oil, capsules
Oil. After being roasted and ground, pecans go through an extraction process in order to obtain a refined oil that is often used in cosmetic products and can be applied directly to the skin as a natural moisturizer.
Capsules. Pecan's essential oil can be taken as a supplement, in a more convenient dosage form, in order to obtain its antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic benefits.
Main preparations: Raw, roasted, oil
Raw. This is most popular way of consuming pecans and reap their health benefits. Alone or combined with other tree nuts, they are a great source of vegetable protein and carbohydrates.
Roasted. When roasted, pecans concentrate their content of healthy lipids, specially Omega-3, which make them a healthy snack, great for cardiovascular health.
Oil. As other tree nuts, the aromatic pecan oil can be used for salad dressings and added to many dishes for flavor and a nutritional punch.
KEEPING PECANS REFRIGERATED HELPS TO PRESERVE THEIR FLAVOR. IN-SHELL PECANS HAVE A LONGER SHELF LIFE.
- Where to buySupermarkets
Pecan nuts are easy to find in markets around the world with or without their shell. They may be sold alone or mixed with other dry fruits as a snack. They can also be found as an aromatic oil for cooking and as a supplement in capsules. The last two can be bought online.
- Life cyclePerennial
- Harvested partsSeeds
- Light requirementsFull sun
- Growing habitatTemperate climates
Pecans grow best when it rains more than 30 inches (760 mm) a year. In the wild, nuts are best planted shortly after they fall in autumn. Pecan trees can thrive in full sun, partial sun, or partial shade.
- Pecan grows in a humid climate; the minimum average annual rainfall requirement is approximately 30 inches (760 mm), and the maximum reaches 79 inches (2,010 mm).
- Flowers are produced from April to May.
- Propagation is by budding or grafting.
- Fruits ripen in September and October, and are dispersed from September through December. They are generally 1 - 2 inches (2.4 - 5.8 cm) in length and 0.5 - 1 inch (1.2 – 2.4 cm) in diameter.
- Pecan trees can grow in many different type of soils as long they are well-drained.
- Summer temperatures average as high as 81°F (27°C), with extremes of 105 - 115°F (41 - 46°C). Average winter temperatures vary from 30 - 50°F (-1 to 10°C), with extremes of -20 to 0°F (-29° to -18°C).
- Seeds can be stored for three to five years in closed containers at 41°F (5°C) and 90% relative humidity.
- Pecans are wind-pollinated and can cross-pollinate with trees up to a quarter mile (400 m) away.
- Other usesCosmetics, Fungicide, Furniture/carpentry, Timber
Pecan trees have large major limbs that grow up and out from the trunk, uprightly. On older trees, lower branches become wide-sweeping, with their tips almost touching the ground. The leaves are alternate and odd pinnate with serrated margins. They are green during the spring and summer and turn yellow in the fall. Pecan tree trunks can grow up to six feet (1.8 m) in diameter and up to 70 - 100 feet (21 - 30 m) high.
Pecan, or Carya illinoiensis, is a large, deciduous, American native tree from the Juglandaceae family, which includes about 59 species across 8 genera, most of them growing in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, while some thrive in tropical areas of both northern and southern hemispheres. Another economically important nut within this family, and also widely popular, is walnut, or Juglans regia.
Improved cultivars are extensively grown in the U.S. and abroad for commercial nut production. Some of the most popular cultivars in Florida are 'Desirable', 'Stuart', 'Moreland', 'Elliot', and 'Curtis', while the most recommended in Texas are 'Desirable', 'Cheyenne', 'Choctaw', 'Cape Fear', 'Shawnee', 'Oconee', and 'Caddo'.
Each cultivar has particular characteristics: 'Cheyenne' has a semi-dwarf spreading form and medium to large fruit. 'Chickasaw' has a fine-textured, spreading form, disease resistance, and medium to large fruit. 'Elliot' has an upright habit of growth with a fine texture, disease resistance, and small fruit. 'Owens' has compact growth and medium to large fruit. 'Shoshonii' has upright growth habit, strong branches, disease resistance, and large fruit. 'Stuart', an old selection that is widely planted, has a vase-shaped form and large fruit, but is weak-wooded. 'Melrose', 'Candy', 'Elliot', and 'Sumner' have increased scab resistance.
Variety development for the southern U.S. pecan industry has been extensive, and they are well-known for their large size and very thin shells. However, they need a long growing season to properly fill their nuts, and only the shortest season varieties can be grown in that area.
Long before the arrival of Europeans, native Americans gathered and subsisted on pecans; tradition quickly adopted by the early explorers and settlers.
The domestication of pecans, however, began in the late 1800's, when settlers thinned tree stands in native range leaving pecans and grass for grazing. The first seedling orchards were established in southeastern U.S., and with the invention of rail transportation, pecans and other nuts started to be shipped to urban markets across the country.
Pecan is the only tree nut with commercial importance that is native to North America, and it is the most important nut crop in the U.S. It has been used for centuries by Native Americans as a food source. The pecan industry is centered in the south and southeast, led by Georgia. However, many acres are grown in Texas - where pecan is the state tree - as well as in Oklahoma and even in New Mexico and some areas of Mexico.
The U.S. produced 206 million pounds (93.4 million kilograms) of pecan in 2006, including both native and other varieties. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the value of the total crop for that year was $321 million USD. Depending on biological and environmental factors, pecan production fluctuates greatly from year to year, thus prices also register variations.
- Ornamental. Pecan shells are occasionally used for mulch in landscape settings.
- Cosmetic. Pecan oil is used in aromatherapy and massage products, as well as in sunless tanning lotions.
- Flooring and furniture. The demand for pecan wood has steadily increased in recent decades. It is used for furniture, cabinetry, paneling, pallets, and veneer.
Pecans are also used as bio-fuel, and their shell extract is being studied, since it may be effective at protecting meats from Listeria growth. Their antifungal properties have shown great potential use for controlling plant diseases.
- Economic Botany, Pecan food potential in prehistoric North America, 2000
- Georgia Pecan Growers Association, GA Pecans
- HortScience, Alternate bearing intensity of pecan cultivars, 2000
- HortTechnology, Pecan Shell Mulch Impact on ‘Loring’ Peach Tree, Establishment and First Harvest, 2009 | Consumer Knowledge of Nutritional Attributes of Pecans and Factors Affecting Purchasing Behavior, 2008
- Louisiana State University, LSU Coastal Roots Program. Learning about Native Sweet Pecan
- Nutrients, Health Benefits of Nut Consumption, 2010
- Texas A&M Agrilife Extension, Home Fruit Production - Pecans
- The Journal of Nutrition, A monounsaturated fatty acid-rich pecan-enriched diet favorably alters the serum lipid profile of healthy men and women, 2001
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, The Best Pecan Variety for the Site
- University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Carya illinoensis
- University of Michigan Health, Healthy Nuts
- University of Missouri, Center of Agroforestry, Growing Pecans in Missouri
- Virginia State University, Specialty Crops Profile: Introduction to Walnuts, Pecans and Other Nut Crops
- USDA Plants Database, USDA Forest Service. Northeastern Area, Carya illinoensis
- USDA Nutrient Database, Full Report (All Nutrients): 12142, Nuts, pecans
- Journal of Food Science, Efficacy of Antimicrobials Extracted from Organic Pecan Shell for Inhibiting the Growth of Listeria spp., 2013
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If you’ve seen your friends and favorite health gurus loading up on smoothies in the name of good nutrition, you’re not alone. Smoothies are often a healthy option because they can be made with fresh fruits and vegetables, giving you a convenient, tasty way to boost your intake of real food and fresh produce.
However, not all smoothies are created equal. Some might masquerade as a health food despite containing far too much sugar and empty calories to ever be considered healthy. Some smoothies contain up to 40 grams of sugar per serving — that’s the equivalent of about 10 teaspoons of sugar, just coming from your supposedly “healthy” snack.
If you want to know how to make a truly healthful and delicious smoothie, you’ve come to the right place. The best way to craft a healthy smoothie recipe is to start with fresh or frozen, low-sugar, high fiber, fruits and vegetables (such as kale, spinach, blueberries and avocado). This is because the sugar issue is a major problem. Keeping an eye on the amount of sugar and fiber you add to the foods you enjoy will help keep your blood sugar levels in check. If you can balance your blood sugar levels, you’ll have better control over hunger.
There’s no need to overthink what you add to your smoothie, rather, just get into the hang of adding a few favorites foods each and every time, and you’ll be on the fast track to smoothie success!
The Benefits of Vegetables in Smoothies
Vegetables have earned a rightful place in the world of smoothies. Don’t worry, I’m not going to suggest you add radishes or green peppers to your next concoction, but you might be pleasantly surprised to know that veggies, like kale, spinach, butternut squash, and even frozen cauliflower, can add a rainbow of benefits to your blender.
Vegetables contain plentiful amounts of phytonutrients. Phytonutrients are compounds found specifically in plants that have been demonstrated to boost health and wellness as well as provide antioxidants to the body. Antioxidants bind to electrons from free radicals in the body, helping to promote healthy aging and protect against numerous conditions. Vegetables also contain large amounts of fiber, which helps promote healthy digestion. Low-sugar fruits such as berries and avocado also lend a healthy heaping of antioxidants and phytonutrients, while adding a subtle sweetness to your drink without overdoing it on sugar.
The Power of Protein
Finally, no smoothie is complete without a serving or two of protein. In addition to keeping you full, protein is beneficial for muscle growth as well as promoting the health of the connective tissues, such as the skin, bones, nails, joints and hair. There are many different kinds of proteins you can add to your smoothies.
Plant Proteins: If you want to add a vegan protein to your smoothie, you’ll probably want to stick with nuts and seeds. These foods contain a modest amount of protein as well as a decent amount of healthy fats, as well as digestion-promoting fiber. Some of the most common choices are chia seeds, pumpkin seeds and pecans. Nut and seed butters can also make for delicious mix-ins, adding sweetness and thickness to your smoothie. Just be sure to purchase nut and seed butters that don’t include sugar.
Protein Powders: The next option to add protein to your smoothies are protein powders. These can be hit or miss… There are a lot of protein powders that contain artificial ingredients, and equally many that contain added sugars. Egg white protein, brown rice protein, whey protein, and watermelon seed protein are all wholesome bases for protein powders, but ensure that whatever you’re purchasing contains all-natural ingredients.
Collagen Protein: Finally, collagen protein is a fantastic way to diversify the protein content of your smoothie. Collagen is a type of protein that’s found in animal skins, bones and cartilage, and is the main component of the connective tissues. Adding collagen to your smoothie is important not only for boosting protein content, but also for adding in some amino acids that aren’t prevalent in other protein types, such as glycine, proline and hydroxyproline.
Collagen is a naturally occurring protein created by the body that is found in large quantities in the body’s connective tissues, including the skin, bones, joints, hair, nails and tendons. It’s special and different from other types of protein, because in a sense, it helps hold the body together. While we’re young, our bodies are efficient at producing collagen that keeps our bones strong, our skin supple, and our ligaments and tendons in prime condition.
However, after about age 25, our bodies’ natural production of collagen starts to slow. Our ancestors used to get a great deal of collagen in their diets by consuming things like bone marrow, organ meats, and bone broths. However, modern food processing has largely removed collagen from our diets. That’s why we believe in adding collagen back into our diets to help support the connective tissues as we age. Adding collagen protein to your smoothies can offer a number of benefits, including:
- Hair, skin and nail health: Collagen is often known as a beauty supplement because it is such an important component of strong nails, healthy hair and youthful-looking skin.
- Bone and joint health: Collagen is also fantastic for supporting the bones and joints. In fact, one study found that athletes who took collagen noticed a sharp decrease in their likelihood of injury.
- Digestive support: Collagen can be important for supporting the digestive system. The gut lining, after all, is made of skin — a connective tissue.
Choose Your Form of Collagen
If we’ve sold you on the prospect of adding collagen protein to your smoothies, now it’s time to choose your favorite form of collagen. Here are a few of our favorite options:
- Collagen Peptides: Vital Proteins’ Collagen Peptides are a fantastic choice for smoothies. These Collagen Peptides have been shown in studies to be easily digested and absorbed by the body (2), and as a bonus, they are completely flavorless, odorless, and soluble in both cold and hold liquids. Made from grass-fed, pasture-raised bovine hide, Collagen Peptides are truly one of the most versatile forms of collagen out there, and they won’t impact the taste of your smoothie in the slightest.
- Marine Collagen: Much like Collagen Peptides, Marine Collagen is flavorless, odorless, and soluble in both cold and hot liquids. The only difference is that Marine Collagen is made from wild-caught red snapper scales, making it a good choice for pescatarians.
- Beauty Water: Vital Proteins’ Beauty Waters are ideal for anyone hoping to add a mild flavor to their smoothie. They contain Collagen Peptides as well as real-food flavors, such as strawberries, lemons and cucumber. They also contain hyaluronic acid, an ingredient which has been shown to help improve skin moisture. The Beauty Waters are available in four flavors: Strawberry Lemon, Lavender Lemon, Cucumber Aloe, and Melon Mint.
- Collagen Veggie Blend: If you either love the taste of vegetables or, conversely, don’t eat enough veggies, the Collagen Veggie Blend is a fantastic choice. Consisting of Collagen Peptides, three serving of vegetables, and one serving of fruit per serving, the Collagen Veggie Blend is an extremely nourishing way to give your smoothie that characteristic vegetable juice taste.
- Matcha Collagen: Matcha green tea is absolutely packed with antioxidants. Vital Proteins’ Matcha Collagen combines the highest-quality matcha available made with Collagen Peptides, making for an extremely healthy smoothie addition. If you love the taste of green tea, this one’s for you.
- Collagen Creamer: Hoping to add some warm and sweet flavors to your smoothie? Vital Proteins Collagen Creamers come in three flavors (Coconut, Vanilla and Gingerbread), and combine delicious flavors and Collagen Peptides with healthy fats from coconut milk. The coconut milk powder in these creamers will lend a smooth taste to your smoothies as well.
DIY Smoothie Bar
So, keeping all that in mind, let’s talk recipes! Building a smoothie can be easy… We recommend combining one leafy green with two to three low-sugar fruits and topping off with at least two sources of protein.
Why Vital Proteins?
Vital Proteins is a great protein choice because of the cleanliness of its products. All collagen in Vital Proteins’ products is sourced from either grass-fed, pasture-raised bovine from Brazil or New Zealand, or wild-caught red snapper from Hawaii. Vital Proteins routinely batch tests to ensure product quality, and never includes added sugars, GMOs, or artificial ingredients of any kind. All of the flavors added to Vital Proteins products from from real-food, often organic sources, so you can rest assured nothing in your smoothie is anything but fresh.
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The Magna Carta, ‘The Great Charter’, was agreed by King John of England in Runnymede, near Windsor on this day in 1215, June 15.
The charter became part of English political life. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and, most importantly, limitations on taxation and other feudal payments to the Crown, with certain forms of feudal taxation requiring baronial consent.
The Magna Carta continues to have a powerful iconic status in British society. Its perceived guarantee of trial by jury and other civil liberties. However, the Magna Carta carries little legal weight in modern Britain, as most of its clauses have been repealed and relevant rights ensured by other statutes.
See the British Library’s website: www.bl.uk/magna-carta for more information.
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What is Avahi? A Comprehensive Definition
Welcome to another exciting edition of our “Definitions” blog series, where we delve into the world of tech jargon and break it down for you in an easily understandable way. In this edition, we will explore the concept of Avahi and demystify what it is all about. So, if you have ever wondered what exactly Avahi is, you’ve come to the right place! Let’s get started!
- Avahi is an open-source system which facilitates automatic network service discovery in local area networks (LANs).
- It allows devices to find and connect to services offered by other devices on the same network without manual configuration.
So what exactly is Avahi? Avahi is an innovative open-source system that provides a hassle-free solution to a common problem in local area networks (LANs): how devices can discover and connect to services offered by other devices on the same network without manual configuration. In other words, Avahi makes it possible for devices on your network to communicate with each other effortlessly, without any complex setup procedures.
Think about it like this: imagine you have multiple devices connected to your home network – your laptop, smartphone, and smart TV, to name a few. Each of these devices may offer various services, such as file sharing, music streaming, or printer access. Traditionally, to enable these devices to discover and connect to each other, you would have to manually configure network settings on each device, which can be a tedious and time-consuming task.
This is where Avahi comes to the rescue! By implementing the Avahi system on your LAN, devices can automatically discover and connect to services offered by other devices, making your life a whole lot easier. Whether you want to print a document from your laptop to your network printer or stream music from your smartphone to your smart TV, Avahi takes care of the behind-the-scenes magic, allowing your devices to seamlessly connect without any manual intervention.
Avahi works by utilizing industry-standard zero-configuration networking (zeroconf) protocols, such as mDNS (multicast DNS) and DNS-SD (DNS Service Discovery). These protocols enable Avahi to handle the automatic discovery and resolution of network services, ensuring that your devices can effortlessly find and communicate with each other. So, no more tinkering with IP addresses or network settings – Avahi takes care of it all!
In summary, Avahi is a game-changer when it comes to simplifying network connectivity in LANs. By providing automatic service discovery and easy connection establishment between devices, Avahi eliminates the need for manual configuration and empowers you to seamlessly use the services offered by your networked devices. Say goodbye to complex setup procedures and hello to hassle-free networking with Avahi!
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Today is Alan Turing's Birthday!
was a logician who specialized in the area of "decidability,"
determining whether or not an algorithm exists to prove a given
mathematical proposition true or false. His most famous results appear
in a 1937 article in which he introduced what is now known as the
"Turing machine," an abstract computer- like device. The ideas
presented in this article have had great importance in both logic and
computer science. During World War II, Turing aided the Allied war
effort significantly by helping to decipher German military codes.
Born: June 23, 1912
in London, England
Died: June 7, 1954
in Wilmslow, England
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Art Therapy: combining professional psychotherapy with the creative process.
Welcome to Speaking Through Art.
Art therapy is a unique approach to psychotherapy, in which the client is encouraged to use basic art materials to facilitate communication. Unlike traditional talk-therapy, art therapy enables the expression of emotions and thoughts which are difficult to put into words. It is extremely beneficial for those who do not have the language needed to explain what is troubling them, for those who are not able to find the words to talk about their emotions, or for those who might be afraid or ashamed to discuss their feelings.
The process of creating artwork reaches beyond our verbal thought processes. It also taps into deep psychological information by actively engaging the right side of the brain (which deals with the sense of intuition, emotional expression, creativity, and imagination), providing information which is sometimes hidden from our conscious awareness.
The images we create provide both conscious and unconscious information: the colours, lines, forms, and textures in the images give direct information about our affect, mood, thought processes, and cognitive functioning. The actual images and symbols may serve as metaphors.
Studies have shown that creative expression can improve mood, and foster a sense of well-being.
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Hanafuda is a playing card game also popularly known as the flower card game. It’s a traditional Japanese pastime still prevalent in the country and has transformed into various games.
Learn more about hanafuda and its importance today.
- 1 deck black bordered Japanese hanafuda cards
- Also known as "flower" cards.
- Colorful paper on nicely finished heavy board cards
- Plastic storage box
- 48 cards, each 2 1/4 inches by 1 1/3 inches
- Japanese Playing Cards Game
- Body size (approximately): [per sheet] vertical 5.3 ~ 3.2 ~ horizontal thickness 0.1cm
- Quantity: 48 cards, one empty card
- Color: Black
- Good for children
- Good for Teenagers
- Color: Black
- Package size (approx): width 4.5 ~ back 6 ~ high 7 cm
Hanafuda’s Origins and Meaning
Hanafuda games’ origins can be traced back to the Heian period in Japan (794-1185); it’s believed it got inspired by Portuguese playing cards. The game was initially played with leaves and blossoms from different trees tied together with string.
This version of the game was known as “karuta.” Over time, the game evolved and began to be played with cards. These cards were decorated with pictures of flowers, hence the name “Hanafuda,” which means “flower cards.”
The game of Hanafuda is still prevalent in Japan today. It is often played in gambling dens and is a popular pastime for many Japanese people.
The game is also popular in South Korea and China. There are twelve suits of Hanafuda cards, one for each month of the year. Each case has four cards, for a total of 48 cards. “Joker” cards are what you call the last four cards.
The goal of the play is to collect points by putting together certain sets of cards. The value of each card is determined by the combination of cards it can make.
For example, the “One of Each” card (the card with one of each flower) is worth 10 points. The “Rainbow” card (the card with all seven rainbow colors) is worth 20 points. There are many other combinations of cards that are worth different points.
How to Play Hanafuda Cards Game
Traditionally played between two players, each player gets eight cards. The remaining cards are left in a stack in the middle or in the field.
As cards are drawn from the top, it’s up to each player to make combinations with the card in the field and the cards in their own hands. Combinations are worth varying amounts of points. The player with the most points at the end is the winner.
You can find more about hanafuda rules here.
Why Is Hanafuda So Popular in Japan?
There are a few reasons for Hanafuda’s popularity in Japan:
- The cards are beautiful, each suit corresponding to a different month of the year and featuring another seasonal plant.
- The games that can be played with Hanafuda are delightful, and even though the point values of the cards are not always relevant, the card combinations that can be made are very valuable in terms of points.
- Hanafuda is a very traditional game played in Japan for many centuries, so it has a lot of history and tradition.
The Flower Cards Game Industry in Japan
Several companies produce Hanafuda cards, each with unique designs and artwork. The most popular company is Nintendo, which makes various Hanafuda cards with different characters and themes. Other companies include Konami and Takara Tomy.
The Hanafuda industry is highly competitive, with several companies vying for market share. However, the industry is also highly regulated, with strict rules governing the manufacturing and sale of Hanafuda cards.
The Hanafuda industry in Japan is thriving, with many products available for purchase. Whether you’re looking for cards for playing games or collecting, you’re sure to find what you’re looking for.
What’s the Future of Flower Cards Game in Japan?
There is no doubt that Hanafuda will continue to be popular in Japan for many years. The game has a rich history and remains deeply ingrained in Japanese culture.
While there may be some changes to how the game is played in the future, it’s unlikely that it will ever disappear completely.
As the world changes, so does the way people spend their leisure time. While Hanafuda may not be as popular as it once was, there is still a strong demand for the game.
Traditional card games and pastimes like Hanafuda have become more prevalent in recent years, which has helped preserve them alive.
The future of Hanafuda will likely be very similar to its present. The game will continue to be enjoyed by those who appreciate its simple beauty and nostalgic appeal.
Some Symbols in Hanafuda
Several common symbols and meanings are associated with the Japanese game of Hanafuda. The most basic symbols are the 12 different flowers used to represent the months of the year.
Each flower has meaning and significance, and the game is usually played with a deck featuring all 12 of these flowers.
The Pine and Crane Flowers
The pine tree symbolizes strength and endurance, while the crane symbolizes longevity and good fortune.
Together, these two flowers represent the hope and promise of January or a new year.
In the Hanafuda deck, they are also associated with the suits of winter and spring, respectively.
Tanzaku Hanging on a Plum Tree
The Tanzaku hanging on a plum tree is a representation of February. The plum tree symbolizes hope and renewal, and the Tanzaku represents the hope and renewal that comes with the arrival of spring.
The plum tree also symbolizes strength and resilience; the Tanzaku represents the strength and resilience we need to get through life’s challenges.
Curtain and Cherry Blossoms
The curtain and cherry blossoms represent March because they are both associated with the beginning of spring.
The curtain symbolizes new beginnings and fresh starts, while the cherry blossoms represent the beauty and fragility of life.
These two symbols come together to represent the hope and promise of the new season.
The wisteria blossom is a beautiful flower that represents the month of April. This flower is known for having thin purple petals and a sweet smell. The wisteria blossom signifies a fresh start and a new beginning.
This flower is often seen in April, which is when a lot of new things are born. The wisteria blossom is a reminder that even though the winter months may be cold and bleak, spring is just around the corner. This flower is a sign of hope and renewal.
The Iris Blossom
The iris is a perennial flower that blooms in early to mid-spring. The name “iris” is a Greek word for rainbow, and these flowers certainly live up to their name with their wide range of colors. Irises are often associated with May, as they are one of the first flowers to bloom in the spring.
The iris symbolizes hope and new beginnings, making it the perfect flower to represent the month of May. These flowers are also associated with faith, wisdom, and courage, all qualities we need to get through tough times.
Whether planting them in your garden or giving them as a gift, irises will bring beauty and hope to any situation.
Hanafuda is a traditional Japanese card game still popular in Japan and other parts of Asia. This game is performed with a board of 48 cards, each with a picture of a flower and a number.
Hanafuda cards continue to be produced and marketed. But don’t settle for the first deck of cards you see! With so many artists in Japan making these cards, you can find a deck that speaks to your style.
Leave a Comment
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Outcome 6: Control sentence-level error (grammar, punctuation, spelling)
Writing to me is a form of words being put into a structure a certain way that it makes the words flow. In my opinion, grammar, punctuation, and spelling is the hardest part of any essay you will ever write. For reasons such as if these skills aren’t used correctly it can make your words and sentences sound choppy, un-professional, and childish. When it comes to my writing career this is something I’ve struggled with hard, spelling and grammar has never been my strong suit, and in all honesty I still think I rely on grammar and spell correct to fix my mistakes. I have grown throughout this year in English 110 when it comes to sentence level error because I have taken more time to think over what I’m writing and allow the correct usage of grammar and spelling. The one grammatical error I seem to always misuse is commas, and I believe I’ve learned how to correctly structure them into sentences allowing my words to flow nicely. In my third essay, I believe it used commas to the best of my ability as seen in Figure 1. While going through the work that we did throughout the year I found a poem that demonstrated very unique and cool ways to use grammar, commas, and punctuation in their poem. I thought this was really interesting so in my third essay I incorporated a segment from the poem to show the structure and meaning of it, as seen in Figure 2.
Outcome 5: Document their work using appropriate conventions (MLA)
When it comes to writing formatting and citations are one of the most important skills for you to start to get familiar with and understand. Formatting and citations are something you will be using throughout the rest of your college career, and most times Professors will require different formats depending on what you are writing. In this case, in English 110 we mainly used MLA format for our essays throughout the year. I’ve used MLA format the most in my life and have become very familiar with it. Formatting and citations aren’t just for you but they are used to give proper recognition for their words, that aren’t yours. This comes in forms such as quotations marks, in text citations, as well as properly using the authors names in your writing. As we all know, improperly or failing to cite words that aren’t yours come with serious consequences. At the beginning of this class I was a little rusty using MLA citations because in highschool we would just use a citation generator and not write it ourselves, so this set me back a bit when It came to writing them myself. Later on in the semester I began to understand what goes where in the situation and eventually was able to cite an article or paper without looking at guides to help create a citation, I began to know what information to look for when it came to citations. In my first essay, as seen in Figure 1 and 2, my citations were very minimal and just met the requirements but then looking at my third essay, as seen in Figure 3and 4, I started to use more citation sources and incorporate them better into my writing.
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West Nile Virus: What You Should Know
What’s In This Guide
For most people, the arrival of warm spring and summer weather ushers in pleasant thoughts of sunny days spent relaxing outdoors with friends and family, maybe at a beach or park or just hanging around at a backyard barbecue or pool party.
After a winter’s worth of bleak, gray, cold weather, few things replenish the spirit like a little rest and relaxation in the great outdoors. But as idyllic as all that sounds, there’s a very real danger lurking outside, and it comes from tiny uninvited guests – mosquitoes carrying the highly contagious West Nile virus (WNV).
Every year, about 2,000 cases of West Nile Virus are reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), but thousands more may become infected with the disease and not even know it. Up to 80% of those infected with WNV won’t develop any symptoms or will develop symptoms so subtle and relatively brief that the infection may go undiagnosed. In the other 20%, the infection can cause more pronounced symptoms, with a few developing severe and even life-threatening side effects.
Although the chances of developing these more serious side effects is slim, knowing what to look for can help ensure you seek medical attention at the first sign of symptoms, in addition to taking steps to prevent the illness in the first place.
| Updated for 2019Overall Rating: ProsLasts up to 12 hoursRepels numerous harmful insectsTime-release technology ConsChemical smellSticky or greasy residue Ease of...
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https://www.pests.org/west-nile-virus-what-you-should-know/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195687.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128155305-20201128185305-00307.warc.gz
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en
| 0.932874 | 327 | 2.984375 | 3 |
What is AMD?
Macular degeneration age related (AMD)
AMD is a chronic affection age related which occurs when the macula is deteriorating. The macula is situated in the center of the retina. It is responsible for the central vision.
The macula allows the good vision of details, reading books and faces recognition. The deterioration of macula leads to the partially or fully loss of these functions and can provoke the decay of life quality. Still, with a good following from the ophthalmologist, you can slow or even stop the advancement of the vision loss and you can learn, take advantage for really useful advices, to improve your capacity to be fully part of the social life.
There are 2 types of AMD: dry AMD and humid AMD. Approximately 90% of the AMD are cases of dry AMD, the others being humid. If you are affected by AMD, please inform yourself about different treatment options that are offered.
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<urn:uuid:eeca798a-25f3-470f-9676-855bf73a07b4>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://www.centreophtalmo.com/en/diseases/amd/?wcalendar=1596240000
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738892.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812112531-20200812142531-00041.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936965 | 192 | 2.796875 | 3 |
From local municipalities to our nation’s capital, protecting government employees is a top priority. Safeguarding against possible offensive action is vital, and the use of a wireless protection can help decrease vulnerability.
- Wireless in government
- Wireless duress buttons protect many of our nation’s most important assets, including:
- Office buildings
- Historical sites
- Military bases
Members of government – whether they are politicians, staff or judges – often become the focal point for citizens’ resentment. Unfortunately, as recent events have reminded us, those resentments can sometimes turn violent without provocation. As such, it is imperative that every member of government have the ability to signal for help when help is needed. Wireless panic buttons provide a simple to use and immediate alarm in an emergency situation, lowering response times and increasing the effectiveness of security.
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<urn:uuid:9676ba21-8f2f-41af-8663-35abbebaa8b6>
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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https://www.thewirelessworks.co.uk/government
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521102417-20190521124417-00060.warc.gz
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en
| 0.943987 | 171 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Amber Waste is Bliss
- story by Studio Agne
Agne Kucerenkaite makes bioplastics and biocomposites with the residual flow from the production of jewellery and small objects made of amber. Amber is high-priced, but tonnes of amber dust disappear down the sewer because the industry sees it as a low-grade material.
Amber is fossilized tree resin derived from extinct resin-bearing trees. It belongs to the organic semi-precious stones. Fossilization of the resin takes millions of years. Although deposits of amber occur throughout the world, amber from the coast of the Baltic Sea is the best-known. Because amber floats on saltwater, many pieces wash ashore on the beaches of Poland and Lithuania. Worked amber is dating back to 11,000 B.C. Amber was and is used to make varnish, incense, decorative objects, jewellery and medicine. The production of jewellery and carving is usually done by hand with tools such as saws, fine-toothed files, drills, diamond disks, and sandpaper. After crafting amber there is left a huge amount of waste called amber dust. It can accumulate in tonnes and just a small amount of it is being sold. Mostly because it is contaminated with sandpaper and thus the value is lost. It is disposed of into dumpsters or even sewage.
Today around 90% of the world’s amber comes from the Baltic region. China is amber’s biggest market. The good-quality amber from the Baltic region is sold to China, leaving an imported lower-quality amber. Amber mining and processing have caused widespread environmental degradation. More than 100 million tonnes of waste have been discharged into the Baltic from the Yantarny mine in Kaliningrad over the past century. The high Chinese demand caused the establishment of the black market, which is primarily located in Ukraine, Russia, and Myanmar. The mining technique itself completely decimates the soil, making it incapable of sustaining plant life. By comparing fossils of the species and ecosystems in amber, scientists are starting to tackle giant questions about extinction, conservation, and the evolutionary history of the species we see today. Though thousands of specimens do find their way into the hands of scientists, many more are put to industrial or decorative use.
Amber is a natural bio-resin, which is becoming soft at 150 C degrees and starting to melt at 250-300 C degrees. A full scope of material research is conducted by softening and melting the amber dust, creating methods, analyzing properties, deconstructing it by adding new biomaterials and binders, altering its properties, and changing colours. Amber is transformed into completely new material to create a range of usable more cost-effective interior products, such as panels, tiles, and furniture parts. The great inspiration is The Amber Room, which is a reconstructed chamber decorated in amber panels located in the Catherine Palace near Saint Petersburg. Constructed in the 18th century in Prussia, the original Amber Room was dismantled and eventually disappeared during World War II. Currently to decorate the interior with amber would come with an extremely high cost, but it could become possible with a transformation of the amber dust.
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<urn:uuid:ab13443c-e115-4c90-a3b2-addd9dd29b82>
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://materialdistrict.com/material/amber-waste-is-bliss/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304835.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125130117-20220125160117-00181.warc.gz
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en
| 0.955834 | 655 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Suspension for administration 2
Medicinal Substance Laboratory, Senior Research Fellow
In toxicity tests, since the dosage is high, high-concentration suspension is often prepared. However, it is difficult to prepare suspension of compounds that do not easily absorb water. A deaerating mixer is a mixer and a deaerator that mixes various paints or other material and also deaerates at the same time. In principle, it rotates and revolves the container containing the material, pushes out the air bubbles, and blends the material at the same time. In our research, we studied preparation of compound suspension by using the deaerating mixer.
We tested 2 different compounds: compound A which does not absorb water easily and compound B which absorbs water easily. We placed the powder and 0.5% methyl cellulose solvent in the container and let the deaerating mixer rotate and revolve.
When compound A or B were rotated in the deaerating mixer, the suspension's content and uniformity rates were within the allowable range, and no difference was recognized in accordance with the original substance's particle size, with various densities, amount, or operation time. On the other hand, compound A suspension could not be prepared using a mortar, homogenizer, or mortar grinder. Compound B was able to be prepared by these traditional methods. However, then prepared with a homogenizer when the particle size is large, the particle size was reduced by such preparation. Also, by equipping a holder to fix the administrating fluid bottle inside of the deaerating mixer, the fluid was prepared directly into the bottle.
Use of the deaerating mixer enabled easy preparation of compounds that are normally difficult to prepare into suspension. Also, preparing of the fluid directly into the administering bottle was highly beneficial.
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<urn:uuid:a5340d9f-22de-4192-83ad-1e2a0e1d9e3f>
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CC-MAIN-2019-30
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http://www.thinkyusa.com/example/medicine/med02.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524972.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716221441-20190717003441-00179.warc.gz
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en
| 0.955159 | 367 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Exercise in Women at Risk for Breast Cancer
This 2-part study will examine how much exercise people usually do in the course of their daily lives and how two different types of exercise-stretching and walking-affect the amount of fat in the body and certain hormones in the blood. It will also examine whether exercise can be increased by physician counseling with and without the use of a pedometer, and if exercising changes levels of stress, anxiety, and depression.
Breast cancer survivors and women at high risk for breast cancer who are between 18 and 75 years of age and who exercise less than 3 times per week may be eligible for this study. Candidates are screened with a medical history and physical examination, and their endurance and flexibility are tested by stretching exercises and by a 6-minute walk or run.
All participants complete study Part 1. Those who are eligible may also participate in Part 2.
- Part 1: Subjects wear a pedometer (a small device that measures the number of steps taken) on their waistband during all waking hours for 1 week without changing their usual level of activity. Depending on their level of activity, subjects may be invited to participate in Part 2 of the study.
- Part 2: Subjects are placed in either a walking group or a stretching group for 12 weeks. At the end of the 12-week period, those in the walking group are offered participation in the stretching group, and those in the stretching group are offered participation in the walking group.
Walking group participants wear a pedometer every day for 12 weeks. They are asked to gradually increase the number of steps they take each day, to keep a record of their daily step count, and to report periodically to the study staff on their progress. For 1 week during the study, participants also wear a device called an accelerometer that is used to verify the accuracy of the pedometer step counts.
Stretching group participants follow a program of stretching exercises for 12 weeks, with their progress monitored periodically by staff. During week 12, participants wear a pedometer and accelerometer.
All Part 2 participants also have the following tests and procedures:
- Blood draw: collected at the beginning and end of the study to test for certain hormones and HDL cholesterol levels.
- Questionnaires: about stress, anxiety, and depression levels; these are completed at the beginning and end of the study, and a detailed questionnaire about diet is completed at home or during a clinic visit.
- Body composition measurement: A "bioelectrical impedance" test, which measures body fat, is done at the beginning and end of the study. For this test, the subject lies on an examining table and a small electrical current is passed through electrodes placed on one hand and one foot. Although a small electrical current is used, this test is not painful.
- Endurance and flexibility testing: At the end of the study, participants repeat the 6-minute walk or run endurance test and the stretching flexibility test performed at screening.
|Study Design:||Primary Purpose: Treatment|
|Official Title:||A Pilot Study of a Three Month Intervention for Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary Women at Risk for Breast Cancer|
|Study Start Date:||September 2004|
|Study Completion Date:||December 2009|
|Primary Completion Date:||December 2009 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
Behavioral: Physical activity
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00092950
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|
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<urn:uuid:031d6d99-21c5-427f-b4ef-d80bcf00d9b8>
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CC-MAIN-2015-27
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https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00092950
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095373.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00033-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924479 | 751 | 2.78125 | 3 |
“To be ‘feminist’ in any authentic sense of the term is to want for all people, female and male, liberation from sexist role patterns, domination, and oppression.” Bell Hooks made this influential statement in a book published in 1981 called ‘Ain’t I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism’. Formally, the movement of feminism began at the Seneca Falls Convention which was held in the Wesleyan Chapel of the town of Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 when 300 men and women rallied to the cause of equality. Although feminism is of great importance in our communities, we are yet to see true equality between men and women. However, the change towards a better equal society though slow, is yet noticeable, and we do see women having better access to education and equal opportunities, nowadays.
What is Feminism?
Quite simply, feminism is about striving to empower all women to grasp their full rights and making sure that all girls and women get the same opportunities as boys and men. Factually, men and women are different in many ways. The University of Pennsylvania conducted a study which claims that men and women’s brains are hardwired to excel in different areas. That means, the same information is processed very differently. Many people argue that because men and women are different, whether physically or mentally, there cannot be equality. However, it is critical to understand that “equal” doesn’t mean “same”. The idea of sameness means that two or more people or things are identical, whereas equality addresses the fact that two or more people or things are identical in value. Men and women certainly are not physically or mentally the same but they are identical in value and that doesn’t mean that they don’t have the right to be equal.
History of Feminism:
Women’s Lives Before Feminism
Throughout most of Western History, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men. The High Medieval era in Europe (1000 AD-1250) was the time of colossal gender discrimination. During this period, women were denied the right to study, to own property, or to participate in public life. At the beginning of the 19th century, women had very few rights of their own, especially when they were married. Upon marriage, women became the property of their husbands. Whilst divorce was very unfashionable during that period, it was possible for men to divorce their wives for a variety of reasons, but it was not until halfway through the century (1857) when women could divorce an abusive husband. However, even at the end of the 19th century in France, women were forced to cover their heads in public. In parts of Germany, men even had the right to sell their wives. Women did not even gain the right to vote in Europe and in most of the United States till the mid-20th century. They were also prevented from conducting business without a male representative (husband, brother or even son). Women had little to no access to education, and they were also deprived of the ability to practice most professions not only to reserve more employment opportunities for men but also because women’s work threatened men who had long held economic power. In some parts of the world, these restrictions continue to happen until today. For example, in all countries in the Middle East and North Africa there are many restrictive laws in which they do not provide for equal inheritance rights for sons and daughters. With the help of feminism, many attempts have been made to close the gender gap concerning property rights. Still, there is much more to be done.
The Waves of Feminism
The Feminism Movement can be divided into three distinct ‘waves’, which are time periods aimed to raise women’s status in society and give them equal rights.
The First Wave of feminism occurred in the 19th and early 20th century. This phase revolved around gaining basic legal rights for women, with suffrage, the right of women to vote in elections, as the goal of the movement. Many organizations were established to fulfill this cause, like the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and the National Woman’s Party (NWP). Parades, marches, and manifestations were conducted to demonstrate the need for the right to vote. And after many attempts, the Nineteenth Amendment was endorsed by all states in the USA. The Amendment declared, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex” and it ended The First Wave of feminism that laid the groundwork for future feminists and played a crucial role in giving women basic legal rights.
The Second wave took place in the 1960s till the 1980s. This phase was a reaction to women returning to their roles as housewives and mothers at the end of World War II, after working and being independent during the war. Women didn’t want to resume these roles and become dependents again and hence led to the Second Wave of feminism. This movement focused on both public and private injustices that were highly prevalent during that time like issues of rape, domestic violence, and workplace safety. Women became more organized and more involved in protests for equality compared to the first wave, by creating local, state, and federal feminist organizations. This wave achieved many victories like the 1967 Executive Order that gave full affirmative rights to women and banned discrimination on the basis of gender in hiring and employment in the United States, and the Women’s Educational Equity of 1972 and 1974 that provided greater educational equality. The Second Wave of feminism is considered as a hugely successful movement that achieved many victories leading to greater equality between genders.
The Third Wave extends from the 1990s to the present. This movement was a response to perceived failures of the Second Wave where it mainly focuses on reproductive rights for women. It lays emphasis on a woman’s right to make her own choices about her body and states that it is a basic right to have access to birth control and abortion. The Third Wave is different from the First and Second Waves because it spread further into pop culture and media. Girl bands such as Riot Grrrl spread messages of female empowerment and started discussions about patriarchy and body image through punk rock and among teenagers listening to their music. The results of this wave have been slow and steady with The Family Medical Leave Act which allows employees to take unpaid leave for family and medical emergencies becoming the law in 1993. Further, The Violence Against Women Act was passed in 1995, which achieves justice for women who face abuse because it adresses domestic violence, dating violence, and stalking. It also makes Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) a federal crime and provides grants to states for programs that prevent violence against women or provide services for victims of violence. These are significant achievements in the Third Wave.
The Importance of Feminism for Men and Women:
We live in a world in which genders are far from equal, which harms males and females equally. The entire point of feminism is to lift women up to the same level of men. While many people believe that feminism is a positive movement that continues to bring affirmative changes into our communities, some people still aren’t convinced. The importance of feminism for men relies on a simple fact, and that is that the concept of equality is not endangering, and never has been. Men won’t lose rights if women gain more; it’ll simply allow them to work with the opposite gender. For years, women have lived globally, both from strangers and within their close relationships, in a sense of constant fear that their physical safety might be risked. Hopefully, feminism is beginning to change that.
The fight for gender equity is everybody’s responsibility, and that means that feminism too, is for everybody. Today, it’s even more difficult to trace the history of feminism, since it tackled various issues through the years. Today’s feminists are obligated to learn about those who have shaped the world they live in now, as well as acknowledge those who have been marginalized in the past, for their work is still essential, and feminism still has a long way to go.
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<urn:uuid:0228a4bd-c546-4a6f-94bb-cb644ac22fbf>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://theradius.eu/feminism/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00667.warc.gz
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en
| 0.979767 | 1,702 | 4.28125 | 4 |
AMERICAN VITICULTURAL AREA (AVA) is the system of designating and controlling the geography of grapes grown for wines produced in the United States. According to regulations, only wines that derive 85% or more of their content from within the boundaries of a designated AVA may use that AVA name to label the wine. The wine must also have been made to "conform to the laws and regulations of the named appellation area governing the composition, method of manufacture, and designation of wines made in such place." This clause protects and defers to the authority of each State to regulate methods of wine production.
The AVA system was begun in 1979, and is still in relative infancy. The very first AVA, approved in 1980 was Augusta, Missouri. An AVA can be quite large and encompass portions of several states, such as the largest 26,000-square-mile, 16.5 million-acre Ohio River Valley AVA that includes parts of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia. The smallest is the Cole Ranch AVA, which occupies a mere 150 acres and less than a quarter square mile of Mendocino County, California.
New AVAs are being applied for and approved each year. The agency that oversees the creation and adjustment of the AVA system is the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), a division of the US Treasury Department. The minimum cost to establish an AVA is about $15,000. Applicants must provide proof of geographic and climatic significance and historical precedent for wine production, in addition to suggesting and mapping the boundaries. An AVA is not a grade of quality, it merely allows the producers and consumers to differentiate and authenticate the growing areas. There are more than 193 approved AVAs, as of February 1, 2010.
The Wine Institute offers some online pages to answer "what, where, how and why" questions and provide much more detail and complexity about American Viticultural Areas and their effect on wine labeling regulations and restrictions.
Complete descriptions of the geographic and topographic characteristics, the climatic influences and predominant grape varieties planted for most of these AVAs can be found on the Connoisseurs' Guide to California Wine site.
Vestra offers a wide selection of detailed, full color, glossy, unframed maps of West Coast AVAs.
Created January 29, 2001;
July 24, 2011
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<urn:uuid:7c3de52a-22ec-442a-9879-ba0cfe71615d>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.winepros.org/consumerism/vincyc-ava.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510259834.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011739-00452-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.954135 | 493 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The 1828 Campaign of Andrew Jackson and the Growth of Party Politics. This is a curriculum plan from EDSITEment and the National Endowment for the Humanities on the election of 1828. The introduction notes, "In this unit, students analyze changes in voter participation and regional power, and review archival campaign documents reflecting the dawn of politics as we know it during the critical years from 1824 to 1832."
There are four lessons in the unit:
Lesson One: Expansion of the Voting Base Before and After 1828
Lesson Two: Changes in Voting Participation
Lesson Three: Territorial Expansion and the Shift of Power
Lesson Four: Issues in the Election of 1828 (and Beyond)
There is also a good collection of links which teachers could use to help teach about this topic with each lesson.
I think this might be a great topic to teach at the primary, secondary, and post-secondary level. A great deal of this unit deals with the expansion of the franchise (voting) and how this changed the nature of national politics. It brings up good questions like:
Was the voting more fair in 1828 even if women and non-whites were not allowed to vote?
Is an election fair even if only a small number of people may participate?
Is the Electoral College a fair method of deciding an election?
This entire topic also might be helpful in teaching about women's suffrage and the 15th Amendment as well. There are a lot of good ideas here and I think American history teachers at all levels may find good inspiration here. Also, elementaryhistoryteacher has a recent post relating to this as well at http://american-presidents.blogspot.com/2006/03/tale-of-four-favorite-sons.html.
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<urn:uuid:9c0fd390-4780-4598-a552-8fa76e690fb6>
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CC-MAIN-2015-35
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http://www.american-presidents.org/2006/04/1828-campaign-of-andrew-jackson-and.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064538.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00182-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.94096 | 370 | 4.3125 | 4 |
Water flooding is a secondary recovery process to displace oil that has not been recovered by the primary recovery method. Water flooding is often associated with a problem of unwanted water production resulting from unfavorable displacement caused by channeling through high-permeable layers. The existence of high-permeability zones (thief zones) can cause early water breakthrough and excessive water production, thus, leaving a significant amount of oil bypassed in heterogeneous reservoirs. Most mature water flooding oilfields show 80-90% injected water was taken by these thief zone. Excess water production leads to many problems such as additional water treatment and disposal costs, corrosion, scaling, increased environmental issues, etc. (Pritchett et al., 2003). Therefore, it is important to improve the sweep efficiency of the waterflooding, not only to have more oil but also to reduce operating costs.
Nano-spheres are very small particles of proprietary composition that are used to enhance the recovery of oil within a wide range of reservoir conditions. This is accomplished by adjusting the permeability of the reservoir. Nano-spheres are much less susceptible to geological conditions when compared to other chemical technologies. Nano-spheres can be used in reservoirs with very high temperatures (up to~130°C) and high salinity (up to ~300,000 mg/L). Nano-spheres are designed to be used in heterogeneous reservoirs where permeability are very low (0.1mD).
Nano technology is generally used to describe technology and processes that occur on a scale not visible by the naked eye. Technology that operates on this scale can be as small as a single molecule up to several micrometers. One nano meter (nm) = 1000 micrometers (µm). ZL’s Nano-spheres particles begin with initial diameter ranging between 20-200 nm and are capable of passing through the near well born area. Over a predetermined time and reservoir conditions, the Nano-spheres will hydrate, expand and contract, constantly adjusting the permeable of the channels deep within the reservoir.
The pre-cross-linked polymer Nano-spheres with small initial nano sized, moves in deep formation as oil displacement agent, is able to pass through the near wellbore area, and dilate slowly in the formation water. Moving by Brownian motion in the deep reservoir, The Nano-spheres will provide a flowing resistance for the seepage flow of water in the high permeability channels, lower the permeability of the high permeability channels, decrease the effect of injection water fingering and channeling effects, enables more volume of the injection water to be stored in the reservoir which will increase the energy of reservoir, thus displace the oil out from the relatively low permeability channels, which will result in increasing oil production and decreasing the water cut.
Nano-sphere application is unlike other chemical treatments that need to be fed on a continuous basis. Our technology should be approached more like a treatment method that uses multiple slugs at different application rates, depending of the permeability of the thief zone. The Nano-sphere application program is tailored to meet the requirements of the client and reservoir conditions.
Oil reservoirs with relatively low oil viscosity can also obtain significantly higher oil output using this strategy. Currently, fully commercial applications have resulted in 60-500 tonnes of crude oil per tonne of Nano-sphere applied over a 2 years effective period. Some of ZL’s oil field Nano-sphere applications have increased the oil output up to 50%.
ZL’s microspheres technology are composed of polymeric spheres in the size of micrometers, it is normally combined with ZL’s nanosphere technology to improve water sweep efficiency.
ZL'S PPG is composed of pre-crosslinked polymer, particle size ranged from several micro meters to tens of micro meters. After adsorbing water, its size will expand to several milli meters. It can be injected easily and form blockage once reached formation.
Please contact ZL Technical team for more information.
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<urn:uuid:83411f52-f947-4d9d-883c-8096ea5fa085>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.zlpam.com/conformance-control
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00640.warc.gz
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en
| 0.943775 | 839 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Tuesday, August 23, 2011
Handy Idea - Hand Print Crafts for Kids
One of the simplest crafts you can make with kids from toddler age up through early elementary grades requires only a child's hand for the pattern.
Hand print crafts are fun and simple, and they give kids practice in tracing, coloring, cutting and pasting.
Check out all the different hand print crafts and hand trace art projects at
Hand Print Crafts for Kids
- all free, all easy, all tons of fun.
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crafts for kids
Post a Comment
Post Comments (Atom)
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<urn:uuid:4b6d2269-7064-4bca-95c9-098a36f20ecc>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://pasticheportal.blogspot.com/2011/08/handy-idea-hand-print-crafts-for-kids.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00703.warc.gz
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en
| 0.825935 | 133 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Lesson Plan 9th – 12th Grade
-Students will understand where Mardi Gras comes from and how Carnival came to be.
-Students will learn about the history and practices of Mardi Gras as it pertains to French, German, and American culture
-Students will be able to write three papers about Mardi Gras, give presentation and work with others to discover the history of Mardi Gras.
Approximately 5 (1 hour) class periods plus homework.
Mardi Gras Beads (one for each student)
2 King Cakes (ordered)
For information and to order Mardi Gras items please visit MardiGrasDay.com.
Q/A and Homework Assignment:
Start an open forum about what is Mardi Gras. Where it is from, what countries celebrate it, and what is being celebrated? At the end of class you will be giving each student a topic to research so try to cover each topic. Have in mind a topic for each student to write five sentences about. Have each student pull his or her topic from a hat and write them down on a list to keep track. Have each student research his or her topic over the Internet.
Presentation and Class Discussion:
All students should come to class ready to present their topic (1-2 Minutes).
Their presentation should state how their topic is related to Mardi Gras. Some topics that might be chosen are Mask, Beads, New Orleans, King Cakes, Lent, Fasching, Pagan rituals, Floats, Throws, History, Brazil, and Religion.
Draw three headings on the chalkboard: 1. Eat junk food and soda all day, 2. Eat normal amount of junk food, 3. Eat less than normal amounts of food. Tell the kids that after today, they will have to stop eating all forms of junk food, pizza, fast food, and soda, for the next month. Also tell them that they can do whichever they want to do today. Have all students walk up and put their name under each heading, which corresponds to what they would like to do on their last day. Have select kids talk about their selection and this will lead into the foundation of Mardi Gras. This will lead you into the lecture.
Talk about the basic concept of Mardi Gras. “Eat, drink, and be merry, because tomorrow we all die.” Explain the other basic concepts and the history of Mardi Gras and where it is celebrated. Also introduce Mardi Gras Krewes and what role they play in Mardi gras. The board assignment will help lead you into the history of the Pagan side of Mardi Gras and how it is related to harvest and the Catholic Church.
Give each student in the group a different topic related to Mardi Gras and carnivals. You may choose to use topics such as: Carnival (entire period of balls and parades), Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday), Krewes (ex. Comus and Rex), masks (history of them and purpose in the festivities), Lent and Strove Tuesday, Doubloons and other throws. To gather information regarding these topics, refer to the information at MardiGrasDay.com. If computer access is not easy, just print out a Mardi Gras package for each group. Let the students study their topic overnight and in class.
2 man Group Projects
Split class into two-man groups and have each group write a two-page paper on Mardi Gras. They will have class time to write this paper and the Internet (if possible as a guide) and the teacher as a reference. Each paper can be about any aspect that the group finds interesting. The group will have to give a brief presentation (30 seconds) of what they found to be interesting about Mardi Gras. These presentations will be given on the last day of the lesson.
Open Discussion, King Cake
Pick two students to be the King and Queen of Mardi Gras. Have them cut the King Cake and hand it out. Explain the meaning of finding the baby. While eating king cake discuss with the students what they have learned about Mardi Gras and Carnival: how it got started, some of the traditions, and when and where it occurs. Ask each student to answer any of three questions for a homework paper over the weekend.
Overnight topic (questions)
Two-man group papers
Written paper on three facts about Mardi Gras and Carnivals.
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Viewing Families in the Order "Systellommatophora" (Land Slugs)
Land Slugs are shell-less mollusks with soft slimy bodies that live on land in moist environments. They have two pairs of feelers on their head to sense light and smells and their muscle contractions make them move in rhythmic waves. Slugs secrete a mucous that helps them travel, prevents damage to their tissues and can help protect them from predators. They live under rocks, bark, logs, or wherever there is moisture. Slugs are hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs. Slugs are very important to the ecosystem as they eat decayed plant material and fungi. Some will even eat dead snails, earthworms or other slugs. Most slugs are harmless to humans but they can be serious pests to agriculture.
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Kristi Harder, 1868-72 Pioneer & Settler (Emigrant & Farm Wife)
Depicting a strong-willed 1870’s pioneer woman of western US (Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming) who came with her family via wagon at a time when the world was speeding up after the completion of the transcontinental railroad. The fast pace of the era combined with the rough and rustic lifestyle of the American West meant there were some conveniences, but they were not easy to come by.
Kristi hires out to living history farms, forts, and museums for seasonal interpretation of specific activities; notably that of a married farm woman in either her “working clothes” or her “go to meeting” clothes. The authenticity of her ensemble allows her to participate as an “extra” in short films about the west, to fill in photo shoots, or to work with schools on educational programs.
Kristi’s ensemble must be historically correct from the “bum up” because she will be working outside in the elements, actually handling stock and the tasks such as driving a team, gardening, housekeeping, and cooking. Details and accessories must be consistent and appear (or actually end up being) worn and weathered. She will need summer and winter outer wear (bonnet and cloak) for year round interpretation.
SETTING FOR HER STORY
‘WESTWARD BOUND, THE OREGON TRAIL
Between 1840 and 1869 visions of paradise, towering trees, lush valleys, rich soil, and limitless opportunity called to over 500,000 pioneers who would head west to fulfill their dreams. The 2000 mile route was called the Oregon Trail.
Originally an ancient network of Indian footpaths and animal trails that crisscrossed the West, in the early 1800’s fir tra[ers made the trail passable for wagons. Freight wagons followed soon after in the 1830’s and 1840’s, beating a track along the Platte River and South Pass in what is now Wyoming. This “fur trace” was the beginning of the trail.
Christian missionaries took advantage of the trail, joining caravans for safety. Missionary wives Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Spalding joined the “fur brigade” in 1836, becoming the first white women to cross the continent on what would become the Oregon Trail.
As the beaver died out with a final fur trader’s Rendezvous in 1840, travelers Joel and Mary Walker and their 4 children traveled on to Oregon’s Willamette Valley. This proved families could make the trip, opening the way for pioneer families to come. Early in 1841 the first emigrant wagon trail set out from Independence, MO. The party of 80 men, women, and children headed through Kansas, to Chimeny Rock in Scott’s Bluff (which would be Nebrraska), and across the Continental Divide to Soda Springs. There the party split up between the Oregon and California bound travelers.
FROM EMIGRANT TO SETTLER
In 1850 Congress passed the Donation Land Act, offering 160 acres ofland to white males or half-Indian settlers, with another 160 acres to their wives. Travel – and weddings! – boomed as settlers rushed to stake claims in the new West. By the mid to late 1800’s settlers laid claim to what had been tribal lands.
In the first decade of Oregon Trail travel, relationships between Indians and emigrants was generally cooperative. Tribes helped supply game and acted as guides. Most emigrants returned the favors. Tensions grew, however, in 1849 when gold was found in California, increasing the number of travelers beyond emigrants.
Gold prospectors slaughtered buffalo herds, trampled native plants, and destroyed the Indian’s way of life. The Indians demanded payment for passage, but the travelers refused. Relations deteriiorated by the late 1850’s. Indians killed travelers, and travelers killed Indians. In Oregon, farming, mining, and logging destroyed Indian villages and salmon sites. Treaties were made and broken, and most tribes were forced onto reservations.
In just a few decades, the western world had been changed forever.
AT THE TIME OF DEPICTION
The story of the Oregon Trail closed in 1869 with the completion of the transcontinental railroad. People still used sections of the trail for local trips, and well-used sections were paved as highways and roads.
Kristi’s story begins at this meeting of what was and what would be. Experiences of those traveling west on the many trails and passages were similar:drudgery of walking hundreds of miles, suffocating dust, violent thunderstorms, mud, temperature extremes, bad water, poor forage, sickness, and death.
We find her character finally settled on 320 acres of her own in Wyoming, after surviving more than a year of the journey across the country.
Continue below to see the Finished Product
Pioneer to Settler Ensemble 1868-72
- Knee length chemise with basic flat lace on neckline only, alteration tucks, puffed sleeves with bands
- Split pantaloons with drop down and flat lace or inset/faggoting on bottom; low calf with optional string tie to make 3″ ruffle
- Period correct corset, minimal boned, basic with some embroidery
- No corset cover
- Inner (warmth and modesty) ankle petticoat flat with no ornament of unbleached muslin
- petticoat with layers of ruffle, bottom layer ornamented, and alteration tucks (1–4 tucks); tie for gathering adjustment (optional button closure if tight fitting bodice used)
- full dress with bodice attached – bodice with darts and fitted (as opposed to the looser gathered style equally pertinent to the character – this is a personal preference); straight at natural waist (no insert “V”) except for 2 piece for tucking; skirt evening gathered front to back with wide bell skirt to allow full movement (as per historic samples)
- (optional 2-piece in contrasting light cotton with heavier fabric skirt – but same silhouettes). 2 piece would be less fitted
- drop front apron with ties; full gather to match skirt and straight line
- flat heeled, lacing boots in black or brown – well worn
- bonnet of high fashion fabric and ties of self fabric – working slat bonnet
- “Saucer” Bonnet with double chin ties for dress up
- brooch or pendant watch
- hair as per period using pins or combs
- cotton gartered stockings (modern tall boot COTTON (no blends) knee socks will suffice)
1880’s “Settled” Western Pioneer Ensemble
To extend Kristi’s story, and to provide her with a wider range of work possibilities in interpretation of the West, we have designed in a way to use her investment in most of the outfit, and to just change the top dress layer and some accessories.
Not only does this follow her across the US on the trail into finding her new home, but also finds her settled and living a new lifestyle of the pioneer of the 1880’s. The fashion, style and function of her later garments will – exactly as a woman of the time would have done – use as much of what she had to be worked over, reconstructed, or remade at minimal cost and minimal materials, with intent to meet her new lifestyle and limited resources at first.
Created new for her will be outer garments:
- 1 piece cotton print work dress, with print/dye processes of a later date reproduction fabric
- Slat Prairie style work bonnet (may be used earlier too, but this too has a later dated dye and print process included a 2-color paisley)
- White cotton simple apron; with a pin bib drop front and string ties
- Boots – the REAL AUTHENTIC boots we purchased for Kristi are actually mid-1880’s; too late for her 1868 depiction, and exactly accurate for this depiction. She will stretch the interpretation and wear the same pair for both eras
Same Unders For Both Eras
Kristi will be using her same undergarments, with slight switches and modifications, to depict 10-15 years later after her character has been established in the West on her farm in Nebraska. She will be tossing the crinoline and cup bonnet of her previous era, and keeping most everything else the same underneath.
Her 1880’s will use from the 1868-72 undergarments:
- Short Corset (unmodified)
- Bustle/Crinolette (instead of hoop crinoline)
- Chemise (there are 2; she may choose either and switch out for the two eras)
- Drawers (there are 2; she may choose either and switch out)
- Petticoat – using JUST the inner petticoat of the previous era; 1 only and no modesty petticoats
- Shoes, stockings, boots the same
SELECTED FABRICS & NOTIONS
We made 2 sets of Chemise and Drawers. The first was of unbleached cotton sateen. The design was modified to drop the shoulders to accommodate the dropped shoulders on the semi-sheer gauze blouse to come. We wish we had made cap sleeves instead of full sleeves; would have been more appropriate for the trail.
While the fit will be correct and period accurate, we felt the chemise was too long to tuck into the drawers without gauzing a “pooch” (we’re aiming for a smooth front belly to switch back and forth from crinoline wide skirt to early bustle flat front). It seemed too high quality for a pioneer; better as sleep garment if it had a neck. We made use it yet; whichever has best fit.
Of particular note is the intricate hand detailing of silk twist loops on the real pearl buttons, and the complex tucks on the bottom. While this era permits machine stitching, the complex gusset and neckline design required hours of fine hand work. You can see how flattering this will be for a thin waist and emphasis on a full bust.
Made to match Chemise 1, these are “split drawers”. Fully split to allow Kristi to use the toilet, they are of sateen unbleached cotton. Again attempting a flat front and emphasis on small waist (and large rear end), these we felt were a bit short in design, and a bit too high of quality for the trail. Both Chemise and Drawers 1 would be something Kristi’s character would carry in a trunk from her wedding day.
We applied the same cotton edge lace and pin tucks as the chemise, but felt further lace would be too extreme. The lace used on Chemise 1 feels a bit too “renaissance” rather than Victorian.
Fixing a few things; simplify, lighten the weight to a simple unbleached muslin that is more “trail worthy”, shortening the chemise, and lengthening the drawers. This should have a better “tuck”, better fit under the drop shoulder of the blouse, and be extremely flattering on the shoulders. It will give the hourglass silhouette.
The decision as to which to use will depend on fit and comfort. These are to be the bottom most layer of undergarments for this character, so they must be very durable and washable. Without Kristi to fit the shoulders, we keep our fingers crossed there will be no alterations.
This era used commercial patterns and sewing machines; so our flat pattern modifications of a real pattern was appropriate. There was still more than 3/4 of the stitching by hand, for much detail and handwork. Of particular note again is the lovely real pearl button with silk twist hand made buttonhole loops, and organic cotton laces and threads.
Matching the lightweight unbleached muslin of Chemise 2, these have similar handwork and detailing which include organic cotton crocheted lace and cotton ties. These are fully split drawers again – from waistband to leg for use on the toilet. We made these ankle length more appropriate to the 1868, with silk ribbon ties to bring them up for an 1872 look. Ruffles are of self fabric and designed to be light, durable, and very washable without ironing.
The weight and feel of these should be right for the trail.
Boots, Stockings, & Gloves
Replacement Gloves. The first pair were too delicate. These are AUTHENTIC too!
Silk Saucer Bonnet (1868-72)
Slat Bonnet (1880’s)
March 2018 Show
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27 notecards = 7 pages (4 cards per page)
What are the characteristics of anemia?
Deficiency in the number of RBCs, quantity of hgb, volume RBCs.
How is anemia classified?
Morphologic - size, color, content of cells
Etiologic - Cause of the anemia. Goal is to correct the cause of the anemia.
Mild - Hgb 10 to 12, may exist w/o symptoms, might show in someone with other heart conditions or COPD
Moderate - Hgb 6-10, increased cardiopulmonary symptoms, experienced at rest or during activity, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, short of breath, low activity tolerance (even talking).
Severe - Hgb less than 6. Involves multiple body systems. Jaundice, severe tachycardia, murmurs, bruits, thin blood, could lead to heart failure. Roaring in the ears, headache, confusion (especially in the elderly). Beefy red swollen tongue, distention from enlarged liver and spleen
What are the clinical manifestations of anemia?
Pallor, jaundice, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, short of breath, low activity tolerance, hypotension. Symptoms even at rest.
How does anemia affect the older population?
Anemia is common in older adults due to chronic disease and nutritional deficiencies. HTN, diabetes, and lack of nutrition, especially lack of iron, will cause anemia.
S/s often go unnoticed or mistaken for normal aging changes.
What are the characteristics of iron-deficiency anemia?
One of the most common chronic hematologic disorders
Found in up to 30% of world population
Iron deficiency anemia develops from:
–Inadequate dietary intake (5-10%) of ingested iron is absorbed
–Blood loss (2 ml of blood contains mg of iron)
Nutrition is NOT usually the cause of deficiency. Some people have dumping syndrome where everything goes straight through you without being absorbed.
What are the clinical manifestations of iron-deficiency anemia?
General manifestations anemia, pallor most common, glossitis is 2nd, burning of the tongue.
What are some diagnostic tests used in diagnosis of anemia?
Labs: Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCHC, reticulocytes, serum iron, TIBC, bilirubin, platelets.
Stool guaiac test - like a hemoccult test
Endoscopy and Colonoscopy if there is GI bleeding.
What are the goals of treatment and how do we accomplish these goals?
Goal: Treat the underlying disease.
Possible underlying causes are malnutrition or alcoholism.
Increase intake of iron, nutritional therapy, oral iron (absorbed with vit C, not absorbed with milk, will stain the teeth) or occasional parenteral iron supplements, transfusion of packed RBCs.
What education should be considered with oral iron?
Enteric-coated or sustained-release capsules are counterproductive (released far down GI tract)
Best absorbed as ferrous sulfate in an acidic environment-take with Vitamin C to enhance absorption
Liquid iron should be diluted and ingested through a straw
Side effects-heartburn, constipation, diarrhea
What interventions should a nurse implement with a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
Identify at-risk groups - very young, those on poor diets, women of child-bearing age.
Supplemental iron - best is ferrous sulfate
Discuss diagnostic studies
Must follow iron therapy for 2 to 3 months after hemoglobin levels return to normal.
What is the etiology of thalassemia?
An autosomal recessive genetic disorder of inadequate production of normal hemoglobin. It's gonna come from the parents. Most of the time they get one gene from mom, one from dad.
Causes decreased erythrocyte production.
Hemolysis also occurs
Problem with globulin protein
–Abnormal Hb synthesis
One thalassemic gene
Two thalassemic genes
What are the clinical manifestations of Thalassemia minor and thalassemia major?
T minor: Frequently asymptomatic, mild ot moderate anemia
Physical and mental growth often delayed
Symptoms develop in childhood by age 2
Splenomegaly from continuous removal of damaged RBCs
Hepatomegaly from build up of iron
Jaundice from hemolysis
Chronic bone marrow hyperplasia
Bones look really big, face is square looking, joints look expanded.
What is the treatment for thalassemia?
No specific diet or drug is effective.
T minor: Body adapts to decreased hgb.
T major: Blood transfusions with IV deferoxamine. It's a chelating agent that binds to the iron.
May have spleen removed to treat that.
What is megaloblastic anemia? What are the two types of megaloblastic anemias?
Group of disorder caused by impaired DNA synthesis.
Characterized by presence of large RBCs
Majority result from deficiency in cobalamin and folic acid
What is the etiology of cobalamin deficiency? What is this caused by?
In cobalamin deficiency, intrinsic factor (IF), a protein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach, is not produced. IF is required for cobalamin absorption in the small intestine.
Pernicious anemia (most common) -
Gastritis and Gastrectomy
What are clinical manifestations of cobalamin deficiency?
What are the diagnostic findings apparent in cobalamin deficiency?
What nursing care is indicated in the management of cobalamin deficiency?
Parenteral or intranasal administration of cobalamin. Daily for the first 2 weeks, weekly for the next 4 weeks, then once a month for maintenance.
Increase in dietary cobalamin does not correct the anemia
Still important to emphasize adequate dietary intake
Ensure that injuries are not sustained because of the patient’s diminished sensations to heat and pain
Ensure patient compliance with treatment
Evaluate patient for gastric carcinoma frequently
What are clinical manifestations of folic acid deficiency?
How do we treat folic acid deficiency?
Replace the folic acid. Eat green,leafy vegetables, whole grains, fish, liver, orange juice.
What are the causes of anemia of chronic disease? Why does it occur?
–End-stage renal disease
–Chronic liver disease
–Chronic endocrine diseases like thyroid problems or diabetes
Why? Underproduction of RBCs and shortened lifespan of RBCs.
Iron moves from circulation to storage sites.
What are some diagnostic findings in anemia of chronic disease? How do we treat it?
↑ Serum ferritin
↑ Iron stores
Normal folate and cobalamin levels
Mild anemia in most cases.
What are the characteristics of aplastic anemia?
Pt has pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow. Small bones.
Low incidence, managed with Epogen or blood transfusion.
Can be critical condition in the case of hemorrhage or sepsis.
What are the different types of aplastic anemia?
Congenital: From chromosomal alterations
Acquired: Results from exposure to ionizing radiation, chemo drugs like dilantin or phenobarbital, chemical agents, viral and bacterial infections, and prescribed medications
Most with acquired have an autoimmune disorder
What are clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia?
Can present abruptly or insidiously
General manifestations of anemia. Fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, murmur, ankle edema, hypotension, headache, confusion.
What diagnostic studies are used to confirm aplastic anemia?
Hgb, WBC, and platelets are usually decreased along with reticulocyte count.
Bleeding time prolonged.
What are the goals, prognosis, and treatment options for aplastic anemia?
Goal: Prevent complications from infection and hemorrhage
Prognosis: 75% fatal
Treatment options: Bone marrow transplant or immunosupressive therapy
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With Tesla leading the shift from fossil fuels to renewable alternatives in the west, countries in Asia are also adhering to this changing trend. With the recent announcement of solar projects, Pakistan has also joined the race of increasing its renewable energy capacity.
India too has shifted its focus on the subject and has recently rolled out its first train with solar panels installed on the rooftops of coaches.
Solar Powered Appliances
Make no mistake, the train’s engine will still be powered by diesel. What has changed is the source of energy for the electrical appliances inside the coaches themselves.
Lights, fans, entertainment systems and other small electric powered devices will be shifted to the renewable power source. This may seem insignificant but in reality it does make a massive difference.
Sixteen panels are installed on a single coach. A train with six of these solar powered coaches can save roughly 21,000 liters of fuel worth approximately 19.5 lac Rupees.
This is just with a single train mind you. If this system is widely adopted, it could save millions of rupees and also would be great for the environment.
The managing director of Jakson Engineers – the firm behind the technology – says that the installation of these panels is not as simple as just slapping them on the rooftops and be done with it.
It proved to be a challenge for the engineers to fit the panels in such a manner that they could resist the high resistive forces due to the train’s speed of over 80 kmph.
The retrofitting of a single coach with this solar energy system costs a significant 14.7 lac Rupees. In other words, applying the system on six coaches makes up for the initial cost in less than 5 months.
The added benefit of less pollution and greater power savings in the long run clearly outweigh the initial cost.
Opportunity for Pakistan Railways
Pakistan is also working on its railway system’s refinement. Recently a plan to install solar powered traffic signalling system was announced by Pakistan Railways which can alert train drivers of any activity on the track 3.5 Km beforehand.
This is good step forward but we require bolder moves. Moves like the one India just made. Our engineers are more than capable to do the same if not more. A step like this will truly breath a new life in Pakistan Railways. However, the tracks, coaches and the whole system needs a lot of work before the department can truly take off and become profitable.
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What is a slaughter health check?
A slaughter health check involves evaluating pigs at the slaughter plant for disease lesions, pneumonia mainly due to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, liver scarring due to ascarid (roundworms) larval migration, atrophic rhinitis and sarcoptic mange. Other lesions can be observed such as pericarditis, pleuritis and peritonitis (scarring of the heart, chest and abdomen, respectively; often caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Hemophilus parasuis or Streptococcus suis), tumors, abscesses, foot lesions and arthritis. Evaluating pigs at slaughter enables assessment of disease levels in “normal” pigs, unlike necropsy examinations which focus on evaluating lesions in “sick” pigs.
Why are slaughter health checks used less frequently than in the past?
The primary reason slaughter checks were performed in the past was to validate the disease-free status of specific pathogen free (SPF) herds. The decline in the number of SPF herds, along with labor-related costs and biosecurity constraints have resulted in fewer slaughter health checks. In addition, newer herd health practices including mycoplasma vaccination, age segregated rearing (multi-site production), improved biosecurity, modern facilities, disease eradication protocols and reduced weaning age have improved the overall health status of pigs. Multi-site production in particular has changed disease patterns such that overall disease levels may be reduced, but disease in a particular group of pigs may be more severe. Accordingly, slaughter checks on a few groups may not adequately characterize the health of a whole system that has multiple flows of pigs raised on multiple sites.
Why consider a slaughter health check now?
There are many reasons for having a slaughter health check done on your pigs with the primary reason to follow up on a well-defined clinical disease problem in a flow or site. A slaughter check will evaluate the scope of the disease in the larger population. On the other hand, the scope of disease may not be captured from the smaller number of pigs typically necropsied during a diagnostic workup. With multi-site produced pigs, it is important to select groups of pigs where disease was observed or suspected.
Currently, pneumonia is the most significant concern in commercial swine operations. Recent slaughter checks conducted by Merck Animal Health technical service veterinarians have revealed a large degree of variation in the control of pneumonia, most of which appear to be related to the number of mycoplasma vaccine doses (one vs. two) administered to the pigs. The results of these checks are available in an accompanying technical bulletin.
A second reason to conduct a slaughter health check is to evaluate a change in a herd’s health program or some other production practice by providing information beyond routine production records. Although production records should be the cornerstone of evaluating the relative benefits of different products and practices, slaughter health checks, along with other disease monitoring efforts such as testing blood, oral fluids and feces for antibodies and pathogens, can be used to better understand the underlying reasons for observed performance differences. In order to use a slaughter check in this manner, a “baseline” of slaughter checks should be in place before the production practice is changed.
A third reason is to identify a disease that is not clinically apparent in the herd. Although this may seem far fetched, in fact, our recent slaughter checks have revealed diseases in herds that were not apparent, and if left unattended, could develop into serious problems. Why? Many herds are now getting older and even though they were populated with relatively clean pigs, a lot of time has passed and new diseases have unknowingly entered these herds. Reduction in antibiotic use due to economics and food safety concerns may enable the clinical revival of bacterial diseases that were previously in check. In some operations, the frequency of necropsies has been insufficient, the disease lesions were not recognized by the person performing the necropsy or the location of the disease in the pig was not examined. For example, failing to saw snouts may result in missing an atrophic rhinitis diagnosis.
How do I get a slaughter health check done?
The first step is to contact a Merck Animal Health sales representative who will in turn forward the request to a Merck Animal Health technical services veterinarian. A plan will then be developed to accomplish the check. Communication between the producer, the buyer for the slaughter plant, the herd’s veterinarian and Merck Animal Health personnel are necessary to coordinate scheduling of the pigs to the plant at the right time and scheduling the personnel who will be doing the slaughter check. Generally, a minimum of one week of lead time is needed to get the check organized.
What are the limitations of a slaughter check?
First of all, it is important to recognize that the lesions observed at slaughter may be recent in nature. The lack of visible lesions does not mean that the pigs were free of the disease for the entire growing period. This is especially true with pneumonia lesions and liver scars, which can resolve over time. Likewise, pneumonia lesions are not specific to mycoplasma. Lesions due to swine influenza virus can look the same. To differentiate the two diseases, lung samples may be collected at slaughter and evaluated in the laboratory to determine the causative agent in groups that exhibit a high level of pneumonia.
How are slaughter checks scored?
Pneumonia lesions are scored based on the percentage of the lung surface that exhibits visible lesions. Both the group’s average score and the percentage of lungs with greater than 5 percent and 20 percent involvement are calculated. Reference values for comparison are provided by Merck Animal Health technical service veterinarians. The reference values are based on previous evaluations by Merck Animal Health and published papers.
Atrophic rhinitis is scored based on the degree of turbinate atrophy and septal deviation. An average score is calculated and a relative herd severity level is assigned by the Merck Animal Health veterinarian who conducted the check. Mange is scored based on the presence of small, red papules on the skin surface after the hair has been removed from the carcass. Livers are scored based on the number of scars present on the surface. For both liver scars and mange a negative status is desired in most herds, so the data is evaluated more on a yes/no basis.
How does slaughter health check information fit in with other diagnostic testing, production records and observations?
The interpretation and value of the slaughter health check information will vary between herds and over time. The information needs to be evaluated and interpreted in light of previous diagnostic test results, production records and observations made by the herd’s staff, the attending veterinarian and other advisors. In some cases, the slaughter check information will provide a definitive answer to a question such as a product comparison or verification of a clinically obvious problem. Often times, the information leads to additional testing, especially when the results are unexpected such as the situation where a disease new to the herd, such as atrophic rhinitis is diagnosed or the extent of a disease, such as ascarid infestation, needs to be determined.
How much does it cost to have a slaughter health check done?
Merck Animal Health technical service veterinarians will perform the checks at no cost to the producer where appropriate. If a private practitioner performs the check, Merck Animal Health will work with the practitioner and may assist with the cost where appropriate, providing that the data collected will be made available to Merck Animal for inclusion in a slaughter health check database.
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mages of regenerated lenses after the seventeenth lentectomy.
Following along a theme of what some would have called ‘Mad Science’ (the prior article being about a double leg transplant from a cadaver) we have a researcher who removed the lens from an eye of newts 18 times. Fictional Witches should never run out of the ingredient eye of newt.
The extent to which adult newts retain regenerative capability remains one of the greatest unanswered questions in the regeneration field. Here we report a long-term lens regeneration project spanning 16 years that was undertaken to address this question. Over that time, the lens was removed 18 times from the same animals, and by the time of the last tissue collection, specimens were at least 30 years old. Regenerated lens tissues number 18 and number 17, from the last and the second to the last extraction, respectively, were analysed structurally and in terms of gene expression. Both exhibited structural properties identical to lenses from younger animals that had never experienced lens regeneration. Expression of mRNAs encoding key lens structural proteins or transcription factors was very similar to that of controls. Thus, contrary to the belief that regeneration becomes less efficient with time or repetition, repeated regeneration, even at old age, does not alter newt regenerative capacity.
Over a 16-year period, Panagiotis Tsonis at the University of Dayton, Ohio, and colleagues removed the lenses of six Japanese newts 18 times. After each excision, the lenses regenerated. They did so not from remaining lens tissue, but from pigment epithelial cells in the upper part of the iris.
By the end of the study the newts were 30 years old, five years older than their average lifespan in the wild. Even so, the regenerated lenses from the last two excisions were indistinguishable from lenses of 14-year-old adults that had never regenerated a lens.
Tsonis says the regenerative abilities may be down to efficient DNA repair. “The knowledge that newts can regenerate even in old age presents an opportunity to uncover mechanisms of regeneration resistant to ageing,” says James Godwin of the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute in Clayton, Victoria. This, he adds, could one day help develop therapies to extend tissue regeneration in humans.
Our observation that regenerative ability in newts does not decline with repetition or over time suggests that mechanisms that underlie these activities are not altered by the debilitating effects of injury and ageing. It is also possible that the newt might use novel mechanisms to protect its cells from harmful mutations that might be introduced over long periods of time. It is important that no cataract (a common disease of the lens related to ageing) was ever observed. Moreover, our observations have significant consequences on the role of ‘precursor’ cells for lens transdifferentiation. If the source of the regenerating lens is cells of the iris that do not replenish themselves, then, by the 18th time there would be hardly any iris left. To alleviate such a problem two possibilities can be considered. First, that loss of iris PECs results in regeneration of iris from precursor cells and thus there is source of cells all the time. Second, that as the PECs divide, both daughter cells do not contribute to transdifferentiation, as one of them should be maintained as a PEC. The latter possibility seems most probable as the same occurs during retina regeneration from the retina pigment epithelium. In this sense, somatic PECs behave as progenitor cells. Such patterns of proliferation have not been studied well in this system, and our present data provide the impetus to identify them. Also, based on the fact that carcinogens induce lens regeneration even from the ventral iris (but no cancer) it is possible that signalling related to oncogenesis inhibits the action of replicative senescence during regeneration. In addition, despite beliefs that aged animals regenerate less efficiently than young ones (also discussed by Darwin), our experiments show that this is not the case in the newt. As regenerative medicine has entered a new era, the knowledge that aged tissues possess robust regenerative capabilities should provide the impetus to identify mechanisms underlying this capacity in the newt and compare them with strategies being employed to promote mammalian regeneration, such as the creation of iPS cells. Our findings, thus, are of paramount importance to the field of regeneration and ageing.
Research: Mechanisms and induction of tissue regeneration
Tissue repair and regeneration of body parts are quite amazing biological and physiological processes that occur in all animals to one degree or another. Many animals, including humans, contain stem cells or progenitor cells that are capable of differentiating to several cell types at injury sites and contribute to repair. On the other hand some urodele amphibians have the incredible capacity of regenerating whole body parts, such as limbs, tails, spinal cord, eyes, brain, ear, jaw and heart. In these animals regeneration is achieved through the dedifferentiation of the existing terminally differentiated cells at the injury site. In other words these animals possess the unique capacity of returning their adult somatic cells back to an embryonic state or a progenitor state. To address these very important questions we use as a system regeneration of eye and limb tissues in amphibians. During the past few years we have learned much about the induction mechanisms and we are attempting to extend our studies in mammals as well. We have also heavily invested in establishing technology for gain and loss of function in adult newts as well as in creating resources, such as ESTs and whole transcriptome.
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A birth injury is different from a birth defect: a birth defect is something that your child was going to be born with due to genetic predisposition. A birth injury, on the other hand, is indicative of some kind of mistake that changed (what would have been) your normal delivery into a traumatic experience for your infant (and also for you). Birth injuries have many different facets to them. Sometimes a birth injury could seem like an isolated injury, or a birth injury could be related to a network of related injuries, all affecting your child in different ways. Perinatal asphyxia, or neonatal asphyxia, is one such birth injury: it is an initial birth injury that–if gone untreated–could expose your child to a whole network of related birth injuries.
What is Perinatal Asphyxia?
Perinatal asphyxia is the name for when your child doesn’t breathe normally just before, during, or after birth. Asphyxia is a condition that describes a decreased or discontinued level of oxygen, and perinatal is the period that describes just before, during, and after delivery.
What Happens During Perinatal Asphyxia?
Because the perinatal period is a brief window, a child with perinatal asphyxia is typically born quiet. Sometimes a pediatrician can be monitoring the vital signs of the baby, recognize an alarming decrease of oxygen and perinatal asphyxia, and result in a baby delivered via emergency c-section. Other times, a baby is born vaginally and is silent or limp with perinatal asphyxia. During both scenarios, the medical staff members work to get the child to breathe as quickly as possible.
What Causes Perinatal Asphyxia?
There are a number of ways the baby could stop breathing. Sometimes it’s related to a prolapsed umbilical cord (when the cord comes out before the baby does), or it’s related to the umbilical cord being pinched somehow. Sometimes a baby stops breathing because of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, a situation in which the baby is stressed, defecates meconium, and breathes it in either before, during, or just after vaginal delivery. Sometimes a child is born prematurely (before 37 weeks) and his or her lungs are under developed resulting in the inability to breathe his or herself. The cause is usually related to the extenuating circumstances, and the perinatal asphyxia describes the low level of oxygen the child is getting as a result of that.
What are the Symptoms of Perinatal Asphyxia?
The symptoms of a child not breathing are pretty obvious. If the child is crying and breathing normally, he or she does not have it, but if a child is silent, limp, blue, or has trouble breathing (including rapid breathing), it’s fairly obvious that the child has the condition.
What is the Treatment for Perinatal Asphyxia?
If the child isn’t breathing because of something like meconium aspiration syndrome, the medical staff needs to work to suction out the fluid so that the child can breathe normally. For other causes, the medical staff needs to respond to these obstacles as they come, though one of the many options may be to put the child on a respirator. If a child hasn’t been breathing for a long period of time, the medical staff may choose to proactively attempt to reverse any brain damage by putting the infant in a hyperbaric oxygen tank, a therapy intended to expose the child to a 100% oxygen environment and to flood the body with as much restorative oxygen as possible.
What are the Risks for a Child that Hasn’t Been Breathing for a Long Period of Time?
When a child hasn’t been breathing for any period of time, you may experience even a mild risk of brain damage. Low levels of oxygen in the blood also create acidosis, a condition when too much acid in the blood builds up (another condition that could be treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy). Any time a child stops breathing for close to five minutes, there is a very real risk of brain damage include intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and other problems such as seizures. For this particular birth injury, the timing of the perinatal asphyxia will determine whether the child has other more severe birth injuries.
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Charles Darwin was born Feb. 12, 1809, five decades before he would forever change the field of biology with "On the Origin of Species." Another book, published 143 years later, dubbed his opus on evolution "the single best idea, ever."
The editors of that book helped found Darwin Day in the 1990s, honoring not just Darwin, but also "the achievements of humanity as represented in the acquisition of verifiable scientific knowledge." People had already been celebrating Darwin's birthday on Feb. 12 for decades, but Darwin Day became a global holiday for science, with Darwin as its patriarch — sort of like a less jolly, more scholarly Santa Claus.
But while Darwin's discovery of natural selection has revolutionized science, it has also inspired generations of critics. Some distrust it for religious reasons, seeing it as a threat to creationism or "intelligent design," and some just don't like to think of people as animals. Darwin wasn't anti-religion, though; he was on track to be a clergyman before his fateful Galapagos trip, and he's buried at Westminster Abbey.
Promoting peace between science and religion is the focus of another Darwin-themed event this month: the Clergy Letter Project's Evolution Weekend, held every year on the weekend nearest Darwin's birthday. The idea is for religious groups to discuss evolution, whether in a sermon or just as a side topic in Sunday school. Some advocates of intelligent design dismiss this as a push to "Darwinize," but it has still spread to hundreds of congregations in five countries and 43 U.S. states.
There have also been renewed efforts lately to make Darwin Day a U.S. holiday. Former U.S. Rep. Rush Holt of New Jersey, for example, introduced a resolution in 2013 "expressing support" for the federal designation of Darwin Day, an idea first floated in 2011 by former Rep. Pete Stark of California.
"Charles Darwin is even more than the author of the theory of evolution, as great as that is," Holt said in a statement. "He represents a way of thinking, a philosophy, a methodology. It was his thirst for knowledge and scientific approach to discovering new truths that enabled him to develop the theory of evolution. This lesson, about the value of scientific thinking, is almost as valuable as the theory he uncovered."
That effort failed, but other legislators have carried the torch since Holt left Congress in 2015. Darwin Day resolutions are regularly introduced on Capitol Hill, such as a pair of bills floated by lawmakers from Connecticut in 2018, one by U.S. Sen. Richard Blumenthal and another by U.S. Rep. Jim Himes.
"In our modern political climate, when the very facts and truths revealed by science are under attack, honoring the efforts of scientists, the true heroes of human history, is vitally important," Himes said in 2017. "By celebrating and commemorating today, the anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, we not only acknowledge his enormous contributions to our better understanding of the origins of life, but send a message that we value education, knowledge and science as our guiding principles."
Balloons commemorate Darwin Day at the University of Arizona. (Photo: Katja Schulz/Flickr)
If you'd like to honor Darwin's legacy but aren't sure how, here are a few suggestions:
Host a Phylum Feast. Darwin enthusiasts have been holding yearly Phylum Feasts on Feb. 12 since at least the 1970s. A Phylum Feast is a potluck dinner in which all the dishes are as biodiverse as possible — ideally, each should come from a different phylum. Darwin reportedly enjoyed eating "birds and beasts ... unknown to human palate," and many people still see this as a way to embrace our evolutionary past.
"Most of our day-to-day food comes from a small number of domesticated vertebrates and grasses," writes Phylum Feast enthusiast Frederick Schueler, "but by seeking out and identifying the diverse biotic sources of our diet in this meal, we remember our origin as omnivores, and our relatedness to other lineages."
Make 'primordial soup.' Of course, the idea of a Phylum Feast can make conservationists cringe, especially when the menu includes rare or exotic items like minke whale. Phyla diversity is also limited at some grocery stores, often making such feasts impractical. But you could always just make another Darwin Day favorite instead: "primordial soup." Named after the cocktail of amino acids believed to spark the first life on Earth, this dish is wide open to interpretation — from simple stews to Phylum Feasts in a pot.
Attend a Darwin Day event. There are hundreds of Darwin Day events worldwide every year, and darwinday.org offers a partial list of upcoming options. Many are one-day affairs, including several held on Evolution Weekend rather than Darwin Day itself. But the site also lists an array of longer events, like annual "Darwin Week" celebrations in Charleston, South Carolina, as well as Salem, Massachusetts. Darwin Day originally focused on scientific lectures, but today it includes debates, museum exhibits, film festivals, art shows, essay contests and more. Some use the holiday to jointly honor U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who was also born on Feb. 12, 1809.
Go to church. Evolution Weekend is organized by the Clergy Letter Project in hopes of mending an old rift between Darwin and some religious groups. The goal is to foster open discussion about evolution in places of worship, an attempt to "show that religion and science are not adversaries." That doesn't mean capitulating on the scientific validity of evolution, though. It just means spending one weekend focusing on common ground rather than rehashing the same old debates from the Scopes monkey trial.
As the CLP explains on its website:
"Religious people from many diverse faith traditions and locations around the world understand that evolution is quite simply sound science; and for them, it does not in any way threaten, demean, or diminish their faith in God. In fact, for many, the wonders of science often enhance and deepen their awe and gratitude towards God."
Read 'On the Origin of Species.' Not only is the full text of Darwin's seminal work available online, but so are all of his publications. It's a lot to absorb in one day, or even three days, but a chilly February weekend might nonetheless be a good time to dig in — with a steaming bowl of primordial soup, of course.
For more information about evolution by natural selection, check out this classic (and animated) explanation by the late astronomer and science educator Carl Sagan:
Editor's note: This story has been updated since it was first published in February 2012.
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Protecting your hearing is the most important step in preventing hearing loss.
Some forms of hearing loss, such as presbycusis – related to natural aging – are inevitable and cannot be prevented. But noise-induced hearing loss is now the leading cause of hearing impairment. Exposure to excessive noise damages the hair cells in the inner ear and causes irreversible hearing loss. The effects are cumulative over time, and often related to continuous exposure to music, machinery, power tools and other equipment. However, even a single loud gunshot or explosion at close range can cause sudden, permanent hearing damage. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to protect your hearing from this type of noise.
PROTECT YOUR EARS FROM NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
Excessive noise exposure can occur on the job (especially if you work in an industrial setting or use noisy equipment) or recreationally (rock concerts, sporting events, riding motorcycles or snowmobiles, etc.).
Proper earplugs and/or earmuffs are essential in these situations. Your employer must provide adequate hearing protection that meets state and federal regulations when noise levels in the workplace exceed safety thresholds. When taking part in noisy recreational activities, be sure to use earplugs. Custom molded plugs, available through your audiologist, work best.
Additionally you can take these steps to protect your hearing:
- Keep the volume turned down to a reasonable level while listening to music through headphones.
- Give up tobacco (studies show smokers are more prone to hearing loss, though the connection isn’t widely understood).
- Get your hearing tested regularly. Because hearing loss develops gradually and the signs can be difficult to spot early on, having your hearing tested annually can help pinpoint problems as soon as they develop, increasing your odds for successful treatment.
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While many a visionary attempted to invent and market a flying car, the most well known among them is Molt Taylor, who succeeded in building five operational Aerocars in the 1950s. Your best bet to see one nowadays is in a museum, but your best bet to fly one would be to purchase the 1954 Aerocar, N101D, an original and fully functional example for sale on Hemmings.com. From the seller’s description:
This amazing FAA licensed Flying Car is in flyaway, driveway condition. It is the one you read about as a kid in Popular Mechanics and have seen in hundreds of other magazines, books, TV shows and films ever since.
Taylor AEROCAR, License N-101D, was built in 1954. It is a testament to American ingenuity at a time and place when everything was possible – even flying cars. Only five were produced, of which N-101D is an outstanding, airworthy and all-original example.
This historic flying car is Certificated in the FAA’s Standard Airworthiness Category. When used as an automobile, the AEROCAR’s wings fold back and can be towed behind the car. In about 10 minutes, the wings can be folded back into place and the car again becomes an airplane.
The AEROCAR features side-by-side seating for two. Advanced for its time, most of the fuselage skin is of composite material and the car is front-wheel drive. In flight, the wings are high and unobtrusive. Powered by a Lycoming O-320 Engine, the propeller is mounted at the end of a long tail cone, the latter angled up for propeller clearance. Cruise speed is about 100 MPH. Takeoff speed is 55 MPH, and the airplane is controlled by the same steering wheel as is used for driving.
Status: No Longer Available
View past picks: Hemmings Find of the Day Archive
See more vehicles for sale on Hemmings.com.
18 Comments - Leave a Reply
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Moldovan passports are issued to citizens of the Republic of Moldova for the purpose of international travel. The passport is issued by the Public Services Agency “AGENȚIA SERVICII PUBLICE” and by Moldovan foreign representations abroad. The passport is valid for ten years. For children under the age of seven years it is valid for four years. Since 1 January 2006, Moldovan citizens can hold two passports simultaneously, providing a written request has been submitted to local passport office.
MDA – Republic of Moldova • REPUBLICA MOLDOVA •
A – Passport
O – ordinary document
Document version number:
First issued on:
Legal status / main purpose:
Travel document issued to nationals of: MDA – Republic of Moldova • REPUBLICA MOLDOVA •
Format width (mm):
Format height (mm):
Number of pages:
This template contains a set of fonts and instructions for filling.
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This sensor will work with water & I can connect directly to Arduino?
One last question.. What is the difference between the Absolute sensors and the Gauge sensors.. what I found that the Gauge sensors can't read pressure at 0 PSI, only Absolute can do this.. I found this :
For most applications it is the pressure above atmospheric that counts (e.g. in determining flow rate, if the water flows to a tank that is not sealed); so the vented gauge sensor is usually most appropriate.
QuoteOne last question.. What is the difference between the Absolute sensors and the Gauge sensors.. what I found that the Gauge sensors can't read pressure at 0 PSI, only Absolute can do this.. I found this :First PSI is an incomplete, lazy, units of pressure measurement, it relies on assumption. Units should be specified as either psig. psid or psia. where:psig = a pressure measurement made relative to standard atmospheric pressurepsid = a pressure measurement relative to the difference between to applied pressurespsia = a absolute pressure measurement relative to a perfect vacuum (0 psia) on the low side port.So lets step back and talk about how pressure sensors work. They are all 'two port' pressure sensors where what is being measured is the pressure difference between two pressure sensing ports. On some the two ports are accessible to the user, and on most only the 'high side' pressure sensing port is brought out for user attachment. Pressure sensors that are called differential pressure sensors bring those two ports outside the sensor for the user to hook up to. If you applied 100 psia to one port (the low side port) and 101 psia to the other (high side ) port, the sensor would report a 1 psid pressure measurement. Pressure sensors that are called gauge pressure sensor have their low side port vented to atmosphere but not brought out for user attachment, so the low side port will always 'feel' whatever barometric pressure there is at the time, typically a nominal 14.7 psia. The high side port is where the user attaches his desired measurement pressure, and if left unattached to anything the sensor will report a 0 psig pressure measurement. And if 50 psia is applied to the sensing port then the sensor will report a 35.3 psig measurement.Pressure sensors that are called absolute pressure sensors have their internal low side port evacuated and then sealed to as perfect a vacuum as they can obtain so 0 psia. The high side port is what the users attaches to and if left unconnected the absolute pressure sensor will report a 14.7 psia measurement which is nominal atmospheric pressure.So check your pressure sensor product description carefully and if it just says it measures PSI then you should check it's datasheet to make sure what kind of pressure sensor it is. All pressure sensors with two exposed pressure taps are differential pressure sensors, and sensors with one pressure port can be either an absolute pressure sensor or a gauge pressure sensor. Know what you are working with and what you require. Any sensor needing to measure barometric pressure needs to be a absolute pressure sensor. And of course most single port pressure sensors are of the gauge pressure type.Lefty
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- Lansing; 118,588
- 96,716 square miles (250,494 square kilometers)
- Per Capita Income:
- U.S. $30,222
- Date Statehood Achieved:
- January 26, 1837
Michigan's economy has diversified and has gained some independence from the automobile industry. Auto manufacturing is still central, but it has managed to become more efficient, more diversified, and more high tech. More than half a million jobs in the state are connected with motor vehicles and transportation services. Between 1997 and 2003, Michigan attracted 10,229 business projects, ranking number one in the nation for new plants and expansions. Grand Rapids has been a furniture-making center since the late 19th century, while Battle Creek remains America's breakfast-cereal capital.
The Upper Peninsula, with its lakes and forests, continues to attract nature lovers. The recreation industry depends on a healthy environment, but even around Lake Superior's remote Isle Royale National Park fish contain toxic chemicals.
- Industry: Motor vehicles and parts, machinery, metal products, office furniture, tourism, chemicals
- Agriculture: Dairy products, cattle, vegetables, hogs, corn, nursery stock, soybeans
Unplug and unwind at these lake escapes, where time stands still, nature reigns, and there’s a profound sense of peace.
See images of this reinvigorated car capital: its people, neighborhoods, and culture.
Behold the power of Lake Superior from a string of quiet roads along the upper peninsula
2015 Traveler Photo Contest
Explore the top photos, share your favorites, and browse all entries.
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This was in the 2014 March edition of National Geographic Magazine. The caption reads, “Destiny Buck, of the Wanapum tribe, rides her mare, Daisy, in the yearly Indian princess competition in Pendleton, Oregon. Embraced first for war, hunting, and transport, horses became partners in pageantry and a way to show tribal pride.”
Destiny is a sophmore at Wahluke High School in Mattawa, and this gorgeous picture was taken near the Vernita Bridge along the Columbia River.
Wanampum People: Photo by Burrell courtesy of Nez Perce National Historical Park, NEPE 1605.
In October of 1805, Lewis and Clark spent two days with the Wanapum Tribe. Here is an excerpt from Clark’s Journal:
“About 200 men Singing and beeting on their drums Stick and keeping time to the musik,they formed a half circle around us and Sung for Some time, “
William Clark, October 16th Wednesday 1805
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Faced with immense challenges, African governments are putting the "smart city" at the heart of their strategy. To reconcile urbanization, the digital revolution and sustainability.
Cities generate about 80% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP), according to the World Bank. That is to say how important they are to the economies. The smart city is the answer to the urgency of sustainable development goals.
Africa's urban population is growing by more than 20%. Coupled with a busy economic activity. And the rise of the middle class will give a boost to consumption. The most obvious scenario is an explosion in the number of vehicles in circulation. In a paradoxical context of inefficient and undersized road infrastructure. As a result, mobility has become more difficult and car pollution will increase. Even if Africa remains low in CO2. Real estate projects are expected to increase. Thanks to the boom in rural exodus and the growing interest of Africans in better housing conditions. As a result, an exponential increase in energy consumption is to be expected. These warning signs therefore make smart cites a preferred way to avoid the crisis.
The World Bank believes that the growth of cities will be one of the beating hearts of the Continent's development. Starting with land market reforms and regulations. Then by making anticipated and coordinated investments in infrastructure. Governments can take control of urbanization and build more connected and productive African cities. Cities that open their doors to the world.
This openness to the world would be a catalyst for foreign direct investment (FDI). Smarter cities are proving that they are able to attract more FDI. The influx of investments in a Smart City widens the financial flexibility. Especially for municipalities benefiting from state-of-the-art projects. In such an environment, business would take on another dimension.
McKinsey says there will be 100 cities with a population of more than 1 million in Africa by 2025. For them to be smart and for business and citizens to flourish in the long term, countries will face several challenges. The experts unanimously point to electrification first. Africa remains one of the least connected regions in the world, with an electrification rate of 43% in 2016. In other words, 57% of the population lives without regular access to electricity. But smart city inevitably rhymes with maximum access to this energy.
Electrification is the major challenge of a connected city. Experience in northern economies shows that the faster a country has Internet networks, the more GDP increases. So there is a relationship between connecting to the Web and the economy in general. This is the Achilles' heel of African economies. In many countries, Internet connection is still very expensive and of poor quality. States must therefore make efforts to improve electricity supply. It is to meet these needs that Smart Grids are increasingly recommended.
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Reading is a big part of our day.
We use the CAFE model in our Literacy Block every day. Each week we focus on a different CAFE reading strategy in class. CAFE is an acronym for Comprehension, Accuracy, Fluency and Expand vocabulary. All of these areas of reading are extremely important and good readers know they need to read regularly to improve their skills.
We have a CAFE Menu in our classroom. At the end of each week we put a strategy card on the menu.
At the beginning of the year this is what our CAFE Menu looks like.
By the end of the year, it will look more like this!
Last week, our reading strategy was Check for Understanding.
This week, our strategy is Make a Picture in your Mind.
These two comprehension strategies help readers to understand their texts, and we will continue to build on our comprehension as the year progresses.
After working on our reading strategies collectively as a class each morning, the students then participate in 15 – 20 minutes of independent reading. During this time, they practise the strategy independently while reading “good fit” books.
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Oral history records our stories, our knowledge, experiences, anecdotes, observations and achievements. Oral history collects the stories of ordinary people in their own words – the workers, the community, the clients, the onlookers: The people who were there when it happened.
Oral history brings out the richness, the humour, and the emotion of times past, and results in a wealth of recorded knowledge that otherwise may have been forgotten. The spoken word gives different information in a different style to the historical accounts that are based on written documents and academic research.
Remember those stories your grandmother or great grandfather used to tell you? Or the yarns the old bloke who worked at the factory used to spin? That’s oral history.
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Children have the right to protection from violence, abuse and neglect, and from being hurt or mistreated, physically or mentally.
- Article 19, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989
In a world with heightened conflict and more frequent disasters, where mobility and migration are on the increase and where technology can strip away privacy, children are at risk.
UNICEF works to protect children from exploitation, abuse and violence, especially children made vulnerable because of their gender, race or socio-economic status. UNICEF knows Indigenous children, children living with a disability and children without the care and protection of their family are at greater risk.
Exploitation, abuse and violence against children includes sexual abuse, armed violence, trafficking, child labour, gender-based violence, bullying and cyber-bullying, gang violence, female genital mutilation or cutting, child marriage and physically or emotionally violent child discipline.
UNICEF works to end violence against children, support children at risk and assist children who have been subjected to violence to reconnect with families and rebuild their future.
UNICEF Australia currently supports the following child protection programs:
- Protect children from violence, abuse, exploitation, and unnecessary family separation in Cambodia (supported by the Australian Government)
- Strengthening community based child-protection services for vulnerable children in Lao PDR (supported by the Australian Government)
- An integrated child protection system for the prevention and response to violence against children in Myanmar (supported by the Australian Government)
- Supporting accelerated implementation of the Child Protection Act and National Child Protection Policy in Papua New Guinea
- Child Protection in Timor-Leste
Program snapshot: Keeping children in families
Institutionalised care has become an alternative and accessible solution for Cambodian families hoping for a better life for their children. Rather than an option of last resort, in Cambodia institutions have become a desirable –though ill-informed – choice for families living in poverty.
A lack of support and protection for children in these institutions has proved a greater danger than many families would wish for. This, coupled with a volunteer tourist market unwittingly offering temporary help, has created a market for these institutions to thrive, regardless of their standards of care.
“Institutions are not - ever - a better environment for children than a loving family.”
UNICEF has been working with the Cambodian Government and other organisations to stop the reliance on institutionalised care among families and discourage volunteer tourists from lending financial and physical support to institutions that aren’t properly accredited or registered.
UNICEF’s focus has been to educate and train communities on the importance of keeping families together and support the appropriate care, welfare and community development to sustain vulnerable families.
Above: Sreynich, 11, wants to be a doctor. Her mother, Kheum, 33, wants the very best for her too, and when ill health forced her to stop the work she was doing in a Cambodian garment factory she worried she couldn’t afford her daughter’s schooling. A single mum, Kheum considered placing her daughter in institutionalised care. However, with the support of a UNICEF Australia-funded program, she was able to provide her daughter with books to attend school, along with the nutritious food and access to clean water she’ll need to stay strong and healthy to learn. Sreynich loves maths and is one of the top three students in her class.
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Many students struggle with academic citation styles, usually those from the Modern Language Association (MLA) or American Psychological Association (APA). This is a good indication that students are taking the need to and expectation of giving sources proper credit seriously. Most students also understand that the proper integration and citation of external resources strengthens their own writing and academic/professional reputation, too. Simply put, adhering to an academic style makes you look good.
As one who has taught composition, worked as a writing program administrator, and used various styles as a professional writer for over 25 years, I have found students are actually struggling more with the growing pains of moving from being writers of personal expression pieces (e.g., sharing opinions on a novel’s theme) to academic composers of solidly backed informative or persuasive pieces that are part of a larger conversation within a field. The easy part is actually documentation.
Documentation Is Easy?
Remember when you were a kid and you traced pictures in coloring books? You may also have colored them in, written your name on some, and then shared them with mom and dad as you squealed, “Look what I drew!”
Documenting sources is a similar process. Let’s say you read a great book on your Nook and integrate some information from it into a research paper. Now you want to cite the source. All you need to do is find an example in the MLA style guide and copy it. Your source has one author, so you find an example such as this one from the MLA.org website :
Rowley, Hazel. Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage. New York: Farrar, 2010.
Now copy the same format for your source, replacing the information as needed:
Jones, Kayla. Gainful Employment Guide. Chicago: Frank Publishing, 2011. Nook.
Note that all I did was find the example and copy its format: author, title, city, publisher, copyright year, and electronic device name. Continue to work your way through your paper, following the examples given for in-text and bibliography page citations in the required style (e.g., APA or MLA), and you should feel as proud as you once did sharing your picture with your parents.
Although citing sources and following a certain academic style are easier than most students seem to realize, working through the process often feels tedious. This opens the door to some mistakes. The good news, however, is that there are some easy checks to help make sure your documentation is accurate. Here is a checklist I share with my students:
• Make sure the version of the style guide you are using is current. Citation guidelines are regularly updated. Go straight to the APA or MLA website or your university’s writing center rather than random websites or a printed version mom or dad used when they were in school.
• Don’t over-rely on tools that will auto-format citations. They are helpful, but they are not perfect. You still need to review the formatting using a current style guide.
• Complete the bibliography page first; then write the in-text citations.
• Always start bibliography page entries with a name (of an author(s) or of an organization) or a title on reference entries.
• Always use what comes first on the references entry for in-text citations. This will also be the name or title. In the examples given above, the in-text citations will use Rowley or Jones.
• Check the formatting. Is the bibliography double-spaced; did you indent after the first line of each entry; and is the list alphabetized?
• URLs never form in-text citations nor are they the sole item within a bibliography page (e.g., the References or Works Cited) entry. If you have an in-text citation or bibliography page entry that looks like this: (www.mla.org), you will know you have cited incorrectly.
• Cross-check the in-text citations against the bibliography page entries and vice versa. These should match. Any source with an in-text citation must have a complete entry on the bibliography page; any bibliography entry must have at least one in-text citation. This shows readers what source was used and what information came from that source. In the two examples above, I have the Rowley and Jones sources listed on the bibliography page; therefore, in at least once place in which I borrowed information from these sources, their names should appear in an in-text citation. For example, according to MLA: (Jones, ch. 3).
• Never cite yourself or insert “author unknown.”
Few people, if any, have the citation guidelines memorized. However, careful adherence to the suggestions provided in this simple guide should help you correctly document your papers. If you have another good tip, please share it in the comments window below.
Image courtesy of FreeDigitalPhotos.net
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| 0.931385 | 1,030 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Camphor is the white, crystalline product of the Cinnamonum camphora tree. It is used in ointments for its cooling, numbing effect; it is an active ingredient in lip balms meant to treat cold sores. Its strong fragrance is often used in soaps and other scented products.
If you have camphor oil, it can readily be used in homemade ointments and soaps. However, if you have a block of crystalline camphor, you’ll need to melt it into a base in order to use it.
Things You'll Need
Fill the bottom pan of a double boiler half full with water.
Place a wax and oil base into the top pan of the double boiler, such as beeswax or almond oil.
Rest the top of the double boiler onto the bottom of the double boiler, cover it with a lid, and place the whole thing on a stove on medium heat.
Wait for the water to get hot and transfer heat to the top of the double boiler to melt the base.
In the meantime, grate off camphor from its waxy block using a cheese grater. You should get a powdery substance.
Add this powder to the melted waxy or oily base and stir.
Camphor melts at 355 degrees F. It boils at 408 degrees F.
Camphor is not water soluble.
References and ResourcesChest of Books: Camphor Ice
Hot Tips of Health: Camphor
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en
| 0.89459 | 303 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Guns N' Roses (abbreviated as GN'R) is an American hard rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1985 and sold an estimated 90 million albums worldwide. The band's musical style, onstage presence and bad boy rock image helped usher in a new era in the dominant hard rock scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s. While glam metal was the leading genre in record sales, video charts and radio airplay, Guns N' Roses offered a grittier, more traditional take on rock music, which helped to popularize the sub-genre known as sleaze rock and won many fans who admired their apparent authenticity. The band enjoyed worldwide success from 1987 to 1993. Moses was an early Biblical Hebrew religious leader, law giver, prophet, military leader and historian. Moses is traditionally considered the transcriber of the Torah, or the first five books of the Bible, and is also an important prophet in Islam and the Bah?'? Faith. According to the Bible, Moses was born to a Hebrew mother who hid him when the Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed, and ended up being adopted by an Egyptian family. After fleeing slavery, he fled and became a shepherd, and was later commanded by God to deliver the Hebrews from slavery. After the Ten Plagues were unleashed upon Egypt, he led the Hebrew slaves out of Egypt, through the Red Sea, and in the desert for 40 years. He himself didnt enter the promised land, because he hit the rock twice instead of speaking to the rock, which according the bible was supposed to provide them with water. According to scripture, God never instructed Moses to smite the rock. In one verse Moses made it seem as though it was his ability to bring forth the water out of the rock and not the miraculous working power of God. And another, Moses' disobedience led to his denial into the promised land.
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| 0.982886 | 385 | 2.6875 | 3 |
If I were to adapt a philosophy, I would adapt Confucianism, because it sets as a good example for others to follow. A lot of people can follow the five key relationships which are: ruler and ruled, wife and husband, older brother and younger brother, friend and friend, and father and son. By adapting this philosophy, we should put in mind that it started in China approximately 550 B.C.E., its original language is Mandarin and Cantonese, its belief is both a religion and a philosophy of China, and it stresses human conduct over belief in God.
I would like to adapt this philosophy because as a Paulinian, we should always have our full faith, heart, and soul to God, which Confucianists also do. Confucianism has only one god, which helps people ...view middle of the document...
As a student, we should always remember to show appreciation to our teachers, parents, and those who helped us in our lives. Like the Confucianists, they show their appreciation by having holidays like Chinese New Year, Teacher Day, and Ancestor Day.
If I were to compare our faith with theirs, I could say that we still lack some more faith, because Confucianists goes to the temple to worship and pay homage to Ti'en (god of heaven), Confucius, and to their Ancestors, also they practice 'Quiet Sitting' or 'Jingle zuo', while some of us does not go to church and does not celebrate mass because we don't have time, which is not an acceptable reason. That is why I hope people will always go to the church, especially during Sundays and celebrate mass together with their family, like what the Confucianists do. This philosophy is not just about how you treat other people, but it also has a lot of scriptures like the Analects of Confucius, Ching Doctrine of Mean, and more. Despite all of its positive examples, there is still one trait that I do not like, and that is how they treat women during Confucianism, because they treat women inferior to men. Unlike in Taoism, they treat women equally like how they treat men. And while we are still young, we should already do our best in doing good deeds towards others, because after our death, our soul will be worshipped as part of the ancestors and to be worshipped by one's descendants and their family, and it is better that they know and worship you because of the right actions you have done.
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This study examines the Salmonella status in reptiles kept in households with children suffering from gastroenteritis due to an exotic Salmonella serovar, to obtain information on possible transmission paths. A number of affected households (n=79) were contacted, and almost half (34/79) comprised at least one reptile in the home. Of the households, 19 were further studied, whereby a total of 36 reptiles were investigated. Samples were taken from the reptiles including the oral cavity, the cloaca, the skin and, in the case of lizards, the stomach, and isolation of Salmonella strains was performed using repeated enrichment and typing. Where the Salmonella serovars of the infected child and the reptile were identical, typing was followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) constituted 19 of 36 examined reptiles. Altogether 319 Salmonella isolates were investigated and 24 different serovars identified in the reptiles. In 15 of 19 households, an identical serovar to the human case was confirmed in at least one reptile (including 16 of all 19 bearded dragons examined). The results demonstrate that reptiles and especially bearded dragons shed various Salmonella serovars including those isolated from infected children in the respective households. Hygiene protocols and parents’ education are therefore highly necessary to reduce the risk of transmission. From a terminological point of view, we propose to call such infections ‘Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis’ (REPAS).
According to Thomas et al. the potential of captive and wild animals to transmit salmonellae to humans should not be underestimated, and epidemiological studies on sources of human salmonellosis should simultaneously investigate both the human cases and the wild and domestic animals in contact with them. A study in 1997 from Canada also estimated that three to five per cent of human Salmonella cases were associated with exposure to exotic pets (including reptiles, sugar gliders, and hedgehogs) and involved a great variety of Salmonella serovars with for example S. Stanley, S. Poona, S. Jangwani, S. Pomona, S. subsp. IV 48:g,z51:- (former S. Marina) .
Numerous reports exist on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in captive reptiles, with recent publications demonstrating a higher prevalence in lizards (up to 76%) compared to tortoises and turtles [3,4]. Geue and Löschner showed that reptile collections with purchased animals had a significantly higher prevalence of Salmonella than collections from pure breeders. Furthermore, animals from pet shops were more frequently affected (89%) than wild caught animals (59%).
Beside the reptiles per se, the reptile feed, in the form of rodents, can also cause infections in humans. In England, a S. Typhimurium definite phage-type was identified as a source of salmonellosis in humans with a strong association to those keeping reptiles, and was also confirmed in frozen feeding-mice originating from a specific rodent breeding facility . In a further outbreak of S. Typhimurium related to snakes in the United States (US), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)-patterns identical to the human isolates were confirmed for isolates from mice used to feed the snakes as well as the snakes and the environment .
Among reptiles, turtles have been reported to be the most common source of Salmonella in the 1970s . However, later studies and surveys indicate that other reptile species, especially lizards, may play a more important role [9-13]. Measures targeted at the prevention of turtle-associated salmonellosis in the US and Canada in the 1970s temporary helped to reduce its occurrence, however reptile-associated salmonellosis is suspected to be a resurgent problem and estimated to cause three to 11% of all human salmonellosis cases in these countries [2,14,15].
Most reports of reptile-associated salmonellosis concern babies (less than one year of age) and young children (up to six years-old). However, adults can be affected, especially immunocompromised hosts, and patients with impaired gastric acid production . Fatal outcomes following reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) in babies have been observed [17,18]. In Germany, a recent study reported an increasing number of salmonellosis related to reptiles, with most patients being less than one year-old. The aim of this study was therefore to obtain data on possible links between captive reptiles and salmonellosis in children by examining both the children with salmonellosis and all reptiles kept in the respective households.
The study was conducted from July 2010 to October 2011. Within this period, the National Reference Centre (NRC) for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enterics at the Robert Koch Institute (Wernigerode, Germany) examined samples from 206 households with salmonellosis in children not older than three years. Of the Salmonella isolates, 65% (134/206) did not belong to S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis and were therefore of interest for this study. The responsible federal health institutes were asked to contact these households. A total of 79 parents, corresponding to 79 households, were successfully contacted by mail and asked about the presence of reptiles in the respective households. Thirty-five of 79 parents confirmed having reptiles and were contacted by phone to attend this study. As inclusion criteria for participation, parents had to agree that all reptiles in the respective household could be sampled and their health status assessed, and the time period between detection of clinical salmonellosis in the child and the sampling of the reptiles was not more than three weeks.
Species and health status of the reptiles were assessed and sampling was conducted following established guidelines using sterile cotton swabs (Heinz Herenz, Hamburg, Germany). Swabs were taken from the oral cavity, the cloaca, and the skin on the ventral region of the reptile. For lizards, an additional swab sample was taken from the stomach. Bacterial isolation and identification were conducted with repeated enrichment and examination of several colonies in each sample, in order to find as many different Salmonella serovars as possible: All samples were immediately placed into a tube containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) medium (Oxoid, Wesel, Germany). This medium was cultured aerobically for 24h at 39°C. A sample was then plated onto sheep blood agar as well as XLT-4-Agar (Oxoid, Wesel, Germany) and cultured aerobically for further 24h at 39°C. From the RV bouillon culture, 1 ml was transferred to a new tube containing RV, and enrichment as well as culture was repeated. This procedure was repeated again, so that in total isolation of Salmonella spp. was attempted from three enrichment cycles. From Salmonella-suspicious colonies, at least five different colonies were subcultured on Brilliant Green agar (Sifin, Berlin, Germany) for confirmatory testing with biochemical methods. Confirmed colonies were agglutinated against Salmonella surface antigens (sera from Sifin, Berlin, Germany) and all strains were typed at the NRC according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme .
The isolates of identical serovars confirmed in the infected child and the reptile were compared using PFGE. PFGE was carried out according to the standardised protocol for subtyping Salmonella . 40 strains (human and animal) were investigated by PFGE. In case of minor pattern differences between the reptile and the human isolate of the respective household, the PFGE was repeated. Interpretation of the PFGE results followed recent recommendations from the literature [22-24]: Identical PFGE patterns were considered to represent the same epidemiological type. Depending on the time the outbreak has been going on and if person to person spread is the prominent feature, two to three or up to four differences in PFGE restriction fragment pattern are considered to be the result of a single genetic event, and isolates can be designated as ’subpatterns’ or related patterns. Given the maximum time period (several weeks between initial infection of the child and final sampling of the reptile) for this study, more than two differences were considered to represent an epidemiologically-significant difference.
Nineteen households met the inclusion criteria for participation in the study and reptiles were thus investigated. Altogether, 36 reptiles were kept in the households and included in this study (per household between 1 and 7, on average 1.9). Details are listed in Table 1. In these 19 households, Salmonella serovars isolated from the children belonged mainly to subspecies I (12 households), but also subspecies II (1 household), subspecies IIIa (1 household), subspecies IIIb (2 households) and subspecies IV (3 households) (Table 1). One S. Newport strain (6,8:e,h:1,2:z67, d-tartrate-, malonate+) was investigated in Paris (Institut Pasteur) because of its unusual biochemical properties. The strain exhibited two atypical characteristics: D-tartrate negative and malonate positive. The ‘e,h’ and the ‘1,2’ flagellar phases have been confirmed by fliC and fljB sequencing. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) profile (ST118) was identical to those of serovar Newport lineage II .
Table 1A. Comparison of Salmonella serovars in reptiles and salmonellosis-affected children living in the same households, with results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis when the serovars were identical, Germany, July 2010–October 2011
Table 1B. Comparison of Salmonella serovars in reptiles and salmonellosis-affected children living in the same households, with results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis when the serovars were identical, Germany, July 2010–October 2011
Investigated households were spread well over Germany, including nine (of 16 possible) federal states (Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia). From the investigated households, all children except one were less than 15 months of age, most (11/19) were less than six months. All children showed clinical symptoms of gastroenteritis including fever, with some being critically ill. Except for three serovars (S. Eastbourne 9,12:e,h:1,5; S. subspec. IV 44:z4,z23:-; S. Monschaui 35:m,t:-) found to have caused infections of two children each, the serovars isolated from the children differed from each other.
A total of 319 Salmonella isolates were investigated and 24 different serovars were identified in the reptiles. The number of serovars within individual reptiles varied between one and four. Only from one snake was no Salmonella isolated. In ten reptiles with Salmonella serovar identical to the salmonellosis-affected child, no other Salmonella serovar but that identical to the child was isolated (Table 1).
In 15 of the 19 examined households, an identical serovar to that of the salmonellosis-affected child was found in at least one reptile. In six reptiles, the respective identical Salmonella serovar was isolated from the oral cavity and in two lizards from the stomach. In 17 reptiles with the same serovar as the child, Salmonella was detected in the cloaca, and in seven the skin swab sample was positive. The identical serovars found in the infected children as well as in the reptiles in the respective households belonged to the following subspecies: I (10), II (1), IIIa (1), IV(3) (details for individual reptiles and also non-identical serovars are presented in Table 1).
Bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) were the most common species kept in households with salmonellosis in children (13 of 19 households). Furthermore 16 of 19 of the examined bearded dragons carried an identical Salmonella serovar to the human isolate in the respective household. In corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), an identical serovar in the snake and the salmonellosis-affected child was found in three of five examined animals from two different households. Only one tortoise and one turtle were kept in households investigated in this study. These animals, with each an identical serovar to the salmonellosis-affected child, were respectively located in two households. Details are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Number of reptile species and representative animals (n=36) in households (n=19) with ‘Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis’ (REPAS) human cases and reptile distribution among the households, Germany, July 2010–October 2011
In nine households, the isolates from the infected child and from the reptile had an identical PFGE profile (PFGE data not shown). In six households the human and reptile isolates presented related PFGE patterns (repeated PFGE, Figure 1). Details are also given in Table 1.
Figure 1. Patterns obtained by XbaI restriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for isolates from children with ‘Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis’ (REPAS) (n=6) and reptiles (n=6) living in the same respective households
During the fifteen months period of this study, 65% (134/206) of all Salmonella infections in children detected at the NRC were not due to the serovars S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, which are normally transmitted via food ingestion. It is therefore possible that other sources of infection than food, i.e. reptiles in households, could be of relevance. Nearly half (34/79) of the parents who were contacted and questioned, answered that reptiles were present in the respective households. Even though only limited information exists on the presence of reptiles in Germany in general, this percentage by far exceeds recent estimates that reptiles were only kept in 1.2% of all German households in 2010 . This highlights that the presence of reptiles in households appears to coincide with the occurrence of salmonellosis due to exotic serovars in children. This assumption is also supported by a study in the US demonstrating that children with confirmed Salmonella infections had more contact to reptiles and cats in comparison to a control group .
In most published case reports on RAS, only reptile faecal samples or faecal swabs were used for Salmonella detection. In contrast, this study was designed to obtain as much information as possible on Salmonella serovars shed by the reptiles. Sampling of the oral cavity (and stomach) as well as the cloaca should provide information on shedding via both orifices and if Salmonella are present within the whole digestive system, whereas sampling from the skin should demonstrate whether Salmonella may also be transmitted via direct contact with the animal. Repeated enrichment and culture was necessary to provide reliable information on the Salmonella status in the reptiles examined. Combining the molecular typing using PFGE with other available data, such as serological typing as in this study, is highly recommended for accurate analysis and comparison of samples .
The extensive sampling and testing protocol used in this study is a possible explanation for the high prevalence of Salmonella (in 35 of 36 reptiles) found among the reptiles investigated. Intermittent shedding of Salmonella in reptiles and the wide array of collection and sampling techniques have been proposed to be the main reason for the variability in detection rates . None of the reptiles examined showed clinical signs indicative for salmonellosis. In consequence, a high prevalence of Salmonella in reptiles should generally be assumed, and reptiles should be considered positive for Salmonella until the contrary has been proven, as reported previously .
Up to four different serovars were found within one reptile. Reptiles were frequently colonised with the same serovars within a given household. This indicates that Salmonella as a part of the normal flora can spread amongst individuals within captive reptile collections and therefore probably shed over long periods of time. These results are in accordance with observations that if one reptile carries Salmonella, nearly all other reptiles of the respective owner are also affected .
Most Salmonella isolates were found in cloacal swabs. However, since in some reptiles the identical serovar to the salmonellosis-affected child was only found on the skin or the stomach, it can be assumed that shedding via the cloaca is intermittent. A negative cloacal or faecal sample will therefore not prove that the animal does not harbour Salmonella. Given the anatomy and behaviour of most reptiles, the presence of Salmonella on skin samples was not surprising but underlines the general transmission risk if handling the reptiles is not followed by appropriate hand washing. In conclusion, considering the various shedding sites, several sampling points should be used to increase the detection rate of Salmonella in reptiles.
In the majority (15/19) of the examined households, an identical serovar was found in the infected child and at least one reptile from the respective household. The epidemiological association between these isolates was first confirmed using biochemical typing. PFGE confirmed all reptiles, with either completely identical patterns (nine households) or only minor differences in up to two fragments indicating single genetic variations (six households, Figure 1), as described in disease outbreaks . Most serovars found belonged to subspecies I and some have already been described as part of the reptile flora or even as potential human pathogens [2,8,28]. One serovar, S. Tennessee was isolated from four reptiles in three households. However, so far there seems to be no specific serovar that is of special zoonotic importance. In consequence, at the moment all Salmonella strains found in reptiles need to be considered to be potentially infectious for children.
An important finding of this study was that the reptile species involved could play an important role in transmission of Salmonella to children. Little data exists on the proportion of reptile species kept as pets in Germany. In a post-mortem survey, about 17% were water turtles, 34% tortoises, 22% snakes and 27% lizards (including 1.8% bearded dragons) . In one of the authors’ clinic specialising in reptile medicine, about 12% of more than 1,000 reptiles presented in the period of the running study were bearded dragons. However, in this study, the majority (13/19) of all households studied kept bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), and identical Salmonella strains to the salmonellosis-affected child were confirmed in 16 of 19 of these reptiles. In contrast, only one turtle and one tortoise were kept in the affected households studied. This result is in strong contrast to early reports of possible RAS in humans, where mainly turtles were suspected to be a source of infection. Interestingly, more recent case reports also indicate that bearded dragons present a risk for transmission of salmonellosis to young children [31,32].
Weiss et al. reported a marked increase in infections in infants caused by S. Tennessee in Germany in 2008 and indicated the possibility of bearded dragons being a natural reservoir for this serovar, as this species was kept in seven of 16 households affected and S. Tennessee was confirmed in three households. Furthermore, probable transmission from bearded dragons has also recently been described in adult humans . One explanation for the increasing number of reports on bearded dragons as a source of Salmonella infection in humans in recent years might be that this species is becoming more popular as a pet, and that bearded dragons are more often handled and petted due to their peaceful nature compared to several other reptile species. Since nearly all children included in this study were too young to handle reptiles themselves, it is likely that vectors, such as the parents or the environment may have played a role. Furthermore it is conceivable that bearded dragons naturally harbour a variety of potentially zoonotic Salmonella serovars. The fact that more than one serovar of Salmonella was isolated in 13 of a total of 19 bearded dragons supports this assumption.
Husbandry conditions and the households’ hygiene status were not assessed according to a protocol, as this was not agreed upon with the owners. However, the overall impression was that most of the households visited demonstrated at least some deficits that needed corrections and advice, e.g. the reptile terrarium placed in the kitchen or in the same room as the child’s bed. Further investigations in the environment of the reptile and possible interactions between the reptile and the persons in the households could give important information on possible transmission paths. None of the owners was aware of any risk of infection due to reptiles before, and all were therefore either willing to improve the situation or decided not to keep reptiles any longer.
All publications cited above indicate that although infections attributed to exposure to reptiles and other exotic pets represent only a small proportion of all human salmonellosis cases, it is likely an underestimated and growing problem in Europe and in the US that deserves closer attention. In 2007 more than 500,000 reptiles were imported to Germany only via the Frankfurt/Main airport . According to the European Surveillance System (TESSy) database, the number of infections affecting children younger than three years with serovars associated to reptiles also increased in the last years (Figure 2). Beside the focus on exotic serovars as in this study, it should be kept in mind that there is also a potential risk for the transmission of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteriditis due to reptiles or as already described, via the reptile feed [6,7]. Also these common serotypes can be shedded by reptiles and therefore have a potential to cause salmonellosis in humans. For example, in this study S. Paratyphi B variant java was isolated from a corn snake. Although the identical serovar has not been found in the child from the respective household, this isolate belongs to phage type Worksop and is therefore of relevance for human infections.
From a terminological point of view, in addition to an earlier suggestion (RAS ), we propose that Salmonella infections related to reptiles as observed in this study be called ‘Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis’ (REPAS) to give an indication of a possible source of exposure. The main argument for this proposal is that over the last years, the way of trading reptiles has changed considerably and this will probably continue in the future. The main risk of Salmonella transmission from reptiles to humans is not due to European wild species, but to ‘exotic’ (non-native) reptile species, as the results of this study also demonstrate. Furthermore, following recent examinations, Salmonella shedding is higher in reptiles kept in captivity in comparison to wild reptiles [5,28] and ‘pet’ reptiles are obviously in closer contact to humans. These arguments justify the inclusion of ‘exotic pet’ into the term describing the problem. The risk to human health connected to the reptile pet market has been highlighted recently and the accurate description of the problem using REPAS might be important to convey the problem in education and assist risk managers in giving recommendations to harmonise animal welfare and public health.
Figure 2. Occurrence of ‘Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis’ (REPAS) serovars in children less than three years-old in the European Union, 2007–2010
Concluding, emphasis on educational measures will be key to reduce the risk of Salmonella transmission from reptiles to children. Professionals dealing with reptiles (pet shop owners, veterinarians, breeders) should be aware of such a risk and, together with those dealing with human health, should be responsible to inform more about this problem. Given the fact that most owners in this study were unaware of the risk of Salmonella transmission from reptiles, we recommend that, in pet shops, any new exotic pet owner be provided with appropriate information sheets on Salmonella prevention. In the authors’ opinion the risk of REPAS can easily be minimised, using a reasonable management protocol without the need to remove reptiles from households with young children.
The authors thank François-Xavier Weill, Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Enteric Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, for the confirmation of the unusual S. Newport. We thank the Member States in the FWD network for submitting detailed serovar data, and Johanna Takkinen, European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) for the European data. Furthermore, we thank Marita Wahnfried, Susanne Kulbe, Dagmar Busse for skillful technical assistance, and Rachel Marschang, University of Hohenheim, for linguistic support.
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- Stam F, Römkens TE, Hekker TAM, Smulders YM. Turtle-associated human salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(11):e167-9.
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- Ribot EM, Fair MA, Gautom R, Cameron DN, Hunter SB, Swaminathan B, et al. Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006;3(1):59-67.
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- Scheelings TF, Lightfoot D, Holz P. Prevalence of Salmonella in Australian reptiles. J Wildlife Dis. 2011;47(1):1–11.
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- Tabarani CM, Bennett NJ, Kiska DL, Riddell SW, Botash AS, Domachowske JB. Empyema of preexisting subdural hemorrhage caused by a rare Salmonella species after exposure to bearded dragons in a foster home. J Pediatr. 2010;156(2):322–3.
- Haase R, Beier T, Bernstadt M, Merkel N, Bartnicki J. Neugeborenensepsis durch Salmonella Apapa nach Reptilienkontakt im Haushalt. [Neonatal infection with Salmonella apapa after contact with a reptile in the home]. Z. Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2011; 215(2):86–8. German.
- Lowther SA, Medus C, Scheftel J, Leano F, Jawahir S, Smith K. Foodborne outbreak of Salmonella subspecies IV infections associated with contamination from bearded dragons. Zoonoses Public Health. 2011;58(8):560–6.
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- Hatt JM, Fruth A, Rabsch W. Reptilienassoziierte Salmonellosen - aktuelle Informationen für Tierärztinnen und Tierärzte. [Reptile-associated salmonellosis –information update for veterinarians]. Tierärztliche Praxis. 2009;37(3):188-93. German.
- De Jong B, Andersson Y, Ekdahl K. Effect of Regulation and Education on Reptile-associated Salmonellosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(3):398–403.
- Arena PC, Steedman C, Warwick C. Amphibian and reptile pet markets in the EU: An investigation and Assessment. Düsseldorf: Animal public e.V.; 2012. [Accessed 15 Dec 2012]. Available from: http://animal-public.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/ARPM2012_v131.pdf
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Memorandum by BNFL
Nuclear energy must continue to play a
significant role in the UK's baseload electricity generation.
Without nuclear's contribution, this country cannot have a continued,
secure, diverse and environmentally-friendly energy supply that
helps sustainable development
1. Given the imminent
dependence of the UK on energy imports, how can the UK maintain
a secure energy supply? What mix of fuels would maximise security?
Energy mix must be balanced, diverse,
reliable and stable. It must help sustainable development
Nuclear energy provides a secure
and reliable supply of energy that can contribute to sustainable
It is a key component of our existing
baseload electricity generation
It must continue to be part of the
But decisions need to be taken soon
on replacement nuclear power stations to avoid serious long-term
consequences for security of supply
With energy demand projected to rise steadily
over the next few decades and an increasingly large proportion
of supply expected to come from imported oil and gas, maintaining
the security of supplies has to be an essential component of UK
energy policy. Security can be achieved, provided there is:
sufficient diversity of supply
reliability throughout the supply
low vulnerability to fluctuations
low susceptibility to disruptions
in supply (networks and infrastructure)
ready availability of quality base-load
The objective, therefore, must be to maintain
an energy mix that can address these criteria in a balanced way
over the long-term, whilst keeping a firm focus on safety, cost
effectiveness and environmental impact. Supply security is a key
factor in a sustainable energy strategy.
To achieve this, BNFL recommends that the Government
actively encourage substantial development and deployment of both
nuclear and renewable energy supplies. Nuclear energy can make
an effective contribution to the sustainability of energy supplies
and, in doing so, can help to ensure supply security.
Operational stocks of nuclear material at various
production stages in EU facilities, from raw uranium feedstock
through to finished fuel, are sufficient to provide for several
years' electricity production, which makes nuclear generation
much more robust than other generation forms in the event of disruptions
Although uranium is imported it is purchased
from diverse sources in regions that are economically and politically
stable. Currently, over half of global uranium mining is done
in Australia and Canada.
The nuclear fuel component of total generating
costs is relatively low, at around 20 per cent or less, making
nuclear generation significantly less exposed to volatility in
fuel costs compared with other generation technologies. Nuclear
stations are also able to deliver very high energy density, when
both generating capacity and land requirements are taken into
account, and are able to provide the grid with reliable baseload
As far as fuel mix is concerned, an even distribution
between major sources of energy supply is the best way to maximise
security, taking account of both domestic and imported supplies.
Three or more major independent sources, each with around 20-30
per cent of supply, should be the goal. In addition there must
be adequate capacity margins available to help reduce impact in
the event of disruption to any of those supply sources.
If decisions are not taken soon on replacement
nuclear power stations the security of supply benefits of nuclear
power will no longer be available, as existing stations reach
the end of their operating lives. Nuclear's share of electricity
generation is set to decline sharply in the next 20 years (from
23 per cent share of electricity generation to 5 per cent), based
on current plans for power station decommissioning and if there
is no replacement build. In view of the considerable reduction
in capacity this represents and since nuclear power provides significant
baseload generation of electricity, a failure to take decisions
on replacement build would have serious long-term consequences.
It is essential for the current nuclear capacity to be actively
replaced so that nuclear power can continue its significant contribution
to UK energy policy objectives, as part of a balanced energy mix.
If nuclear energy is to maintain its secure contribution to the
UK's electricity supplies then continued availability of existing
licensed sites and the associated transmission infrastructure
is an important consideration.
2. Is there a conflict between achieving
security of supply and environmental policy? What is the role
for renewable and Combined Heat and Power schemes?
Nuclear energy meets security of
supply objectives and helps to reduce the impact of climate change
Other energy sources cannot reconcile
these objectives in the same way
A well-balanced energy mix is the
answer, that includes nuclear energy
Nuclear waste is being safely stored
There is no inherent conflict between the objectives
of security of supply and environmental policy since nuclear energy
already demonstrates that it is possible to fulfil both at the
same time. Although it is clear that not every component of energy
supply will be able to reconcile these objectives in the same
way as nuclear energy, nevertheless the aim should be for a sensible
overall balance within the energy mix, as already outlined in
the answer to the Question 1. Renewables, for instance, must be
included in the mix since they will help to meet emission reduction
objectives but it should be recognised that they will be more
expensive, less flexible and insufficient in meeting demand capacity.
In the short to medium term they are unlikely to be able to make
a major contribution in terms of security of supply and will not
in any case be able to replace the substantial emissions avoidance
capability of nuclear generation.
Nuclear waste is being safely stored. Interim
safe stores already exist and are demonstrable evidence that wastes
associated with nuclear power can be cost-effectively and safely
managed whilst the disposal issues are resolved.
3. What scope is there for further energy
More can be done to encourage conservation
But conservation is only one of a
number of measures required to tackle energy policy objectives
All industrial and domestic users of energy
have a responsibility to use available energy resources wisely
and effectively. It is true that more can be done to encourage
and achieve energy savings but conservation on its own will not
be sufficient to address the issues presented by security of supply
or climate change mitigation. Conservation policies and measures
will need to be pursued but they should be considered as part
of a wider package, including those energy options that are able
to address security of supply concerns in a meaningful way.
4. What impact would any changes have on
industrial competitiveness and on efforts to tackle fuel poverty?
The Government must be committed
to tackling security of supply
Over-reliance on gas imports would
have a negative impact on competitiveness and so could ultimately
affect fuel poverty
It is not possible to comment on the extent
of any impact without knowing the scope of any proposed measures.
However, if security of supply in the context of UK energy policy
is to be taken seriously, as it should be, then the Government
must not shy away from implementing necessary means to help achieve
it. This should centre on the principle of positive incentivisation
that rewards achievement of goals rather than penalising failure
or shortcomings. This will encourage positive attitudes and participation.
Actions to deal with industrial competitiveness and fuel poverty
must be taken within the policy framework, not outside it.
Industrial competitiveness could be adversely
affected if the UK became overly dependent on gas imports from
unstable countries, as a consequence of price swings and rising
costs. Failure to address this would have considerable negative
impact on UK industry, particularly on those sectors that are
energy-intensive, and on domestic consumers, exacerbating the
situation on fuel poverty.
5. Is any change of Government policy necessary?
How could/should Government influence commercial decisions in
order to achieve a secure and diverse supply of energy?
Doing nothing will mean the end of
nuclear power generation in the UK
Yet the UK needs nuclear energy to
help ensure security and diversity of supply and to contribute
to a sustainable energy strategy
Suggested policy improvements to
give nuclear a level playing field:
Modify existing climate change
mechanisms, such as the Climate Change Levy, to take account of
the fact that nuclear generation makes virtually no contribution
to greenhouse gas emissions
Improve planning and regulatory
Look at long-term electricity
supply contracts. This is required for all fuel types
Decide policy for radioactive
Encourage provision for nuclear
education, training and R&D
New modular passive designs for nuclear
reactors will be competitive and can be brought to market commercially
if these policy changes are made
Government policy measures are needed to deal
effectively with security of supply concerns and to ensure sound
management of any associated risks. Primary amongst these is a
need to keep energy options open, with corrective steps taken
where necessary if inequitable conditions prevail amongst energy
providers. BNFL wants to see the nuclear energy option retained
and recommends a number of key measures for the Government to
take on board in order to ensure that nuclear power can make a
continuing contribution to secure and diverse energy supplies
as well to sustainable development.
Investors and industry alike need certainty
in respect of planning, construction, operational and regulatory
approvals. A climate of assurance must be in place if major important
infrastructure projects, such as replacement nuclear power stations,
are to be delivered and if investor confidence is to be promoted.
This is particularly true in respect of the nuclear industry,
which has long lead times and long pay-back periods. Government
must therefore take the initiative, actively create the right
framework for replacement reactor build and be prepared to take
prompt decisions in order to make progress.
Government also needs to take a longer-term
view of the energy supply situation. For instance it should review
how long-term electricity supply contracts can be put in place,
in order to ensure future provision of reliable baseload electricity
generation. It should also recognise that delivery of long-term
solutions requires market conditions that do not undergo radical
change and therefore it should ensure that policy is shaped to
The issue of internalisation of external costs
associated with energy production needs to be taken into consideration
in order to achieve harmonised conditions for all producers. Currently
nuclear generators include the costs of waste management, disposal
and decommissioning in their cost base and hence in the prices
charged to customers. This is not the case for other producers,
for example fossil fuel generators, where costs are not reflected.
In addition to levelling the playing field such harmonisation
will ultimately guide consumer choice towards those sources which
are cost effective and climate-friendly.
At the same time unfair discrimination should
be corrected. One example is the Climate Change Levy, which currently
does not allow nuclear generation any benefit, despite the fact
that it produces virtually no greenhouse gas emissions.
Government also needs to determine a comprehensive
radioactive waste management policy which recognises that today
safe waste management is an operational reality, that long-term
storage is a viable option and that waste from historic operations
has to be dealt with on a commercial basis. This will give confidence
to the public and to customers that nuclear energy is an acceptable
and realistic option for the UK's energy supplies.
Instituting these improvements in the policy
framework will inject more balance and help to maintain diversity
of choice in available energy sources, whilst still leaving purchase
decisions to generators in line with market considerations.
These points are explained in more detail in
BNFL's submission to the Performance and Innovation Unit's review
of UK energy policy. A copy of the submission is attached for
29 October 2001
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The theme of this year's conference is “War, Peace, and the Chinese Landscape”, focusing on how the geography, environment, and spaces of conflict have influenced both the waging of war and the maintenance or restoration of peace.
If you are interested in presenting at the CMHS conference, please send your name and contact information, a paper abstract of no more than 250 words, and a brief C.V. to David Graff ([email protected]).
A century after the First World War, this conference wants to reflect on international relations and entanglements during the global conflict. The aim is to bring together an international group of scholars working on transnational and international fields and aspects of the war, such as diplomacy, rivalry between war partners, secret diplomacy or commemoration.
- International Relations
- Cooperation and Rivalry between War Partners
- Networks, NGOs, Red Cross, Transnational companies
The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne not only epitomizes the formal peace settlement between Turkey and the Entente, but also the actual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and thus the transition from empire into diverse nation-states.
Among various human interventions in landscape, war has left one of the most lasting and eloquent records, literally inscribed in the face of the earth. Military landscapes can assume different forms and functions: vertical, as the Great Wall of China, or horizontal, as the Federal Interstate Highway System; overground and geometrically controlled, as the earthworks of the Renaissance trace italienne, or sunken and disguised by local topography, as the trenches of World War I.
During the Carolingian period, war represented an important and integral part of the exercise of power, rule and everyday life. Numerous written sources provide an idea of the equipment, composition and supply of the Carolingian army, the campaigns and the opponents of the Frankish empire. However, as is often the case, there is a lack of detailed insights into the specific contexts: equipment details, weapon technologies, strategies or even organizational questions of military logistics.
This conference, organised by the Military Academy at ETH Zurich, will explore various issues relating to captivity in war in the 19th and 20th centuries. In recent years, the study of prisoners of war has increasingly attracted scholarly attention. However, it remains a neglected topic when it comes to research on wars, which often focuses either on the conduct of war itself or on the home front, with prisoners of war fitting in neither of those categories.
Das Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr – vertreten durch den wissenschaftlichen Beirat des Förderpreises für Militärgeschichte und Militärtechnikgeschichte – veranstaltet in Kooperation mit der Universität Potsdam, dem ZMSBw Potsdam, dem Arbeitskreis Militärgeschichte und dem Arbeitskreis Militär und Gesellschaft der Frühen Neuzeit ein Kolloquium zur Militärgeschichte, das sich gezielt an Doktorandinnen und Doktoranden wendet.
The Thirty Years' War will be the prism through which the conference will look back at the Reformation and forward toward developments in the decades that followed. The conference will (re)consider the position and significance of the Thirty Years' War in the context of Reformation history. For example, do events in the sixteenth century look different in light of the war's eruption and resolution? How does this event fit into the larger century of armed conflict in Europe, e.g., the reforming movements, the "Long Turkish War," the changing balance of power around the Baltic.
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| 0.842716 | 808 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Central coordinates||103o 10.00' East 1o 39.00' North|
|IBA criteria||A1, A4i|
|Year of IBA assessment||2004|
Summary Stretched between two districts in the state of Johor, this area mostly consist of mangroves and mudflats. Certain parts of this coastline had been declared as Ramsar sites.
Site description (I) Physical CharacteristicsPulau Kukup is located off the south-west tip of Johor State. The island is covered by mature mangrove forest, accreting towards the west and north-west, eroding in the south-east, and is a particularly good example of unexploited mangrove forest. Large mudflats are located to the north-west whereas severely degraded coastal mangroves (less than 500 m wide) are bunded on the landward side (DWNP, 1987; Junkov, 1999; Hawkins and Howes, 1986). (II) Climatic ConditionsPulau Kukup experiences a humid tropical climate with annual showers from both the NE and SW monsoons. The annual rainfall average ranges from 2,000 - 2,500 mm with an even distribution throughout the year (WIMP, 1999). Temperature ranges from 24.5oC to 26.5oC annually (IKAS, n.d.). The island experiences semi-diurnal tidal exposure of two high tides and low tides in a day (WIMP, 1999).
Key Biodiversity Pulau Kukup is an important feeding ground for the Lesser Adjutants and migratory shorebirds (5 species) (Noramly, 1998). The mangroves around the Kukup area are refuges for several globally Near Threatened species such as the Long-tailed Parakeet Psittacula longicauda, Chestnut-bellied Malkoha Phaenicophaeus sumatranus, White-chested Babbler Trichastoma rostratum and Mangrove Pitta Pitta megarhyncha (Anon., 1992).
Non-bird biodiversity: Unidentified dolphins have been seen using the channel between island and mainland. (I) Globally threatened mammals (IUCN, 2002): VULNERABLE: Smooth Otter Lutrogale perspicillata, NEAR THREATENED: Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis(II) Globally threatened reptiles (IUCN, 2002): None.(III) Globally threatened plants (IUCN, 2002): None.
|Species||Season||Period||Population estimate||Quality of estimate||IBA Criteria||IUCN Category|
|Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus||resident||2004||present||-||A1, A4i||Vulnerable|
|Milky Stork Mycteria cinerea||resident||2004||present||-||A1||Endangered|
|Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes||non-breeding||2004||present||-||A1||Vulnerable|
|Common Redshank Tringa totanus||winter||2004||present||-||A4i||Least Concern|
|White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus||winter||2004||present||-||A4i||Least Concern|
|Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus||resident||2004||present||-||A1||Vulnerable|
|2007||high||not assessed||not assessed|
|Good - based on reliable and complete / representative data|
|Agricultural expansion and intensification||annual & perennial non-timber crops - agro-industry farming||happening now||some of area/population (10-49%)||slow but significant deterioration||medium|
|Over-exploitation, persecution and control of species||hunting & collecting terrestrial animals - intentional use (species being assessed is the target)||happening now||some of area/population (10-49%)||slow but significant deterioration||medium|
|Over-exploitation, persecution and control of species||logging & wood harvesting - unintentional effects: subsistence/small scale||happening now||some of area/population (10-49%)||slow but significant deterioration||medium|
|Pollution||agricultural & forestry effluents - nutrient loads||happening now||some of area/population (10-49%)||slow but significant deterioration||medium|
|Pollution||industrial & military effluents - oil spills||happening now||some of area/population (10-49%)||slow but significant deterioration||medium|
|Residential and commercial development||housing and urban areas||happening now||majority/most of area/population (50-90%)||moderate to rapid deterioration||high|
|Transportation and service corridors||shipping lanes||happening now||some of area/population (10-49%)||slow but significant deterioration||medium|
|Protected area||Designation||Area (ha)||Relationship with IBA||Overlap with IBA (ha)|
|Pulau Kukup||Forest Reserve||0||unknown||0|
|Pulau Kukup||Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)||647||unknown||0|
|Sungai Pulai||Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)||9,126||unknown||0|
|Tanjung Piai||Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)||526||unknown||0|
|IUCN habitat||Habitat detail||Extent (% of site)|
Protection status Pulau Kukup State Park has been nominated as a Ramsar Site together with Tanjung Piai State Park and Sungai Pulai Mangrove Forest Reserve (WIMP, 1999, 2001). The area has also been recognized as having ecotourism potential (MOCAT, 1997).
References DWNP. 1987. Malaysian Wetland Directory. Peninsular Malaysia: Department of Wildlife and National Parks.IUCN. 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.redlist.org (23 June 2003).Junkov, M. (ed.). 1999. Biodiversity Audit and Conservation Plan for the Mangroves of Johor. Project Document No 6. Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia/Johor State/DANCED.Hawkins, A.F.A. and Howes, J.R. 1986. Preliminary Assessment of Coastal Wetlands and Shorebirds in South-West Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: INTERWADER Publication No.13. Lamont, A. (ed.). 1997. Johor Bird Report 1998. (Unpublished).Lamont, A. (ed.). 1998. Johor Bird Report 1998. (Unpublished).Lamont, A. (ed.). 1999. Johor Bird Report 1998. (Unpublished).Lamont, A. (ed.). 1999. Johor Bird Report 1998. (Unpublished).Lamont, A. (ed.). 2000. The Johor Bird Report 1999. (Unpublished).Lim, K.C. 1998. Birding Johor - Kukup. Singapore Avifauna 11(4): 23-25.Lim, K.S. (compiler). 1992. Jan-Mar 1992 Bird Report. Singapore Avifauna 6(1): 1-23.Mah, T.O. 2000. An Update of Kukup's shorebirds. Suara Enggang,6: 10-11.MCRST 1992. The Coastal Resources Management Plan for South Johor, Malaysia. Malaysian Coastal Resources Study Team. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. ASEAN/US Coastal Resources Management Project. Technical Publications Series 11. Manila: ICLARM.Noramly, G. 1998. Bird Survey of the Johor Mangroves, Technical Report for the Project Preparation of an Integrated Management Palm for Sustainable Use of the Johor Mangrove Forests. Johor State For.Dept/DARUDEC/DANCED.Noramly, G. 1999. Birding Around Kukup, Johor. Suara Enggang 1: 8-10.MOCAT. 1997. National Ecotourism Plan Malaysia. Prepared for the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism, Federal Government of Malaysia. IKAS. No date. Kajian Pelan Pengurusan Pelancongan dan Rekreasi Rezab Taman Negara Pulau Kukup, Pontian, Johor Darul Takzim. Prepared by Institut Kajian Alam Sekitar, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for Perbadanan Taman Negara (Johor).WIMP. 1999. Ecological Assessment of Pulau Kukup, Johor: To determine its status as a wetland of international importance. A report submitted to Perbadanan Taman Negara (Johor), Johor Darul Takzim. Petaling Jaya: Wetlands International-Malaysia Programme.WIMP. 2001. Ecological Assessment of Sungai Pulai Mangrove Forest Reserve and Proposed Tanjung Piai State Park: To determine their status as wetlands of international importance (Ramsar Sites). A report submitted to Perbadanan Taman Negara (Johor), Johor Darul Takzim. Petaling Jaya: Wetlands International-Malaysia Programme.
Contribute Please click here to help BirdLife conserve the world's birds - your data for this IBA and others are vital for helping protect the environment.
Recommended citation BirdLife International (2015) Important Bird Areas factsheet: South-west Johor coast. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/03/2015
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
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Kids' Headaches: The Diagnosis Is Difficult
Headaches aren't only for adults. Kids get them, too. By the time children reach high school age, most have had some type of headache.
There are 2 basic types of headaches. Primary headaches have the headache as the only symptom. It will stop once treated. Secondary headaches are caused by some other health problem. They don’t often go away until the health problem is treated.
Primary headaches include tension-type and migraine headaches. Hundreds of health problems or circumstances can cause headaches. These can span the range from not harmful to very serious. They include dehydration, hunger, lack of sleep, infections, caffeine, medicines, hormonal changes, stress, allergies, head injury, meningitis, brain aneurysm, and tumor. Fortunately, most headaches in kids are not caused by serious problems.
Your child's healthcare provider can determine what kind of headache your child has. They will need to talk to both you and your child to see if the headache has an emotional side to it. They will also do a complete physical exam along with a neurological exam. Sometimes your child will need brain imaging in the form of either a CT scan or MRI. Your child's healthcare provider will advise you when it's necessary to do brain imaging and which test is best for your child.
This is the most common type of headache in children. The most likely causes are emotional upsets or stress. Your child may describe the pain as widespread or like a tight band around the head. This type of headache does not often cause nausea and vomiting. It's also not tied to other symptoms, such as fever, change in mental status, or other physiologic changes.
Tension headaches are almost always linked to stressful situations at school, competition, family friction, or too many demands by parents. The healthcare provider needs to also find out whether anxiety or depression may be present.
These headaches are often easily treatable with over-the-counter medicine, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Your healthcare provider will tell you how to give these medicines safely. It's also important to identify likely triggers and make lifestyle changes in diet, sleep patterns, exercise, and study habits.
A migraine headache is sometimes one-sided and throbbing. It's sometimes occurs with nausea and vomiting, or sensitivity to light, noise, or both. Some migraines are preceded by aura, which are often one-sided sensory changes that point to the start of a migraine. Children who have a family history of migraines have a greater chance of getting migraines themselves. The younger the child, the harder it is to make the diagnosis of migraine headaches. Fortunately, migraines may go away in some children several years after they appear. But many children who get migraine headaches will go on to have them during the rest of their lives. Research has shown that symptoms will have happened in about a fourth of migraine sufferers before age 5, and in about half before age 20.
It's important to realize that a migraine headache may happen after a head injury, especially after injury in sporting activities like football and baseball. The child will often recover fully over time.
Migraine headaches are treated in two ways. Medicines can be used to stop an acute migraine headache. Other medicines can be used to prevent frequently occurring headaches. Your healthcare provider will advise you on the correct medicines you can give to best control the symptoms of your child's migraine headaches.
These headaches need medical care right away:
A headache in a child who has had a blow to the head or a recent history of head trauma. This is especially true if the headache is steadily getting worse.
A headache with fever, nausea or vomiting, confusion, significant sleepiness or loss of consciousness after the headache starts, stiff neck, changes in vision, seizures or fainting episodes, or skin rash.
A headache that comes on quickly and seems to be the worst headache the child can possibly imagine having. Watch for this, especially if the child has a history of never having headaches.
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Propylene glycol is a popular synthetic substance given its many uses. It is considered generally safe to be ingested making it one of the most utilized food additive. It is also a common ingredient in different cleaning, cosmetic, and hygiene products. Here are more facts about propylene glycol.
What it is
With many names such as methyl ethyl glycol, trimethyl glycol, propanediol, and dihydroxypropane, this substance can be easily mistaken for something else. So what is propylene glycol? It is synthetic liquid that has no odor, no color, and no taste. Relatively thicker than water, this syrupy substance is capable of retaining moisture. Since it dissolves easily especially in water, it has become a go-to food additive especially for drinks and processed foods.
It is commonly mistaken for a similar sounding substance called ethylene glycol. While propylene glycol in food is safe, ethylene glycol is the exact opposite. Due to its high toxicity, ethylene glycol is not used as a food additive.
Propylene Glycol in Food
It is counterintuitive to consider propylene glycol in food dangerous given that it is a popular food additive. In fact, the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) categorizes it as GRAS or generally recognized as safe. However, there is an important caveat in this recognition. Propylene glycol in food does not pose any threat to human health for as long as a person sticks to recommended amount of intake. The World Health Organization pegs this amount at 25mg of propylene glycol per kilogram. Anything in excess may cause life-threatening side effects.
One has to note that there has not been any report of death due to an overdose of propylene glycol. However, to be on the safe side, it would be best to keep track of the amount of propylene glycol in the food or beverages a person consumes on a daily basis. Most common sources of this substance include fast food, bread, dairy products, dressings, dried soup, cake mix, popcorn, food coloring, soda, and drink mixes.
How it is used
Propylene glycol has many uses apart from being a food additive. Here are some of them:
- Preservative. Since this substance has antioxidant properties, it has the ability to keep certain foods fresh for a longer period of time. Since it retains moisture, propylene glycol can also slow down certain food such nuts and cereal flakes from drying out.
- Strengthener. Propylene glycol promotes stability in dough since it also has the ability to modify starches and gluten. Once this happens, the dough strengthens and has better consistency. This substance also holds food components or thickens them.
- Anti-clumping. This substance also ensures that food components do not clump. Without propylene glycol, food like cheese, soup, and oatmeal can easily clump together making the food less palatable. This substance prevents that from happening.
- Dissolver. Another good thing that this substance does is that it breaks down other additives and nutrients making it easier for the human body to absorb them.
- Enhancer. It enhances the appearance and texture of food and beverages.
- Cosmetic value. Propylene glycol is used as an ingredient for make-up and other cosmetic and hygiene-related products.
- Industrial value. This substance can be found in paint, e-cigarettes, and even the usage of antifreeze.
As mentioned earlier, propylene glycol is safe to ingest. It is NOT known to be the substance behind genetic damage, cancer, infertility, dementia, or even HIV. There are many misconceptions where propylene glycol is considered so one has to keep both eyes open.
The rule of thumb is to stick with recommended dosage. This is so because excessive quantities can lead to kidney failure or acidosis. While very rare, it is better to be safe than sorry. Stick to recommended dosage or suffer possible poisoning.
Cases of poisoning from propylene glycol are very rare. However, if it happens, you can try hemodialysis which is the removal of drugs or substances that contain propylene glycol. Let a qualified health professional do this for you to avoid further complication from botched operations.
If you have the following conditions, it is best that you steer clear from propylene glycol in the meantime. Here are those conditions:
- People with Kidney Diseases
- People with Liver Concerns
- History with Heart Ailments
- Critically Ill Patients
- Pregnant or lactating women
One has to take note that propylene glycol is known as the 2018 Allergen of the Year. If you have sensitive skin or a sensitive tummy, it is best to steer clear from this substance and find an alternative.
For the most part, propylene glycol in food or in cosmetic products are generally safe to use clearing this substance from any case of poisoning. It would be best, however, if you still keep track of the amount that you are taking per day. You can do this by making sense of the supplement facts found on the back of the plastic packaging of your food or beverage of choice. If you are still not confident, it would be best to consult your physician. Only he/she can greenlight ingestion of propylene glycol given a person’s dietary and health considerations. The only consolation here is that cases of poisoning are few and far between and there is an effective way to remedy it just in case some negative symptoms manifest.
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Mount Shasta is a compound stratovolcano that has been built by repeated eruptions during the past 200,000 years. Although the mountain itself is relatively young, it has been built atop older basalts and andesites whose ages indicate that volcanism has been taking place at the site of the present cone for at least the past 600,000 years.
Pre-Shasta basalts form a number of shield volcanoes, such as Everitt Hill and Ash Creek Butte, that stand just south and east of the mountain Figure 16. A suite of coeval andesites, which crop out on Mount Shasta's southwestern flank, are the remnants of an earlier stratocone that stood on the site of the present mountain until sometime between about 360,000 and 160,000 years ago. The youngest rocks from this "ancestral Mount Shasta", which yield a POTASSIUM-ARGON DATE of 360,000 years (Chesterman and Saucedo, 1984), are found as blocks in the massive debris avalanche that blankets the western Shasta Valley. Mapping of the avalanche deposit by Crandell and others (1984) has shown that the avalanche flowed at least 43 kilometers northwestward from the base of the Mount Shasta and contained at least 26 cubic kilometers of material. Sedimentary rocks incorporated into the avalanche deposit (Ui and Glicken, 1986), and soft sediment injected into it along fractures, indicate that at least part of the Shasta Valley was covered by marshy lake and stream deposits when the avalanche swept across it. Following the collapse of the northern flank of ancestral Mount Shasta, olivine basalt lavas flowed from a vent between The Whaleback and Deer Mountain and spread across the eastern Shasta Valley. These basalts, which are about 160,000 years old (Christiansen and Ernst, 2001), buried the eastern part of the avalanche deposit and formed several large lava tubes including Pluto and Barnum Caves.
Modern Mount Shasta has been built atop the remains of its collapsed predecessor during four relatively brief eruptive episodes, each of which was centered at a separate vent. The locations of these vents are shown in Figure 17, and the chronology of the eruptive episodes and intervening glaciations is summarized in Table 1. The pattern of volcanic activity was similar during each episode, and began with the eruption of roughly equal proportions of two-pyroxene andesite lavas and pyroclastic flows from a central vent. The absence of erosional features or soil horizons between successive deposits suggests that each "cone-building" phase lasted no more than a few hundred to a few thousand years (Christiansen and others, 1977). These brief periods of intense eruptive activity were separated by longer intervals during which hornblende-bearing andesite and dacite domes rose to fill the earlier craters. During each of the first three episodes, the end of activity at the central vent was followed by minor eruptions of dacites or basaltic andesites on the mountain's flanks.
Sargents Ridge Cone: This oldest cone forms the southeastern part of the mountain, and a segment of its crater rim still stands above Thumb Rock near the head of Mud Creek. Although the cone has been deeply dissected during two episodes of glaciation you can imagine what it once looked like by projecting the northwest-dipping strata exposed below Thumb Rock towards the southeast-dipping ones exposed on Sargents Ridge (Figure 18).
Misery Hill Cone: This second cone grew atop the glaciated northwestern flank of the first, and makes up a large part of the present mountain. Part of its crater rim stands between the summit and Shastina (Figure 19), and the dome that fills its crater is a prominent landmark to those climbing to the summit from Avalanche Gulch. Although the main phase of Misery Hill volcanism preceded a late Pleistocene glaciation that ended about 10,000 years ago, eruption of the 9,600 to 9,700-year old Red Banks pumice post-dated this glaciation (Christiansen and others, 1977). The pumice forms a 350 square kilometer airfall deposit on the eastern side of the mountain, and a 100-meter thick arc of sintered fragments that stands as a prominent cliff across the head of Avalanche Gulch. The Red Banks pumice was erupted from a zoned reservoir, and the yellowish dacite fragments that form the cliffs at the head of Avalanche Gulch give way to dark-brown andesite fragments as one climbs stratigraphically higher through the deposit.
Shastina Cone: Shastina forms a separate peak 3 kilometers west of Mount Shasta's summit. Its early activity produced a small crater in the saddle between Shastina and the summit as well as several tongues of andesitic lava that flowed from a second, more westerly vent where the main cone later grew (Figure 20). The growth of Shastina's main cone was followed by the development of four or five small domes on the floor of its central crater (Figure 21). Explosions related to the emplacement or destruction of one of these domes caused the western side of the cone to collapse, forming Diller Canyon and triggering pyroclastic flows that buried the present sites of Weed and Mount Shasta City.
Black Butte, a complex of hornblende dacite domes that stands next to Interstate 5 between Mount Shasta City and Weed, formed during a late phase of the Shastina episode. It grew in four distinct pulses from a crater that had opened about 12 kilometers west of Shastina (Figure 22). A detailed study of dacites from Black Butte (Katz, 1997) suggests that all of the domes were fed from the same reservoir, and that the ascent of each batch of magma continued without pause for at least 8 days once it had begun. RADIOCARBON DATING indicates that the entire Shastina eruptive episode lasted no more than a few hundred years (Miller, 1980).
Hotlum cone: The eruptive products that form this fourth cone crop out mostly on the northeastern side of the mountain, and the dome that fills its crater forms the present summit (Figure 23). The earliest eruptions from the Hotlum vent occurred at the same time as those from Shastina, but most of the cone has grown since the retreat of large glaciers from the mountain about 6,000 years ago (Christiansen and Miller, 1997). Early eruptions produced several andesitic lava flows on the northern and eastern sides of the peak, including the 9 kilometer long Military Pass flow. Growth of the summit dome was followed, perhaps no more than 200 years ago, by explosions that blasted out its central part and produced an eruption cloud that spread gray lithic tephra widely across the northern flank of the mountain.
Three of Mount Shasta's major vents, as well as many smaller ones, are aligned along a north-trending zone that passes through the summit Figure 17. This linear zone parallels local faults and the trend of older rock units exposed south and west of the volcano, suggesting that bedrock structure has partially controlled the geometry of Mount Shasta's development (Christiansen and others, 1977).
Today, a field of sulfur-encrusted FUMAROLES high on the Hotlum-Bolam ridge and a small group of boiling springs just west of the summit are the main signs of thermal activity on Mount Shasta (Figure 24). Modeling of data from a magnetic survey conducted in the mid-1970s has shown, however, that the main body of the mountain is less magnetic than Shastina. Because rocks from both parts of the volcano have similar magnetic properties this difference in field strengths may reflect a weakening of rock magnetism at high temperatures beneath the Hotlum cone due to the presence of a buried body of hot rock or magma (Christiansen and others, 1977).
During the past 20 years, an average of about 5 earthquakes with magnitudes ³1 have occurred beneath Mount Shasta every year. From time to time this background seismicity has been punctuated by earthquake swarms in which many quakes with similar magnitudes have occurred during a short span of time (Figure 25). The most seismically active area beneath the mountain lies about 18 kilometers southeast of Mount Shasta City at a depth of 10 to 12 kilometers (Figure 26). A SEISMOGRAM from a small (M 2.4) earthquake that occurred in this area during the fall of 1992 is shown in Figure 27.
Geology ~ Environment ~ Native Americans ~ Folklore ~ History ~ Art ~ Literature
Recreation ~ Maps ~ Mount Shasta Collection ~ Bibliography ~ Lesson Plans ~ About Project
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Specific suggestions for teaching students with disabilities will be offered in the sections devoted to each disability. Some general considerations are listed below:
- Identifying students with disabilities.
Determining that a student has a disability may not always be a simple process. Visible disabilities are noticeable through casual observation, for example, the use of a cane, a wheelchair or crutches. Other students have what is known as hidden disabilities, such as hearing loss, legal blindness, cardiac conditions, learning disabilities, psychiatric or seizure disorders, and medical conditions such as cancer, diabetes, kidney disease, all of which are usually not apparent. Finally, there are students with multiple disabilities. For example, primary conditions such as muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis, depending on the nature and progression of the illness or injury, may be accompanied by a secondary impairment – in mobility, vision, speech, or coordination. Some students with disabilities identify themselves as such by contacting the Student Accessibility Services Office and/or their instructors before or early in the semester. Others, especially those with “hidden” disabilities, may not. Such students, in the absence of instructional adjustment, may have difficulty in their college work prompting them to self-identify just before an examination, often with an expectation of instant attention to their needs. While it is the student’s responsibility to bring any special needs to the instructor’s attention as early as possible, it is the institution’s and instructor’s responsibility to create an appropriate climate for this to occur. The faculty should make an announcement at the beginning of the term inviting students with disabilities to schedule appointments to discuss their needs and contact the Student Accessibility Services Office.
- Dividing the responsibilities
To the extent manageable, students with disabilities bear the primary responsibility, not only for identifying their disabilities, but for requesting the necessary adjustments to the learning environment such as reading and taking notes. For testing arrangements and the use of department resources, the cooperation of the faculty member is vital.
- Faculty-student relationships.
Discussion between the student and instructor should occur early in the session/term, and follow-up meetings are recommended. Students should provide the faculty member with the Instructor Notification Memo from the Student Accessibility Services Office. Faculty should not feel apprehensive about discussing students’ needs as they relate to the course. There is no reason to avoid using terms that refer to the disability, such as “blind,” “see,” or “walk.” Care should be taken, however, to avoid generalizing a particular limitation to other aspects of a student’s functioning. For example, people in wheelchairs are often spoken to very loudly, as if they are hard of hearing. Students with disabilities may have had some experience with the kind of concerns you bring to the relationship. The students’ own suggestions, based on experience with the disability and with school work, are invaluable in accommodating disabilities in college.
- Attendance and promptness.
Students using wheelchairs or other assistive devices may encounter obstacles or barriers in getting to class on time. Others may have periodic or irregular curtailments of functioning, either from their disability or from medication. Some flexibility in applying attendance and promptness rules to such students would be helpful.
- Functional problems.
A wide range of students with disabilities may be assisted in the classroom by making book lists available prior to the beginning of the term, by preferred seating arrangements, by speaking directly toward the class, and by identifying key lecture points and assignments. In addition to the adjustments that will be discussed in detail for each category of disability, some understanding is required with respect to more subtle and sometimes unexpected manifestations of disability. Chronic weakness and fatigue characterize some disabilities and medical conditions. Drowsiness, fatigue, impairments of memory, or slowness may result from prescribed medications. Such curtailments of functioning and interferences with students’ ability to perform should be distinguished from the apathetic behavior it may resemble.
Students who cannot take notes or have difficulty taking notes adequately would be helped by allowing them to tape record lectures, by permitting them to bring a note-taker to class (arranged for by the coordinator/director), by assisting them in borrowing notes from classmates, or by making an outline of lecture materials available to them.
- Testing and evaluation.
Depending on the disability, the student may require the administration of exams orally, the use of computers, readers and/or scribes, extended time for exams, modification of test formats or, in some cases, make-up or take-home exams. For out-of-class assignments, the extension of deadlines may be justified. The objective of such arrangements is always to accommodate the student’s learning differences, not to dilute scholastic requirements. The same standards should be applied to students with disabilities as to all other students in evaluation and assigning grades.
- Frequent Breaks.
The nature of the student’s disabiity or medication side effects may require allowance to leave during class. Attention should not be called to the student nor should the student cause a disruption to the flow of the lecture while exiting and re-entering the classroom. It is advisable to provide the student with preferential seating in the classroom to minimize the potential for disruption.
*These guidelines are partially adapted, with permission, from Reasonable Accommodations: A Faculty guide to Teaching College Students with Disabilities, published by the Professional Staff Congress (AFT Local #2334), the union representing the instructional staff of The City University of New York.
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Ata Hussain Fani Chishti
|Ata Hussain Fani|
|Religion||Islam, specifically the Chisti order of Sufism|
|Other names||Fani Gayavi|
Moghalpura, Patna City, Bihar
|Period in office||19th century|
|Predecessor||Syed Shah Ghulam Hussain Danapuri|
|Successor||Syed Shah Nezamuddin Chishti Monami|
Hazrat Ata Hussain Fani (1816–1893), also known as Ata Hussain Gayavi or Haji Ata Hussain Chishti Monami Abulolai, was a famous Sufi saint of the chisti order in South Asia. He was the first Sufi to go in the complete non-Muslim locality of Gaya and spread Islam. He was also a writer, poet, linguist, and orator.
Although he never touched money with his hands he lived an extravagant life. He was known to befriend strangers, especially non-Muslims, was very well liked among his people. There were thousands of converts (both humans and Genie) to Islam that he was responsible for. His aim in life was to serve all human beings on earth and spread the message which the Islamic prophet Muhammad brought. He died as the Ghaus, which is the highest degree of spirituality a Sufi can attain, of his time.
- 1 Biography
- 2 Ancestral history
- 3 Final settlement
- 4 Spiritual history
- 5 Titles given
- 6 Descendants
- 7 Disciples
- 8 See also
- 9 References
Ata Hussain Fani Chishti Munami was born in 1816 into a pious family of saints of the chisti order at the home of his maternal grandfather, known as Khanqah Qadria Mannania, Shah mannan ki garhi,Mughalpura, Patna City Bihar, India. He was raised by his father Sultan Ahmed Shaheed through the age of 10. After the death of his father, his paternal grandfather Ghulam Hussain Danapuri took responsibility for him. He died at the age of 86, just 9 years after being made the successor of the ancestral Khanqah. After the death of his grandfather, he was nurtured by his maternal uncle Ala Hazrat Meer Qamruddin Husain Monami, who completed his worldly studies as well as spiritual teachings and awarded him Khilafat-o-Ijazat(Ijazah) upon completion.
Hazrat Ata Hussain Fani was born into one of the most famous Syed families of Bihar. He was the descendant of Syedna Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. After the death of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, Jafar al-Sadiq became the imam of the Muslim community. Another Son of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir was Abdullah Shaheed. His descendants migrated to Tus in present Iran. After a few generations, one of the descendants migrated to Lahore, Pakistan. Later on a scholar from the branch of Baqri Sayyids known as Tajuddin Dehlvi migrated towards India via Ajmer. He became a murid and Khalifa of Moinuddin Chishti at Ajmer. He send him to Delhi in the company of Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki[ambiguous]. He later settled in Delhi. His son went to Kalpi, Uttar Pradesh, India to spread Islam. After migrating to various places to spread light of Islam in Eastern and Northern India this branch of Sayyid migrated to Danapur in the leadership of Muhammad Basir, the then Sajjada Nasheen of the khanqah Chistia which was founded by Tajuddin Dehlvi.
- Husayn ibn Ali
- Ali ibn Hussain
- Muhammad al-Baqir
- Abdullah Shaheed
- Mohammad Hashim
- Mohsin Madni
- Jafar Madni
- Ali Raza Madni
- Hussain Madni
- Ismaeil Madni
- Ibrahim Madni
- Abu al-Qasim
- Hasan Tusi
- Abdullah Tusi
- Mohammad Yusuf Tusi
- Mohammad Yaqub Lahori
- Mohammad Daud Lahori
- Mohammad Ishaq Lahori
- Shah Tajuddin Dehlvi
- Shah Allauddin Kalpvi
- Shah Jamaluddin Kalpvi
- Mohammad Kalpvi
- Shah Jalaluddin
- Shah Taqiuddin urf Budhe
- Shah Qutbuddin
- Shah Sadr Jahan
- Shah Hussaini
- Shah Mohammad Basir
- Shah Mohammad Yasin
- Shah Waliullah
- Shah Ghulam Hussain Danapuri
- Shah Sultan Ahmed Shaheed
- Shah Ata Hussain Fani
Many of his ancestors did remarkable work in their lifetime. They contributed a lot to Islam and Sufism. Their shrines are located at various places all over northern and eastern India.[further explanation needed]
He became the disciple of Moinuddin Chishti at Ajmer. After he was awarded with the Ijaza of the Chisti order from Moinuddin Chishti he was sent to Delhi for further spiritual empowerment in the company of Hazrat Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. Later he settled down in Delhi and was, upon his death, buried there. He died in 691 hijri. When he was awarded the KhilafatIjazah from Moinuddin Chishti he was also awarded with the khirkha (gown) of his master which is still preserved in his Khanqah at Gaya, Bihar, India.
He was the son of Hazrat Tajuddin Dehlavi. He became the murid-o-khalifa of Fariduddin Ganjshakar. He was ordered to go to Kalpi, Uttar Pradesh, India and spread Islam there. He is one of the earliest Sufis of kalpi.
Syed Mohammad Kalpavi
He was the grandson of Allauddin kalpavi. He became the murid-o-khalifa of Nasiruddin Muhammad Chirag-e-Dehli. Until the life of the big five of Chishti order in India, the Sufis of Chisti order used to become the murid of the leader of the order if the communication was possible even once in life. He died in 812 hijri. He was awarded with the cap (kulah) of his master which is still preserved in the khanquah (shrine). Another Sufi of the same name lived in the same town but he was the murid-o-khalifa of Syedna Abulola Akbarabadi. He died in 1071 hijri.
Badshah Ke Pir
His original name was Taqiuddin urf Budhe. He was the grandson of Syed Mohammad kalpavi and the pir(spiritual master) of the king, Daud Shah. The capital of that kingdom was Hajipur, presently a small town near Patna, Bihar, India. He invited him to his capital[ambiguous] where his shrine exists today and is famous as the shrine of Badshah ke pir(master of the king).
He was the son of Taqiuddin. He migrated to Patna in the locality now known as Kachauri Gali. His family lived there for three generations.
Syed Shah Mohammad Basir
He migrated to a hub of Sufis in Danapur, a small town near Patna. The ancestral Naseeria branch of the Chisti order came to an end with this great Sufi who lived for 116 years and died in 1126 of the Islamic calendar.
He was the son of Hazrat Syed Shah Mohammad Basir. His original name was Syed Shah Mohammad Yasin. He was the murid-o-khalifa of his maternal grandfather Syed Mahamid Rizvi Danapuri and was also his spiritual successor. He was bait in the Chistia Serajia Faridia order but the chain did not continue after him.[further explanation needed]
He was born in 1268 of the Islamic calendar. As he was born in muharram he was given the name Ghulam-e-Hussain. He was the grandson of Syed-ul-Majzubin and the grandfather of Shah-e-Ata. He became the murid-o-khalifa of Hazrat Maqdum Munampak. He also got KhilafatIjazah from few other Sufis of that time. He became very famous as one of the early Sufis of the Munamia order. He had had four sons who carried his lineage forward. He made Shah-e-Ata his Spiritual Successor and the Successor of the ancestral Khanquah of Tajuddin Dehlvai in front of all his companions, disciples, khalifas and family members. He also had many Khalifas all over Bihar. He died at the age of 86 and his shrine is present in Danapur.
Hazrat Ata Hussain Fani walked to the Mecca at Haj when he was 28. The journey took a total of 5 years. He was finally ordered by the Muhammad spiritually to go back to India and spread the light of Islam and accept the responsibility as a Qutub of Gaya where he lived, died and was buried. He reached Gaya in 1850. He arrived at the house of the district judge of Gaya, Syed Ashraf Hussain Sadrus Sudoor (who had already been shown the face of Shah-e-Ata in dreams and was told to welcome him whole heartedly).
He had ijaza of approximately 70 ways of all the major orders of the world including all the famous orders of eastern India. In fact, he had order of the fourteen major orders leading to Muhammad by all the major branches of the respective orders[further explanation needed]. He was originally bait in the Chistia Khizria Monamia order[further explanation needed] and completed his Sulook in Abulolaiya order from his uncle Hzrat Syed Shah Qamruddin Monami. He also had great spiritual connections with Hazrat Mohiuddin Abdul Qadir Jilani, Hazrat Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Nizamuddin Auliya and, Hazrat Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri.
Spiritual lineage (shijra)
- Ali ibn Abu Talib
- Hasan al-Basri
- Abdul Wahid Bin Zaid Abul Fadhl
- Fudhail Bin Iyadh Bin Mas'ud Bin Bishr Tameeemi
- Ibrahim Bin Adham
- Huzaifah Al-Mar’ashi
- Abu Hubairah Basri
- Ilw Mumshad Dinwari
Start of the Chishti Order:
- Abu Ishaq Shami
- Abu Ahmad Abdal
- Abu Muhammad Bin Abi Ahmad
- Abu Yusuf Bin Saamaan
- Maudood Chishti
- Shareef Zandani
- Usman Harooni
- Moinuddin Chishti Ajmer
- Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
Start of the Chisti Khizria branch
- Khizr Roomi chisti
- Najibuddin Shola Qalendar
- Qutbuddin Benadil Jonpuri
- Fazlullah urf Syed Gosa-e-Bihari
- Mahmood Bihari
- Naseeruddin Bihari
- Taqiuddin Durvesh Bihari
- Nezamuddin Qutbi Bihari
- Ahlullah Mubarak Hussaini
- Deewan Syed Shah Mohammad Jafar
- Syed Shah Khaliluddin
Start of the Chistia Khizria Munamia branch
- Maqdum Shah Mohammad Munampak
- Shah Ghulam Hussain Danapuri
- Shah Ata Hussain Fani Chisti Munami
The most important of all the titles given to him is Abdul Razzaq by Muhammad when he went to Medina and was produced in front of Muhammad's court. Other titles are as follows:
Shah-e-ata was married to a descendant of Maqdum-e-Jahan Syed Sharfuddin Yahya maneri of Bihar Sharif. He had only three children, one son and two daughters out of which only two carried the lineage forward. One of his daughters did not have any children. His son is remembered as Syed Shah Ghulam Qutubuddin Chishti. All of his grandsons and great grandsons were great Sufis of their time. It is seen as enormous blessings from Muhammad that there are great Sufis in each generation of his descendants.
The succession of the Sajjada of his ancestral Khanqah has always been in his son's descendants. Only his son had the authority to offer the duties of the Sajjada nashin in his absence. Shah Qutubuddin Chishti was his son. When he died his son became the successor of Shah-e-ata and since then the Sajjada nashin remained with the descendants of Shah Qutubuddin.
Syed Shah Ghulam Qutubuddin Chishti
He was the only son of Shah-e-ata. He was born in 1838. He became a murid (disciple) of his father in the Chishti Order. He lived wholly in the company of his father and he gained all his education from his father. He completed all his spiritual courses of enlightenment from his father as well and became a successful spiritual leader of his time.
It was a culture among the pandas (a caste amongst Hindus who perform a type of worship for the peace of the soul of the dead) that a devotee gave them a horse or any animal to them after they perform the worship for the peace of their relatives' soul. If the horse used to be naughty and disobedient they used to bring it to Hazrat Qutubuddin. Qutubuddin used to take a small ride on it and the horse would become obedient. Once a horse that would not let anyone even touch his back was brought to him. Qutubuddin sat on the horse at one go and went for a ride. The horse tried vigorously to get him dashed on any wall, tree, or, any solid surface but all its attempts went in vain. Qutubuddin pushed his thighs slightly and the horse started gasping but kept on behaving badly. Qutubuddin at last got down, lifted the horse and thrashed him on the ground. This incident occurred near Ghandhi Maidan (it was then known as Church ka maidan (field)). Oldham, the then District collector of Gaya was sitting in his garden, was shocked to see this happen and remarked "Is he a man or a giant? He lifted and thrashed the horse on the ground with his hands!".
Many such unbelievable incidents occurred in the short span of his life.[who?] He dedicated his life in helping his father in spreading the mission of Muhammad. He died young at the age of 49,in 1887, and left behind a son.
Syed Shah Nezamuddin Chishti Monami
He was the only child of Shah Qutubuddin. He was born in 1860. He wanted to become the murid of his paternal grandfather, Shah-e-ata but Shah-e-ata ordered him to become a murid of his father and so he did. He had Khilafat(Ijazah) of all orders from both his father and grandfather. He was a great Hakeem and a versatile person. He learned in the company of his father and grandfather. Moreover he gained education from teachers and scholars at Gaya and Bihar Sharif. He also attended Bankipur Engineering College at Patna and got a degree from there.
Like his grandfather he was well-versed in all fields of education ranging from Theology,[History, Fiqh, Engineering, Tib(Medical Science), Tassawwuf and Jurisprudence. He was the unparalleled leader of his time. Everyone from the District collector to the Judge used to seek his advice on difficult matters. He was offered many political and administrative positions throughout his life but he always refused softly saying,"I'm a Fakir(Dervish). How can I accept these responsibilities?".
He became the successor of Shah-e-ata after his death in 1889. After becoming the Sajjada nashin he went to the dargah of Moinuddin Chishti at Ajmer to pay his homage before starting a new chapter of his life as the Sajjada nashin of the ancestral Khanqah founded by Tajuddin delhvi, the murid and khalifa of Moinuddin Chishti. Once during this visit he told his companions to leave him alone as he was not feeling well. Everyone went and he was left alone in the room. Suddenly everyone noticed a fire on the roof and in the room. Everyone rushed to see Nezamuddin and found him as he was when they had left. They went away puzzled. Again they saw the same scenario and realised that there was an illuminated chain of blaze like light from the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti to the room of the Hazrat. The scenario remained the same for the whole night. Even afterwards he had great spiritual connections with Gharibnawaz and Sufis like Ghaus-e-Pak and Maqdum-e-jahan. His physical strengths were also reported to be no less than those of his father.
He was also a great educator. He founded the first ever Islamic study centre in the entire Bihar with the name Darse-Nezami on the name of great Sufi Nizamuddin Auliya in 1901. It was larger than a traditional Madrasah and the centre of all educational activities around Gaya and the Magadha region. Subjects excluding Islamic studies were also taught there. This institution had many ups and downs but is still present and is now known as Al-Jamia-tul-Ata.
He lived for 44 years and died in 1904. His first marriage was to the daughter of Shah Enayat Ali Maudidi-a descendant of Maudood Chishti, and he had a son named Syed Shah Hussainuddin Safi who became his successor. His second marriage was to the daughter of Akbar Danapuri-a great Abulolai Sufi, and had three more sons, Hafiz Hakeem Syed Shah Qayamuddin, Syed Shah Hesamuddin Chishti and Syed Shah Ehteshamuddin Chishti, as well as one daughter. Two of his sons, Shah Qayamuddin and Shah Ehteshamuddin, died young and before they could be married. His daughter also died without bearing any sons to carry on his lineage. He was buried in his ancestral home at Danapur, Patna near the grave of his ancestors Syed-ul-Waseleen and Syed-ul-Majzubeen.
Shah Hussainuddin Safi
He was known as Syed Shah Hussainuddin Safi Chishti. He was the eldest son of Shah Nezamuddin Chishti. He was born in 1303 of the Islamic calendar. His initial education was completed in his maternal home at Sheikhpura. He learnt Persian from Maulvi Fasahat Hussain and Arabic from Syed Mohammed Isameil and Syed Abdullah Bazeedpuri. He went on to complete his studies from Darse-Nezamia founded by his father.
He became a murid of his father in the Chishti Order and got the khilafatIjazah of all the orders from his father. He spiritual teachings were initiated by his father. Since his father died when he was very young, he got Owaisiat(a state in Tasawwuf in which one can meet the soul of a Sufi master just as the master was alive and learn spiritual lessons directly from the master) from Shah-e-ata and this is how his spiritual teachings were completed.
He became the Sajjada nashin of the ancestral Khanqah in 1904. The Khanqah achieved its highest peak during his reign on the Sajjada. Everyone used to call him the exact copy of Shah-e-ata in every way. He took the charge of Darse Nezamia founded by his father, after his father's death. Apart from the traditional methods of the Khanqah of preaching, he instead opted for many modern methods of teaching.
It was an organization for all Muslim brethren. A programme that was organised on the 17th of every Islamic month. Speeches of different Ulema and Sufi were organized in the campus of Khanqah. This group also had the responsibility of the burial of anonymous dead bodies of Muslims. This group is still in existence and the present Sajjada nashin of the Khanqah is the Chief of this organisation.
Print media has always been an important means to communicate with the masses so he founded a publication house with the name of' Matbua-Monamia' for the publication of different manuscripts preserved in the ancestral library of the Khanqah. This was the first publication house ever founded in Gaya. He published many books written by his ancestors, especially those written by Shah-e-ata and his disciples. He authored many books, including the biography of many great Islamic personalities like Jalaluddin Tabrezi and Maqdum Munampak. He was the first to write the biography of Maqdum Munampak and Shah-e-ata. He also wrote travelogues. He was the first to write the history of Zahidia order in Bihar. He has also worked over Tasawwuf to a great extent. He added much to the Islamic literature in Bihar and to the literature of Munami Order.
In the early 19th century Wahabism had arrived in India and many groups had come up against Sunni Islam and especially against the Khanqah of that time. Shah Hussainuddin Safi founded a group of learned people and Islamic scholars who would fight against any type of anti-Sunni activities rising anywhere in Bihar. He brought all the scholars, masters, Sufis of all orders and other khanqahs of Bihar together. This is why he is remembered as Wakeel-ul-Mashaiq (leader of all the masters) by his contemporaries.
He died at the age of 55, in 1939, leaving behind a son and daughter. He had three marriages. He did not have any children from his first wife. After the death of his first wife he married again and had children, but they all died as infants. His second wife died soon after. His third marriage produced two children who have carried his lineage forward. His son, Amir-ul-Mashaiq Syed Shah Ghulam-e-Mustafa Ahmed Chishti is the present Sajjada nashin of the Khanqah. He had thousands of disciples and khalifa all over the Indian sub-continent who have carried his spiritual teachings forward.
Shah Hesamuddin Chishti
Born in 1899, he was the third son of Shah Nezamuddin Chishti. He gained education at Dars-e-Nezamia on the campus of Khanqah and from his eldest brother, Shah Hussainuddin Safi. He became a disciple of his brother in the ancestral Chishti Order. The master awarded him Khilafat Ijazah of all the orders after completing all his spiritual teachings himself. He was a great linguist and had thorough knowledge of Urdu, Persian, Arabic and English. He was serving as the Chief librarian of the Jamia Millia Islamia when Shah Hussainuddin Safi called him in 1938, and gave him all the responsibilities of the Khanqah. He was a very immaculate and soft-spoken person.
He left for Pakistan in 1958 after making his nephew, the son of Shah Hussainuddin Safi into the new Sajjada nashin of the Khanqah. He had two marriages. He had one daughter from the first marriage, and six children, one son and five daughters from the second marriage. He died in 1992, at the age of 93, leaving behind thousands of disciples all over India and Pakistan and was buried in Yaseenabad graveyard, Azizabad, Karachi.
He was born on 14 December 1936 which coincides with 29th of Ramzan 1355 of the Islamic calendar. Before his birth the Khadim of the Dargah of the great Sufi of Chishti Order, Noor Qutb-e-Aalam Pandwi, Pandua, West Bengal, Hafiz Peer Mohammad Monami saw dreams where Shah Nur-Qutb-e-Aalam Pandwi was saying "Inform Shah Hussainuddin Ahmed that he will be bestowed with a son, he should name him Ghulam-e-Mustafa". And so, when Amir-ul-Mashaiq was born he was named Ghulam-e-Mustafa Ahmed. He has learned from various teachers and scholars all over Gaya and Patna.
When Amir-ul-Mashaiq was only two and a half years old, his father died. Before his death, Shah Hussainuddin Safi put the ancestral cap of the Sajjada nashin on his head, and announced him as his successor and the heir of all his personal and ancestral belongings of the Khanqah.
Amir-ul-Mashaiq had a unique childhood. He was never seen playing games with his friends, or in any playground. He used to study his lessons or do Zikr and read wazifa or recite the Quran. When Amir-ul-Mashaiq was a child, Shah Hussainuddin Safi had made him his disciple in the ancestral Chishti order and left the khilafatnama (certificate of Ijazah) for him. When Amir-ul-Mashaiq grew up he accepted the oath, on the hand of his paternal uncle, Shah Hesamuddin Chishti and was awarded the Khilafat. He was also told that "You are already a murid and have the khilfat from your father. It's now upon you, you can use either my Khilafat or your fathers'". Amir-ul-Mashaiq, as a sign of respect, has always used the khilafat of his uncle which also includes the name of his father.
Amir-ul-Mashaiq served as the Sajjada nashin of the Khanqah for 54 years. He died on 30 January 2012, which coincides with 6th of Rabīʿ I 1433 hijri. His funeral rites took place on the following day after the nemaz of Asr. His mausoleum is erected just adjacent to Shah-e-Ata, as the place of tomb was revealed to the eldest grandson of Amir-ul-Mashaiq.
He had thousands of disciples all over India, Pakistan, and the USA, and he also had many khalifas all over India. He was married to a descendant of Abdul-Qadir Gilani, the eldest daughter of Hakeem Abdur-Rahim Qadri, AmjharSharif, Aurangabad, Bihar. He had three sons, Faqr-e-ulema Alhaaj Maulana Syed Mohammed Sabahuddin Chishti, Syed Ata Ahmed Fuzail, and Hafiz Syed Ata Faisal. He also had eight daughters.
Each Sufi of Gaya has learned spiritual lessons from him. This is why he is known as Amir-ul-Mashaiq (the master of all masters). Sufis throughout the order felt extremely impressed by his spirituality after meeting him. His personality was unparalleled all over Bihar.Ulema and Sufi loved his company and he loved to impart spiritual lessons to everyone. There have many converts to Islam at his hands. Even Wahhabi and Deobandi accept him as the true leader of the Muslim community. He is very soft-spoken and not any seeker of any particular thing, Knowledge, Spirituality, Tranquility, or wealth. No one, even a child returns empty-handed from his doors. His doors of the Khanqah are still open for everyone, around the clock.
It is believed[by whom?] that he had approximately of 60,000 disciples all over Asia. The number of Khalifas is understood to be many hundreds. Many of his disciples went on to become very successful Sufi of their time. Though the list is very long, only a few are listed here.
Since Shah-e-Ata was given the title of Abdul Razzaq his disciples and Sufis of his order proudly wrote themselves as Sufis of Razzaqi order. Thus the Razzaqi Order came into existence.
One major reason for the loss of information regarding many of his Khalifas was that it was lost during India's First War of Independence in 1857. The second cause was when the Wahhabi extremists formed Saudi Arabia and Sufis had to leave that region. Shah-e-Ata's Khulfas and their successors in the Middle East went out of touch and could not be traced after that.
Much information regarding Sufis of the Razzaqi order was lost during the Partition of India in 1947.So much less information regarding the disciples and Sufis of the order of Shah-e-Ata is available. Some information has been recovered from the book of Shahe-e-Ata, Kaifya-tul-Aarfeen wa Nisbatul Aasheqeen, which was published twice, once during the life of the author and again in the life of his great grandson, Shah Hussainuddin Safi.
Many other Sufis who are the successors of the disciples of Shah-e-Ata have been tracked down since 1970 and have become an important source of information regarding the Razzaqi order and the history of Razzaqi order in different parts of Asia.
Only the most famous Sufis are listed below, whose orders are still present by means of any living Sufi and as long as their successors are still in touch with the successors of Shah-e-Ata.
Syed Shah Qazi Mazahir Imam
He was the most loved disciple of Shah-e-ata. Initially he was hesitant to become a disciple of any Sufi master, (though he wanted Shah-e-ata to be his master), as his father was also the disciple of Shah-e-ata. Shah-e-ata used to say that "it seems that you are very hesitant to accept oath so i will have to take your oath forcefully". The words of Shah-e-ata became true. Qazi Mazahir was an immaculately beautiful person with a charismatic personality. He was once listening to Sema in the Manpur locality of Gaya district and a man who was looking for a Pir after completion of all his studies came to him respectfully and requested him to make him his disciple. Qazi Mazahir said,"I am still not associated with any of the Tariqah (orders) how can i make you my murid?". Qazi Mazahir kept on repeating himself, but the stranger was very firm about his commitment. At last Hazra Qazi Mazahir Imam went to Shah-e-ata to become his disciple. When he entered the Khanqah Shah-e-ata was sitting on the Sajjada, waiting for him. Shah-e-ata had already taken out the Shijra (the chain depicting the name of all the Sufis in the order) and signed the Khilafatnama (a certificate giving permission to the disciple to propagate the order further) to be given to him.
Once he became the murid of Shah-e-ata he used to visit his master in the Khanqah everyday on foot, covering a distance of five to seven kilometers across mountain and rivers. Shah-e-ata died in 1889 but he kept visiting the shrine of his master until his last day on earth. He died in 1942 and was buried in the Abgila locality of Gaya. His life is a perfect example for the disciples of all the Sufis. He never called the descendants of shah-e-ata by their name even when one of the great grandsons of Shah-e-ata was his son-in-law. His disciples were innumerable and was present all over India. He founded his own Khanqah which is famous as Khanqah mazahirya and is still in existence. He had three sons Qazi Maqbool Imam, Qazi Waris Imam, and Qazi Jalil Imam. All three of them went on to become great Sufis of their time. His youngest son died in 1992. The orders of his eldest and youngest son are no longer in existence, but the order of his second son and many of his Caliph is still present.
Syed Shah Qazi Najam Imam Chishti Monami Razzaqi is the grandson of Qazi Maqbool Imam-the eldest son of Qazi Mazahir Imam and the present Sajjadanasheen of Khanqah Mazahirya founded by Qazi Mazahir Imam.He has Khilafat (Ijazah) from Qazi Waris Imam (the second son of Qazi Mazahir Imam) and Amir-ul-Mashaiq-the successor and Sajjadanasheen of the Khanqah of Shah-e-Ata. In fact, he has taken thorough spiritual lessons from Amir-ul-Mashaiq and has become his murid (disciple).
Syed Shah Nudrat Hussain Burdawani
He was already the Sajjada nashin of his ancestral Khanqah established at Burdwan, West Bengal. His was ordered spiritually from his ancestors to go to Gaya and become the disciple of Shah-e-ata. He became his very obedient disciple and started living in the Khanqah of Shah-e-ata. Meanwhile he wrote the Malfoozat(sayings of a Sufi) of Shah-e-ata in forty lessons and got it checked and signed by the master himself. After completing his sulook he went to Burdwan. After his death he was buried in his own Khanqah at Burdwan, West Bengal. His son Zia-ul-Hassan was a famous Sufi of his time. His khanqah and the order is still in existence. Syed Shah Fazl-ur-Rahman Razzaqi is the grandson of Shah Zia-ul-Hassan and the present Sajjada nashin of the Khanqah.
Other notable Sufis
Shah-e-Ata had hundreds of Khulfas all over Asia. This is a small list of notable Sufis who had KhilafatIjazah from him.
- Syed Shah Ahmed Hussain Chishti, Khanqah Maududia Chishtia,Chota Sheikhpura, Nawada, Bihar
- Syed Shah Nazeer Hussain a.k.a. Shah Dammad Danapuri, Danapur, Bihar
- Maulvi Faizullah a.k.a. Maulvi Moinudddin Faiz Bukhsh, Bihar Sharif, Bihar
- Maulvi Syed Shah Ali Raza,Bithosharif(a satellite town of Gaya), Gaya, Bihar
- Syed Dr. Wazir Ali, Gaya, Bihar(buried in the southern part of Khanqah)
- Maulana Syed Fatah Shareefuddin a.k.a. Mir Ashraf Ali Hussaini Gulshanabadi, Nashik, Maharashtra
- Muhammad Sayeeduddin sarmast walmakhatib Ata Dost, Mumbai, Maharashtra
- Khwaja Ghulam Ghaus, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
- Hakim Haji Muhmmad Bukhsh, Khairabad, Uttar Pradesh
- Haji Hafiz Maulvi Abu Saeed, Amethi, Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh
- Khwaja Muhammad Sadruddin, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh
- Sheikh Muhammad Yusuf, Bharuch, Gujarat
- Munshi Muhammad Ismaeil, Shahjahanbad, Delhi
- Sheikh Faqeer Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- Sheikh-ud-Dalail Maulana Syed Muhammad ibn Syed Abdur Rahman Maghribi Al-Ghalali, Medina, Saudi Arabia
This is an incomplete list, it only contains the name of one disciple per city. No Sufi who was the descendant of his son or daughter has been listed.
- Syed Muhammad Sabahuddin Monami, (2000), "Zikr-e-Ata", the precise biography of Shah-e-Ata, "Maktaba-e-Ataiya". p. 4
- Syed Muhammad Sabahuddin Monami, (2000), "Zikr-e-Ata", the precise biography of Shah-e-Ata, "Maktaba-e-Ataiya". p. 19
- Syed Muhammad Sabahuddin Monami, (2000), "Zikr-e-Ata", the precise biography of Shah-e-Ata, "Maktaba-e-Ataiya". p. 20
- Ata Hussain Fani, (1930). "Kaifya-tul-Aarfeen Nisbatul Aasheqeen", "Al Maktab-e-Monamia". p. 371
- Syed Muhammad Sabahuddin Monami, (2000), "Zikr-e-Ata", the precise biography of Shah-e-Ata, "Maktaba-e-Ataiya". p. 29
- Ata Hussain Fani, (1930). "Kaifya-tul-Aarfeen Nisbatul Aasheqeen", "Al Maktab-e-Monamia". p. 370
- Ata Hussain Fani, (1930). "Kaifya-tul-Aarfeen Nisbatul Aasheqeen", "Al Maktab-e-Monamia". p. 377
- Syed Muhammad Sabahuddin Monami, (2000), "Zikr-e-Ata", the precise biography of Shah-e-Ata, "Maktaba-e-Ataiya" p. 63
- Syed Muhammad Sabahuddin Monami, (2000), "Zikr-e-Ata", the precise biography of Shah-e-Ata, "Maktaba-e-Ataiya" p. 84
- Ata Hussain Fani, (1930). "Kaifya-tul-Aarfeen Nisbatul Aasheqeen", "Al Maktab-e-Monamia".
- Ata Hussain Fani, (1883). "Kanz-ul-Ansaab", the Syeds of Bihar, "Matbua Haidari Safdari",Mumbai.
- Ata Hussain Fani, (1876). "Masnavi Sirr-e-Haq","Matbua Navalkishor",Lucknow.
- Sheikh Hussainuddin, (1937). "Tazkira-e-Fani, the life and times of Shah Abdur Razzaq, "Al-Maktaba-e-Monamia".
- Syed Muhammad Sabahuddin Monami, (2000), "Zikr-e-Ata", the precise biography of Shah-e-Ata, "Maktaba-e-Ataiya".
- Dr. Ata Khursheed, (2004). "Safarnama-e-Haj 'Syed Ata Hussain Fani'", Aligarh Muslim University, research unit, AMU.
- Qamar Aazam Hashmi, (1969). "Bihar mein Urdu savaneh nigari", "Patna Printers".
- Akhtar Orenvi, (1971). "Bihar mein Urdu Nasr ka Irtaqa", "Patna Book Trust".
- Ahmedullah Nadvi, (1974). "Muslim Shorae Bihar(Vol.4)", "Karanchi Offsets".
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Fannie Appel Rones shares her memories of growing up on St. Philip Street in Charleston, South Carolina, between the world wars. The neighborhood was diverse—home to blacks, whites, Catholics, Jews, Greeks, and Italians. Fannie talks about her parents, Abraham and Ida Goldberg Appel (Ubfal), emigrants from Kaluszyn, Poland, and recalls stories her mother told her about the Old Country. She discusses the differences between Charleston’s “uptown” and “downtown” Jews and the Orthodox synagogues, Brith Sholom and Beth Israel. Fannie also relates her experiences as a member of Charleston’s Conservative synagogue, Emanu-El, and Reform temple, Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim.
Karl Karesh, born in 1912, discusses growing up in Charleston, South Carolina, focusing on his neighborhood, the local merchants, his Hebrew school training, and his family and their adherence to Orthodox religious observances. He addresses the differences between the uptown and downtown Jews before World War II, and describes his clothing business, and other Jewish- and gentile-owned dry goods stores, in Charleston during the post-war years.
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"A real jewel of an elementary introduction into the main concepts of nuclear theory . . . should be in the hands of every student." — Nuclear Physics.
This highly regarded volume, based on a series of lectures given by Landau to experimental physicists in Moscow in 1954, offers concise, lucid discussions of a number of the most important underlying concepts of nuclear physics. The authors, both noted Russian physicists, limit their conclusions concerning nuclear structure to those based on experimental data, using only general quantum-mechanical relations.
Throughout, the emphasis is on clarity of physical ideas and on the relation of experiments to theoretical interpretation. Among the topics covered are nuclear forces, including the scattering of nucleons by nucleons and by high energies, the independent particle model of nuclear structure, the structure of the nucleus (light nuclei and heavy nuclei), nuclear reactions (including statistical theory, optical model, and deuteron reactions, pi-mesons, and interactions of pi-mesons with nucleons.
"Should prove a decidedly worthwhile addition to any experimental nuclear physicist's library. The book will also appeal to the specialist in other fields who desires insight into the problems of nuclear physics, and should be highly recommended to all physics graduate students." — Physics Today.
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RationaleThis rationale complements and extends the rationale for The Arts learning area.
Media arts involves creating representations of the world and telling stories through communications technologies such as television, film, video, newspapers, radio, video games, the internet and mobile media.
AimsIn addition to the overarching aims for the Australian Curriculum: The Arts, media arts knowledge, understanding and skills ensure that, individually and collaboratively, students develop:
enjoyment and confidence to participate in, experiment with and interpret the media-rich culture and communications practices that surround them
StructureLearning in Media Arts
Learning in Media Arts involves students learning to engage with communications technologies and cross-disciplinary art forms to design, produce, distribute and interact with a range of print, audio, screen-based or hybrid artworks.
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Hypertext Preprocessor, known as PHP is a scripting language that has occupied the top spot in the world of web development. According to the BuiltWith, PHP is the most popular technology among the programming languages used in the Top million sites. PHP holds the share of 67% among the top 1 million websites including major sites like Wikipedia, WordPress, Facebook and many others. It has been around since 1994. Ahead of time, it was the first scripting language that enabled programmers to create dynamic HTML pages effortlessly and for free.
PHP started its life as a little CGI wrapper written in Perl. Two decades after its foundation, there is a phenomenal growth in this language and is still going strong. To realize how PHP becomes where it is today, and to understand its strength, it is helpful to know the evolution of the language. To aid you to speed up in this regard, here is that story with version specific differences and features.
PHP Versions Timeline
Rasmus Lerdorf conceived PHP in 1994. It was released in June 1995 – the first version is known as PHP/FI. At that point, it was a simple PERL/CGI script toolset built in C language, an abbreviated form of “Personal Home Page” tools. Then, it eventually got renamed to “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor”. After two years, in 1997 it entered the public domain with the name PHP/FI 2.0. In 1998, two programmers Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski rewrote the original version and launched PHP 3 with several advanced features.
PHP 4 was released in 2000, which incorporated the Zend engine. In 2004, PHP 5 was launched, including a scripting engine called new Zend Engine II. Subversions of PHP 5 were released in the later years. During 2014 and 2015, PHP version 7 was released.
Through the years, it has evolved into the go-to language for developing web applications. The primary reasons behind its preference are its ease of structure, flexibility, and high standard library collections. With large amount of popular sites using it, PHP became an “IT” language.
The Start of PHP: PHP/FI & PHP/FI 2.0
PHP FI stands for Personal Home Page and Form Interpreter. It deals with processing forms, sending SQL statements and Flow control. Though objects were not in the perspective, there was support for associative arrays, variables, and functions. PHP/FI was also proficient with receiving file uploads from RFC-1867 compliant web browsers. It enabled people to upload both binary as well as text files. The access control and logical functions of PHP/FI offered full control over who is permitted to upload a file and what actions to be taken with the uploaded file. This PHP version has supported the mSQL database package. It allowed programmers to enter details into a database and access those details via simple embedded SQL queries.
In November 1997, PHP/FI was rewritten and given a version 2.0 status. Though the initial versions of PHP don’t include enough features and lived a very short development life, they have defined a benchmark for the forthcoming PHP versions to receive further advancements.
Features of PHP/FI
Built-in support for
- Postgres95 databases
- User-defined functions
Features of PHP/FI 2
- Form Handling
- HTML Embedding
Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans realized that PHP was lacking some common features. They decided to rewrite the scripting language, so they teamed up with Rasmus to launch PHP 3. PHP 3 comes with limited object-oriented support that added extra fuel to the growth of PHP. Another attractive feature of PHP 3 was its extensibility. It was implemented with a modular approach that made it hassle-free for programmers to extend functionality. Moreover, the combination of PHP3 with Apache quickly resulted in the widespread adoption of the scripting language and PHP 3 powered about 10 % of all sites on the internet.
Features of PHP 3
- API Extension
- Object-Oriented Support
- Introduction of Zend Engine
PHP 4 was launched in 2000, comprising major changes to PHP version 3 in all aspects. It ensured backward compatibility which made upgrading to PHP 4 from PHP 3 seem much smoother than the upgrade from PHP/FI 2 to PHP 3. PHP 4 also comes with the web server abstraction that enables PHP to run on Microsoft’s IIS, Apache 2, Zeus and more. The performance of this version has taken a huge leap upward because of the two main factors:
- PHP 4 uses “Compile first, execute later” paradigm whereas other previous versions employed the “execute while interpreting” paradigm
- PHP 4 hosted multi-threading feature; you can run the lengthy but non-critical functions independently, which further streamlines execution.
Features of PHP 4
- Enhanced run time execution
- Introduced Supergobals
- Web server abstraction layer
- Object overloading support
- Output buffering support
- Improved resource handling
In August 2008, it has been uncovered that no further effort would be added in fixing bugs, patching or improving security holes discovered in PHP version 4, so the development effort moved to PHP version 5. This version is primarily focused on language maturity and provides a array of new functionalities like 64-bit support, built-in debugging, an opcode cache, generators, namespaces, traits and more. With PHP 5, developers can declare how their objects can be used. It enables developers to work on each other’s code effortlessly. In addition, object-oriented scripts with a broad variety of functions made this version more flexible and simple to work with.
PHP version 5 has undergone a huge number of improvements with the following subversions:
Features of PHP 5. 1
- Support for custom auto loading
- Over 400 various bug fixes
- Significant performance improvements
- Improved time zone support
Features of PHP 5.2
- Improved memory manager
- Increased default memory limit
- New extensions with JSON, Zip
- Input filtering extension
- Upgraded bundle SQLite
Features of PHP 5.3
- Support for namespaces
- Support for jump labels
- Dynamic access to static methods
- Support for Late Static Bindings
- A garbage collector for circular references
Features of PHP 5.4
- Support for traits
- Tracking the upload progress of files
- Support for Binary number format
- Function array dereferencing
- Improved parse error messages
Features of PHP 5.5
- empty() supports arbitrary expressions
- Introduced finally keyword
- array & string literal dereferencing
Features of PHP 5.6
- Constant expressions
- SSL/TLS improvements
- Default character encoding
- pgsql async support
- Introduced phpdbg, an interactive debugger
- Operator overloading
- Gost-crypto hash algorithm
With all these enhanced features, PHP 5 and its subversions become a widely used language for popular websites. Here is the percentage of sites using PHP 5 and various subversion of PHP 5 according to w3techs.com.
PHP version 6 was supposed to feature native Unicode support, but that extension never succeeded. When PHP 6 under development, the UTF-8 wasn’t widely adopted. As such, PHP becomes a false start and development was gradually stopped in favor of PHP version 7.
The latest PHP version made a revolution in the way we build applications that influences everything from the website & mobile to organizations & the cloud. PHP version 7 comes with features like Null Coalescing Operator, Scalar Type Declarations, Return Type declarations, Spaceship operator and many more. PHP 7 offers impressive performance, and better error handling along with scalar type hints, return type declaration and many other syntax modifications.
When compared to PHP 5.6, this latest PHP version ensures a substantial reduction in the demands on the server. The following graph illustrates how the performance of PHP 7 made a benchmark on the WordPress CMS, and Laravel & Zend Frameworks compared to PHP 5.6.
As such, it becomes an environment-friendly and cost-effective choice, because servers require less energy to run PHP 7 applications.
Here are the new features with each release of PHP 7 subversions:
Features of PHP 7.1
- Void functions
- Nullable Types
- Asynchronous Signal handling
- Class Constant visibility
- Symmetric Array Destructuring
Features of PHP 7.2
- Abstract Method Overriding
- New Object Type
- Password hashing with Argon 2
Features of PHP 7.3
- Trailing Comma
- Flexible Heredoc and Nowdoc Syntaxes
- PCRE2 Migration
PHP is widely used over other competitors like Python, Ruby and Lamp Stack for its above-mentioned advantages. Each latest version of PHP is 100 times better than its previous releases. As such, many top companies favor this scripting language for web application development. No matter of the number of competitors for PHP, still it is highly popular as well as a highly demanded programming language in emerging web application needs.
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Can pizza-fueled hackers help solve cities' sustainability challenges? ‘Yes,’ says David Gilford of the New York City Economic Development Corporation.
Solving environmental and resource challenges is not only about infrastructure projects and policy mandates. The tools and entrepreneurial spirit that spurred the rapid growth of the Information Technology (IT) industry are now being applied to sustainability, creating scalable new businesses. In New York City, an innovative approach shows just how much can be accomplished in a single weekend.
The upcoming Cleanweb Hackathon in New York (taking place September 28-30, 2012) will show how cities can stimulate innovation by combining entrepreneurship and open data. "Cleanweb" is a developing global movement that encourages the application of web, social media, and mobile technologies to address resource constraints. The “Hackathon”, a technique borrowed from web developers, is an intense weekend in which small teams build applications in just two days.
Standing room only for app demos at the NYC Cleanweb Hackathon, January 2012 (Photo credit: Jean Barmash)
By promoting transparency, the policies of cities are increasingly supplying the raw materials for private sector innovation. PlaNYC, New York City's vision for 2030, includes bold challenges for making the city more livable and sustainable. By requiring certain buildings to benchmark their energy use, New York City recently became the first municipality in the country to publish a data set on the largest privately-owned commercial properties. By making this data public, the private sector can test and develop new approaches to efficiency, something critically important to New York, where buildings account for 75 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.
Open data can form the basis for innovation by individuals and companies alike. During the first NYC Cleanweb Hackathon in January 2012, more than one hundred participants spent a snowy weekend studying available data, as well as brainstorming to develop innovative business models and coding applications. Fifteen teams presented "hacks" to a panel of investors and government leaders, including Aneesh Chopra, the former US Chief Technology Officer. Winning teams produced tools for comparing building energy usage, selecting efficient appliances, and making it easier to purchase solar power systems.
The City also hosted Reinvent Green in June 2012, a hackathon in which municipal agencies presented participants with specific challenges related to sustainability. New York City’s second Cleanweb Hackathon this month will address both local and global challenges, through partnerships with the Carbon War Room and Climate Week 2012.
According to Blake Burris, “Chief Hacktivist” of Cleanweb Worldwide, "These hackathons demonstrate available talent and entrepreneurial interest in the world's megacities to address the global issues of climate change and resource constraints."
While only so much is possible in a single weekend, hackathons can stimulate longer-lasting momentum and help build communities of innovators. New York City’s Honest Buildings is a Cleanweb startup that participated in the January hackathon, using its platform to build an application to compare municipal buildings’ energy efficiency. This month, Honest Buildings raised its first round of venture capital funding and now boasts information on over 700,000 buildings worldwide, helping enable better-informed decisions about real estate.
Through hackathons, companies and individuals alike can rapidly build, test and refine approaches to solving some of the largest urban problems. These events offer the chance to quickly immerse oneself in the developing Cleanweb movement, using social, mobile and web technologies to make a positive impact. In addition to the New York Hackathon event, similar gatherings recently took place in London and Houston, with Rome and other C40 cities coming up soon. Sign up now to participate in the New York event, and be sure to join the Cleanweb discussion on Twitter by following the #cleanweb hashtag.
"Hackers" putting the final touches on their applications (Photo credit: Jean Barmash)
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all children count but not all are counted #leavenoonebehind
A world where every child can live in a safe and caring family setting is possible. With your help, we can change the life stories of eight million children around the world who are living in institutional care. Raise your voice to help us ensure all children are counted. Thank you.
The new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), include strong targets to reduce violence against children, improve health, nutrition and access to education, and many other aspects in life that are important in a child’s development.
World leaders agreed that the new development agenda would “leave no one behind”. Yet, as it stands, the new Goals will leave children living without parents and outside families, in institutions or orphanages, very far behind.
This is because the methods that are used to count children only count those who live in a family, but do not count children who live without parents or outside a household. This means that the estimated 8 million children that live in institutions or orphanages will be left behind by the sustainable development goals.
Therefore, we have joined a large group of organisations in calling on world leaders and the United Nations to change this. We have written a joint open letter
, which so far has been signed by more than 250 organisations, NGOs, academics, calling on world leaders to:
- Ensure that children living outside of households and/or without parental care are counted;
- Improve methodologies to ensure that no children will be left behind.
Raise your voice to ensure our calls are heard
Tweet: I call on world leaders to #countallchildren, incl those living outside of households. #leavenoonebehind #SDGs http://tinyurl.com/h9clp8v
Do you want to find out more?
- Take a look at our timeline from 2000 till now showing how the SDGs have come about.
- Find out what the terms and phrases used in the SDGs mean in our glossary of terms.
- Read real-life stories of what it means to be left behind. You can find some case studies here.
All Children Count But Not All Are Counted World Map
We have created a map of all of the organisations who have joined us to call for change. See below and search for organisations from around the world.
Click the icon in the left bottom corner to expand the map to full screen.
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The Buchanan family has a newly restored wetland on their farm. It isn’t very big but it has a big role to play on the rural landscape near Tilbury, Ont.
Rural landowners can have an outsized impact on ecosystem health and this family is doing their part.
The Buchanan farm is adjacent to the Thames River in Chatham-Kent, a few kilometres upstream of Lake St Clair. There is a wetland on the point of land where Jeannette’s Creek meets the Thames River and, over time, the habitat was choked out by the invasive plant, phragmites.
The restoration included the 6-acre (2.5-hectare) wetland and about six acres of adjoining upland habitat. The newly restored site is thriving and now welcomes waterfowl, fish, turtles and other wildlife.
“Doug and Carolyn saw that the wetland could be more than what it was,” says Darrell Randell, conservation specialist for DUC. “Now there’s so much more wildlife back there.”
Farms in Ontario have a big role to play on the landscape
The Buchanan farm relies on a system of dykes and pumps for drainage, but a breached dyke meant the wetland was not retaining water for years. That allowed the towering phragmites to dominate other vegetation.
DUC worked with the Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority to remove the invasive species. The wetland was then excavated to recover the ponds and create connecting water channels with a spillway linking the aquatic habitat to Jeannette’s Creek.
“We would like to express our thanks to the people who worked with us and helped make this project a very successful venture,” says Doug Buchanan. “We are excited about the future of the marsh—a dream come true.”
“Doug and Carolyn saw that the wetland could be more than what it was. Now there’s so much more wildlife back there.”
The restoration was carried out with technical expertise from DUC, which also arranged financing with continental, national and local conservation partners.
DUC’s partners in the continental waterfowl community provided nearly 40 per cent of the funds through the Eastern Habitat Joint Venture, part of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. That contribution was matched by the Government of Canada’s Recreational Fisheries Conservation Partnerships Program. Locally, Stewardship Kent also provided financial support.
“Fisheries and Oceans Canada was proud to contribute almost $25,000 over two years to this restoration project through the Recreational Fisheries Conservation Partnerships program,” says the Hon. Jonathan Wilkinson, Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard. “I want to congratulate Ducks Unlimited Canada, the Buchanans, Stewardship Kent and the Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority on the completion of this project, and thank them all for their continued stewardship of Canada’s aquatic ecosystems.”
A small but mighty restored marsh near Chatham-Kent
- The wetland is located where Jeannette’s Creek meets the Thames River. The project sign can be seen by passing boaters.
- Excavation of the ponds and interconnecting channels, plus the repair of the failed dyke, took place in autumn of 2017.
- The wetland and channels were retaining water and fully flooded by spring of 2018.
- The first fish survey, conducted by the St. Clair Conservation Authority, found many small fish including shiners, bluegill and logperch darter.
Rural wetlands protect waterways like the Thames River
Restoring rural wetlands on private land could be a game-changer for Ontario’s watersheds. Rural wetlands provide habitat for hundreds of plant and animal species while filtering surface run-off, reducing flood surges and supporting climate resiliency. Even more, wetlands help protect waterways like the Thames River by improving overall water quality.
This conservation work could not happen without the vision and collaboration of private landowners like the Buchanan family.
Doug Buchanan and his brother, Bill, managed the farm for more than five decades. In 2016, the brothers were recognized as “consummate soil conservationists and wildlife naturalists” when they were inducted into the Kent Agricultural Hall of Fame. Doug continues to farm with his son and grandsons.
The wetland restoration was long-awaited and brought accolades from the whole family.
“Everybody loves the marsh,” says Carolyn Buchanan.
Restoring Canada’s Wetlands
We’re restoring and conserving rural wetlands in watersheds in Ontario and across Canada.Learn more
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Gene arrays are solid supports upon which a collection of gene-specific nucleic acids have been placed at defined locations, either by spotting or direct synthesis. In array analysis, a nucleic acid-containing sample is labeled and then allowed to hybridize with the gene-specific targets on the array. (In the literature, the term "target" can refer to either the nucleic acids attached to the array or the labeled nucleic acid of the sample. In this article, the nucleic acids attached to arrays are called "targets," whereas the labeled nucleic acids comprising the sample are called "probes.") Based on the amount of probe hybridized to each target spot, information is gained about the specific nucleic acid composition of the sample. The major advantage of gene arrays is that they can provide information on thousands of targets in a single experiment.
Currently the solid supports upon which nucleic acids are arrayed are either glass slides or nylon membranes. Typically, fluorescently labeled probes are used with glass arrays, while radiolabeled probes are used with membranes. Depending on the type of array, the arrayed nucleic acids may be composed of oligonucleotides, PCR products or cDNA vectors or purified inserts. The sequences may represent entire genomes and may include both known and unknown sequences or may be collections of sequences such as apoptosis-related genes or cytokines. Many pre-made and custom arrays are available from commercial manufacturers although many labs prepare their own arrays with the help of robotic arrayers. The methods of probe labeling, hybridization, and detection depend on the solid support to which the sequences are bound.
Many terms exist for naming gene arrays, including biochip, DNA chip, GeneChip® (a registered trademark of Affymetrix, Inc.), DNA array, microarray and macroarray. Generally when biochip, DNA chip or GeneChip is used, it refers to arrays on glass supports. Microarray and macroarray may be used to differentiate between spot size or the number of spots on the support. Gene arrays may be used for sequence identification (e.g. mutation analysis) or differential expression analysis of two or more RNA samples. This discussion will focus on the use of arrays for expression analysis.
Gene Arrays for Expression Analysis
Gene arrays have become a powerful approach for comparing complex sample RNA populations. Using array analysis, the expression profiles of normal and tumor tissues, treated and untreated cell cultures, developmental stages of an organism or tissue, and different tissues can be compared. A typical gene array experiment involves:
Isolating RNA from the samples to be compared
Converting the RNA samples to labeled cDNA via reverse transcription; this step may be combined with aRNA amplification
Hybridizing the labeled cDNA to identical membrane or glass slide arrays
Removing the unhybridized cDNA
Detecting and quantitating the hybridized cDNA, and
Comparing the quantitative data from the various samples
Some array manufacturers offer custom analysis services and may perform the probe labeling and hybridization reactions as a service.
Nylon Membrane Arrays
Nylon membrane arrays are typically hybridized with 33P-dNTP labeled probes and analyzed by a phosphorimager along with the appropriate software. A different array must be used for each sample analyzed. A typical experiment involves isolating RNA from two tissue or cell samples. The RNAs are reverse transcribed using labeled nucleotides and target specific, oligo dT, or random-sequence primers to create two labeled cDNA populations. The two cDNAs are hybridized to two identical arrays. After washing, the hybridized signal on each array is detected and analyzed. The signal emitting from each gene-specific spot is compared between the populations. Genes expressed at different levels in two samples generate different amounts of labeled cDNA and this results in spots on the array with different amounts of signal.
Glass Slide Arrays
Glass slide arrays analysis involves the same steps, but rather than labeling with isotopes during reverse transcription, probes for glass arrays are labeled with two distinct fluorescently labeled nucleotides and both probes are hybridized to the same array. Typically, one sample RNA is labeled with Cyanine 3-dNTP (Cy3) and the other with Cyanine 5-dNTP (Cy5). Each dye produces different color fluorescence. The two labeled RNA populations are hybridized to one glass slide and scanned using a fluorescent imager.
Affymetrix's GeneChips are glass slide arrays manufactured using special photolithographic methods and combinatorial chemistry, which allow the oligonucleotide spots to be synthesized directly onto the array substrate. The analysis procedure specifies that the RNA samples are converted to biotin-labeled cDNA, and each sample is hybridized to a separate GeneChip. The hybridized cDNA is then stained with a streptavidin-phycoerythrin conjugate and visualized with an array scanner.
Where once the bottleneck in gene expression analysis was the benchwork, with array analysis, it is the computer work. Because a single array experiment can generate thousands of data points, the primary challenge of the technique is making sense of the data. Many commercial companies provide image analysis software, including BioDiscovery (ImaGene) and Imaging Research (ArrayVision). Furthermore, many array manufacturers offer software specifically for the analysis of their arrays and offer the analysis as a service.
For membrane array analysis, a file of the data is generated by phosphoimaging and that file is then analyzed using software. The software will correlate spots to genes and can compare spot intensities for differential expression studies.
Glass array data is treated in much the same way, but the image's fluorescence is scanned and the software allows detection of each samples' fluorescence individually or simultaneously for analysis. Most software packages can analyze several arrays simultaneously.
Differences in expression of specific sequences are often validated by another method of analysis such as RT-PCR, Northern analysis or nuclease protection assays. These same methods can be used for relative or absolute quantitation of specific messages of interest identified by array analysis.
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Skip to comments.Detection of Waves in Space Buttresses Landmark Theory of Big Bang
Posted on 03/17/2014 8:46:48 AM PDT by Seizethecarp
On Monday, Dr. Guths starship came in. Radio astronomers reported that they had seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and that his hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right.
Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to the first sliver of cosmic time with telescopes at the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by John M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics detected ripples in the fabric of space-time so-called gravitational waves the signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart when it was roughly a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second old. They are the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of inflation, proof, Dr. Kovac and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was correct.
Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though many, including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it could ever be proved.
If corroborated, Dr. Kovacs work will stand as a landmark in science comparable to the recent discovery of dark energy pushing the universe apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast realms of time and space and energy to science and speculation.
Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University, an early-universe expert who was not part of the team, said, This is huge, as big as it gets.
Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working in an experiment known as Bicep, for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization, reported their results in a scientific briefing at the Center for Astrophysics here on Monday and in a set of papers submitted to The Astrophysical Journal.
Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one in 3.5 million a gold standard of discovery called five-sigma.
Guth pronounced himself bowled over, saying he had not expected such a definite confirmation in his lifetime.
(Excerpt) Read more at nytimes.com ...
There will be champagne corks popping today.
What it means is that Space-Time CAN be manipulated................................
“Reaching back across 13.8 billion years”
And apply Einstein’s theory of Relativity (time and space are not constants), and you may find this took place
not “quite” that long ago, in terms of “actual” vs. “apparent” time...
“There will be champagne corks popping today.”
quote from article:
Dr. Linde, who first described the most popular variant of inflation, known as chaotic inflation, in 1983, was about to go on vacation in the Caribbean last week when Chao-Lin Kuo, a Stanford colleague and a member of Dr. Kovacs team, knocked on his door with a bottle of Champagne to tell him the news.
Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his wife, asking if she had ordered Champagne.
And then I told him that in the beginning we thought that this was a delivery but we did not think that we ordered anything, but I simply forgot that actually I did order it, 30 years ago, Dr. Linde wrote in an email.
Calling from Bonaire, the Dutch Caribbean island, Dr. Linde said he was still hyperventilating. Having news like this is the best way of spoiling a vacation, he said.
>What it means is that Space-Time CAN be manipulated....
Was, Is and Will be again. Simply finding the just-out-of-reach cookie jar is half the battle.
So... reality is atemporal?
Scientists still suffer from Ptolemaic influences, no matter how far out their sphere of reference goes.
We’re born: I’m the center of the universe!
We’re a kid: I’m the center of the neighborhood!
We’re a schoolboy: I’m the center of the class!
We’re in college: I’m the center of my girlfriend’s world!
We’re a scientist: I’m the center of the universe!
“Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one in 3.5 million a gold standard of discovery called five-sigma.”
Anyone know if this scientific “gold standard” is applied also to the results thus far in proving the theories of evolution and anthropogenic global warming? ( so-called “settled science”)
Theroasly...Can there be a Big Bang if there is no ear to hear it?
God works in the most mysterious, yet simplest ways.
“Hugh and Series! “
Naw! Mute and irrevalunt! A looser!
So, this a big deal?
Evolution is a large field of biology. I imagine that genetic evidence probably is subject to such measurement standards, however other areas where the evidence is historical or observational, probably not.
Right...do I still have to go to work today?
Doesn’t prove the “big bang.” The “big bang” is not a sufficient explanation for the origin of the universe.
We don't need to hear it. We can see it.
Hard not to be influenced by Ptolemy when dealing with the enormity of it all. He was the FIRST that we know of who would even conceive of the world "out there."
Side note: I would think that most astronomers would NOT be atheists. I took an astronomy class eons ago and still remember vividly my awe. I wasn't easily awed by professors or their subjects, but he AND astronomy HOOKED me.
So the universe is less than a second old, and it gets “wrenched apart”? Mighty big wrench.
In actuality, we can't see the Big Bang or the so called gravity waves. We detect much of the Universe with radio telescopes, so we are actually 'hearing' it rather than seeing it.
I know it’s a simplistic view, but it’s what I believe:
I believe in the Big Bang. God said “Let there be..” and BANG! there it was.
No, not at all. In relativity, proper time is the elapsed time between two events as measured by a clock that passes through both events. Since the entire universe passed through (or arbitrarily close to ) the same point at the start of the Big Bang, all clocks are keeping proper time with respect to that event, so it is meaningful to speak of time since the big bang for any point in space time. For events long after the Big Bang and for different observers separated in space, the time interval between events can be different. See this example: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_time#Example_1:_The_twin_.22paradox.22
I’ve been thinking that time itself runs faster or slower depending on gravity/mass/energy interaction too
Now if I can only get several Billion dollars grant I can prove it
It is kind of amusing to realize that relativity requires the edge of the universe to be equidistant. But it's not the same thing as being the center of the universe. Since you can only look into the past there is an ultimate limit to your perception - the ultimate horizon is the beginning of time.
“Doesnt prove the ‘big bang.’ The ‘big bang’ is not a sufficient explanation for the origin of the universe.”
Thee article says that this model explains the portion of the universe that resulted from the “big bang” but indicates the model does NOT explain the “cosmos” within which the big bang occurred:
quote from article:
“Confirming inflation would mean that the universe we see, extending 14 billion light-years in space with its hundreds of billions of galaxies, is only an infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos whose extent, architecture and fate are unknowable. Moreover, beyond our own universe there might be an endless number of other universes bubbling into frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta water boiling over.”
Now we are likened to bubbling pasta!
Big bang is a bunch of bullshit just like evolution, I don’t care what these fools think they’ve found. Having all the mass of the universe collapsed to a point would be the mother of all black holes, and nothing would ever “Bang(TM)” its way out of that. These clowns are doubling-down on stupid, just like the libtards and demokkkrats are.
Radio telescopes detect photons. It’s like seeing with glasses.
Didn't know there was an observatory at the South Pole. Are they sure they weren't just measuring their teeth chattering?
That's got to be one big pot!
Well I was being somewhat tongue-in-cheek. But kidding aside, wouldn’t a point of infinite mass with no physical dimension be atemporal?
The "Big Bang Theory" is the most sufficient explanation available, unless you have an improvement to offer.
Or it could have just been the wake of a starship warp drive.
Anyone yet have a line on any peer reviewable paper?
I’ve poked around. Can’t find one yet.
I suppose a point of infinite mass with no dimensions would be atemporal, at least in the sense that such a concept is physically meaningless;)
Why I mean is, prior to the big bang was a dimensionless point of infinite mass/energy, & that prior to the big bang there where no events, there was no time.
God is atemporal.
Many races believe that the Universe was created by some sort of god or in the Big Bang. The Jatravartids, however, believe that the Universe was sneezed out of the nose of a being called the Great Green Arkleseizure. They live in perpetual fear of the time they call “The Coming of the Great White Handkerchief” (their version of the End of the Universe). The theory of the Great Green Arkleseizure is not widely accepted outside Viltvodle VI.
Einstein initially refused to accept the idea of an expanding universe; Lemaître recalled him commenting"Vos calculs sont corrects, mais votre physique est abominable"
One must accept, n'est-ce pas, that is was a playful God who created a new universe with abundant evidence that it was almost 14 billion years old.
By its very nature, if the universe is larger than the “observable universe” then we are at the center of the observable universe. It has to be that way (again, assuming that the actual universe is larger in all directions than the observable universe).
Unless we start talking about things like currents in the ether.
Read the article. The paper was just submitted today. A few select physicists were given advanced hard copy and asked not to spread it around. It may be expeditiously released pending peer review.
You might find this sneak preview interesting:
That does not appear to be how it works.
What is wrong with the champagne corks?
Then why are they spending millions of $ to prove it true?
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
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Before resorting to pills and cough syrups, which often have side effects, and sometimes even contain alcohol – give your body a helping hand in building a strong immune system using the resources of nature to restore balance and optimal functioning in your body. Healthy Digestion is the first step in boosting immunity: Believe it or not, if your digestive system is not functioning at its best, you can also force your immune system to work extra hard. This occurs because the body will enzymes your immune system to aid in digestion. A balanced diet that includes fiber, lean protein and probiotics, will do wonders for your digestive system and immune system. Echinacea: This herb is one of the top herbal supplements in the world. The immunostimulant properties of the plant of the American West, have been acknowledged for over a century. Echinacea can be used at the first signs of a cold or during times of stress when may be compromised. Ginger: This root has been used by the Chinese for thousands of years.
It can be boiled and be taken as a tea, or be cooked meals, which adds a tangy flavor. Garlic: Food Considered estupendosa a Nature, garlic not only enhances the immune system, but is considered one of the powerful antibiotics by their nature anti-bacterial properties. As an added benefit, and it also helps circulation. Beans and Lentils: Rich in folate, beans and lentils are a long way in boosting the immune system naturally. Tea: Both green and black have immuno-stimulant properties due to the high levels of antioxidants.
The tea is considered to have as many antioxidants as some of the plants healthier. Avoid refined sugar: The over-processing food with sugar and fat are harmful to our health, especially the digestive and immune system. The sugars are known a realmentea para kill beneficial intestinal flora, which is one of the most important contributors to healthy immunity. Exercise regularly: Everyone knows that exercise is good for you, but you knew that regular exercise can reduce your chance of catching a cold or the flu? The reason for this is that exercise promotes balance in all body systems, making each one works at its peak. If you feel your immune system as an army, regular exercise will help you get ready for battle. Engineer by profession but with a great interest in health and alternative medicine. I believe that natural remedies and alternative therapies have their place in modern medicine. Public one with these issues because I am sure that an informed person is potentially a more happy and healthy.
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view a plan
Music Theory Basketball is played here
Music, P.E. & Health
4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Title – Music Basketball Basics
By – Hayley Winslow
Primary Subject – Music
Secondary Subject – PE
Grade Level – 4-8
Basketball hoop and ball, flashcards containing music theory information.
Assess the knowledge that individual students have about music theory.
Motivate students to work as a team and to learn the information.
The students need to have been introduced to the information before the game is played.
Before the lesson:
Create or purchase flashcards that contain the music theory information your class has covered. If you put the flashcards on a ring, it’s easier to move from card to card. You may want to create different levels of difficulty or split cards into vocabulary, pitches, note values, symbols, etc. to make the game more challenging or information specific for the students.
Put a portable basketball hoop up in your room or in an activity room. If you do not have a portable basketball hoop, use a basketball hoop either in the gym or outside. Place a mark on the ground 8+ feet in front of the basketball hoop.
Each team will have a person step up to the mark. Show the first team a card. The person at the mark will give an answer or pass. If the person passes or answers incorrectly, the card goes to the next team and that person sits down. If the person gets it right, their team gets a point and they are given the ball to shoot. If they make a basket, their team gets an extra point. If they don’t make it, nothing is added or deducted.
If the first team answers correctly, do not use the same card for the second team. Show the second team a new card. When a student is done with their turn, they sit down and another teammate comes to the mark. Be sure to give each team equal turns at the mark, even if you have to repeat some of the flashcards.
If you have an older group, you can make different sets of flashcards that cover basics through advanced information. Color-code the different sets and give each set a point value (example: 1 pt. for red cards, 2 pts. for blue, 3 pts. for green, etc.). Give more points for the hard information and less for the basics. If they get the question right, let them shoot the basket and give the team points according to the value of the flashcard.
Keep the kids who are not at the mark in their seats or standing along a line. The kids really get into this game and it can get loud and rowdy. Also, this is a great game to use for shortened days.
E-Mail Hayley Winslow !
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Cloud computing conjures a lot of images but is essentially being able to access computer resources from anywhere on the Internet. Cloud services have emerged from necessity, evolved through reliability and usability, and continue to thrive on scalability. The benefits of switching to a cloud environment are quick implementation, anytime access, lower upfront and hardware costs, and lower ongoing maintenance costs. The easiest way to think about cloud computing is having your IT department on the web. This eliminates the need for in-house infrastructure – servers, software, and personnel. Unlike traditional software based in a local computer, cloud computing applications are designed for multiple users and are the best option for students and educators.
The very first network was the “sneakernet”. I had to physically carry punch-cards, then tapes and finally floppy disks from one computer to another to share information. Then came the modem and I could send and receive files over a phone line, but I had to keep a copy of everything locally. In the late 90’s Yahoo was launched and I got the email address I have had for nearly 15 years – mostly to email myself attachments, so that those files sat on Yahoo’s “cloud” servers and I did not have to rely solely on my very undependable Windows computer. Since then there have been many attempts at file storage on-line but the King Kong of the Cloud is Google and it’s immense array of free (advertisement driven) and pay services. As a college student in the new century I use many Cloud applications: Angel, Proquest, Sharepoint sites, and I keep most all of my files in my email and Google Docs or on my network drive at BTC, making them accessible from anywhere I can get on the net. But there is another compelling reason for utilizing the Cloud in education: it is engaging and helps students learn more efficiently .
Cloud computing has a prominent role to play in our classrooms. The technology provides an alternative to real-world schooling and encourages personal, interactive and group learning, regardless of geographical location. There is evidence that using technology can help students absorb information more efficiently because it is engrossing and can be customisable as well as structured by both students and instructors. (Marcoux 2011) This makes it desirable as a teaching as well as a cost reduction tool.
Many colleges struggle with providing sufficient hardware or software to give students a complete educational experience. This problem is especially pronounced in the technical fields. Schools have overloaded infrastructures – shorthanded staff, budget cuts, and higher than ever enrollments. Cloud computing can solve many of these problems. For support staff, a distributed system can substantially reduce their load, making once location dependent applications available across nationwide or statewide school networks. Virtual classrooms allow for more capacity without building new classrooms. Software is available that provides solutions to many education needs beyond online learning: accounting of grades, registration and records and human resources. (Katzan, 2010) These reductions in overhead and costs make cloud computing the perfect fit for educational institutions.
One of the biggest concerns expressed by those considering switching to cloud providers is the safety of their data. Cloud vendors have been trying to alleviate those fears since the beginning. How can you know your data is safe? What happens if you switch providers or a provider goes out of business? Can you get those files back? Is encryption keeping sensitive information safe? In 14 years of using Yahoo, 5 years of Google, 3 years of Angel and 1 year of Sharepoint I have NEVER lost a file because of the service provider, it has always been my error. They have redundant, multiple-site and off-site backups that I, as well as many educational institutions, could never reproduce for the same cost.
Cloud computing is producing new opportunities to expand education. It is a better, more engaging learning experience for the student and a timesaver for instructors. Resources can be used more efficiently, even as they decrease because of budget cuts. This makes cloud computing the best option for students, educators and educational institutions.
Katzan, H.. (2010). The Educational Value Of Cloud Computing. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 3(7), 37-42. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from Proquest database.
Marcoux, E.. (2011). Technology and YOU. Teacher Librarian, 38(5), 66. Retrieved October 26, 2011, from ProQuest database.
Cloud Computing in Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
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Every day, millions of people experience lower back pain when walking.
From taking the dog around the block, relieving stress with physical activity, or just trying to get some exercise, walking is a part of life.
If you experience pain in your lower back when walking, you’re not alone. Nearly 80 percent of all adults experience lower back pain at some stage in life.1
Here are some possible symptoms and causes of lower back pain when walking. If you are experiencing lower back pain when walking, see your doctor. Only a doctor can diagnose what is causing your pain, but this overview will help you to understand the way your body works.
Symptoms of Lower Back Pain When Walking
If you’re experiencing pain in your lower back (also called your lumbar spine) when walking, you may have felt some of these symptoms already.
Pay attention to what your back is telling you. What type of discomfort are you feeling? Is it dull pain? Is it shooting pain? Identifying the type of pain will help your doctor figure out what’s going on.
Also, pay attention to where you feel the pain. Is it in one specific area? Is it acute pain that radiates across your lower back?
The type of pain and its location may help you and your doctor determine what’s going on.
If you are experiencing lower back pain when walking, here are some pain symptoms you may be feeling:
- Muscle spasms
- Fatigue or weakness in muscles
- Pinched nerve
- Dull, aching pain
- Shooting pain
- Chronic pain
- Restricted mobility
- Decreased range of motion2
Possible Causes of Lower Back Pain When Walking
There are many possible causes of lower back pain when walking. Your posture and your form while walking can affect the way your back and spine feel. Injury factors like muscle sprain, muscle strain, sciatica, and disc injury can also cause discomfort.
Furthermore, certain chronic medical conditions can require medical attention, emergency care, or spine surgery. These include:
- Degenerative disc disease
- Spinal stenosis
- Cauda Equina Syndrome
In order to assess the type of treatment you require, your doctor will need to determine what is causing your back pain. Here are some possible causes of lower back pain when walking.
1. Your Posture Could Be Causing the Pain
The way you hold your body when walking can play a major role in your comfort level and ease of walking. While good posture can result in little to no pain or stress, bad or inefficient posture can cause lower back pain and postural stress.
What are the Symptoms of Postural Stress?
Beyond lower back pain, if you’re suffering from postural stress, you may also experience:
- Aches and pains in other parts of the body, such as the neck, shoulders, and knees
- Slumped or rounded shoulders
- Hunched back
- Trouble walking long distances
- Abdominal obesity or potbelly
- Bent knees 3
Possible Causes of Postural Stress When Walking
Postural stress can result from a variety of circumstances while walking, including:
- Prolonged time spent walking with incorrect posture
- Muscle weakness
- Carrying a heavy backpack or unbalanced load
- Looking down at a cell phone while walking4
Can Correct Posture While Walking Prevent Lower Back Pain?
Maintaining good posture while walking may help prevent pain in the lumbar spine. Study the way you hold your body when you are walking. Are you following these steps?
Stand up straight, without leaning forward or back.
Pull in your stomach and rotate your hips forward with your buttocks in.
Keep your eyes forward with your chin parallel to the ground.
It is also a good idea to increase strength in your hamstrings and back muscles to help maintain good posture. Stress management may also help decrease postural stress.5
2. Lumbar Sprain or Muscle Strain Could Be To Blame
Your lower spine is supported by a network of soft tissues, including muscles, tendons, and ligaments. If you feel irritation, muscle spasms, or tightness across your lower back, hips, or buttocks when walking, the tissues may be damaged. This can lead to lumbar sprain or muscle strain.6
What are the Symptoms of Lumbar Sprain and Muscle Strain?
When you sprain or strain your lumbar spine, the soft tissues in your back can become aggravated and inflamed. The pain can range from slight to debilitating. Depending on the extent of the injury, you may experience:
- Muscles spasms (with exercise or rest)
- Stiffness or soreness in your lower back
- Restricted range of motion
- Tightness in lower back muscles
- Pain that radiates from your back to your buttocks7
Possible Causes Of Lumbar Sprain And Muscle Strain
You can strain your lower back by pulling or twisting your lower back muscles suddenly or awkwardly. Chronic strain can occur if you overuse muscles in a repetitive fashion.
Remember the old saying, “Lift with your legs, not with your back?” You can also experience muscle strain by lifting something improperly or by putting too much stress on your back muscles.
Lumbar sprain can occur when one or more ligaments in your back are stretched beyond their normal range.
This can happen after a fall, an unexpected twist, or a forceful blow to your body.
Excessive activity from aerobic exercise or low-impact exercise can cause a sprain. Displaying incorrect form while exercising can also be troublesome.
Other factors that may cause a lower back sprain or strain include:
- Weakness in the back or abdominal muscles
- Tightness in the hamstrings
- Being obese or overweight
- Curving the lower back for long periods of time
- Playing sports where pulling and pushing is frequent8
What To Do If You Think You Have Sprained Your Lumbar Spine Or Strained A Lower Back Muscle
Call your doctor to evaluate your options. If you think you have a serious sprain or strain, your doctor will be able to evaluate your injury and discuss treatment.
3. A Herniated Or Slipped Disc
If you feel severe, sharp pain shooting through your lumbar region when walking, you might be experiencing sciatica from a slipped disc.
The bones (vertebrae) that make up your spine are cushioned by small discs. These discs absorb shock and help protect the spinal cord. If a disc slips out of place, it can press on the spinal nerve and cause severe pain.9
What are the Symptoms of a Herniated Disc?
Symptoms may vary depending on the location and size of the injured disc. If the disc is pressing on a nerve, the symptoms may be more severe, as with sciatica.
Sciatica may cause a shooting pain, burning, tingling or numbness that occurs anywhere along the sciatic nerve from the buttocks to the legs.
Other symptoms may include:
- Low backache
- Lumbar spinal pain (pain in the lower back)
- Severe, electric shock-like pain
- Numbness and weakness (usually on one side of the body)
- Pain that increases when walking or standing10
Possible Causes Of A Herniated Disc
Spinal discs have a soft, jelly-like center and a tough exterior. A disc herniation or ruptured disc occurs when this “jelly” substance slips through a crack in the wall of a disc. This can happen in the lower back or neck. Causes include:
- Weak discs
- Twisting or turning the wrong way
- Heavy lifting
- A sedentary lifestyle11
What To Do If You Think You Have A Herniated or Ruptured Disc
Call your doctor. They will perform a physical exam, diagnose your condition, and provide treatment options.
4. Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing in the spine caused by a compression of the spinal canal. When this happens, pressure can be placed on nerve groups and the spinal cord, causing pain.
What Are The Symptoms Of Spinal Stenosis?
While spinal stenosis is mostly a concern for people over the age of 50, an injury of the spine or being diagnosed with a narrow spinal canal are risk factors.
Spinal stenosis symptoms can include:
- Back pain
- Neck pain
- Pain shooting down the leg
- Numbness or weakness in an arm or leg
- Loss of sensation in the lower extremities
- Cramping or pain in an arm or leg
- Discomfort in the feet12
Why Does Spinal Stenosis Cause Pain In The Lower Back?
While spinal stenosis can cause pain in the shoulders, arms, and neck, it commonly affects the lower back and legs as well.
Lumbar spinal stenosis occurs when the spinal canal is compressed and the spine narrows.
Pain and numbness can often occur in the lower back, in one or both legs, and the buttocks.
Spinal stenosis can also be caused by other conditions that shrink the spinal canal, including degenerative joint problems or bone disorders.13
What To Do If You Think You Have Spinal Stenosis
If you think you may have spinal stenosis, see your doctor for treatment. Spinal stenosis is diagnosed with a physical examination and visual imaging tests. Your doctor may recommend physical therapy, pain relievers, a back brace, and/or spinal surgery.14
Other Potential Causes of Lower Back Pain When Walking
Lower back pain when walking is not limited to these causes. Here are some other potential causes of lower back pain when walking:
Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)
The compression of nerve roots, commonly resulting from a herniated disc in the lumbar area.15
Degenerative Disc Disease
Can be caused by the drying out of a disc, daily physical activity and sports, or injury.16
When part of a bone in the spine, a.k.a. a vertebrae, collapses.17
See Your Doctor for Lower Back Pain When Walking
You don’t want to gamble with your back health. Call your doctor to advise you on any type of treatment. Here’s what your doctor might recommend:
- NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications)
- Cortisone injections
- Prescription orthotic shoes
- Physical therapy
- Strengthening exercises
- Mobility stretches
- Modalities (including electric stimulation and ultrasound)
- Muscle relaxants
- Topical creams and ointments
While you’ll always want to call your doctor for advice, especially if your pain is severe, there are also several things you can do at home that might help you manage lower back pain.
- Change up your exercise routine
- Apply heating pads and ice packs
- Buy a more supportive mattress
- Pay attention to your posture
- Lose weight
- Focus on relaxing and natural stress relief18
If you are one of the millions of people suffering from lower back pain when walking, don’t despair. Always call your doctor if you are experiencing severe pain or simply want to apply best practices to your condition.
Pain doesn’t have to prevent you from enjoying a stroll around the block.
Normal Aging and Fatigue – What Older Adults Must Know
Bruised Kidney? Try These Simple DIY Remedies for Relief
6 Bad Habits That Are Disrupting Your Sleep
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Punica granatum L. comes from the Middle East, spread across the subtropics to the tropics, from the lowlands to below 1,000 m asl. These plants prefer loose soil that is not submerged in water, ground water is not deep. Pomegranates are often planted in gardens as ornamental plants, medicinal plants, or as an edible fruit. The form of shrubs or small trees with a height of 2-5 m. Woody stems, twigs sided, branching much, weak, spiny, brown when young, and old ksetelah green. Single leaf, short-stemmed, located in groups. Leaf blade is oval shaped, base tapering, blunt edge, flat edge, shiny surfaces, the length of 1-9 cm, width 0.5 to 2, 5 cm, green color. Single short-stemmed flowers, out at the very top end of the branch. Typically, there are one to five flowers, the colors red, white, or purple. Flowering throughout the year. Fruits are round with a diameter of 5-12 cm, color variety, such as the green-purple, white, reddish brown or blackish purple.
Skin of the fruit contains alkaloids pelletierene, granatin, betulic acid, ursolic acid, isoquercitrin, elligatanin, resin, triterpenoid, calcium oxalate, and starch. Root bark and bark contains about 20% elligatanin and 0.5 - 1% alkaloid compounds, including alkaloids pelletierine (C8H14N0), pseudopelletierine (C9H15N0), metilpelletierine (C8H14NO.CH3), isopelletierine (C8H15N0), and metilisopellettierine (C9H1 , N0). The leaves contain alkaloids, tannins, calcium oxalate, fat, sulfur, peroxidase. Fruit juice contains citric acid, malic acid, glucose, fructose, maltose, vitamins (A, C), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), and tannins. Pelletierine highly toxic alkaloid and causes paralysis of the tapeworm, roundworm, pinworm, and worms. Skin of the fruit and bark are astringent too strong it is used for treatment of diarrhea.
During harvest, fruits were collected. Seeds removed, then dried in the sun to dry skin. Prior to use, can be stored in well sealed containers. Skin of the fruit taste sour, bitter, warm nature, astringent, poisonous (toxic). Efficacious stop the bleeding (hemostatis), laxative intestinal worms (vermifuga), antidiarrheal, and antivirus. Skin of fruit and flowers is a powerful astringent. Decoction of them can stop the bleeding. Bark and root bark has a weak odor and sour taste. Efficacious as a laxative sputum, vermifuga, laxative, astringent and intestines. The leaves are efficacious for a laxative period. Fruit flesh (meat packing seeds) efficacious conditioning, laxative fart. Seeds of its cool, not berracun, efficacious fever reliever, antitoksik, lubricate the lung and relieve cough. Root bark efficacious laxative intestinal worms. Skin of the fruit inhibited the growth of typhoid bacilli. Fruit skin can control the spread of polio virus infection, herpes simplex virus, HIV virus clan.
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Supernovas may eject gas, extending dwarfs but leaving them nearly starless
A. Di Cintio, C. Brook, NIHAO simulations and Hubble Space Telescope
Brilliant births and destructive deaths of stars might take a runt of a galaxy and stretch it to become a ghostly behemoth, new computer simulations show. This process could explain the origin of recently discovered dark galaxies, which can be as wide as the Milky Way but host roughly 1 percent as many stars.
Since 2015, astronomers have found hundreds of these shadowy systems lurking in and around several clusters of galaxies (SN: 12/10/16, p. 18). How these dark galaxies form is a puzzle. But prolific star formation and blast waves from exploding stars could be responsible, researchers suggest in a paper to appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters.
“The mystery is: Are these galaxies like the Milky Way, or are they dwarf galaxies?” says study coauthor Arianna
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| 0.916516 | 204 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Computer-aided design (CAD) technology has already changed the practice of architecture, and it has the potential to change it even more radically. With Architecture’s New Media, Yehuda Kalay offers a comprehensive exposition of the principles, methods, and practices that underlie architectural computing. He discusses the aspects of information technology that are pertinent to architectural design, analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of particular computational methods, and looks at the potential of emerging computational techniques to affect the future of architectural design.
CAD technology, introduced in the postwar era and adopted in everyday architectural practice beginning in the 1970s, is now so indispensable that, as William Mitchell observes in his foreword, architectural practice without it is “as unimaginable as writing without a word processor.” Yet, Kalay argues, it has had little qualitative effect. This book provides a detailed introduction for practitioners, educators, students, and researchers to aspects of CAD that go beyond the improvements in drafting, modeling, and rendering for which it is commonly used. Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) is capable of modeling and manipulating objects (not merely their graphical representations), reasoning about and predicting performance of design solutions, generating new design solutions through algorithmic and other methods, managing vast amounts of information, and taking advantage of opportunities offered by the Internet for collaboration across time and space and for design of the virtual “space” of the Internet itself.
Architecture’s New Media covers five main topics: design methods and computer technology and the relationship between computers and design; the principles of communication and representation; generative design methods; the advantages of computational methods for predicting and evaluating the performance of design solutions; and current and future developments in technology, including collaborative design, intelligent design assistants, construction automation, and virtual design environments.
Editora: MIT Press
Tema: Arquitetura: desenho arquitetônico assistido por computador (CAAD)
Autores: Yehude Kalay
Local de publicação: Londres
Ano de publicação: 2004
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| 0.90434 | 465 | 2.90625 | 3 |
THE last known British survivor of the Spanish Civil War has died aged 94.
David Lomon, originally from Hackney, in East London, was one of 2,500 brave Brits who volunteered to fight against General Franco’s fascist army during the 1936 to 1939 civil war.
The war hero signed up to the International Brigade in secret in 1936 following a run in with Oswald Mosley’s fascist group, the Blackshirts, at the Battle of Cable Street, which took place just yards from his home.
At the time he was also a member of the Young Communist Party.
After signing up he fought in the battle of Teruel, which claimed 140,000 lives and marked a major turning point in Franco’s eventual victory.
He was captured in 1938 and became a prisoner of war at a camp in San Pedro de Cardenos, near Bruges, enduring brutal beatings and starvation before returning to the UK.
Jim Jump, secretary of the International Brigade Trust, paid tribute to Mr Lomon and said: “He had a conventional life when he returned.
“He was not the type to boast about what he did.
“He was a lovely man; very polite; a classic English gentleman.”
In an attempt to impose a fascist rule in Spain, with the support of Nazi Germany and Italian fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, Francisco Franco waged a bloody war against the government
Although the UK’s official stance was non-intervention thousands of British men signed up to fight, including writers George Orwell and Laurie Lee.
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Cloudy Night Astronomy
Especially during the colder months, it seems there is a better than average chance of our being beset by clouds. So what are you going to do if you get antsy to pursue your hobby of astronomy? Do you fondle your telescope and eyepieces? Do you go to a window every little while to check for sucker holes? You're not alone!
If you can't get out under a clear night sky, here are a few other pursuits that all relate to astronomy:
Equipment Don't just stare longingly at those optics...clean them! While it's not a good idea to clean mirrors and lenses more often than absolutely necessary, do take this opportunity to check their condition. Look at your eyepieces and filters, as well. (We tend to ignore them until they get really filthy.) Also check the collimation of your reflector, and perhaps lubricate your mounting and focuser with a good quality, light-weight grease.
Is there something you've been meaning to do to improve the performance of your instruments? This could be a set of weights to better balance your telescope tube fore and aft. Or perhaps you've wanted to install a better finder. Could you beef up your mounting to minimize some of those annoying shakes?
Also be inventive. Do you need a hands-free red light? Would the addition of tabs make your charts easier to use while observing? You could make a camera mount that attaches to your telescope. Perhaps it's as simple as getting a better case to hold your accessories; inexpensive toolboxes available at home center stores are great for this purpose. Observer's chairs really improve the observing experience. With just a little effort and virtually no skill you can make one yourself; plans are on the Internet (the "Denver Seat" works great).
Sometimes just discussing astronomy with a friend on the phone or in a "virtual" sort of way takes the edge off observing fever. You could join an Internet chat group devoted to observing or instrumentation. There are groups specifically targeted toward different types of observing and certain telescope designs. You can learn a lot from these groups, too. If you don't already belong to LCAS' own Yahoo! chat group, join up now. Or simply pick up the phone and call one of your observing buddies, if for no reason other than to console each other about the weather conditions.
Plan for the Next Clear Night
Okay, so you can't go out tonight, but it won't be cloudy forever. Look over your star atlas and draw up an observing plan. Do you have a goal, such as the Messier list, Herschel 400, or LCAS Observers Challenge? It might be interesting to make an observing list of close double stars in order to get some feel for the resolving power and optical quality of your telescope.
Organize Past Observations
If you've kept notes on your prior observations, are they organized in such a way that you could find out how a particular object looked to you? Maybe this means simply designing a form on which to record your observations, plus getting a binder to store those notes. This process could become even more organized if you have a computer - you could develop an observing database, maybe even with search and sort capability, depending on what software you have.
When I haven't been able to observe for awhile, it's enjoyable to simply look over the notes from past observations. Sometimes we find objects that should be re-observed in order to confirm certain features noted or to take a stab at seeing more detail than previously observed.
A stretch of bad weather gives you time to think about "stuff". Your wallet may be imperiled: it is at times like these when many of us start itching to buy some new piece of equipment - telescope, eyepieces, filters, etc. If you've already succumbed and have a new telescope and/or mounting, you might practice setting it up in a dark or semi-dark room in order to minimize fumbling about some night when you finally get out to use it. Also make a check-off list of items you need to take with you to a star party. From personal experience, there's nothing worse than forgetting to bring a critical part.
One thing that astrophotographers often do is to work on reprocessing some old images to maybe tease out just a bit more detail. If your film astrophotos are in the form of prints, you could scan them into your computer and learn the tricks of processing. (This might mean spending a few bucks on image processing software if you don't already have such a program.).
Now might be a good time to work on putting together a program for one of the club meetings, or perhaps working up a program that you could present to a school or scout troop. Are there some images you might need to get or some demonstrations that could be prepared? What else could you do for LCAS? Help is always needed somewhere. And to be really creative, how about writing an article for Night Times? There are loads of topics that would be of interest to your fellow members.
It's a shame to waste a cloudy night!Published in the January 2005 issue of the NightTimes
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Nine native Andean root and tuber crops hold economic and nutritional importance for subsistence farmers in the Andes.
They grow at high altitudes under extremely difficult conditions of drought, freezing temperatures, and UV exposure.
These lesser-known roots and tubers offer high vitamin, micronutrient, and starch content; good yields, and various medicinal properties. As a result, they also hold potential for further research, adaptation and use in other regions of the world, and exportation.
The crops are known by their Quechua Indian names: achira, ahipa, arracacha, maca, mashua, mauka, oca, ulluco, and yacon.
The International Potato Center protects and maintains the remarkable genetic diversity of wild and domestic Andean root and tuber crops threatened by extinction or genetic weakening. The genebank contains some 1,500 accessions collected from seven countries.
Achira (Canna edulis)
The perennial achira is from the same family that produces the exuberant, showy canna lilies found in florist shops and gardens worldwide. Also known as edible canna or Queensland arrowroot, it was a staple food for ancient Peruvians.
Flowers range in color from red to yellowish orange. There are 30–60 species in America and Asia, most of which produce fleshy, starchy rhizomes but with variable success. The seeds need scarification (softening the seed coat either physically or by chemical means) so that they absorb water more easily to germinate.
The fleshy rhizomes are traditionally baked in earthen ovens, and also used to produce a starchy flour for cooking breads and biscuits, and thickening drinks and soups.
Achira root has the largest starch granules ever determined in a vegetable; visible to the naked eye. The particular composition of this high-value starch enables it to be extracted easily and economically using homemade equipment. It is this industrial starch that provides an important source of income for Andean communities, where in some villages it is the main cash crop.
Achira is gaining wide popularity in Colombia, where there is growing demand for biscuits made from the root. In Vietnam, about 30,000 hectares are planted for prize gourmet noodles.
Mauka (Mirabilis expansa)
Scientists had thought that this colorful root had all but disappeared. Although the species has been described since 1794, it remained in obscurity until 1965, when it was rediscovered in a remote rural community in Bolivia.
Few fields remain and virtually no scientific studies have been carried out on the crop, which reproduces easily through seeds and is amenable to classical plant breeding.
High in protein, calcium, and phosphorous, mauka provides an abundance of succulent, edible stems. The roots are preferably cooked and eaten after several days of exposure to sunlight, a treatment that lessens the slightly bitter taste they have when freshly harvested. Harvested roots are also sometimes placed in the ground for a week to concentrate their sugar content.
Material for this page has been source from the Andean roots and tubers page on the International Potato Center website
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Qingcheng Mountains are an important Taoist site in China and a very popular summer resort for people in Chengdu for its ancient Taoist temples, agreeable climate and environment.
Nov 09, 2014
Buddhist and Taoist cultures
Daci Monastery in downtown Chengdu, very close to Chunxi Road, was first built during the Wei and Jin dynasties about 1,600 years ago, with its cultural height during the Tang and Song dynasties, when it gained the reputation as “the largest Buddhist congregation” in China and occupied a far greater area than its size of today. The monastery houses a large number of relics and was the place for the monkhood initiation of Xuanzang (602-664), a Buddhist monk, traveler and translator of Buddhist classics.
Jul 25, 2014
At the core of the Chegndu-Deyang-Mianyang Economic Belt, Pengzhou City is located in the northwest of Chengdu and is 25 kilometers from urban Chengdu.
Jul 17, 2014
Longmen Mountains: World-class Geological Park
The Longmenshan National Park, in northern Chengdu’s Pengzhou City, is a showcase of geological wonders. The park covers an area of 1, 900 sq.km and boasts diversified land forms characterized with well-developed strata, glacial erratic boulders (nappe) and thrust fault terrains (klippe).
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Module 11—Microwave Principles
Pages i - ix
1-1 to 1-10
, 1-11 to 1-20
1-21 to 1-30
, 1-31 to 1-40
1-41 to 1-50
, 1-51 to 1-60
1-61 to 1-68
, 2-1 to 2-10
2-11 to 2-20
,2-21 to 2-30
2-31 to 2-40
, 2-41 to 2-50
2-51 to 2-60
, 2-61 to 2-66
3-1 to 3-10
, 3-11 to 3-20
AI-1 to AI-6
, Index-1 to Index-2
Assignment 1 - 1-8
Assignment 2 - 9-16
Q-53. What limits
the usefulness of high-gain, tunnel-diode frequency converters?
Q-54. The varactor is a PN junction that
acts as what type of electronic device?
Q-55. The underlying principle of operation of the parametric
amplifier is based on what property?
Q-56. What is the most important feature of the parametric
Q-57. How is amplification achieved in the circuit shown in figure 2-43?
Q-58. What is the purpose
of the pump in a parametric amplifier?
Q-59. The pump signal frequency must be of what value when
compared to the input signal of a simple parametric amplifier?
Q-60. What is the primary difference
between the pump signal of a simple parametric amplifier and the pump signal of a nondegenerative parametric
Q-61. In a nondegenerative parametric amplifier the difference between the input frequency and the pump
frequency is called what? Bulk-Effect Semiconductors BULK-EFFECT
are unlike normal pn-junction diodes in both construction and operation. Some types have
no junctions and the processes necessary for operation occur in a solid block of semiconductor material. Other
types have more than one junction but still use bulk-effect action. Bulk-effect devices are among the latest of
developments in the field of microwave semiconductors and new applications are being developed rapidly. They seem
destined to revolutionize the field of high- power, solid-state microwave generation because they can produce much
larger microwave power outputs than any currently available pn-junction semiconductors. Bulk-effect semiconductors
are of two basic types: the transferred-electron devices and the avalanche transit-time devices.
.—The discovery that microwaves could be generated by applying a
steady voltage across a chip of n-type gallium-arsenide (GaAs) crystal was made in 1963 by J.B. Gunn. The device
is operated by raising electrons in the crystal to conduction-band energy levels that are higher than the level
they normally occupy. The overall effect is called the transferred-electron effect.
In a gallium-arsenide
semiconductor, empty electron conduction bands exist that are at a higher energy level than the conduction bands
occupied by most of the electrons. Any electrons that do occupy the higher conduction band essentially have no
mobility. If an electric field of sufficient intensity is applied to the semiconductor electrons, they will move
from the low-energy conduction band to the high- energy conduction band and become essentially immobile. The
immobile electrons no longer contribute to the current flow and the applied voltage progressively increases the
rate at which the electrons move from the low band to the high band. As the curve in figure 2-48 shows, the
maximum current rate is reached and begins to decrease even though the applied voltage continues to increase. The
point at which the current on the curve begins to decrease is called the THRESHOLD. This point is the beginning of
the negative-resistance region. Negative resistance is caused by electrons moving to the higher conduction band
and becoming immobile.
Figure 2-48.—Characteristic curve for a bulk-effect semiconductor.
If an increase in voltage is applied to a gallium-arsenide semiconductor, which is biased to operate in
the negative-resistance region, it divides into regions of varying electric fields. A tiny region, known as a
DOMAIN, forms that has an electric field of much greater intensity than the fields in the rest of the
semiconductor. The applied voltage causes the domain to travel across the semiconductor chip from the cathode to
the anode. The high field intensity of the domain is caused by the interaction of the slow electrons in the
high-energy band and the faster electrons in the low-energy band. The electrons in the low-energy band travel
faster than the moving domain and continually catch up during the transit from cathode to anode. When the fast
electrons catch up to the domain, the high field intensity forces them into the higher band where they lose most
of their mobility. This also causes them to fall behind the moving domain. Random scattering causes the electrons
to lose some energy and drop back into the lower, faster, energy band and race again after the moving domain. The
movement from the low-energy band to the high-energy band causes the electrons to bunch up at the back of the
domain and to provide the electron- transfer energy that creates the high field intensity in the domain. The
domains form at or near the cathode and move across the semiconductor to the anode, as shown in figure 2-49. As
the domain disappears at the anode, a new domain forms near the cathode and repeats the process.
Figure 2-49.—Gallium-arsenide semiconductor domain movement.
The GUNN OSCILLATOR
is a source of microwave energy that uses the bulk-effect, gallium-
arsenide semiconductor. The basic frequency of a Gunn oscillator is inversely proportional to the transit time of
a domain across the semiconductor. The transit time is proportional to the length of
and to some extent, the voltage applied. Each domain causes a pulse of current at the output; thus, the output is
a frequency determined by the physical length of the semiconductor chip.
The Gunn oscillator can deliver
continuous power up to about 65 milliwatts and pulsed outputs of up to about 200 watts peak. The power output of a
solid chip is limited by the difficulty of removing heat from the small chip. Much higher power outputs have been
achieved using wafers of gallium-arsenide as a single source.
AVALANCHE TRANSIT-TIME DIODES
.—Avalanche transit-time diodes, also called IMPATT (Impact
Avalanche and Transit-Time) diodes, are multilayer diodes of several different types used to generate microwave
power. The earliest of the avalanche transit-time diodes consists of four layers in a PNIN arrangement. The
intrinsic (I) layer has neither p nor n properties.
The PN junction for the PNIN diode, shown in figure
2-50, is strongly reverse biased to cause an avalanche in its depletion layer when the positive half cycle of a
microwave signal is applied. The avalanche effect causes the electrons in the n region, which is very thin, to
cross over to the intrinsic layer. The intrinsic layer is constructed so that the drift transit time causes the
current to lag the signal voltage by more than 90 degrees at the desired frequency. Such a lag represents a
negative resistance at the desired frequency. The PNIN avalanche transit-time diode, when inserted in a microwave
cavity with the proper dc bias, amplifies microwave signals introduced to the cavity.
Figure 2-50.—Avalanche transit time for a PNIN diode.
More recent research has shown that pin-junction diodes and simple PN-junction diodes can show negative
resistance and amplification at microwave frequencies when they are reverse biased into an avalanche condition.
The negative resistance in a simple PN-junction or pin diode is the result of a more complicated internal
mechanism than in the PNIN diode. The avalanche region and the drift region of the PNIN diode are physically
separate. Diodes of the PN and pin type must use the same physical region for both avalanche and drift-time
control. In all types of avalanche transit-time diodes, the negative-resistance property causes dc bias energy to
be absorbed by electrons in the avalanche process and given up to the applied microwave field.
What is the output frequency of an upper-sideband parametric-frequency converter?
Q-63. What is the
primary advantage of bulk-effect devices over normal PN-junction semiconductors?
Q-64. What happens to
the electrons of a gallium-arsenide semiconductor when they move from the
normal low-energy conduction band to
the high-energy conduction band?
Q-65. The point on the current curve of a gallium-arsenide
semiconductor at which it begins to exhibit negative resistance is called what?
Q-66. The domain in a
gallium-arsenide semiconductor has what type of electrical field when compared to the other regions across the
body of a semiconductor?
Q-67. What characteristic of a Gunn oscillator is inversely proportional to the
transit time of the domain across the semiconductor?
Q-68. What is the junction arrangement of the original avalanche transit-time diode?
causes dc bias energy to be absorbed by avalanche electrons and given up to the microwave field applied to an
avalanche transit-time diode? The Point-Contact Diode POINT-CONTACT
, commonly called CRYSTALS, are the oldest microwave semiconductor devices. They were developed
during World War II for use in microwave receivers and are still in widespread use as receiver mixers and
Unlike the PN-junction diode, the point-contact diode depends on the pressure of contact between a
point and a semiconductor crystal for its operation. Figure 2-51A and B, illustrate a point-contact diode. One
section of the diode consists of a small rectangular crystal of n-type silicon. A fine beryllium-copper,
bronze-phosphor, or tungsten wire called the CATWHISKER presses against the crystal and forms the other part of
the diode. During the manufacture of the point contact diode, a relatively large current is passed from the
catwhisker to the silicon crystal. The result of this large current is the formation of a small region of p-type
material around the crystal in the vicinity of the point contact. Thus, a PN-junction is formed which behaves in
the same way as a normal PN-junction.
Figure 2-51A.—Point-contact diode. DIAGRAM.
Figure 2-51B.—Point-contact diode. P REGION AROUND POINT.
Figure 2-51C.—Point-contact diode. CUT AWAY VIEW.
Figure 2-51D.—Point-contact diode. SCHEMATIC SYMBOL.
The pointed wire is used instead of a flat metal plate to produce a high-intensity electric field at the
point contact without using a large external source voltage. It is not possible to apply large voltages across the
average semiconductor because of the excessive heating.
The end of the catwhisker is one of the terminals
of the diode. It has a low-resistance contact to the external circuit. A flat metal plate on which the crystal is
mounted forms the lower contact of the diode with the external circuit. Both contacts with the external circuit
are low-resistance contacts. The characteristics of the point-contact diode under forward and reverse bias are
somewhat different from those of the junction diode.
With forward bias, the resistance of the point-contact diode is higher than that of the junction
diode. With reverse bias, the current flow through a point-contact diode is not as independent of the voltage
applied to the crystal as it is in the junction diode. The point-contact diode has an advantage over the junction
diode because the capacitance between the catwhisker and the crystal is less than the capacitance between the two
sides of the junction diode. As such, the capacitive reactance existing across the point- contact diode is higher
and the capacitive current that will flow in the circuit at high frequencies is smaller. A cutaway view of the
entire point-contact diode is shown in figure 2-51C. The schematic symbol of a point-contact diode is shown in
figure 2-51D. Schottky Barrier Diode
The SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE is actually a
variation of the point-contact diode in which the metal semiconductor junction is a surface rather than a point
contact. The large contact area, or barrier, between the metal and the semiconductor in the Schottky barrier diode
provides some advantages over the point-contact diode. Lower forward resistance and lower noise generation are the
most important advantages of the Schottky barrier diode. The applications of the Schottky barrier diode are the
same as those of the point-contact diode. The low noise level generated by Schottky diodes makes them especially
suitable as microwave receiver detectors and mixers.
The Schottky barrier diode is sometimes called the
HOT-ELECTRON or HOT-CARRIER DIODE because the electrons flowing from the semiconductor to the metal have a higher
energy level than the electrons in the metal. The effect is the same as it would be if the metal were heated to a
higher temperature than normal. Figure 2-52 is an illustration of the construction of a Schottky barrier diode.
Figure 2-52.—Schottky-barrier diode.
The pin diode consists of two narrow, but highly doped, semiconductor
regions separated by a thicker, lightly-doped material called the intrinsic region. As suggested in the name, pin,
one of the heavily doped regions is p-type material and the other is n-type. The same semiconductor material,
usually silicon, is used for all three areas. Silicon is used most often for its power-handling capability and
because it provides a highly resistive intrinsic (I) region. The pin diode acts as an ordinary diode at
frequencies up to about 100 megahertz, but above this frequency the operational characteristics change.
large intrinsic region increases the transit time of electrons crossing the region. Above 100 megahertz, electrons
begin to accumulate in the intrinsic region. The carrier storage in the intrinsic region causes the diode to stop
acting as a rectifier and begin acting as a variable resistance. The equivalent
circuit of a pin diode at microwave frequencies is shown in figure 2-53A. A resistance versus voltage
characteristic curve is shown in figure 2-53B.
Figure 2-53A.—Diode equivalent circuit (PIN).
Figure 2-53B.—Diode equivalent circuit (PIN).
When the bias on a pin diode is varied, the microwave resistance changes from a typical value of 6
kilohms under negative bias to about 5 ohms when the bias is positive. Thus when the diode is mounted across a
transmission line or waveguide, the loading effect is insignificant while the diode is reverse biased, and the
diode presents no interference to power flow. When the diode is forward biased, the resistance drops to
approximately 5 ohms and most power is reflected. In other words, the diode acts as a switch when mounted in
parallel with a transmission line or waveguide. Several diodes in parallel can switch power in excess of 150
kilowatts peak. The upper power limit is determined by the ability of the diode to dissipate power. The upper
frequency limit is determined by the shunt capacitance of the PN junction, shown as C1 in figure 2-53A. Pin diodes
with upper limit frequencies in excess of 30 gigahertz are available.
Q-70. During the manufacture of a
point-contact diode, what is the purpose of passing a relatively large current from the catwhisker to the silicon
Q-71. What is the capacitive reactance across a point-contact diode as compared to a normal
Q-72. What are the most important advantages of the Schottky barrier diode?
Q-73. At frequencies above 100 megahertz, the intrinsic (i) region causes a pin diode to act as what?
Q-74. The pin diode is primarily used for what purpose?Microwave Transistors
Transistors, like vacuum tubes, have had a very limited application in the microwave range. Many of
the same problems encountered with vacuum tubes, such as transit-time effects, also limit the upper frequency
range of transistors. However, research in the area of microwave transistors, and especially MICROWAVE INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS (ICs), is proceeding rapidly. GALLIUM-ARSENIDE FET AMPLIFIERS
developed which provide low-noise amplification up to about 30 dB in the 7- to 18-gigahertz range. The power
output of many of these amplifiers is relatively low, approximately 20 to 200 milliwatts, but that is satisfactory
for many microwave applications. Research has extended both the frequency range and the power output of
gallium-arsenide FET amplifiers to frequencies as high as 26.5 gigahertz and power levels in excess of 1 watt in
multistage amplifiers. SILICON BIPOLAR-TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS
in integrated circuit form
have been developed that provide up to 40 watts peak power in the 1- to 1.5-gigahertz range. Other types of
microwave transistor amplifiers combined into multistage modules are capable of providing power outputs
approaching 100 watts.
Microwave transistor amplifiers, because of their stability, light weight, and long
life, are rapidly replacing microwave tubes in the first stages of high-powered radar and communications
transmitters. In the future new systems will be almost completely solid state.
The information that follows summarizes the important points presented in this chapter. The use of microwave
frequencies forced the development of special tubes to offset the limitations caused by interelectrode
capacitance, lead inductance, and electron transit-time effects in conventional tubes. Microwave tubes, such as
the klystron and TWT, take advantage of transit-time effects through the use of VELOCITY MODULATION to amplify and
generate microwave energy.
The KLYSTRON is a velocity-modulated tube which may be used as an amplifier or
oscillator. The klystron, when used as an amplifier, requires at least two resonant cavities, the buncher and the
catcher. A diagram of a basic klystron is shown at the right.
The REFLEX KLYSTRON, shown at the right, is used only as an oscillator and uses only one cavity to bunch
and collect the electrons. The frequency is determined by the size and shape of the cavity. The reflex klystron
has several possible modes of operation which are determined by electron transit time. Electron transit time is
controlled by the REPELLER voltage.
Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current,
to Alternating Current and Transformers, Introduction to Circuit Protection,
Control, and Measurement
, Introduction to Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques,
and Schematic Reading
, Introduction to Generators and Motors
Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies,
Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies
Introduction to Amplifiers, Introduction to
Wave-Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits
, Introduction to Wave Propagation, Transmission
Lines, and Antennas
, Microwave Principles,
, Introduction to Number Systems and Logic Circuits, Introduction
to Microelectronics, Principles of Synchros, Servos, and Gyros
Introduction to Test Equipment
, Radar Principles,
The Technician's Handbook,
Master Glossary, Test Methods and Practices,
Introduction to Digital Computers,
Magnetic Recording, Introduction to Fiber Optics
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We are currently living under very volatile skies. Less than one year after a 10,000 ton meteorite exploded above the Russian city of Chelyabinsk in the Urals injuring 950 people, Russian scientists reveal that a nearby area of the country narrowly missed an impact from a 15 meter asteroid which skimmed past Earth last weekend. The asteroid, which was moving at 16km per second, passed within 11,300km of the Earth’s surface, an altitude which is below the orbit of geostationary satellites. It was discovered during its near miss by the Master Tunka station near Lake Baikal. The asteroid was not previously known.
Russian scientists are also considering the possibility that the object was a piece of space debris, or even part of an unmanned Mars explorer, though there has not been any further evidence to corroborate this theory. Vladimir Lipunov of the Moscow State University and the Sternberg Astronomical Institute have notified the International Astronomical Union of their discovery, but it has yet to be confirmed.
Unknowncountry reported recently that meteor activity appeared to be on the increase, but that it was perhaps due to the fact that the American Meteor Society had installed a reporting system on their website which makes it easier for them to be reported by members of the public. Certainly the American Meteor Society received over 1700 reports after several fireballs shook the Mid-West over the past two weeks.
A large meteor was captured by a NASA all-sky camera at the agency’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, seen over Middle Tennessee and Alabama earlier this month at 8:18 PM Central Time on Sept. 9, 2013 – this was followed by another fireball over Atlanta on September 22nd. It doesn’t stop there: a major event was reported by over 730 people in the skies over Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri and Wisconsin on September 26th; it was rumored that this object was seen as far away as Alberta, Canada. Observers spoke of a bright blue or turquoise object with an orange vapour trail streaking across the sky for several seconds; some eye-witnesses smelled burning, heard a sonic boom and felt their houses shake from the blast. The AMS received over 800 reports regarding yet another fireball which was seen over Ohio on September 27th at around 11:30 PM local time, with further sightings on the same evening from Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
In total, the AMS site has received details of over 2150 events so far this year, already exceeding last year’s total, and over 500 up on 2011. Of course this could be due to the fact that greater public awareness of the phenomena is encouraging more witnesses to record their sightings, but one cannot deny that there has been major activity in the heavens of late.
The sightings have not just been restricted to the US and Russia: Italian news sites have just published details of a huge bolide over Italy, lasting for several seconds, and visible in many regions of the country including Rome, Pescara, Bari, Taranto, Lecce, Rimini, Bologna and Florence.
So what is causing this hail of meteors to rain down upon us? Well, there has been some speculation that Comet ISON is arriving with a posse of other objects which could be veering off into our atmosphere ; to date, however, no convincing evidence has been produced to substantiate this, and with the comet still fairly remote, it will be a while before more definitive proof of this can be determined. ISON poses no threat to Earth and there is no indication that it will impact with either us or any other planet on its travels. Keep your eyes on the skies in 2014, however, as things could get become even more interesting: it is predicted Comet Siding Spring has a 1 in 600 chance of smashing into the Red Planet, Mars, and the impact, which would rival the one thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs on our own planet, should produce quite a show in the heavens which could be seen with the naked eye from Earth.
So, the future looks bright ahead, it seems, to be lit by yet more major comets, meteors and fireballs. Let us not forget that the annual Orionid meteor shower begins on the night of Wednesday, October 2; this will peak on October 21 and end on November 7th, and will be most visible before the moon is at its brightest.
If you’re not watching the skies, then watch this space – you can always rely on Unknowncountry to keep you informed about the news you need to know.
To find out how to keep the news coming, click here.
Subscribers, to watch the subscriber version of the video, first log in then click on Dreamland Subscriber-Only Video Podcast link.
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Before tablets and other electronic devices, people would play games for entertainment on long road trips or flights. Playing games can eliminate the boredom of sitting for long periods of time waiting to arrive at your destination. Whether played in the car, on the plane or in the airport, these games can make time fly.
While movies and videos can amuse kids on a trip, you might want children to do more than stare passively at a screen. An interactive game is a perfect remedy to engage those developing minds and help the time fly by.
While best played in a car, this game can also be played in an airport, train station or anywhere there are lots of signs. Starting at the beginning of the alphabet, each player must find the letter "A" somewhere on a sign, license plate, or similar. The player then moves on to finding the letter "B," and so on. Each sighting can only be counted once. The first player to reach the letter "Z" wins.
This game is great for preschoolers and can keep them entertained for long periods of time. The game starts when one person spies something and recites the line, "I spy with my little eye" and ends this sentence with a clue. Everyone playing takes turns trying to guess what the mystery item is.
This game is simple enough for preschoolers to play. The basis of this game is that the first one to spot a yellow car, sign or license plate calls out "banana" and scores a point. This game can be played for several exits or until you arrive at the next rest stop. You can mix up this game by choosing a color and fruit of your choice such as the color red for apple.
This is a great game for children two to six years old. Pick one child to be Simon. The fun of this game is that everyone must do whatever Simon says such as touch your foot or your nose. A player is out of the game if he or she doesn't follow Simon's instructions correctly, does it before Simon says, or performs an action when the instruction wasn't preceded with "Simon says."
Tic Tac Toe
This popular standby that originated from the ancient Roman Empire around the first century A.D. needs two players, a 3 x 3 grid and a pencil or pen. Player one places an X on the grid, player two plots an O. The purpose of the game is to place three of the same connecting marks in a horizontal, vertical or diagonal row on the grid. Go online to print out a handy grid sheet.
Young Adult Games to Play While Traveling
While young adults may be harder to entertain, there are several games that may keep them actively engaged.
I'm Going to Mumbai
This memory game can be played on planes, in cars and on trains. The first player starts by saying, "I'm going to Mumbai and I'm going to take..." and then names an item beginning with the letter "A," such as an albatross. The next player follows by repeating "I'm going to Mumbai and I'm going to take..." That player repeats the previous player's item and adds a "B" item.
Each subsequent player repeats the phrase and lists all previous items, in order, and adds an item beginning with the next letter. Anyone who forgets an item is out. The person who completes the entire alphabet wins. An example for the letter "F" might be "I'm going to Mumbai and I'm going to take an albatross, a basket, a CD player, a dog, an extra large pizza and a flute." Of course, you can replace "Mumbai" with the name of your destination if you'd like.
This playground favorite can be played just about anywhere. Start with a steady cadence of six beats: two pats on the legs, two claps of the hands and two finger snaps. After the cadence is established, one player calls out the following, one phrase per beat set: "Categories... such as... names of." The player then announces the category, and the cadence continues. Each player, in turn, must name something in the category before the cadence is complete. If they do not, they are out. The last person left wins and establishes the category for the next round.
Examples of good categories include colors, flowers, and animals. A more difficult variation for older children is to have each answer in alphabetical order. For example, in the category of flowers, if the first answer is "aster" for the letter "A," then the next could be "begonia" for the letter "B," followed by "calla lily" for the letter "C" and so on.
This classic word game is like a low-tech Wheel of Fortune. The first player thinks of a person, place, movie or book title and then writes down the first and last letter of the word or phrase with an underscore for each letter that has to be filled in to complete the word or phrase.
The second player guesses one letter at a time. If the mystery word or saying contains the letter, it is written in the correct place. If not, the first player draws a head on the hangman scaffold. A second incorrect guess results in a torso being drawn, a third in an arm being added, and so forth. When enough incorrect letters have been guessed, the dead body is complete and the second player loses. If the puzzle is solved before the body is complete, then he or she wins. The aim of the game is to compose the secret word or phrase before the man is completely hung.
This game, once the format of a radio show popular in the late 1940s, is usually a favorite with teens and adults. One person is "it" and thinks of an object. Each player, in turn, may ask a "yes or no" question about the item. The players have to guess what the item is by the 20th question. If they don't, the person who is "it" wins. Each player may guess during his turn. The player who guesses correctly wins. If he or she guesses incorrectly, that player is out and the others continue.
Some variations include allowing for the answer "maybe," and allowing for subjects other than objects, such as emotions, verbs and famous people to be used in the game. This game encourages creativity and deductive reasoning.
First off, players decide if they will play states, cities, or countries. Once that is decided, player one will name a location in the chosen category. The next player has to use the last letter of that place as the first letter of the new place. So, if the first player says "Connecticut," the next player could say "Texas," because the last letter of "Connecticut" is the letter "T."
"Texas" could then be followed by "South Dakota," because the last letter of Texas is "S." Play until you run out of locations or you can't think of any new ones.
Just like children, adults can get bored on long trips. Adults can use games to play while traveling to stay awake and pass the time.
License Plate Poker
This is a great game to play when you are traveling by car. The first player takes a license plate from another car and makes a poker hand from it. The letter "A" is an ace, as is the number one. A "K" is a king, a "Q" is a queen and a "J" is a jack. The number "0" represents a 10.
The player may try three different license plates to come up with the best five card hand. The next player has to beat the first player's hand in three license plates. If he or she doesn't, they are out. If he or she has a better hand, the first person is out. The next player (if there is one) tries to find a better hand than the first two players hand and so on. The person with the best hand after everyone has had a turn is the winner.
This game gets the imagination going with an unending story, added by each player. The first player starts this game by telling the opening of a story. He or she relates five sentences of the story, then at an important moment, stops and says "and..." The next player picks up the story where it ends off and adds his or her own five sentences. The game ends when the destination is reached.
While You Were Sleeping
This is perfect for a sleeping passenger and fun for those who are awake. The goal of this game is for the passengers who are awake to create the most believable story to tell the sleeping passenger when they wake up. Once the sleeping passenger wakes up, the group has to get them to believe the story.
If someone breaks character, they lose a point. If they go off script, they lose two points. If the group successfully fools the passenger who was sleeping, each storyteller wins three points. If the sleeping passenger fools the storytelling passengers and joins in the story, they steal all points. Upon reaching the destination, the person with the most points wins.
Did You Hear That?
If traveling companions keep up on the news and pop culture, consider playing this game. Players blend fact and fiction to try to fool their opponent. For example, player one can start the game by asking, "Did you hear that ________ happened?" The opponent can either say "that didn't happen" or "tell me more." If the opponent guesses correctly, they get two points. If they guess incorrectly, the player posing the question steals a point and gains an additional two points. "Tell me more" counts for double points. The person with the most points when the destination is reached wins.
The Movie Game
This game is great for film and TV buffs because it connects actors through movies they have starred in. The game starts with one player naming an actor or actress and the next player naming the movie or TV show that they were in. The following player has to state another actor or actress from that movie until someone doesn't know the answer. The person that does not know the answer has to sit out the next round.
Part of the joy of traveling is trying out regional cuisine and snacks. This game challenges travelers to collect the most regional snacks and specialty food products from the beginning to the end of the road trip. Each passenger purchases a locally made or grown food item at a convenience store, gas station or food shop (duplicate cities do not count). The passenger with the most locally made snacks or food items at the end of the trip wins the "food" challenge.
Tips on Games
Playing games is a wonderful way to connect and enjoy the journey. There are things to keep in mind to make sure that this experience is enjoyable.
- Make sure that the stakes are low. Keep the games light and fun so there are no temper tantrums.
- Kids and even some adults have short attention spans, so when the game starts to lag, move on to another game or take a break.
- Tweak the rules if necessary. Sometimes it is more fun for participants when they feel they have helped to invent a new rule for the game.
- Check out these board game travel tips to learn about the features of popular board games, how to select the right game and what types of travel board games are on the market.
Travel Games Are Fun
Playing games passes the hours and provides important mental stimulation for travelers. Games banish backseat boredom by encouraging interaction between family members and traveling companions. Best of all, games are more fun than simply staring out the window of a car, train, plane or bus.
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Determined by or resulting from factors other than chance: a nonrandom distribution pattern
More example sentences
- Obviously the random component precedes the non-random one in the causal chain.
- We opted instead for a non-random sample from different contexts in order to capture a more diverse pool of respondents.
- One of the strongest non-random patterns is that rich and powerful people are healthier than poor and powerless people.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of nonrandom in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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The Winds/Temps page provides 2D graphics of winds and temperatures at a multitude of altitudes from the current time until multiple days in the future.
There are two presentation styles used to convey wind speed and direction. Common to both graphics is the wind speed, which is contoured and color-filled to indicate certain ranges of speed. Very low wind speeds do not receive a color, but progressively faster wind speeds are colored from blue to yellow, orange, gold, then red. Since wind speed generally increases with increasing height, users should expect to see more frequent orange to red colors at high altitudes. During most of the year, users can easily locate the "jet stream" by viewing the chart around 36,000 feet (FL360) and finding the ribbon of fastest-moving air.
The direction of the wind is very obvious on the wind streamlines graphics, which almost give the appearance of rivers or channels of wind (See Fig. 2). This presentation method also makes obvious the locations of high and low pressure centers and upper level ridges and troughs. The alternative presentation style is the classical "wind barbs" that show both wind speed and direction on a single icon that is best explained via the figure shown below.
A sample plot of wind barbs can be seen in Fig. 3.
The computer models that create these data typically have thousands of "pixels" of information, but not every pixel can contain an icon for wind speed and direction, so only a representative sample of pixels are displayed on the graphic.
The temperature graphics are relatively easy to understand with a contour line created for every interval of 5 degrees C (See Fig. 4). The horizontal variation of temperature is greatest at low altitudes, especially at the earth's surface and lessens with increasing height. Therefore, do not expect to see much variation of temperature on the plot at FL360 where the temperature regularly hovers around -50 to -55C no matter where in the country you look.
The graphics called temperature difference are rather unique on ADDS. Because temperature can affect aircraft performance, some instruments are calibrated with respect to the ICAO standard atmospheric temperature. If the weather conditions on a given day are drastically different than this reference temperature, as they would be often during the hottest summer days, then pilots need to alter their calculations. For this reason, ADDS display graphics of the departure of upper-level temperature from the ICAO standard along with the standard temperature value at the level shown. Each contour is labelled with "ISA" meaning ICAO standard atmosphere followed by an offset like "+5" meaning 5 degrees C higher (warmer) than standard temperature (See Fig. 5). Most pilots have methods to enter the departure value rather than the actual temperature so this chart should simplify a pilots flight preparations.
In addition, there is one very special graphic depicting the aviation effect of high surface temperatures that lower the air density to dangerously low values and require longer runway lengths before an aircraft may lift off the runway. This is known as density altitude deviation. The graphic for temperature difference at the surface level is designed to give pilots this information. On this graphic, users will find values from zero to 4000 feet indicating the perceived additional altitude of the runway rather than the actual elevation. As an example, let's consider a moderately high altitude airport at Fort Collins-Loveland, Colorado, (KFNL) which is located at 5016 feet above sea level. A typical day in mid-summer may show a value of density altitude deviation of 3000 feet on the graphic. If so, the EFFECTIVE altitude of the airport is then 5016+3000=8016 feet above sea level. Some pilots may find this altitude requires a much longer runway distance to gain sufficient airspeed to achieve the lift needed for takeoff.
Here is a list of the URL options:
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| 0.920826 | 785 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The Koktuli river situated in South West Alaska joins the Muthatha river in turn flows into the Nushagak then into Bristol Bay. The Koktuli river is a vital river for one of the Worlds most productive salmon fisheries. It is home to 5 Pacific salmon species. Locals and conversation groups recently campaigned to the Department of Environmental Conversation to make it a Outstanding National Water Resource. This is to protect it under the clean water act. There are fears that the proposed Pebble mine project will drain the water for its mining operations and potentially pollute the river. Unfortunately the Department of Conservation rejected the petition stating that it cannot grant protection until miners apply to pollute the river.
Hopefully this decision will be re visited to protect Alaska’s precious salmon and natural resources.
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Be prepared for hurricane season
History teaches that a lack of hurricane awareness and preparation are common threads among all major hurricane disasters. By knowing your vulnerability and what actions you should take, you can reduce the effects of a hurricane disaster.
National Hurricane Preparedness Week 2013 runs from Sunday, May 26 through Saturday, June 1.
According the National Weather Service (NWS), Hurricane hazards come in many forms, including storm surge, heavy rainfall, inland flooding, high winds, tornadoes and rip currents. The NWS is responsible for protecting life and property through issuance of timely watches and warnings, but it is essential that your family be ready before a storm approaches. Furthermore, mariners should be aware of special safety precautions when confronted with a hurricane.
To prepare for a hurricane, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommends the following measures:
• To begin preparing, you should build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan.
• Know your surroundings.
• Learn the elevation level of your property and whether the land is flood-prone. This will help you know how your property will be affected when storm surge or tidal flooding are forecasted.
• Identify levees and dams in your area and determine whether they pose a hazard to you.
• Learn community hurricane evacuation routes and how to find higher ground. Determine where you would go and how you would get there if you needed to evacuate.
• Make plans to secure your property.
• Cover all of your home’s windows. Permanent storm shutters offer the best protection for windows. A second option is to board up windows with 5/8” marine plywood, cut to fit and ready to install. Tape does not prevent windows from breaking.
• Install straps or additional clips to securely fasten your roof to the frame structure. This will reduce roof damage.
• Be sure trees and shrubs around your home are well trimmed so they are more wind resistant.
• Clear loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts.
• Reinforce your garage doors. If wind enters a garage it can cause dangerous and expensive structural damage.
• Plan to bring in all outdoor furniture, decorations, garbage cans and anything else that is not tied down.
• Determine how and where to secure your boat.
• Install a generator for emergencies.
Hurricanes cause heavy rains that can cause extensive flood damage in coastal and inland areas. Everyone is at risk and should consider flood insurance protection.
To learn more about your flooding risk and how to protect yourself and your business, visit the Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (NFIP) website at http://www.floodsmart.gov or call (800) 427-2419.
Short URL: http://www.jenningsdailynews.net/?p=20021
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| 0.91453 | 579 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Here I’m going to show you some of my favourite places in our solar system. They’re in no particular order, partly because I don’t think I can pick out an absolute favourite. I’ll provide some pictures for each and briefly describe why I think they’re interesting places.
- Pele Volcano, Io – Jovian Moon
Io is a pretty interesting place. Due to various gravitational interactions it is the most volcanically active place in the solar system. Because it’s quite small, volcanic plumes can reach 300 odd kilometers high, as opposed to a few 10’s of thousands of feet on Earth. The most notable aspect about this volcano though is the large red/orangey ring surrounding it (as can be seen in the picture). This is the sulphurous fallout from the volcanic plume. Pretty good start, right?
- North Polar Region, Saturn
No ice caps up on the poles on Saturn, it’s too big. It’s one of the gas giants. It still has a rather unique and interesting feature though. It’s called the ‘north pole hexagonal cloud pattern’. Not very catchy at all, is it? But it’s a truly bizarre feature. Each straight side of the hexagon is about 14,000km long, making them larger than the diameter of the Earth! No one quite yet knows exactly how it formed or how it works, however, although there are plausible theories.
- 433 Eros, Near-Earth Asteroid
Eros is only here because I remember the photos coming through, when I was 10, when the NEAR spacecraft landed on its surface. Some of the larger rocks found on the asteroid are all thought to originate from a single crater from a meteor impact about 1 billion years ago. The asteroids got a pretty funky shape too.
- Olympus Mons, Mars
Olympus Mons just had to make it in here. It’s the tallest mountain in the solar system (technically an extinct volcano) that stands a whopping 22km high, that’s 3 times the height of Everest! How does a volcano grow to be so big? It’s mainly thanks to Mars’ lower gravity. Lava doesn’t rush down at such a speed so has longer to cool in a given place. Also, it’s thanks to a mantle plume that used to sit beneath the volcano. This is where magma rises from the deep to the surface. We have these mantle plumes on Earth, but because of plate tectonics they move around and don’t stay in one fixed location, which is partly why we don’t have anything as impressive!
- Verona Rupes, Miranda – Uranian Moon
Now for one not so well known. We venture much farther out to a moon orbiting Uranus, Miranda. We’ve only had a brief glimpse of Miranda, thanks to the Voyager 2 spacecraft, so not all of it has been imaged. It’ll probably be another 50 or more years before that’s done. But from what we’ve seen it looks like a pretty cool place, it’s got some interesting geological features, in fact it’s the most geologically diverse moon of Uranus. Verona Rupes is the tallest cliff in the solar system, up to 10 km high. Imagine looking all the way up at that! It’s not known how it formed, although it’ll either be from an impact or crustal lifting.
- Kraken Mare, Titan – Saturnian Moon
Titan ranks as possibly the most interesting place in the solar system. It’s the second biggest moon around (larger than the planet Mercury) and it’s enveloped in a thick atmosphere, thicker than the Earth’s. Titan’s sometimes referred to as a primordial Earth in deep freeze. That’s because it’s thought to resemble how the Earth looked a couple billion years ago, but in deep freeze. The most unique feature though is in relation to its temperature. At about -175°C methane can remain in 3 different states – a gas, a solid and a liquid, much like water can on Earth. As a result there are large icy patches of frozen methane, a nitrogen atmosphere with many different hydrocarbons and there are large lakes of liquid methane, of which Kraken Mare is the biggest. It’s also the only other place in the solar system where it rains. Not water but methane, which drifts slowly down because of its lower gravity. What an amazing sight that would be!
- The Rings of Saturn, Saturn
What would this be if we didn’t discuss the majestic rings of Saturn? Made from trillions upon trillions of ice particles, some microscopic some up to a few metres in length, they are so bright because they’re mainly made from water ice and reflect a lot of the Sun’s light. They’re incredibly thin too, no more than a few metres thick! Amazing for such a vast system of rings. It’s thought over time these particles coalesce and then break apart, and the cycle continues. Some of Saturn’s little moonlets cause bizarre gravitational patterns in the rings too, and this is also partly why there are gaps between some of the rings. The moon Enceladus also provides material for one of the rings. More on that shortly though. The biggest question though? No one really knows how the rings go there in the first place.
- Tycho Crater, The Moon
The only reason this one made it in is because of a photo taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter a few months ago. It’s quite a young crater (just over 100 million years old), easily seen with the naked eye and a favourite observing point for amateur astronomers. The crater has a central peak. This is where, moments after the impact that created it, material from deep below rebounded forming a small mountainous area in its centre. This is typical of most large impact craters. LRO took a photo of this central peak, and you can see so much detail that you can even make out a large boulder right at the top it. Impressive stuff, huh? (Click on the image to see the bigger, better version)
- Tiger Stripes, Enceladus – Saturnian Moon
Enceladus is a pretty special place. It’s a tiny little moon, so tiny in fact that it would nicely fit in the North Sea between the UK and Scandinavia. Like the gravitational interactions that make Io active though, Enceladus is active. Not with volcanism but with cryovolcanism (basically icy volcanoes – counter-intuitive, I know, but it really does happen). The Tiger Stripes are where it’s most active. Heat from inside melts icy products and a phenomena similar to geysers on Earth are produced, launching the icy products out into space. This creates Saturn’s outermost ring, the E ring. Due to the gravitational interactions warming the moons interior up it’s also possible that a liquid water ocean exists beneath the surface!
- Conamara Chaos, Europa – Jovian Moon
Another world shaped by cryovolcanism now, Europa, the moon lying slightly further out than Io. Whilst not as active as Io, and a tad cooler too, Europa remains the most exciting place in the solar system for the possibility of life. It has a thick icy surface, below which probably lies a massive liquid water ocean. If this exists, which is quite likely the case, then life, extraterrestrial life, could be there too. Chaos terrain is called as such because it’s pretty chaotic, there’s a lot that has been going on, as can be seen by the image. The area consists of icy rafts that have moved around and rotated, it’s all surrounded by a ‘matrix’ of jumbled up ice blocks too. Pretty hectic indeed!
- Cantaloupe Terrain, Triton – Neptunian Moon
Well I’ve got include a place that has such a cool name, haven’t I. This terrain on Triton is named Cantaloupe terrain because it looks like the skin on a cantaloupe melon! Triton is Neptune’s largest moon and it has a mysterious past. The moon goes the wrong way around the planet. Could it be a captured Kuiper belt object, now locked into orbit? Or did Neptune devour another planet billions of years ago and steal one of its moons? What is interesting about this place though is that its geologically active, again with cryovolcanism. It has geysers expelling nitrogen. These geysers appear to be powered by solar heating, which is odd because it’s so far away from the Sun, it seems to have a profound effect though! The Cantaloupe terrain itself is thought to have formed by a process called diapirism, similar to how a lava lamp works.
- Taurus-Littrow Valley, The Moon
Back to the Moon now and the landing site of Apollo 17, the last manned mission to the Moon. This makes it in here because of something very interesting Jack Schmitt found (the only scientist to have been to the Moon). We all think of the Moon as a fairly mundane place. It’s just grey and boring…or so it seems. During Apollo 17, the astronauts came across not grey, but orange soil! This orange soil is made up from volcanic glass beads that erupted and solidified in fire fountains during the areas early formation about 4 billion years ago.
- Valles Marineris, Mars
Another of Mars’ unique landscapes. This is one of the greatest valleys in the solar system. You could fit the Grand Canyon into one of the Valles Marineris’ tributaries! It’s 4,000km long, 200km wide and reaching down to 7km deep! It’s thought that this great valley was created by what’s known as rift faulting – that’s responsible for the rift valley too. Erosion by water in Mars’ earlier days may also have helped too.
- Cassini Regio, Iapetus – Saturnian Moon
And last but not least is Iapetus. This is a moon of two deeply contrasting halves. One side is dark and the other a bright white. There’s also has a strange ridge that runs half way around its equator. The dark part of the moon, known as Cassini Regio, is a thin covering of material, only about 10cm thick, that it thought to come not from Iapetus elsewhere. It’s thought that there is also some residue making it up too that has been left behind by the evaporation of surface ice. The ridge is a great complication as it’s not known how it formed, or why it formed nearly exactly around the equator. What we do know though is that it contains some of the tallest mountains in the solar system!
- ‘Snowball Fight’ Spotted in Saturn’s Weirdest Ring (newser.com)
- Saturn’s moon Phoebe could have been a planet [Space] (io9.com)
- Saturn may have snagged Pluto’s cousin, turned it into a moon (arstechnica.com)
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Parks / Québec
Archipelago National Park
The most extraordinary feature
of the islands is their dramatic topography.
Limestone- based, unlike the exposed Canadian
Shield of the mainland, the bedrock has undergone
repeated cycles of lifting and submersion, with
the latest rising-up occurring at the end of
the last glaciation. During the last major ice
age, 20 000 years ago, the Mingan Archipelago
was covered by 2.5 kilometres of ice. As the
glaciers began to melt, the ocean level rose
covering the islands with 85 metres of water.
Very slowly the islands lifted until about 7000
years ago when they broke the surface. With
the shifting of the earth's crust, the limestone
bedrock which came to the surface as a huge
plateau soon eroded to form splits and cracks.
Further water erosion split up these rocks to
form the archipelago. On the south side of the
islands is a complex network of arches and grottoes
that contain a rare collection of fossil remains
of over 200 marine organisms, a treasure trove
of major scientific significance. Here is also
found the largest concentration of monoliths,
or sea stacks, in Canada. Created from friable
rock more than 450 million years old, they are
still being eroded by waves, changing sea level,
wind and severe weather. The north side of the
islands is characterized by about 45 kilometres
of cliffs rising to a maximum of 15 metres reminiscent
of arctic landforms, while the interiors support
boreal forest on their gently inclined slopes.
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| 0.903959 | 343 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Xona Microfluidics, LLC has developed a new easy-to-use microfluidic chip to compartmentalize neurons and establish microenvironments, called the XonaChipTM. XonaChipsTM are made out of an optically transparent plastic, cyclic olefin copolymer, which allows us to offer fully assembled chips that require few preparation steps, and result in excellent neuronal growth. Importantly, XonaChipsTM are compatible with high-resolution fluorescence imaging.
Download Post as PDF
Traditional neuron culture approaches result in random outgrowth of axons and dendrites, which prevent the study of neurons in their unique polarized morphology. Microfabricated multicompartment devices, pioneered by Xona scientists, have become well-established and well-used research tools for neuroscientists in the last 10-15 years (selected high profile publications are referenced 1-17). These devices compartmentalize neurons and provide a method to physically and chemically manipulate subcellular regions of neurons, including somata, dendrites, axons, and synapses 19-20. They also provide multiple experimental paradigms that are not possible using random cultures, including studies of axonal transport, axonal protein synthesis, axon injury/regeneration, and axon-to-soma signaling.
To provide an easy-to-use and fully assembled device, Xona has now developed plastic XonaChipsTM (Fig. 1)18. The interior of the XonaChipsTM are made permanently hydrophilic, simplifying device wetting. Further, these chips are fabricated in an optically transparent plastic, cyclic olefin copolymer, ideally suited for high resolution imaging.
XonaChipsTM were prepared according to the protocol. XC Pre-CoatTM was first used to ensure even wetting of the chip. XC Pre-CoatTM is included with each XonaChipTM order. The chip was then coated with XonaPDLTM, which includes the optimal concentration of poly-D-lysine for Xona’s devices. The chip was washed multiple times with PBS and then filled with neuronal culture media.
E18 Hippocampal Rat Neurons were dissociated and prepared for loading into the XonaChipTM as described in the protocol. Approximately 120,000 neurons were seeded into the right compartment of the XonaChipTM. Images were acquired with a laser scanning confocal microscope using a 30x/1.05 N.A. silicone oil (ne = 1.406) objective lens.
Results & Discussion
To evaluate the performance of the XonaChipTM, researchers at the University of Carolina at Chapel Hill grew rat hippocampal neurons within the chip for 21 days. As illustrated, axons are healthy and isolated within the axonal compartment (Fig. 2).
To demonstrate the ability to create isolated microenvironments, researchers added a low molecular weight fluorescent dye (Alexa Fluor 488 hydrazide) to the axonal compartment. The dye stayed isolated to the axonal compartment consistent with Xona’s silicone devices17.
Researchers at UNC-Chapel Hill also evaluated high-resolution live imaging within the XonaChip™. The XonaChip™ consists of a molded COC top bonded to a thin optically transparent 150 µm thick COC film. All excitation wavelengths tested (405, 488, 568, 647 nm) resulted in comparable results to images acquired in SND series devices attached to glass coverslips (data not shown). Because of the high quality of COC production, there is no autofluorescence of the material. Fig. 2 demonstrates the high image quality. A variety of objectives have been tested from 10x to 60x silicone oil. In all cases, results were comparable to glass coverslips.
In summary, the XonaChip™ is a fully assembled multicompartment device that is easy to use and results in healthy, long-lasting cultures. These chips allow microenvironments to be established as with our SND series devices and are equally compatible with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy.
Xona Microfluidics, LLC is a California LLC based in Temecula, California with R&D facilities in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
If you are interested in testing a XonaChipTM contact us at [email protected]
1 Neto, E. et al. Compartmentalized Microfluidic Platforms: The Unrivaled Breakthrough of <em>In Vitro</em> Tools for Neurobiological Research. The Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (46), 11573-11584, doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1748-16.2016, (2016).
2 Virlogeux, A. et al. Reconstituting Corticostriatal Network on-a-Chip Reveals the Contribution of the Presynaptic Compartment to Huntington’s Disease. Cell Reports. 22 (1), 110-122, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.013, (2018).
3 Batista, A. F. R., Martínez, J. C. & Hengst, U. Intra-axonal Synthesis of SNAP25 Is Required for the Formation of Presynaptic Terminals. Cell Reports. 20 (13), 3085-3098, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.097, (2017).
4 Yang, Y. et al. Presynaptic regulation of astroglial excitatory neurotransmitter transporter GLT1. Neuron. 61 (6), 880-894, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.010, (2009).
5 Sutton, M. A., Taylor, A. M., Ito, H. T., Pham, A. & Schuman, E. M. Postsynaptic decoding of neural activity: eEF2 as a biochemical sensor coupling miniature synaptic transmission to local protein synthesis. Neuron. 55 (4), 648-661, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.030, (2007).
6 Hengst, U., Deglincerti, A., Kim, H. J., Jeon, N. L. & Jaffrey, S. R. Axonal elongation triggered by stimulus-induced local translation of a polarity complex protein. Nat Cell Biol. 11 (8), 1024-1030 (2009).
7 Sharma, N. et al. Long-distance control of synapse assembly by target-derived NGF. Neuron. 67 (3), 422-434, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.018, (2010).
8 Harrington, A. W. et al. Recruitment of actin modifiers to TrkA endosomes governs retrograde NGF signaling and survival. Cell. 146 (3), 421-434, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.008, (2011).
9 Zhang, Y. et al. Assembly and maintenance of nodes of ranvier rely on distinct sources of proteins and targeting mechanisms. Neuron. 73 (1), 92-107, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.016, (2012).
10 Taylor, A. M., Wu, J., Tai, H. C. & Schuman, E. M. Axonal translation of beta-catenin regulates synaptic vesicle dynamics. J Neurosci. 33 (13), 5584-5589, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2944-12.2013, (2013).
11 Tran, H. T. et al. Alpha-synuclein immunotherapy blocks uptake and templated propagation of misfolded alpha-synuclein and neurodegeneration. Cell Rep. 7 (6), 2054-2065, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.033, (2014).
12 Calafate, S. et al. Synaptic Contacts Enhance Cell-to-Cell Tau Pathology Propagation. Cell Rep. 11 (8), 1176-1183, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.043, (2015).
13 Cosker, K. E., Fenstermacher, S. J., Pazyra-Murphy, M. F., Elliott, H. L. & Segal, R. A. The RNA-binding protein SFPQ orchestrates an RNA regulon to promote axon viability. Nat Neurosci. 19 (5), 690-696, doi:10.1038/nn.4280, (2016).
14 Taylor, A. M. et al. Axonal mRNA in uninjured and regenerating cortical mammalian axons. J Neurosci. 29 (15), 4697-4707 (2009).
15 Pinto, M. J. et al. The proteasome controls presynaptic differentiation through modulation of an on-site pool of polyubiquitinated conjugates. The Journal of Cell Biology. 212 (7), 789-801, doi:10.1083/jcb.201509039, (2016).
16 Bigler, R. L., Kamande, J. W., Dumitru, R., Niedringhaus, M. & Taylor, A. M. Messenger RNAs localized to distal projections of human stem cell derived neurons. Sci Rep. 7 (1), 611, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00676-w, (2017).
17 Nagendran, T. et al. Distal axotomy enhances retrograde presynaptic excitability onto injured pyramidal neurons via trans-synaptic signaling. Nat Commun. 8 (1), 625, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00652-y, (2017).
18 Nagendran, T., Poole, V., Harris, J. & Taylor, A. M. Use of Pre-Assembled Plastic Microfluidic Chips for Compartmentalizing Primary Murine Neurons Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (in press).
19 Taylor, A. M. et al. A microfluidic culture platform for CNS axonal injury, regeneration and transport. Nat Methods. 2 (8), 599-605, doi:10.1038/nmeth777, (2005).
20 Taylor, A. M., Dieterich, D. C., Ito, H. T., Kim, S. A. & Schuman, E. M. Microfluidic local perfusion chambers for the visualization and manipulation of synapses. Neuron. 66 (1), 57-68, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.022, (2010).
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| 0.772628 | 2,329 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Sustainable development should be in focus of future-oriented, modern TVET.
Sustainable Development (SD) is the biggest challenge of the 21st century. Thus SD is an essential issue for a forward-looking Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), and green skills are an integral part of vocational competence. The guiding principle of sustainable development stands for a transformation towards an ecological compatible and socially fair development of all societies all over the world, and TVET has to contribute to this transformation.
Sustainable development does not emerge by itself.
Sustainable development requires a great deal of effort, because it does not emerge by itself. On the contrary: Currently, all relevant trends indicate a non-sustainable development with ecological and social results already predictable. Overcoming poverty is still an unsolved issue in many parts of the planet, and already for years the use of natural resources exceeds the regeneration capacity of our planet significantly. A sustainable development will only succeed, if the absolute consumption of material will be reduced drastically (in industrial countries a factor 10 is assumed); relative improvements of efficiency are not sufficient, because of the dramatic growth of world population. "An overloaded ship cannot be saved from sinking be just moving the load but by reducing the load to a compatible level. The solution is not only an efficient use and distribution of natural resources. Above all the consumption of natural resources have to be limited absolutely“ (German Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU); 2012: Responsibility in a limited world. Environmental report 2012. Berlin, 38f).
Sustainable development affects all.
Thus, sustainable development is not an issue as any other. Sustainable development challenges us to reflect existing concepts and mindsets if they are future-proof for everybody in a globalized world. Sustainability requires new perspectives in all areas of life. Thus, green skills play an increasingly important role in working life. They are not only relevant for specialists. Green skills demands can be found in every branch and in every occupation – though in different extents. All working must be prepared to meet these requirements.
For TVET sustainable development is a big challenge.
In the discussion on implementing the guiding principle of sustainable development as well as in the context of the green economy TVET is assigned to play a key role. A green economy as well as greening economy needs well-trained skilled workers who are capable to appropriately apply green skills in their scope for action and decision-making. Also, TVET itself is challenged to re-orient itself, because TVET, committed to social responsibility and promoting vocational shaping skill, can become a key for transforming economy and society towards sustainability. In contrast, TVET will stay part of the problem and not of the solution, if it uncritically follows the requirements of a conventional brown economy.
Different requirements occur on different system levels.
The strategic integration of green skills requirements in TVET contains different questions on different system levels:
- Macro level: How can the discourse on TVET towards sustainable development become a core topic in TVET? How can green skills requirements (occupation-specific or cross-occupational) be identified, operationalized and appropriately embedded in the TVET system?
- Meso level: Which requirements have to be met in TVET institutions? How can sustainability requirements be systematically integrated in organizational development of vocational schools and colleges as well as in-company, external and inter-company training centres?
- Micro level: How can green skills be trained adequately in vocational teaching and learning processes? Which teaching / learning arrangements, which methods and media are suitable or have to be developed? How can teachers and instructors as well as examiners be sensitized and trained for this new area of responsibility?
Essential are system and shaping skill as well as willingness to take on producer responsibility.
For sustainable action is an issue in every occupation and in every economic sector green skills become an integral part of vocational competence.
While in the context of general education in green teaching and learning processes the responsibility of an individual as a consumer is addressed, considering aspects of sustainability in the context of TVET means promoting vocational and social shaping skill as well as the willingness to take on producer responsibility in areas where the learners / working people can act and make decisions.
Sustainable development aims at the ability to shape the future and extends the concept of vocational competence by green skills like the following:
- ability to recognize, assess and avoid or reduce vocational action’s direct and indirect impacts on the environment as well as living and working conditions along the supply chain;
- ability to expert shaping work, economy and technology;
- knowledge and ability to manage energy and resources effectively and efficiently in one’s own scope of action and decision making;
- cross-occupational communication and cooperation skills along the supply chain;
- ability to participate in cooperate and social dialogues on sustainable development.
Technically, effective (and not only efficient) use of energy and materials as well competent that also means critically-reflecting application of procedures and technologies are essential.
TVET institutions have a key role to play.
Insofar TVET has an important role to play in the context of a green(ing) economy, state as well as private TVET institutions have to face considerable demands: Here, the approaches and concepts regarding the consideration of sustainability issues in vocational courses - developed on macro level - manifest themselves. Here, it appears in practice which specific green skills have to be trained in order to enable individuals to participate in the green social transformation process by means of competent occupational activities.
Thus, contributing to a sustainable development becomes a core task on TVET institutions. Thereby sustainability is much more than an additional temporary topic, which can be left to individual teachers, trainers or instructors or executed in single projects.
In the beginning of 2015, our institute developed a revised quality model on Greening TVET Institutions. It consists of ten quality areas (five input and five output areas, each concretised by guiding principles and criteria (input areas) or guiding principles, criteria and indicators (output areas). Fundament is a profound TVET performance in the institution.
If interested please don’t hesitate to contact us.
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| 0.939258 | 1,261 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Who says there's no money for genealogical research projects?
University of the West of England (UWE) researchers have received 800,000 British pounds to ask "what's in a name?" They plan to include the meanings and origins of some 150,000 UK surnames using resources dating to the 11th century.
In addition to UK and other "native" origin names, other names will be Norman French, Gaelic, Welsh and Cornish, as well as Huguenot, Jewish and later immigrant names. Information for each name will include where and when the names were recorded and spelled.
Professor Richard Coates of the UWE's Bristol Centre for Linguistics will carry out the research with visiting professor Dr. Patrick Hanks. They hope it will be a good resource for those researching their family history. For those who love maps, here's one of the town of Bristol in 1874.
The project will begin in April 2010, and a permanent publicly accessible database will be available by 2014. It is being billed as the "The largest ever database of the UK's family surnames," according to a UK site.
The money is coming from the Arts and Humanities Research Council and is being done with the Faculty of Informatics at Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Professor Coates's Middle English name means "cottages," but his grandfather came from Cotes, in Staffordshire, the name's likely origin. This project is personally interesting for him.
"There is widespread interest in family names and their history," he said. "Our project will use the most up-to-date techniques and evidence available to create a more detailed and accurate resource than those currently available.
"Some names can have origins that are occupational - obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Or names can be linked to a place for example the names Hill or Green (which related to village greens). Surnames which are 'patronymic' are those which enshrine the father's name - such as Jackson, or Jenkinson. There are also names where the origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, Short or Thin.
"I have always been fascinated by names for people, places and institutions. Surnames are part of our identity, so most people are interested in knowing about their names."
The project will help researchers as it will also demonstrate how names and spellings have changed over the years, and thus provide more clues to locating useful records.
Search for your ancestors:
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| 0.964806 | 516 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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