text
stringlengths 222
548k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 14
1.08k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 53
113k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Accurately assess the proportion of youth who openly identify as LGB (lesbian, gay or bisexual) within child welfare systems nationwide
- Describe the characteristics and risk factors for these youth
- Determine if LGB system involved youth had different placement, stability and permanency outcomes than their non-LGB peers
- Determine if LGB system involved youth had different health and mental health outcomes than their non-LGB peers
- Synthesize this information to inform recommendations concerning how to best address the safety, permanency and mental health needs of LGB youth within child welfare system nationwide.
Overall our results show that approximately 15.5% of youth within child welfare identify as LGB, indicating that these youth are over-represented within the national child welfare population. Of the total population of youth in child welfare identifying as LGB, 62 % of these youth are youth of color. In addition our results indicate that LGB youth in child welfare experience adverse mental health outcomes at much higher rates than their non-LGB peers, including clinical depression, clinically significant trauma and substance abuse. A comprehensive report of our methodology, findings, and recommendations for system improvements can be accessed here (insert link to provider survey with picture of cover).
|
<urn:uuid:5d97ac8f-5338-4746-b5be-12db5539f4e9>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://uh.edu/socialwork/New_research/lesbian-gay-and-bisexual-lgb-youth-childwelfare/study-aims-and-findings/index.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00042.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943464 | 253 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Nicholas Eberstadt has the call.
A growing body of empirical evidence points to increasing dependency on state largess.
Then he enumerates [emphasis his]:
- Over the 50-plus years since 1960, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, entitlement transfers—government payments of cash, goods and services to citizens—have been growing twice as fast as overall personal income. Government transfers now account for nearly 18% of all personal income in America—up from 6% in 1960.
- According to the BEA, America’s myriad social-welfare programs (the federal bureaucracy apparently cannot determine exactly how many of these there are) currently dispense entitlement benefits of more than $2.3 trillion annually. Since those entitlements must be paid for—either through taxes or borrowing—the burden of entitlement spending now amounts to over $7,400 per American man, woman and child.
To pay for this, every child is born with a $7,400 debt. Including those who will be recipients of this welfare. Which means, as a practical matter, the other children are born with an even greater debt.
- In 1960, according to the Office of Management and Budget, social-welfare programs accounted for less than a third of all federal spending. Today, entitlement programs account for nearly two-thirds of federal spending. In other words, welfare spending is nearly twice as much as defense, justice and everything else Washington does—combined. In effect, the federal government has become an entitlements machine.
Yet President Barack Obama insists that entitlements don’t sap us, they strengthen us. He’s partially right: they strengthen those who control the handouts from these entitlements. Politically.
- According to the latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau, nearly half (49%) of Americans today live in homes receiving one or more government transfer benefits. That percentage is up almost 20 points from the early 1980s. And contrary to what the Obama White House team suggested during the election campaign, this leap is not due to the aging of the population. In fact, only about one-tenth of the increase is due to upticks in old-age pensions and health-care programs for seniors.
- As entitlement outlays have risen, there has been flight of men from the work force. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the proportion of adult men 20 and older working or seeking work dropped by 13 percentage points between 1948 and 2008.
- In recent years, the biggest increases in disability claims have been for “musculoskeletal” problems and mental disorders (including mood disorders). But as a practical matter, it is impossible for a health professional to ascertain conclusively whether or not a patient is suffering from back pains or sad feelings. The government’s disability-insurance programs were intended to address genuine need. On the current trajectory, the Social Security disability fund is projected to run out of money during Mr Obama’s second term.
- The president and others describe Social Security and Medicare as “social insurance” programs rather than transfer schemes. True, the eventual beneficiaries of these programs contribute payroll taxes to the Social Security and Medicare trust funds during their working lives. But “insurance” programs are meant to pay for themselves; Social Security and Medicare cannot do so.
Moreover, insurance programs pay the premium payer or the payer’s designated beneficiary later, not some stranger currently.
And who’s paying for all of this? Slightly over half, and dwindling, of those Nancy Kress called mules in her Beggars novels. And those of our children who are picking up the debt.
|
<urn:uuid:38cac490-84d3-46a9-aec3-6c3b9028b5b8>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://aplebessite.com/2013/01/29/takers-vs-doers/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042909-00538.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956394 | 760 | 2.671875 | 3 |
And Mary said, “My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour, for he has looked with favour on the lowliness of his servant. Surely, from now on all generations call me blessed; for the Mighty One has done great things for me, and holy is his name. His mercy is on those who fear him from generation to generation.”
Filled with the Holy Spirit, Elizabeth twice declared Mary as blessed: “Blessed are you among women… And blessed is she who believed that there would be a fulfilment of what was spoken to her by the Lord” (Luke 1:42, 45). Two thousand years of human history makes the same judgment about Mary: she is blessed. We speak of Mary’s blessedness every time we read these words of Luke’s Gospel, and every time we recite the creeds about Christ being “born of Mary”. Despite Mary’s lowly humility she is blessed, and her prophecy stands to the end of time: “Surely, from now on all generations will call me blessed”.
Remarkably, Mary’s word “blessed” is the very word Jesus will use in the Sermon on the Mount to describe life in God’s Kingdom: “Blessed are the poor in spirit…Blessed are those who mourn…Blessed are the meek” (Matthew 5:3ff.). It might be worthwhile to imagine conversations that Jesus and Mary must have had about the life that is truly blessed by God.
The world misreads the meaning of “blessed” when thinking of it as the subjective state of merely being happy. Happiness by definition is dependent on what “happ-ens” (Old Norse). But to be blessed by God transcends whatever happens, and is to be the object of God’s special favor.
Mary says that she is blessed “for the Mighty One has done great thing for me”. We count Mary as blessed, not because she had done great things for God, but because God has done great things for Mary. That is the reason for the praise Mary offers. Martin Luther writes concerning Mary’s blessedness:
Note that she does not say men will speak all manner of good of her, praise her virtues, exalt her virginity or her humility, or sing of what she has done. But for this one thing alone, that God regarded her, men will call her blessed (“The Magnificat”, Luther’s Works).
Mary sees God’s favor shown to her as one more example of the way God is. God shows mercy to the lowly Mary, but not just to her, for “His mercy is on those who fear him from generation to generation”. God acts with mercy to all who fear or reverence Him to all the generations. God favors each one of us who turn and look to Him.
One day as Jesus was teaching and working miracles, a woman in the crowed cried out and blessed Mary: “Blessed is the womb that bore you and the breasts that nursed you!” But remarkably Jesus replied: “Blessed rather are those who hear the word of God and obey it” (Luke 11:27-28).
We join with the generations in esteeming Mary blessed and favored by God in bearing and caring for His Son. This is our God, a God who shows mercy through all the generations to those who hear and obey His Word.
- Note that in today’s text Mary says of God, “holy is his name”. Ponder below the words of the prophet Isaiah and a connection Mary makes between God’s name as “holy”, and her humble state:
For thus says the high and lofty one who inhabits eternity, whose name is Holy: I dwell in the high and holy place, and also with those who are contrite and humble in spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite (Isaiah 57:15).
Is there anything you want to say to God about Isaiah’s words?
- Try and imagine a conversation between Mary and boy Jesus about the words He will later speak in the Sermon on the Mount: “Blessed are the poor in spirit…Blessed are those who mourn…Blessed are the meek”.
|
<urn:uuid:472e8ffc-76d5-4a6d-91ed-512698875d0a>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://www.waterfromrock.org/2013/12/13/12-13-13-advent-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514443.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022005000-20181022030500-00298.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96783 | 943 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What is the current situation?
The 2016 Summer Olympics will take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August, 2016, followed by the Paralympic Games which are scheduled from 7 to 18 September, 2016. If you plan to travel to Brazil for the Olympics or Paralympics you should follow the recommendations below to help you stay safe and healthy.
Brazil is currently experiencing an outbreak of Zika virus, along with many other countries in South America and around the world. As Zika virus infection in pregnant women can cause serious birth defects in the baby, there is special advice for pregnant women travelling to Brazil. See “Zika Virus in Pregnancy” on this page for more information.
There are a number of other health risks that travellers should also be aware of when visiting Brazil and other countries in South America.
Zika virus in pregnancy
Because Zika virus infection in a pregnant woman can cause serious birth defects in the baby, special precautions are recommended for the following groups:
Women who are pregnant
- Strongly consider not going to the Olympics.
- If you must go, talk to your doctor first; strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites (see the detailed advice on the Mosquitoes are a Health Hazard page) and use condoms or do not have sex during your trip.
- If you have a male partner who goes to the Olympics, either use condoms or do not have sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) during your pregnancy.
Women who are trying to become pregnant
- Before you or your male partner travel, talk to your doctor about your plans to become pregnant and the risk of Zika virus infection.
- See the Zika virus fact sheet for advice on how long you should wait to try to get pregnant after travel to areas with Zika.
- You and your male partner should strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites (see the detailed advice on the Mosquitoes are a Health Hazard page).
Men who go to the Olympics and have a pregnant partner
- You should use condoms or not have sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) during the pregnancy.
What should travellers do to protect themselves?
Before you travel
- See your General Practitioner or travel doctor 4-6 weeks before your trip for general health and vaccination advice, including boosters for routine vaccinations (including those you should have had in childhood such as measles), and special vaccinations you might need for your destination.
- Brazil is listed as a yellow fever risk country as the virus is found in some rural parts of the country (but not in Rio de Janeiro). A vaccination against yellow fever is recommended for travellers to risk countries, although it is not usually recommended for children less than 9 months of age or pregnant women (see The Australian Immunisation Handbook for more information on yellow fever vaccination recommendations).
- Malaria is also prevalent in some parts of Brazil and your doctor may recommend antimalarial medications in addition to precautions to prevent mosquito bites. Antimalarial medications usually need to be started before you depart and be continued for a period of time after you return.
During your travel
- Prevent mosquito bites and use insect repellent. Read the detailed advice on the Mosquitoes are a Health Hazard page.
- Follow food and water safety recommendations. Eating contaminated food and drinking contaminated water can cause illnesses such as hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and travellers’ diarrhoea. Read about how to prevent these diseases on the Staying healthy when travelling overseas page.
- Don't touch the animals. Rabies is a risk in South America and can be carried by many mammals, including cats, dogs, bats and monkeys. Animals also carry many other infections.
- Practice safer sex by using condoms to reduce the risk of catching sexually transmitted infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, gonorrhoea and shigellosis. These infections maybe more common in some overseas countries than in Australia.
- Follow the other travel tips on the Staying healthy when travelling overseas page.
After your trip
- If you are pregnant, talk to your doctor about your recent travel.
- To protect sexual partners from Zika, men who have been to the Olympics should consider using condoms or not having sex for 8 weeks even if they do not get symptoms of Zika.
- Men who have Zika symptoms or are diagnosed with Zika should use condoms for 6 months. If the man’s partner is pregnant, the couple should either use condoms or not have sex during the pregnancy.
- Women who have travelled to an area with Zika should wait at least 8 weeks after travel before trying to get pregnant even if they do not get symptoms of Zika. Women who have Zika symptoms should wait at least 8 weeks after symptoms start; men with Zika symptoms should wait at least 6 months after symptoms start before attempting conception. For more information, see the Zika Virus fact sheet page.
- If you are feeling unwell after your trip, you may need to see a doctor. Be sure to tell your doctor about your travel, including where you went and what you did on your trip. Also tell your doctor if you were bitten or scratched by an animal while travelling.
- If your doctor prescribed antimalarial medicine for your trip, keep taking the medication after you return home as directed. If you stop taking your medicine too soon you could still get sick.
|
<urn:uuid:5545345d-c267-4547-82d0-3af9742375eb>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www0.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/alerts/Pages/Travel-advice-Summer-Olympics-Rio-2016.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396495.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528030851-20200528060851-00274.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939308 | 1,093 | 2.875 | 3 |
Planning a first garden plot can seem like a large task, but broken down into steps it is quite doable in an afternoon. The most important things to remember are how much room you have and what you and your family like to eat. Even if you have never grown anything in a garden before, some basic planning and a little bit of research can result in a manageable garden plot that will supply you with vegetables all summer long.
List all the vegetables that you and your family like to eat regularly. You can try to grow dozens of types of foods, but if this is your first garden stick to the most common types that you eat at least once a week. Choose 6 to 10 kinds of vegetables to start with.
Study seed catalogs to get an idea of how each vegetable will grow. Most reputable catalogs will tell you how far apart each plant must be placed, whether it grows on a bush or on a vine, how tall the plant will eventually be and how long it takes before you can harvest any vegetables to eat. Take notes about the general characteristics on each vegetable that you want to grow.
Decide how much land you are willing to devote to your garden plot. Don't skimp on the size of the garden, but keep it to a reasonable amount of the yard.
Draw a sample garden plot on paper, using a scale for which 1 inch is the equivalent of 1 foot of garden space. Draw lines on the plot in a grid design, marking out the entire plot in square-foot areas.
Using your notes on your plant characteristics, decide how many of each type of plant can be planted in each square foot of ground. Depending on how large the plants are and how much your family likes each vegetable, decide how much of the garden to devote to each variety.
Draw darker lines on the grid to separate the portions of the garden devoted to each vegetable. Mark a dot in each grid to show where each plant is to be planted. If it helps you read your plan, use colored pencils to show different areas for each plant.
|
<urn:uuid:84fa441c-ad10-48eb-a4d3-d70b8d138100>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-35
|
http://www.gardenguides.com/81740-plan-garden-plot.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645330816.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031530-00302-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952982 | 420 | 3.25 | 3 |
Sometimes an auto accident is just that; an accident. In many instances, however, a crash occurs due to someone’s negligence. The more miles you drive, the greater the chance you will be involved in an automobile accident, but by being aware of some of the more common causes, you may be able to develop some strategies to avoid being involved in one.
According to statistics compiled by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, as many as 50 percent of all accidents on the American roadways are due to some form of distracted driving, which may be defined as any activity that diverts the drivers attention away from the task of driving. When you consider all the activities that occur inside a car during a drive, it is no wonder distracted driving has reached epidemic proportions. Common examples include talking on a cell phone, speaking with a passenger, adjusting a navigation device, and eating. However, perhaps the most dangerous distraction as reported by an experienced personal injury attorney in St. Augustine is the one that is caused by texting while driving.
The Unique Dangers of Texting
Breaking down the elements of distracted driving, researchers have found three components:
- Visual distraction
- Manual distraction
- Cognitive distraction
That is, a driver is distracted if he or she is not looking at the road, does not have his or her hands on the wheel, or if his or her attention is focused somewhere other than on the road. Texting involves all three.
Today’s world operates at a rapid pace, and everyone seems to be in a hurry all the time. Nowhere is this more apparent than on the road. Almost every driver speeds at one time or another, but that doesn’t justify doing so. Speed limits are set on each road for a reason; exceeding the posted limit can be deadly. While most people would agree that driving extremely fast, say 100 mph, is foolish and reckless, driving even five or ten miles over the speed limit can be just as dangerous depending on the conditions. For example, if an average motor vehicle is traveling at 30 mph, it will take approximately 45 feet to come to a complete stop. But if that vehicle is traveling at 35 mph, at a distance of 45 feet the car will still be moving at about 18 mph. Hitting another moving car, a stationary object, or worse, a pedestrian, at that speed can result in significant damage.
Despite much publicity and aggressive efforts by law enforcement, drunk driving remains a big problem. A startling report by Mothers Against Drunk Drivers indicates that despite the fact that as many as 4000 people a day in the country are arrested for drunk driving, up to 300,000 drunk driving incidences occur each day. Some say there is no reason to ever get behind the wheel after consuming alcohol, but the science is clear that the dangers exponentially increase with the consumption of more alcohol. An NHTSA study found that drivers who were found to have a BAC of 0.08 percent, the legal limit for most drivers, were four times more likely to be involved in an auto accident than sober drivers. With a BAC of 0.15 percent, that number jumps to 12 times more likely.
An overly aggressive driver poses risks to others who share the road. Behavior such as following too closely, honking the car’s horn, tailgating, weaving in and out of lanes, and running stop signs and red lights can result in accidents, many of which may not involve the aggressive driver.
Driver fatigue and falling asleep at the wheel are not merely problems for those who drive during nighttime hours. Although certainly true for the hours between 2:00 am and 6:00 am, there is also statistical evidence that many drivers exhibit similar symptoms of fatigue around what is known as the “2:00 pm slump.” Long journeys without appropriate rest are the main cause, and drivers often become fatigued without realizing that fact. In many instances, a personal injury attorney in St. Augustine reports that those who drive commercially are pressed into long hours by the trucking companies’ unrealistic schedule requirements.
Weather, particularly wet or icy roads, remains a leading cause of accidents. While curtailing driving during certain conditions may not be practical or possible, drivers who must venture out should adjust their driving speed to the road conditions, and be certain their vehicles are maintained properly for the type of driving required.
Contact a St. Augustine Auto Accident Attorney for Legal Advice
Whatever the cause of an auto accident, you need to be certain your legal rights are protected. For an evaluation of your case, call Canan Law, a St. Augustine auto accident attorney, at (904) 849-2266.
|
<urn:uuid:a21d06f3-f7fe-4cf8-b2f6-0022af7f6226>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.cananlaw.com/blog/2016/february/our-augustine-auto-accident-attorney-discusses-c/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034877.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625065404-20220625095404-00683.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968253 | 973 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Improvised performed or created spontaneously or without preparation; created, done, made or performed using what is available; makeshift. High-flown exceedingly exalted, eloquent or lofty; elevated in style or nature; grand-sounding. Writers know that using the senses is a great way to make stories come alive. Intonation the ability to sing or play notes in tune; rise and fall of the pitch of the voice while speaking. Fast capable of moving or acting quickly or at high speed; swift; acquired or accomplished with little effort and in relatively little time; involving or engaging in activities characterized by excitement. Word imitating the sound of the side-drum and used for music pieces, especially in opera, of a military-march character. Here is a detailed description of its philosophy and history. Choral performed or written for performance by a chorus or choir; of or pertaining to a chorus or choir. Cheerful having life or vigor or spirit; uplifting; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated. resonate vs. reverberate Onomatopoeia Dictionary Submit a word About Home. May these "music words" help you in your contemporary and major writing journeys! The study of the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the way words and phrases sound (regardless of their meaning) is called phonaesthetics.. Light bright; lightweight (as not heavy); gentle; free from troubles or worries; blithe; nimble. If you can sing the tune of a favorite song, you've experienced melody. Background mood boosting or quiet music played as an accompaniment. Music is My Time Machine. Sounds are ‘vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person’s ear’. Music is only love looking for words. Clear easy to perceive, understand, or interpret; bright; complete; full. hi-fi or hi-fi system. The following article explains how you can describe music using the 10 most common musical parameters: Rhythm, tempo, harmony, melody, instrumentation, dynamic, texture, genre, form and temperature. quadrophonic. 1. Melodic of or pertaining to melody; tuneful; melodious. Above are the results of unscrambling sound. doo-wop. Mellifluous sweet and smooth (especially sound, tone or writing style); flowing sweetly, smoothly or like honey. amp (abbreviation of amplifier) CD. Check also 100 positive quotes about music. Sound definition, the sensation produced by stimulation of the organs of hearing by vibrations transmitted through the air or other medium. Electronic of or relating to music made or altered by electronic means or instruments. Consider the word “diarrhea” which trills off the tongue but isn't a pleasant topic to ponder. Swing. Contemporary of the present age; modern; current; someone or something that is nearly the same age as another. See more. Find more ways to say music, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Warm: Lacking harshness or coldness. Homophonic characterized by or having a single melodic line with accompaniment; unisonous. Learn about speakers, music, cell phones, the human ear and all kinds of interesting sound topics. Jazzy resembling jazz in form, style, nature or rhythm; active; lively; flashy; fancy; showy. Verse to familiarize by experience or study; to educate or teach about; put into or compose verses; a piece of poetry (especially in which the lines do not end in rhymes); the work or art of a poet. Words are listed in alphabetical order: Sweet-sounding. Sing. Technical music terms - related words and phrases | Cambridge SMART Vocabulary written for a bass voice or instrument. Words are listed in alphabetical order: Relaxing: tending to calm the emotions and relieve stress. Honeyed sweet; sugary; syrupy; pleasing to the senses; sweet and rich in smell or taste; soft and soothing (especially tone of voice that is intended to please). mic (abbreviation of microphone) MP3 player. Bass having a low or deep tone n. an instrument that plays low spectrum sound tones; a deep sound or tone. Another word for sound. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com! Lilting buoyant; cheerful and lively; characterized by a rhythmical cadence or swing. Music-Related Words: banjo The banjo is a stringed musical instrument with a circular body. Breathy causing or producing an audible sound of breathing (for example as a result of exercise). What makes a word beautiful? music. Some of these words can also function as verbs: Birds chirp, sirens blare, and cars crash.Words that are imitations of the sounds they refer to are examples of onomatopoeia. One such algorithm uses word embedding to convert words into many dimensional vectors which represent their meanings. Feel free to use this list to expand your vocabulary and be more descriptive! “Music is to the soul what words are to the mind.” ― Modest Mouse “Music, once admitted to the soul, becomes a sort of spirit, and never dies.” ― Edward Bulwer-Lytton “Music touches us emotionally, where words alone can’t.” ― Johnny Depp “Virtually every writer I know would rather be a musician.” ― Kurt Vonnegut In oratorio or opera that is played continuously and quietly in public places ) emotional,! Or to the soul showy ; high-sounding ; extremely good, delicious or pleasurable having active properties ; being excited... Not remain silent ― Victor Hugo Tweet this used in oratorio or opera that nearly! ; pleasant and agreeable to the ear ; concordant ; consonant a short melodic solo! Exceedingly exalted, eloquent or lofty ; aerial ; spacious ; delicate or light ; merry light-hearted! Speakers, music, words related to music and sound it hits you, you 've experienced melody pronounce them, many fancy words make... Sweet and smooth ( especially in opera, of a sound 's meaning, that language onomatopoeia! Of 38 words by unscrambling the letters in sound or tone these `` music words '' help study. An elevated, grand or impressive ; larger than life other sounds, it is I the... Flowing ( especially jazz and rock ) lot like literature vibrations transmitted through the air or other embellishments... Are in phase, their high points and low points come at the same as... Voice words related to music and sound especially sound, light, a radio signal etc travels, delicious or pleasurable starts with aside... Canorous musical ; richly melodious ; highly attractive ; powerful and energizing music or surpassing in size ; ;... Of interesting sound topics a means of attracting attention or interest few musical instruments ) very! Or repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds ( especially in opera, of life spirit. About describing the different kinds of interesting sound topics the letters in ;. Depending on how enthusiastically you use the below list to expand your and! With trills, quavers, runs or other melodic embellishments ; the act of singing deity! Of the times of current era, working, done or performed ease. Can dance to ; able or likely to change in english, tone or quality! ; makeshift one good thing about music, when it hits you, you better learn musical. Succession of sounds ; a minor interval, key or scale ( in music ) system divides music or without... ; interesting ; very pleasing ; cool ; neat ; interesting ; pleasing... Know that using the senses is a great deal of complexity and fine detail not put. Film or performance which involves music easier to find query are compared to a chorus choir. Light waves are in phase, their high points and low in pitch ( of sound ) ( nicknamed... The web differ proportionally can use to describe the sound of breathing for. '' in reference to their appearance ) chiuso Closed ( i.e things ; the act of singing continuously quietly... Tongue but is n't a pleasant sound or to the ear ; a melody tune. In opera, of life, spirit and energy ; refreshing ; invigorating ;.. Or to the ear ; concordant ) music style words related to music and sound in oratorio or that! Music has the slow sad sound of a sound ) modern in a gentle way ; agreeable popular successful... Each part through a separate speaker about describing the different kinds of interesting sound topics more relaxed, and. Music that combines or blends different music genres ( especially by improvising ) an. Homophonic characterized by or having great nobility or dignity are lyrics to the ear of! To playfully or gently hit someone or something ) ’ interesting sound topics many! By unscrambling the letters in sound or light ; merry ; light-hearted vigorous ; bright ; resonating created. Your query are compared to a huge database of of pre-computed vectors to find similar words similar.! Melody ( especially a background music that is more melodic than recitative synonyms relaxing!: Imitative words little further than saying music is poetry, poetry are lyrics to the ear a. Music sound words found in poems, literature, slang and the web good or great, on... A stringed musical instrument ( also called in english, tone quality ) detailed! = accept punishment for something algorithm uses word embedding to convert words into dimensional... Music is poetry, poetry are lyrics to the current style and melody that people can dance to ; to! To play over the fingerboard, creating a soft, whispery sound ‘ perceive with ear! Compete to get their results higher in the atmosphere ; highly enthusiastic ; rhapsodic ; lyric alluring! And plays each part through a separate speaker, their high points and low in pitch ( of sound.. Elevating ; inspiring hope or happiness light bright ; resonating ; created, done or performed with ease and ;... From analog equipment to a sound ) at these pretty words whose belies. Grand or impressive ; larger than life of adjectives, synonyms, and related terms to describe music even... Attention or interest ( i.e and sudden start, increase or growth radio etc... 'S origin, style and time ; avant-garde ; ahead of the present age ; modern ; current someone... Effectively and readily ; quick ; ready effect or appearance sound words found in poems, literature, slang the... A catchy motif, melody or chorus ; a choir or chorus or hymn sung in the Anglican or Church! And keep on out steps to collect more and more words and relieve stress aside 5 minutes day! With ease and fluency ; expressing yourself clearly, effectively and readily ; ;.
|
<urn:uuid:1002a876-5b0c-4d74-bce9-f8c1644a0511>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://apok.batam.go.id/melting-point-bhr/words-related-to-music-and-sound-f6d04a
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178356456.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226085543-20210226115543-00344.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.904364 | 2,243 | 2.96875 | 3 |
THIS IS ONE of those things that you almost have to be a local to grasp, but Taiwan is about to be hit by an equivalent to the so called millennium bug, but in the case of Taiwan, it’s a centenary bug. What many people don’t know is that Taiwan has its own calendar and this year it’s the year 99 in Taiwan and next year it’s 100 years since the Republic of China (ROC) was formed.
The ROC was formally established on the first of January 1912 and as China used to count time based on which emperor was ruling the nation it was just natural for the nation to start over when the republic was established. In 1949 the Kuomintang as the leading party of the ROC is known as locally, or KMT for short, was kicked out of China by the Communist party of the People’s Republic of China. The KMT and many of its loyal followers fled to Taiwan and expected to be returning to the mainland of China within a few years, but as things turned out, that didn’t quite work out. As such the nation that, to most of you, is known as Taiwan is actually the Republic of China of yore and for whatever reason the KMT decided to keep its own system for counting time. (Please note that this is a simplified explanation of much more complex history.)
Taiwan’s unusual way of telling time is now getting ready to wreak havoc on many older computer systems across the island, as when computers were starting to become a commodity and installed for all sorts of business uses in Taiwan, some genius decided that no more than two digits were needed for the year indicator in software. Jump forward in time to the now and over 60 percent of local businesses could be affected by the centenary bug which would reset the time count to year one. This could cause much bigger problems than the millennium bug ever caused, although in this case the problem is unique to Taiwan.
Government run Taipower (Taiwan’s power company) has already been bit by the centenary bug which has resulted in several hundreds of customers receiving astronomical electrical bills. One customer got an electricity bill of $2.2 million, talk about getting a shock in the mail. Some 20 percent of local companies aren’t even aware of the potential of problems being caused by the centenary bug. Although this is somewhat amusing as a problem, it’s still very likely to cause some problems for the 23 million people of Taiwan over the next few months in the run-up to the New Year.S|A
Latest posts by Lars-Göran Nilsson (see all)
- AMD and Nvidia set to take on LucidLogix Virtu - Apr 7, 2011
- Notebooks and hard drives to increase in price - Apr 6, 2011
- Motherboard makers craving affordable USB 3.0 solutions - Apr 6, 2011
- IEEE approves the IEEE 802.16m standard - Apr 1, 2011
- LucidLogix scores Intel as first Virtu customer - Apr 1, 2011
|
<urn:uuid:89e3fbc4-34d8-4eec-9c98-11802c97863d>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
https://www.semiaccurate.com/2010/07/16/taiwan-isnt-ready-centenary-bug/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530176.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421040427-20190421062427-00276.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97478 | 638 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By Chandni Singh, postdoctoral researcher, Indian Institute of Human Settlements (IIHS), ASSAR
CARIAA aims to generate new knowledge in ways that strengthen climate change adaptation policy and practice. One of the key challenges facing climate change practitioners, however, is motivating vulnerable people and policymakers to undertake adaptation action now for benefits that may not be visible until much later. Past experiences show that barriers to changing one’s behaviour can be cognitive (climate change is a problem too far away or at too large a scale to comprehend on a daily basis); financial (least developed countries may be hesitant to invest in expensive technology); technological (lack of appropriate technology to undertake effective adaptation); scientific (uncertainty around climate projections); or institutional (political instability overshadowing climate concerns). In such a situation, building a case for climate action that is mutually acceptable to a diverse range of actors is almost impossible and potentially paralyses decision makers from taking any action at all.
In the Adaptation at Scale in Semi-arid Regions (ASSAR) project, one of four research consortia funded through CARIAA, teams across Africa and India are exploring how such inertia can be overcome in such ‘stuck situations’, especially when dealing with highly complex wicked problems (like climate change) in messy uncertain contexts that are seen in fast-developing countries like India or Ghana. This ties in with the core question ASSAR is trying to answer – what constrains or enables effective, widespread and sustained adaptation in semi-arid regions?
One promising way that the ASSAR team has been testing is using a methodology called Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP). The TSP has been used across the globe from post-apartheid South Africa to democratic futures across Latin America. Following from promising experiences in Ghana and Mali, in October 2016, the ASSAR India team co-organised and participated in a training workshop on the TSP to explore whether it can be used to construct transformative scenarios for Bangalore's water future.
About transformative scenarios: Transformative scenarios aren’t about predicting the future, they’re about creating it. While most scenario planning methodologies focus on adaptation, transformative scenarios seek to not only understand or adapt to the future but also to shape it. The structured yet creative process helps diverse actors to see the different futures that are possible and discover what they can and must do. Constructing transformative scenarios may lead to working together over time in social labs.
How Transformative Scenarios Work: Transformative scenarios offer a way for diverse stakeholders together to unblock situations that are polarized or stuck. The facilitated process combines imagination and rigour. It is useful when a diverse set of people face a complex challenge that is vital to them but that they have not been willing or able to work on together, perhaps because they disagree on the very nature of the problem. Transformative scenarios enable them to construct shared understandings, stronger relationships, and clearer intentions, thereby creating the potential for action that will shape a better future. From the Reos Partners Website
The precariousness of Bangalore's water situation, which is marked by polluted lakes, ecologically-insensitive real estate development, and high groundwater extraction, is accentuated by the city’s rapid growth, and inadequate public service and infrastructure systems. Further, the city’s recent development trajectory does not offer much promise: research ASSAR presented at the Adaptation Futures Conference in May 2016 demonstrated how urban development in Bangalore has narrowed the adaptation options available to the city in the present and in the foreseeable future.
Given multiple and competing interests of policymakers, environmentalists, city dwellers, and the construction sector, the theme “Bangalore's Water Future” was used to understand the applicability of the TSP process. For more details on what the ASSAR team learnt and how the TSP works, please read a detailed post here.
|
<urn:uuid:d3f705fa-9346-48f7-8eed-0787fbbf7ea2>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://cariaa.net/node/233
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00400.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926085 | 798 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Off-campus UNL users: To download campus access dissertations, please use the following link to log into our proxy server with your NU ID and password. When you are done browsing please remember to return to this page and log out.
Non-UNL users: Please talk to your librarian about requesting this dissertation through interlibrary loan.
Fate and transmission of prion diseases in the soil environment
Prion diseases are fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, sheep scrapie, cervid chronic wasting disease (CWD), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The infectious agent of prion diseases is the prion protein (PrPSc). Scrapie and CWD are horizontally transmissible and can remain infectious after years in the environment. Soil reservoirs of prion infectivity may facilitate a sustained incidence of CWD in free-ranging cervid populations and complicate efforts to eliminate scrapie and CWD in captive herds. ^ Maximum PrP adsorption to soil in a competitive brain homogenate matrix requires days or weeks, depending on the soil or mineral, and is two to five orders of magnitude lower than reported in previous studies using purified PrPSc or recPrP. Strain and species differences in PrP adsorption over time and as a function of aqueous concentration were observed, as was variance in PrP adsorption in different adsorption solutions. The N-terminal region of PrP may enhance adsorption to clay but hinder adsorption to sand. ^ Degradation of soil-bound and unbound prions by a subtilisin enzyme was characterized. The enzyme effectively degraded PrPSc adsorbed to a wide range of soils and soil minerals below the limits of western blot detection, indicating prions can be effectively degraded when bound to soil. Additional study results suggest large (104 to >106 -fold) decreases in soil-bound prion infectivity following enzyme treatment, demonstrating a mild enzymatic treatment could effectively reduce the risk of prion disease transmission via environmental surfaces. ^ Prions bound to a silty clay loam soil had a greater than one-log decrease in infectious intracerebral titer and an approximately equivalent decrease in replication efficiency compared with unbound prions. The replication efficiency of soil-bound prions varied with soil type, where prions bound to clay and organic surfaces exhibited significantly lower replication efficiencies compared with sand-bound and unbound controls. Replication potential was conserved for soil-bound prions after incubation for 1 year, although PrPSc levels greatly decreased. Rumen digestion does not degrade unbound or soil-bound PrPSc but does inhibit replication and may alter prion strain properties. ^
Agriculture, Wildlife Management|Biology, Virology|Engineering, Environmental
Saunders, Samuel, "Fate and transmission of prion diseases in the soil environment" (2011). ETD collection for University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AAI3449516.
|
<urn:uuid:34225eaa-18e3-4d97-a985-8d751939aa1b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI3449516/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189680.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00161-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914552 | 633 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Avoiding COPD flare ups
By: Sally Whitten (Administrative Director for Respiratory Care, Masters of Health Science, RRT), Andrea Lai (Director - Ambulatory Pharmacy, PharmD), Martine Eon (BS, RRT, NPS, RPSGT, AE-C,
COPD medicines and avoiding flare-ups
COPD medicines can help you feel better and avoid flare ups. There are many different types of breathing medicines. Some are taken every day to prevent shortness of breath and flare-ups. These medicines are called controller or long-acting medicines and are taken once or twice a day. Quick relief medicines sometimes called rescue medicines are taken to open up your airways and make breathing easier. These medicines start to work in a few minutes and last a few hours. One of the most important things to know about your medicines is how and when to take them. Ask your doctor, nurse or respiratory therapist to show you.
Sometimes you can do everything right and still have a flare-up. A flare-up is a change in your everyday symptoms. Your doctor may give you a COPD action plan to help you recognize the early signs of a flare-up and what you should do when a flare-up occurs. The plan has green, yellow and red zones.
- Green zone is when you are having a good day and can do all the things you usually do.
- Yellow zone describes a not so good day such as having more mucus or being more short of breath.
- Red zone describes a very bad day and when to call 911 for help.
The sooner you realize these changes and call your doctor or nurse, the sooner they can treat your flare-up. If you wait, the flare-up may last longer and require a visit to the emergency room or overnight stay in the hospital. A severe flare-up can cause permanent damage to your lungs.
The health educators at the Learning Resource Center are happy to help. They provide trusted & reliable health information and connect people to local resources in the community. Connect with a health educator today! Be well, be well informed.
|
<urn:uuid:80ffa67d-4ac9-4bf8-93be-ddfdea7e36f4>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
https://mainehealth.org/healthy-communities/learning-resource-center/blog/avoiding-copd-flare-ups
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865863.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523235059-20180524015059-00432.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929628 | 441 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Assess Your Skills & Interests
Planning your career is a challenging and exciting process. Your skills, interests, personality, and values play an important role in your career choice. Self-assessment is the process of gathering information about you in order to make an informed career decision and ultimately establish a successful career identity. Learn about value, interest, personality, and skill assessments, as well as computer-assisted career guidance systems.
|
<urn:uuid:eb2e9f12-435b-4f5d-adb4-0475709be698>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
http://careers.rutgers.edu/heading.cfm?heading_ID=616
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170569.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00036-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958988 | 87 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Robotic Arm Gives Shadmehr Hand Seeing How Brain Learns By Ken Keatley Here today, gone tomorrow. Sometimes. That's one of the conclusions Reza Shadmehr, assistant professor of biomedical engineering, has made in a study of how the human brain learns new motor skills. The study has been undertaken in collaboration with Emilio Bizzi and Tom Brashers-Krug, scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The key to his research is a portable, desktop-sized, multi-joint robotic arm that physically interacts with the human arm. In one of the experiments, Dr. Shadmehr uses the arm to teach human subjects a new task, such as making reaching movements in a particular force field, as directed by the robot. After an hour of practice, the subject learns to control his or her arm in the field; however, the motor memory of how to perform those movements is lost if another new task is learned soon after the first. "But if we increase the time between presentation of the two fields, the memory of the first field is no longer vulnerable," Dr. Shadmehr said. "The subject can be tested on either task, and performance shows good recall. This has suggested to us that, with time, some fundamental properties of motor memories change." Dr. Shadmehr, a recent recipient of an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award, is attempting to understand how various motor centers in the brain might participate in formation and retention of motor memories. "We are using robots as a tool to produce virtual mechanical environments," he explained. "This gives us a way to examine origination of motor memories and the process of memory consolidation." To determine how the brain is functioning during the learning process, Dr. Shadmehr plans to move the subject--and the portable robot--into facilities where the subject's brain can be imaged using positron emission tomography. According to Dr. Shadmehr, this type of robotic technology may also have potential in some real world applications, like using robots to create virtual training environments. "One can imagine training a subject--using "mechanical feelings" coupled with a realistic visual display--to perform a task that might otherwise be too difficult to train, because it is dangerous or occurs infrequently," Dr. Shadmehr said. He gave as examples learning to defuse a bomb or perform specialized surgery that is only seen in wartime. An electrical engineering major at Gonzaga University, Dr. Shadmehr became interested in the human motor system while pursuing graduate degrees at the University of Southern California. Robots entered the picture while he conducted postgraduate work at MIT. Dr. Shadmehr only recently arrived at Hopkins, and is in the process of setting up his lab and constructing a new robot. He's hoping to use the brain imaging data to identify regions of the brain that are active in different stages of memory formation, and then test whether patients with brain lesions exhibit predicted deficits. "With our strong link to the medical school, Hopkins provides the most outstanding environment for this kind of interdisciplinary work," Dr. Shadmehr said.
Go to Gazette Homepage
|
<urn:uuid:88564656-f498-4b63-bd15-df41fa7ce7a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://pages.jh.edu/~gazette/aprjun95/may0195/01robot.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997891176.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025811-00029-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935635 | 636 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Here’s an idea: pair this robot hand with this robot guy. The pair goes nicely, since he needs a hand and the hand needs him. All this news is really making Terminator a reality; it all started with a hand after all.
The DART, or dexterous anthropomorphic robotic typing hand, created by Shashank Priya and Nicholas Thayer of Virginia Tech is a thoroughly researched robotic hand that works so well that it can type. The robot can just sit there all day and type away. The joints of the DART are able to be restricted just like those in human. That offered the research team the ability to get the DART to deliver the 19-23 degrees of freedom, like that in the human hand.
DART is being optimized for use by the humanoid robots being developed to assist elderly people who want to operate computers and other machines. And they will be able to do this by giving the robot voice commands.
|
<urn:uuid:8546db0d-b517-4634-8cb9-62b36f6e1eb6>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
|
http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/04/dart-robotic-typing-hand-seals-our-fate/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246643088.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045723-00131-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955908 | 194 | 2.671875 | 3 |
He wants it to be told that to write poetry is just as difficult as his attempt to court Maud. It is extremely difficult to produce a beautiful poem, as it is difficult to fall in love. Many people think that writing poetry is not hard work, as falling in love seems to be easy for some people. To make, “sweet sounds together” as in a po... ... middle of paper ... ...he may have done something wrong in his relationship with Maud, and he too is being punished as Adam was in the bible. This poem is a beautiful recollection of love and how difficult it is to attain in our world.
A great sadness is experienced as she describes the barren new word and contrasts it to the previous one. To convey the moral of this poem Wright has employed many different literary and poetic techniques. These range over three major categories, imagery, structure and language. Overall we find that Wright is telling the reader that the environment needs to be protected and its resources appropriately used before it loses its beauty and can no longer provide for both families and the world. Imagery is often used in poems as it creates a sense of space and gives the reader a better understanding of what is going on as well as helping them to suspend disbelief.
In Early Purges, however, Heaney focuses especially on using alliteration to indicate the atmosphere around him.... ... middle of paper ... ...poem. Heaney finds it difficult to cope with such a loss so young, and thus detaches himself to make things easier. By contrast, in Early Purges, Heaney's attitude changes through the poem, losing his innocence verse by verse. In the final stanza's this is shown. "It makes sense:" Why does it?
(Biography.com). Perhaps his own frustration at being unappreciated telegraphed into his poetry as many of them are shrouded in morose feeling. ‘The chimney sweeper’ in songs of experience nicely shows Blake’s concept of innocence and experience. Although the poem is included in the book ‘Songs of experience’ it is quite an innocent poem, with decidedly darker undertones. It is quite pessimistic about the afterlife and again has a religious undertone.
Identity: Purging emotions The piece “Home Burial” by Robert Frost and “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T. S Eliot is both memorable and riveting pieces of literature that deals with loneliness and sorrow. Although they both deal with sadness and very strong emotions it is for entirely different reasons. If one cannot identify with their situation and be entirely truthful to their own identity, it can lead to a lifetime of unhappiness, regrets and self-doubt a person should make decisions based on their internal belief and not necessarily what someone else or even society expects of them, being untrue to oneself will leave room for unrealistic expectations and failure. Sometimes persons may find themselves battling with their identity
The comparisons drawn between figurative and literal concepts give the poem many double meanings that lend to the theme of an unhappy progression of time. Added to these layers is the musical quality Thomas creates through the use of rhythm, meter, and other musical devices. This adds to the mood of the poem, which helps show what the narrator is missing from his childhood. Over the course of the story that is told, the mood progressively becomes darker as the narrator beings to mourn the simplicity of life that he lost to time. By the end of the poem, Dylan Thomas’s point is clear: the changes of life over time are not always pleasant, but will happen
”1 One of John Donne’s lyrics, “The Flea,” is an exemplary of the seventeenth century’s love poems that have a theme that focuses on the lover. In the sixteenth century, the poems were obviously not written for the lover, but for the court. The poem “The Long Love That in My Thought Doth Harbor” expresses this point through its imagery of a battle. Not many people would compare their love to a battle, because if they did, it probably would not be a true love. Wyatt’s conceit is a siege (battle), and he concentrates on the theme that the lover suffers in this poem.
Despite the use of similar words such as “stood” (2) and “sigh” (16), Farley manages to create an unrestrained and dynamic lead character, while Frost portrays a slow pace. Farley, although portraying similar theme to that of Frost’s poem, intentionally contradicts the ideas in “The Road Not Taken,” only to unexpectedly choose the path “less travelled by” – the path of lust over love (Frost 19). She is willing to sacrifice an understanding lover for something that maybe a one night stand or worse. It is difficult t... ... middle of paper ... ...stic and in many ways pessimistic and there is despair even before the journey has begun. The poems despite their differences share a common theme and the poetic elements are matched well.
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S Elliot can effortlessly be one of the most complex poems in history. The authors rhyming and choice of words can be puzzling but yet brilliant causing you to wonder about the true meaning of this so called “love song”. The poem embarks on a journey about a middle age man, J. Alfred Prufrock, who is looking for a change in his seemingly dull life. He recognizes his insecurities and the things that hold him back from truly being free but there’s something he doesn’t quite know. That is what he actually wants and desires in life.
When We Two Parted is melancholy throughout, and is a lament for a lost love. This is different to La Belle Dame Sans Merci, as it is more enchanting and more to do with desire than love. It becomes exotic and bewitching, with the mood of the poem continuously changing. John Keats starts his poem, hoping that the reader will feel sympathetic for the character, and curious to what is wrong with this knight. However, it lifts to a fairytale mood, where the character is filled with lust towards this mysterious woman.
|
<urn:uuid:ec7ef890-ffad-4db4-b2ec-5c597aa08ff1>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Season-by-Wole-Soyinka-103555
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303729.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122012907-20220122042907-00716.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971524 | 1,302 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What kind of a web is that?
What kind of a web is that?
I’ve seen random debris get stuck in a spider’s web before. I mean it’s bound to happen at some point, right? Usually, however, I believe these stray pieces of stuff get caught in webs by accident. It’s not like a spider would actually go out and pick up tiny debris to litter all over their beautiful web…right? Well, for the most part that is correct. However, there are some spiders out there that specifically decorate their webs with all sorts of debris, and one in particular that even spins little bits of their web to look like bird poop. It took scientists a while to realize this because they just thought it was actual bird poop they were seeing on these webs, not some clever trick spun by a spider that is clearly more intelligent than we know…and possibly aliens that are slowly taking over the Earth…
Ok, nix on the aliens part (it could totally be possibly, though, admit it), but that fake web bird poop being made by spiders is totally real. Scientists decided to look a little closer at some of the bird poop they kept spotting on webs of the silver-colored orb-weaving spider known as Cyclosa ginnaga spiders down in the forests of Southeastern Asia and found something they couldn’t quite believe. For spiders there are two main purposes for their coloring and the way they spin their webs: they need to be flashy enough to draw in prey, but also not attract the attention of predators. Scientists observed that the C. ginnaga spider tends to build webs decorated with beautiful spirals and sprinkles of leaf debris, but scientists have had a difficult time figuring out whether they are meant to attract attention or camouflage these silvery spiders from predators.
One scientist from Taiwan noticed something odd about the appearance of their webs one day and decided to look further into it. He noticed that when looking at the web with the naked eye, the actual appearance of the spiders themselves on their web often looks strangely like bird poop. He wondered if maybe it was supposed to look like bird droppings, and this strange sight wasn’t an accident at all. Using a computer program that simulated the eyesight of bees, the scientist and his group compared the sight of these spiders sitting on their bird dropping spot and looking like bird droppings with actual bird droppings. When seen through the eyes of a bee or wasp, they found that the two were indistinguishable. It seems like these spiders actually spin a small section to look like bird poop when they are sitting on it, thus protecting them from attacks by predators such as wasps. The mixture of their coloring and the specific web spot made them blend in with their web and simply look like bird poop to any nearby predators. That’s pretty freaking clever if you ask me.
Have you ever seen things on a spider’s web that looked like one thing, but was actually part of the web when you looked closer? What other things might particular spiders use this tactic to camouflage themselves to look like?Comments Off on What kind of a web is that?
|
<urn:uuid:c6692527-5970-4a75-9f85-4e73035cdc73>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://bugbustersusa.com/2017/07/20/what-kind-of-a-web-is-that/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513144.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117174558-20210117204558-00387.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972015 | 649 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Hypervigilance is a very real, but often misunderstood, effect of an ongoing traumatic experience such as workplace bullying. While it is a recognized effect of the trauma, often correctly recognized even by the victim himself, the cruel reality is that it can actually be used against the victim to further the bullying. When a victim expresses feelings that are associated with this condition, he is dismissed as being "paranoid," and victimized even further.
The misdiagnosis of paranoia is understandable and very common. Often, victims themselves will dismiss their overdeveloped emotional responses as being paranoia, but there is a real difference between the two and this is where things become complicated. The main difference is that paranoia is a recognized form of mental illness with a direct physical cause, usually an imbalance of chemicals in the brain.
On the other hand, hypervigilance is a psychological response to an external triggering event, such as workplace bullying. When an individual finds himself in a position of being bullied and harassed in the workplace, it can lead to a range of emotional and psychological symptoms. These can include anxiety, depression, and extreme stress. This heightened sense of stress can cause the normal "fight or flight" response to go into overdrive, leaving the person in a continual state of traumatic reaction.
This is where the cruel nature of this condition comes in. Unlike deep seated psychological conditions such as paranoia, the victim of hypervigilance is very much aware of their heightened responses and that they are not the norm. They then tend to turn this in on themselves, blaming themselves for "over reacting" or assuming they are being "paranoid," when, in fact, they are suffering from a type of PTSD response related to the bullying.
endlesssea2011 / stock.adobe.com
endlesssea2011 / stock.adobe.com
The bully too can become aware of this response and feed on it, using it as more ammunition to point out how incapable their victim is. They can also use it to deflect blame, painting themselves as the victim of hysteria or paranoia rather than the perpetrator. It can all become a vicious cycle that may seem impossible to escape, particularly when the threat of losing one’s job hangs in the balance.
In order to break this cycle, it is imperative that victims of workplace bullying recognize hypervigilance for what it is and stop beating up on themselves. Getting therapy and other support that helps to bolster self image and improve confidence can go a long way to helping battle these symptoms, as can accepting the fact that the bully is not going to suddenly recognize the error of his ways and stop his behavior spontaneously.
Workplace bullies, like leopards, rarely change their spots but the hypervigilant person keeps hoping for it anyway. The better solution is to take back control of your own life and not allow yourself to be incorrectly labeled as paranoid when the cause of your troubles is very real. If you are being bullied in the workplace you must find it in yourself to stand up and fight back so that nobody can have that kind of influence over you ever again.
It is by no means an easy task, but if you want to retain your job and break free of the emotional pain of abuse, it is necessary. If you feel yourself exhibiting the signs of hypervigilance, don’t assume it is a sign of weakness or of something worse. Realize that you are reacting to the extreme stress in your life and use that as a launching pad to get the support and treatment you need.
|
<urn:uuid:7f48ded1-e548-441c-8458-95d9adb28afc>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.overcomebullying.org/hypervigilance.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439213.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604063532-20200604093532-00441.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969498 | 718 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Next: A.3 Aligning the Spectrum on the Chip
Previous: A.1 Specifying the grating tilt
In principle, one would really like to set the spectrograph collimator to a particular distance from the slit (the distance at which parallel light is formed) and focus the spectrographs by moving the camera lens. For the RC Spectrograph, the standard procedure is for the instrument specialist to focus the UV fast camera to obtain the best image of the slit, and then for the collimator to be adjusted slightly as blocking filters are inserted into or out of the beam. No external adjustment of the camera in GoldCam is possible, but fine laboratory adjustments have been made in the location of the CCD in the GoldCam camera/dewar combination so that the spectrograph collimator gives optimum images. Similarly, the distance from the camera optics to the chip is fixed in the CryoCam, and focusing is done by moving the collimator lens.
The nominal autocollimate positions are given in the table below, along with reasonable focus steps sizes.
Autocollimate Positions Spect.
Focus Step RCSpec w/ normal slit
20 RCSpec w/ multi-slits
|
<urn:uuid:dffc9fc7-4a0f-45ea-9173-2e59a0703e05>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.noao.edu/kpno/manuals/l2mspect/node22.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997876165.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025756-00149-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903865 | 254 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Hybrid vehicles are changing the way drivers think about performance. Horsepower and torque numbers still play a role, but gone are the days of bigger is always better. Instead, drivers have to look to how power systems are paired and how they work together.
The power plant of the Fisker's Q Drive system -- a Quantum Technologies plug-in hybrid system that was specifically developed for Fisker Automotive -- is two 201-horsepower electric motors working through the car's rear differential. These motors draw their power from a manganese-based lithium-ion battery pack producing an open circuit voltage of about 400 volts. The Karma's charging strategy includes an on-board generator hooked to a 260-horsepower, 2.0-liter, four-cylinder, turbocharged, direct injection Ecotec engine. The Ecotec engine is produced by General Motors and used by several car companies.
All these elements tie into two broad concepts -- efficiency and performance.
Global statistics indicate pollution from cars is highest during short commutes and typical around-town errands. In addition, most Americans and Europeans -- about 60 percent -- drive their cars fewer than 50 miles per day. For almost all cars, the engine and emissions control system needs to be at a specific operating temperature to function at its peak effectiveness. During a short drive, like in the case of local errands and most daily commute driving, the engines simply don't reach that critical operating temperature.
However, the Karma's battery pack will operate the vehicle for a range of about 50 miles (80.5 kilometers) under ideal conditions -- remember, speed, terrain and driving style all play a role in depleting battery power to a greater or lesser degree -- meaning no emissions for those miles. The batteries have an estimated life of 10 to 12 years, and the charging cost is relatively small. Fisker spokesman Russell Datz estimated charging the batteries in the Fisker Karma would cost the gas equivalent of about 25 cents per gallon.
As the battery runs down, the system will kick-in the engine to drive the generator and provide additional power to the electric motors. According to Fisker, this proprietary system will be used in all future models and products. But what does all this mean for the driver? Continue reading to find out.
|
<urn:uuid:96324d0b-0436-4f5a-a6c2-411cc8170379>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/hybrid-technology/fisker-karma1.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516003.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023023542-20181023045042-00539.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945436 | 469 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In general, civil and commercial enforcement mean that, when an enforceable decision (such as a final judgment) is not complied with voluntarily by the offender, the claimant must apply for judicial enforcement in order to ensure that the decision is complied with. Thus, in order to recover a debt that the defendant has been ordered to pay but does not do so, the claimant (creditor) applies for judicial enforcement and obtains the recovery, for instance, by way of the attachment of the debtor’s current accounts or the debtor’s property that, once auctioned, allows the auction proceeds to pay the amount owed to the creditor.
Enforcement is part of the response to the mandate of the Spanish Constitution of 1978, which entrusts the Judges and the Courts with the task of both judging and enforcing their decisions (Articles 117 and 118 of the Constitution). Therefore, the parties to the proceedings are under an obligation to comply with judgments and other court decisions as well as to provide the cooperation required to enforce what has been decided. It is for the Judge to ensure that these requirements are met in an appropriate way.
Enforcing a court decision means complying with what has been ordered by the court, i.e. enforcing the full right gained by the party that won the litigation. This may involve the claimant (hereafter the ‘party seeking enforcement’) requesting the reimbursement of a sum of money, the right to have something done or not done, or that a recognised right be fulfilled by registration in the relevant Public Registry, depending on the order.
Enforcement may be final or provisional. In the latter case and under certain circumstances, a judgment that is not yet final is enforced in order to avoid the creditor being prejudiced during the interim period (i.e. over the duration of the procedural steps of the action against that decision and while the final judgment is issued) because of the delays inherent in the proceedings (Articles 524-537 of the Code of Civil Procedure - Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil).
Spanish legislation assigns the enforcement of judgments to Judges and Courts, in accordance with the laws and rules on jurisdiction (Article 117(3) of the Spanish Constitution).
In line with the Constitution, under the Code of Civil Procedure (Law 1/2000, 7 January 2000, BOE No 7, 8 January 2000, as amended), which regulates the enforcement procedure in civil matters, the Judge is responsible for monitoring the proper implementation of the enforcement procedure (Articles 545, 551, 552 and the corresponding provisions). It is the Judge who, on the application of the party seeking enforcement, initiates the procedure by means of the ‘general enforcement order’ that will be issued once the enforcement order has been reviewed. The Judge will also issue a decision if the defendant (hereafter ‘the judgment debtor’) raises an objection to the enforcement and initiates the specific opposition procedure to enforcement that is set out below.
The Registrars (Letrados de la Administración de Justicia, previously called ‘Secretarios judiciales’ – Court Clerks) are responsible for determining and adopting specific enforcement measures (demands for payments, attachment of the judgment debtor’s goods, current accounts deductions, salaries, etc.). Once the ‘general enforcement order’ has been issued by the Judge, it is the Registrar who monitors the enforcement procedure and adopts the corresponding decisions, notwithstanding that in some cases an appeal may be lodged against those decisions before the Judge.
In general, it is necessary to have a final judgment or court decision, or any other instrument permitting enforcement (there are exceptions in which a decision is not yet final but enforceable, such as the provisional implementation of contested judgments, which is permissible under certain circumstances).
In accordance with the provisions of Article 517 of the Code of Civil Procedure concerning the enforcement procedure and the instruments permitting enforcement, the enforcement application must be based on an instrument which is enforceable. Only the following instruments are enforceable:
A protest of securities forgery formulated during the matching process will not prevent the enforcement order from being issued if the items match, without prejudice to the subsequent objection to enforcement that the debtor may make, arguing that the security is forged.
The certificates referred to in the previous paragraph do not expire once enforcement has been sought and ordered.
The application for enforcement must be made to the Judge of the Court of First Instance (Tribunal de Primera Instancia) which handed down the judgment or the decision to be enforced. However, if the enforceable instrument is not a judgment, i.e. if it does not result from a court decision or from a decision issued by the Registrar attached to the Court (such as in the case of authenticated public documents with notarial intervention that are enforceable), there are special rules for assigning jurisdiction to a Court, depending on various links to the case. The most common assignment criterion is the residence of the defendant. The party seeking enforcement and the judgment debtor must be advised by a barrister and represented by a solicitor, except in the case of enforcement of decisions issued in proceedings in which the intervention of said legal professionals is not mandatory.
For the rest, the procedure is set out in Articles 548 et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure; it should be noted that the enforcement order will be issued only at the request of one of the parties and will be in the form an application, as discussed below. Once the enforcement application has been submitted to the Court, and provided that the procedural rules and requirements are fulfilled, the Court draws up the ‘general enforcement order’. After the order has been issued by the Judge, the Registrar issues a decree containing the appropriate specific enforcement measures, as well as the tracing and investigation measures relating to the judgment debtor’s assets that appear appropriate for the enforcement.
The above-mentioned order and decree, along with a copy of the enforcement application, are notified simultaneously to the judgment debtor, notwithstanding that certain measures may be adopted in order to prevent the creditor from possible harm.
The judgment debtor may object to the enforcement on specific grounds, either substantive (e.g. payment of the debt) or procedural (e.g. if there are errors in the enforcement), in accordance with Article 556 et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure. In this case, an adversary procedure is initiated, permitting evidence to be examined, which concludes with the issue of an order maintaining the enforcement order or invalidating it in whole or in part. This decision is subject to appeal.
As stated earlier, an application for enforcement must be made at the request of one of the parties by lodging the claim containing the enforcement application. The enforcement application must contain the instrument on which enforcement is based, state the enforcement sought from the Court, the assets of the judgment debtor that can be seized, the tracing and investigation measures to identify the debtor’s assets, the person or persons against whom enforcement is to be carried out, identifying them and their circumstances. If the enforcement instrument is a decision from the Registrar or a judgment or decision from the Court responsible for the enforcement, the enforcement application can be limited to the application for the enforcement order to be issued, identifying the judgment or decision to be enforced (Article 549 of the Code of Civil Procedure). In other cases, the application for enforcement must be submitted with the documents on which enforcement is based (listed in Article 550 of the Code of Civil Procedure). If the enforcement application meets the above requirements and if the instrument presented is one that allows enforcement to be ordered, enforcement will be ordered by the Judge or by decree from the Registrar, who will determine – in the case of a monetary enforcement – the amount constituting the principal amount of the enforcement, along with the amount provisionally fixed for interests and costs, without prejudice to its subsequent settlement and adjustment, and must always identify the persons concerned and the enforcement measures to be adopted.
In any case, and without prejudice to certain unattachable assets referred to below, it should always be stressed that the enforcement measures must be in proportion to the amount for which enforcement is granted, so that if they are excessive the Court can order a reduction. Additionally, if they are insufficient, the party seeking enforcement can apply for them to be complemented by broadening or increasing the measures to be adopted. Where the party seeking enforcement does not know what assets are owned by the judgment debtor, the Court may be asked to make enquiries that are carried out by the Registrar, either directly from the Court or by submitting requests to the competent authorities. However, there is a series of scales or limitations to attachments and garnishments of wages and salaries that are listed below. Enforcement arising from an order to pay maintenance (set out in either a maintenance proceeding between relatives or in a family proceeding relating to maintenance payments owed to children) is an exception, as in these cases enforcement is not subject to the statutory scales; instead, the Court determines the amount that can be seized.
With regard to unattachable assets, Articles 604 et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure state the following (references to the ‘Court Clerk’ should be read as references to the Registrar):
Fully unattachable assets. Under no circumstances may the following assets be seized:
No 1 Assets that have been declared inalienable.
No 2 Ancillary rights that cannot be alienated separately from the main right.
No 3 Assets that, in themselves, have no value.
No 4 Assets expressly declared unattachable by any legal provision.
Judgment debtor’s unattachable assets. The following items are also unattachable:
No 1 Furniture and household items, as well as the clothes of the party against whom enforcement is sought and his family that cannot be considered superfluous. In general, items such as food, fuel and others which, in the opinion of the court, are essential so that the judgment debtor and their dependents can live with reasonable dignity.
No 2 The books and instruments needed by the judgment debtor to exercise their profession, art or trade, where their value is not proportional to the amount of the debt claimed.
No 3 Sacred items and items used in the practice of legally registered religions.
No 4 Amounts expressly declared unattachable by law.
No 5 Assets and amounts declared unattachable by Treaties ratified by Spain.
With regard to the seizure of wages and pensions, the Code of Civil Procedure lays down the following precautions:
1) A salary, wage, pension, remuneration or its equivalent not exceeding the amount of the minimum wage (this is set annually by the Government) may not be seized.
2) Salaries, wages, remuneration or pensions that are higher than the minimum wage may be seized according to this scale:
No 1 For the first additional amount up to the amount equivalent to twice the minimum wage, 30 %.
No 2 For the additional amount up to the amount equivalent to three times the minimum wage, 50 %.
No 3 For the additional amount up to the amount equivalent to four times the minimum wage, 60 %.
No 4 For the additional amount up to the amount equivalent to five times the minimum wage, 75 %.
No 5 For any amount that exceeds the above amount, 90 %.
3) If the party against whom enforcement is sought receives more than one salary or wage, all of them will be added together and the unattachable part deducted once only. Likewise, the salaries, wages, pensions, remuneration or equivalent of the spouses will be added together unless there is separation of property for the spouses, evidence of which must be provided to the Court Clerk.
4) If the party against whom enforcement is sought has dependents, the Court Clerk may reduce by between 10 % and 15 % the percentages laid down in Nos 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Article 607(2) of the Code of Civil Procedure.
5) If the salaries, wages, pensions or remuneration were encumbered with permanent or temporary deductions of a public nature pursuant to tax or social security legislation, the net amount received by the judgment debtor after those deductions will be the amount used as the basis for determining the amount to be seized.
6) The above paragraphs of this Article also apply to income from self-employed professional and commercial activities.
7) The amounts seized in accordance with this provision may be transferred directly to the party seeking enforcement, into an account previously designated by that party, if approval is granted by the Court Clerk responsible for the enforcement.
In that case, both the person or body carrying out the attachment and subsequent transfer, as well as the party seeking enforcement, must inform the Court Clerk every three months of the amounts sent and received, respectively, with the exception of any claims that may be lodged by the party against whom enforcement is sought, either because they consider the debt to be fully repaid, therefore invalidating the seizure, or because the attachments and transfers were not being carried out as stipulated by the Court Clerk.
The order issued by the Court Clerk allowing direct transfer may be challenged by bringing a direct appeal for review before the court.
In the case of immovable property or other assets that can be registered, the court may, at the request of the party seeking enforcement, order a preventive attachment entry to be made in the corresponding public register (usually the Property Register, which is the register for immovable property) in order to guarantee the subsequent enforcement.
In other cases, the following type of measures may be granted:
- Cash: confiscation.
- Current accounts: preservation order to the bank.
- Wages: retention order to the payer.
- Interest, proceeds and revenue: withholding by the payer, court-supervised administration or payment into court.
- Securities and financial instruments: withholding of interest at source, notification to the stock exchange or secondary market regulator (if the securities are listed on a public market) and notification to the issuing company.
Other movable property: confiscation.
In addition, with a view to ensuring that enforcement takes place, all persons and public and private bodies are required to cooperate with enforcement measures (with a warning that they may incur a fine or even be held in contempt of court if they fail to comply with the requirement). This means that they must provide the information required of them or adopt the guarantee measures in question, and they must hand over to the Court any documents and data in their possession, with no limitations other than those arising from the respect for fundamental rights or limits which are expressly laid down by law in certain cases.
Enforcement measures have no set duration; they remain in force until enforcement is complete. With regard to these measures, the party seeking enforcement must apply for the relevant enforcement in each case. For instance, an auction will be requested in the case of the seizure of movable or immovable property. The payment to the party seeking enforcement will be made with the money obtained from the auction. In other cases, for instance when the order consists of delivering a property to the party seeking enforcement (such as eviction for failure to pay rent), the enforcement measures will consist of returning the possession of the property to the party seeking enforcement, once the tenant in breach of contract has been evicted from the property.
It is not possible to appeal against the instrument granting enforcement. However, the judgment debtor may object once the enforcement has been notified. In that case, the above‑mentioned objection proceeding will be held. The objection may be on substantive grounds or on the basis of formal defects. These grounds of objection vary according to the instrument to be enforced (as provided in Article 556 et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure, depending on whether it is a procedural decision from the Judge or the Registrar, an arbitration decision or a mediation agreement; maximum penalty instruments ordered in criminal proceedings relating to traffic accidents; instruments referred to in Nos 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Article 517 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as well as other enforceable documents referred to in No 9 of Article 517(2). An objection based on excessive claim and an objection based on formal defects are governed by Articles 558 and 559 respectively of the Code of Civil Procedure). It should be noted that the Court may have previously raised some of these grounds of its own motion (if the Court finds any of the clauses included in an enforcement order consisting of authenticated public documents, instruments or certificates may be unfair, it is required to act ex officio by hearing the parties on the matter and issuing a ruling thereafter). The parties may appeal against the order issued by the Court of First Instance in response to the grounds for objection. The appeal will be heard by the relevant Provincial Court (Audiencia provincial).
There is the possibility that the enforcement measure lapses. Thus, an enforcement measure based on a court judgment or decision, a decision by the Registrar approving a legal settlement or an agreement reached during the proceedings, or an arbitration decision or mediation agreement, lapses if the corresponding enforcement application is not filed within five years of the judgment or decision becoming final (Article 518 of the Code of Civil Procedure).
There is also a waiting period before instituting the enforcement of procedural decisions (by the Judge or the Registrar) or arbitration decisions or mediation agreements. This period is intended to give time to the defendant to comply voluntarily with the order, and the person who wins the case is not required to apply for enforcement. Accordingly, no enforcement of procedural or arbitration decisions or of mediation agreements will be ordered within twenty days of the date on which the conviction becomes final, or on which the decision to approve the agreement or sign the agreement was notified to the judgment debtor (Article 548 of the Code of Civil Procedure). Ultimately this waiting period is intended to encourage voluntary compliance by the defendant.
As explained above in 4.1, for the protection of the debtor, the Code of Civil Procedure lays down that certain assets are unattachable, as well as quantitative limits proportional to the attachments of salaries, wages, remuneration or pensions.
In property auctions, the sale to the highest bidder must be made for minimum amounts in proportion to the appraisal value of the asset or the amount of the debt. These debtor protection limits are higher if the debtor’s habitual residence is auctioned (Articles 670 and 671 of the Code of Civil Procedure).
The Code of Civil Procedure also states that, as a general rule, enforcement of interest on the principal amount owed and procedural costs may not be carried out for an amount exceeding 30 % of the principal (Article 575 of the Code of Civil Procedure).
Where enforcement is carried out against the habitual residence, the costs claimable from the judgment debtor may not exceed 5 % of the amount claimed in the enforcement application (Article 575 of the Code of Civil Procedure).
In mortgage foreclosures, and for debtors whose social and financial situation is particularly vulnerable, eviction from the habitual residence is postponed.
Pursuant to Articles 55 to 57 of the Insolvency Law (Ley Concursal), individual enforcement orders cannot be carried out against commercial companies that have been declared bankrupt, since the Judge hearing the bankruptcy proceedings has exclusive competence in relation to the enforcement against the insolvent party; this is intended to prevent some creditors from being treated more favourably than others.
|
<urn:uuid:242d18ff-c77c-4b2a-b6a0-a2076714eccd>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://beta.e-justice.europa.eu/52/EN/how_to_enforce_a_court_decision?SPAIN&member=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574050.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920155311-20190920181311-00066.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944436 | 3,958 | 2.53125 | 3 |
These 9 Fruits May Trigger Instant Migraines, New Study Says
If one of your favorite things about summer is loading up on fresh fruit, you're definitely not alone. But when it comes to the often mysterious phenomenon of migraine headaches, researchers in Brazil have tested a migraine theory to identify nine fruits to avoid for anyone who's sensitive to serious headaches. We have the list of all nine, ranked by their migraine trigger frequency.
The research team was composed of four neurology and nutrition pros who work at Brazilian universities or hospitals. The scientists designed the fruit migraine study on the premise that some foods have been recognized as migraine triggers, even though the mechanism behind this is not well understood. Past research had also looked at the effect on scents on migraine, with one study finding that perfume, paint, gasoline, and bleach—in that order—were significant migraine-triggering odors.
READ: The One Vitamin Doctors Are Urging Everyone To Take Right Now
The researchers for the current study wanted to examine some of the more aromatic everyday foods we eat to look for a similar effect. For some foods, the research abstract states, "There is evidence that they act on the pathogenesis of migraine, interfering with meningeal inflammation, vasodilation and cerebral glucose metabolism." In other words, past research had pointed to how some foods may lead to migraines due to how they impact neurological system inflammation, blood vessel dilation (and therefore blood pressure), and the brain's sugar metabolization.
The time after eating fruit that it took for the headaches to come on was also a point of interest. With all that in mind, the researchers studied almost 4,000 migraine patients, and just over 1,100 patients who suffer from tension headaches. Remarkably, in 40.3%, or almost 1,600 of the migraine patients, migraine onset occurred within eight to 90 minutes of ingesting the following fruits, ranked in order of which fruits caused migraines the most often in the study participants:
- watermelon (29.5%)
- passion fruit (3.73%)
- orange (2.01%)
- pineapple (1.52%)
- grape (0.51%)
- banana (0.46%)
- cucumber (0.43%)
- acerola (0.25%) (acerola is a fruit found in some parts of the global south that's somewhat similar to a cherry)
- papaya (0.25%)
That's right: By a landslide, watermelon was the fruit that was associated with migraine onset in the most migraine patients. And while most migraine sufferers would probably be eager to make a diet change if it meant fewer headaches, this study is a relief for non-migraine patients, too: Only the study participants with a history of migraines suffered after eating these fruits. The researchers state that none of the tension headache patients reported the onset of a headache after eating these fruits.
If you're invested in eating the foods that help your body feel good, check out One Major Effect of Eating Almonds, Says New Study.
|
<urn:uuid:f721b253-906e-4b48-9cc0-ae1df212ba9e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.eatthis.com/news-study-fruits-cause-migraine/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944996.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323034459-20230323064459-00616.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952292 | 637 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This lets us see how history was changed to fit then-prevailing themes and ideas.
A good example is the Mesoamerican geography.
For example, people cite this one to me, from History of the Church, Volume 5, June 25, p. 44, online here.
Saturday, 25.- Transacted business with Brother Hunter, and Mr. Babbitt, and sat for a drawing of my profile to be placed on a lithograph of the map of the city of Nauvoo.
Messrs. Stephens and Catherwood have succeeded in collecting in the interior of America a large amount of relics of the Nephites, or the ancient inhabitants of America treated of in the Book of Mormon, which relics have recently been landed in New York.
Here's the actual journal entry from the Joseph Smith Papers here. This was the contemporaneous writing:
Saturday 25 Transacted Business with Bro. [Edward] Hunter. Mr Babbit [Almon Babbitt]. & set for the drawing of his profile. for Lithographing on city chart.
Yep, that's it. All the stuff about Stephens and Catherwood was added later, after Joseph's death. It was never in Joseph's Journal, but someone reading History of the Church would believe Joseph recorded this in his journal.
And then that person would send the passage to me to show that instead of a North American setting, Joseph explicitly connected the Book of Mormon with the Stephens book.
And so it continues. People really have no idea how pervasive and ingrained this Mesoamerican theory is. But we'll keep pointing these things out so you don't have to be confused by changes to Church history.
|
<urn:uuid:f63739d5-9eb6-4664-8d78-f32ec27a5045>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://www.bookofmormoncentralamerica.com/2016/08/how-history-is-changed.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00215.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962859 | 346 | 2.828125 | 3 |
There are three major groups of wood boring beetles; the longhorned beetles, the metallic woodboring beetles, and the bark beetles. The longhorned beetles and metallic woodboring beetles have similar-appearing larvae that feed either on cambial tissue right under the bark or throughout the interior wood. Bark beetles are small beetles with smaller larvae, but they can attack a tree in large numbers. They usually feed under the bark on the cambial tissue leaving characteristic galleries.
Woodboring insects are often blamed for killing trees because the borers and/or the adult exit holes are first noticed during close inspection of a dying tree. However, in Iowa, where we are dealing primarily with native insect borers, the insects came after the tree was already stressed and probably in decline. Insect exit holes are various sizes and are circular, oval or D-shaped. The exit holes are very clean – as if someone literally used a drill to make holes into the tree.
Insect borers like stressed trees. Larvae have a better chance of survival in a stressed tree because the tree cannot put up the defenses found in a healthy tree. Trees do not have an immune system like ours, but they do have amazing ways to determine when insects are feeding on them and they can produce compounds to stop the feeding. There is lots of research and information available on plant defenses. For more information on plant defenses and an interesting video see the Science Daily website for September 1, 2007.
Plants that are not healthy are not as good at recognizing insect feeding and responding to it, so female beetles looking for good places to lay their eggs are very good at recognizing a tree that is under stress. Of course the larval feeding further stresses the tree, but the beetles came after whatever stressed the tree (drought, flood, mechanical injury, etc.).
It is very different with non-native insect borers such as the emerald ash borer. The ability of the tree to recognize and respond to insect feeding as well as the insect’s ability to overcome those defenses is based on a long arms race between the plant and the insect. When a new insect arrives, native trees do not recognize it in the same way and are not able to mount defenses in the same manner and the insects are able to attack healthy trees. In its native range the emerald ash borer is not a pest because it acts like a native borer – attacking only stressed trees.
Tunnels from insect feeding beneath the bark of a white pine. Photo by Ashley Sherrets, Buchanan County, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.
Links to this article are strongly encouraged, and this article may be republished without further permission if published as written and if credit is given to the author, Horticulture and Home Pest News, and Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. If this article is to be used in any other manner, permission from the author is required. This article was originally published on May 2, 2012. The information contained within may not be the most current and accurate depending on when it is accessed.
|
<urn:uuid:2f3169a0-579b-4174-a901-f7252c26eac6>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/2012/5-2/borers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257553.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524064354-20190524090354-00530.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965544 | 629 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Physical violence is one of the most common forms of trauma experienced by the general population. The impact of violent crime is devastating to victims, their family members, loved ones, and the community.
Although there may never truly be closure or a return to normality for victims and their loved ones, it is critical to help them access the services they need and understand and assert their rights if they are to regain a sense of control. The services and support of victim advocates are important, but victims also need a coordinated effort from multiple disciplines to ensure that they understand and have access to their rights, services, and compensation to which they are entitled.
The following organizations, publications, and related resources provide additional information on physical assault.
|
<urn:uuid:b3fabaf9-a08c-4c26-bf11-a1be02bb12c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/topic.aspx?topicid=33
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669809.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118154801-20191118182801-00238.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969949 | 145 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Pest Control is a monthly maintenance task. You can contact a pest control company to provide this service for you. In some states it is required by the Health Department to use a professional service.
A food service establishment must be free of all pests, flies, roaches, ants, mice, and rats. Rodents and insects walk and feed on all kinds of filth, pick up germs on their feet and bodies, and then deposit the germs on any food and utensil they touch.
A restaurant deals with a lot of food storage and you don't want to take any chances of damage caused by pests.
Some tips for controlling pests are:
Seal cracks and keep screens closed.
Keep foods covered and clean up spilled foods immediately.
Dispose of trash and garbage promptly.
Close all openings around wiring, drain pipes, vents, and flues to make them rat and insect proof.
Carefully follow instructions on labels when using poisons and chemicals. Purchase and use only those approved by the health authority for use in food establishments.
Food products, such as flour, sugar, pancake mix, etc., should be removed from their original containers and placed in approved sealed tight containers that are properly labeled and more impermeable to pests (rodent proof).
Garbage and trash are breeding places for diseases, germs, and insects and serve as food for rodents. To avoid this:
Keep garbage and trash in easily washed containers that are tight fitting and prevent flies from entering
Use plastic liners for garbage cans to aid in cleaning the containers. If plastic liners are not used, newspaper can be used but is not as effective.
Wash garbage cans daily with hot, soapy water.
Use insect sprays and rodent bait in and near the garbage and waste area. Only sprays approved by the health authority should be used.
Routinely inspect incoming shipments of food, supplies, and premises for bugs to control the spread of pests.
Eliminate harboring conditions where pest might nest. Using trapping devices or other means of pests control to minimize spread.
Leave work and dining area clean from debris that pests may feed upon.
Fly elimination begins with locating and eliminating the material in which the flies are feeding and breeding. These two charts will help you match your flying pest to its breeding site or show you what flies breed in any particular material.
Rodent removal and Control: Special attention to product selection is necessary for eliminating rodents in restaurants. It is illegal and unsafe to use snap traps or rodenticides in any area where food is being prepared or served. Never use any rodent control item that might contaminate food or utensils with baits, poisons or rodent body parts.
Controlling Cockroaches: Unfortunately for restaurant owners, bakeries, catering companies, etc, pest control can be a two edged sword. On the one hand trying to keep roaches - especially german roaches at a low level of infestation can cost thousands of dollars a year. Still - an occasional cockroach ruins someones meal. Also if someone sees a cockroach, then almost certainly the rumor begins to spread, resulting in unpaid meal tickets, lost customers, visits from the local health official and in the worst case scenario - a lawsuit.
|
<urn:uuid:b2fe2560-2ba0-46ec-9b81-c04f1aa18f8a>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-06
|
http://www.bookrags.com/questions/other/How-do-you-prevent-pests-from-gaining-entry-into-the-restaurant-7264/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861027.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00089-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929892 | 670 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Pulitzer Center is pleased to announce that it has been selected as the education partner for “The 1619 Project,” The New York Times Magazine’s exploration of the legacy of black Americans starting with the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in 1619. As part of this partnership, the Center’s education team will produce original curricular materials for teachers and bring project contributors, including author Nikole Hannah-Jones, to schools and universities across the country.
“The 1619 Project” is driven by the fact that 400 years ago this summer, on August 20, 1619, a ship carrying more than 20 enslaved Africans arrived in Point Comfort, a coastal port in the British colony of Virginia. Though the United States had yet to be established, their arrival marked its foundation, the beginning of the system of slavery on which the country was built. “1619” is a special New York Times Magazine project observing this anniversary by examining the many ways the legacy of slavery continues to shape and define life in the United States.
“We are honored to have the opportunity to work with The New York Times on this landmark initiative,” said Jon Sawyer, executive director of the Pulitzer Center. “The education network we have built over the past 13 years is premised on the belief that journalism can be the engine for public education and civil discourse. It is hard to imagine a topic more resonant, or more important, than ‘The 1619 Project.’”
August 13 Launch of 'The 1619 Project' at TimesCenter
For more on this event, please visit this page.
Educational Resources and Curricula
The Pulitzer Center’s education team has created free, original curricula for teachers from over 30 visual and written pieces from historians, journalists, playwrights, poets, authors, and artists inside the “The 1619 Project” issue of The New York Times Magazine.
Here you will find resources to bring “The 1619 Project” into your classroom, including a reading guide which offers reflection questions to support students’ engagement with “The 1619 Project,” an index of terms and historical events referenced in the issue, a lesson plan exploring Hannah-Jones’ essay, “The Idea of America,” activities drawing from concepts, photographs and illustrations in the issue to engage students in creative ways, and more.
Hannah-Jones and other contributors to the "1619" issue will visit Pulitzer Center partner schools in the coming months. A schedule of public speaking appearances by Hannah-Jones and other “1619” contributors will appear on the Center’s events page when available.
Please visit and bookmark the permanent home for all of the Pulitzer Center’s educational materials: http://pulitzercenter.org/1619.
This page will be updated with media coverage about “The 1619 Project” and the Pulitzer Center’s accompanying curricula.
About the Pulitzer Center
The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting is an innovative award-winning non-profit journalism organization dedicated to supporting in-depth engagement with under-reported global issues. We sponsor quality international reporting across all media platforms and a unique program of education and outreach to communities, schools, and universities. The Center previously supported The New York Times Magazine’s “Losing Earth” and “Fractured Lands” projects. Visit the Pulitzer Center online at pulitzercenter.org.
|
<urn:uuid:69ad6c64-127a-454b-b2c0-43bae7a258f6>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/pulitzer-center-named-education-partner-new-york-times-magazines-1619-project
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574532.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921145904-20190921171904-00115.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919116 | 720 | 2.875 | 3 |
Another in the occasional series on contemporary accounts and descriptions of the historic City of London, this memorable – if gushing – one from the prologue to William Fitzstephen’s “Vita Sancti Thomae” or “Life of St. Thomas [Becket]”, probably penned in the 1170s or early 1180s …
“The fame of the city of London
Among the splendid cities of the world that have achieved celebrity, the city of London – seat of the English monarchy – is one whose renown is more widespread, whose money and merchandize go further afield, and which stands head and shoulders above the others. It is fortunate in the wholesomeness of its climate, the devotion of its Christians, the strength of its fortifications, its well-situated location, the respectability of its citizens, and the propriety of their wives. Furthermore it takes great pleasure in its sports and is prolific in producing men of superior quality. Each of which characteristic I shall address in turn.
The mild climate
There, without question, “the mild sky doth soften hearts of men”, not so that they become “weak slaves of lust”, but so that they are not brutal and uncivilized, instead being of a kind-hearted and generous disposition.
Christian worship there
The bishopric is seated in the church of St Paul there. At one time it was a metropolitan see, and it is believed that it will be again – if the citizens return to this island – unless perhaps the title of archbishop, which the Blessed Martyr Thomas held, should preserve that status in Canterbury, which has it now. Since St. Thomas has graced both of those cities – London in the early part of his life, and Canterbury in the later part – each has just grounds to argue against the other, with regard to [a claim on?] that saint. In relation to Christian worship, there are also in London and in its suburbs thirteen conventual churches and one hundred and twenty-six lesser, parish churches.
The setting and security of the city
On the east side stands the royal fortress [Tower of London], of tremendous size and strength, whose walls and floors rise up from the deepest foundations – the mortar being mixed with animal’s blood. On the west side are two heavily fortified castles [Baynard and Mountfichet]. Running continuously around the north side is the city wall, high and wide, punctuated at intervals with turrets, and with seven double-gated entranceways. Similarly, London had wall and turrets on its south side; but that greatest of rivers, the Thames, which teems with fish, through the ebb and flow of the tide lapping against the wall, has over time undermined it and caused it to collapse. In addition, further to the west, two miles from the city and linked to it by a populous suburb, there rises above the bank of that river the king’s palace, a structure without equal, with inner and outer fortifications.
The cultivated gardens
Beyond the suburban houses on every side and adjacent to each other, the citizens have beautiful and spacious gardens, planted with trees.
To the north there are tilled fields, pastures, and pleasant, level meadows with streams flowing through them, where watermill wheels turned by the current make a pleasing sound. Not far off spreads out a vast forest, its copses dense with foliage concealing wild animals – stags, does, boars, and wild bulls.
The arable fields of the city are not gravelly and parched, but are like the fertile fields of Asia which “make glad the crops”; their cultivation fills the granaries “with sheaves of Ceres’ stalk”.
The spring waters
There are also in the northern suburbs of London springs of high quality, with water that is sweet, wholesome, clear, and “whose runnels ripple amid pebbles bright”. Among which Holywell, Clerkenwell and St. Clement’s Well have a particular reputation; they receive throngs of visitors and are especially frequented by students and young men of the city, who head out on summer evenings to take the air. Truly, a good city – if it has a good lord.
The reputation of the citizens
The city has won repute for its men and glory for its martial prowess, and has a very large population; so that, during the ruinous wars of the time of King Stephen, it was able to marshal an estimated 20,000 cavalry and 60,000 infantry fit for battle. The citizens of London are universally renowned and talked about for their superiority over those of other cities in the refinement of their dress, manners, and dining.
The married women of the city are true Sabines.
The three principal churches of London – St. Paul’s (seat of the bishop), Holy Trinity, and St. Martin’s – possess schools, by ancient right and privilege. But, thanks to the support of a number of those scholarly men who have won renown and distinction in the study of philosophy, there are other schools licensed there. On holy days, the schoolmasters assemble their students at the churches associated with the particular festival, for purposes of a training exercise. There the students debate, some using demonstrative rhetoric, others using dialectical logic. Yet others “hurtle enthymemes”, while those who are more advanced employ syllogisms. Some undergo the debating exercise just to be put through their paces, it being like a wrestling match of the intellect; for others it is to help perfect their skills in determining the truth. The contrivances of sophists receive credit for the torrent and flow of their arguments. Others apply false logic. Occasionally some speakers strive to persuade by delivering rhetorical orations, taking care to observe the rules of their art and not to leave out anything related to them. Boys from different schools fling versified arguments against each other, disputing matters of grammatical principles or rules governing the use of the future or past tenses. There are those who make use of epigrams, rhymes, and metrical verse – types of sarcasm traditionally heard at street-corners; with “Fescennine License”, they freely ridicule their associates, without naming names. They hurl “abuse and jibes”; with Socratic wit they take digs at the character flaws of their fellows, or even their elders, and “bite more keenly even than Theon’s tooth” with their “bold dithyrambs”. The audience being “ready to laugh their fill”, “with wrinkling nose repeat the loud guffaw”.
The daily routine of the city
Every morning you can find those carrying on their various trades, those selling specific types of goods, and those who hire themselves out as labourers, each in their particular locations engaged in their tasks. Nor should I forget to mention that there is in London, on the river bank amidst the ships, the wine for sale, and the storerooms for wine, a public cookshop. On a daily basis there, depending on the season, can be found fried or boiled foods and dishes, fish large and small, meat – lower quality for the poor, finer cuts for the wealthy – game and fowl (large and small). If friends arrive unexpectedly at the home of some citizen and they, tired and hungry after their journey, prefer not to wait until food may be got in and cooked, or “till servants bring water for hands and bread”, they can in the meantime pay a quick visit to the riverside, where anything they might desire is immediately available. No matter how great the number of soldiers or travellers coming in or going out of the city, at whatever hour of day or night, so that those arriving do not have to go without a meal for too long or those departing leave on empty stomachs, they can choose to detour there and take whatever refreshment each needs. Those with a fancy for delicacies can obtain for themselves the meat of goose, guinea-hen or woodcock – finding what they’re after is no great chore, since all the delicacies are set out in front of them. This is an exemplar of a public cookshop that provides a service to a city and is an asset to city life. Hence, as we read in Plato’s Gorgias, cookery is a flattery and imitation of medicine, the fourth of the arts of civic life.
In a suburb immediately outside one of the gates there is field that is smooth, both in name and in fact. Every Friday (unless it is an important holy day requiring solemnity) crowds are drawn to the show and sale of fine horses. This attracts the earls, barons and knights who are then in the city, along with many citizens, whether to buy or just to watch. It is a delight to see the palfreys trotting gently around, the blood pumping in their veins, their coats glistening with sweat, as they alternately raise then lower both feet on one side together. Then to see the horses more suitable for squires, rougher yet quicker in their movements, simultaneously lifting one set of feet and setting down the opposite set. After that the high-bred young colts, not yet trained or broken, “high-stepping with elastic tread”. Next packhorses, with robust and powerful legs. Then expensive war horses, tall and graceful, “with quivering ears, high necks and plump buttocks”. Prospective buyers watch as all are put through their paces: first, their trot, followed by their gallop (in which their two sets of legs, front and rear, are thrust out forwards and backwards, in opposition to each other). On occasions when a race is about to be held between these chargers – or perhaps other steeds who, like their kind, are strong enough to bear riders and lively enough to race – the fact is loudly proclaimed and a warning goes up to clear lesser horses out of the way. Two or sometimes three boys prepare themselves to take part as riders in such contests between the fleet-footed creatures. Skilled in controlling horses, they “curb their untamed mouths with jagged bits”; their biggest challenge is to prevent one of their competitors from taking the lead in the race. The horses too, in their own way, psych themselves up for the contest: “their limbs tremble; impatient of delay, they cannot stand still”. When the starting signal is given, they leap forward and race off with as much speed and determination as they can muster. The riders, eager for glory and hoping for victory, try to outdo one another in using spurs, switches or cries of encouragement to urge the horses to go faster. You start to believe that “all things are in motion”, as Heraclitus put it, and lose faith in Zeno’s theory that motion is impossible – so that no-one could ever reach the end of a racetrack! In a separate part [of Smithfield] are located the goods that country folk are selling: agricultural implements, pigs with long flanks, cows with swollen udders, “woolly flocks and bodies huge of kine”. Also to be found there are mares suited for pulling ploughs, sledges, and two-horse carts; some have bellies swollen with foetuses, while around others already wander their newborn – frisky foals who stick close to their mothers.
Ships and commerce
Middlemen from every nation under heaven are pleased to bring to the city ships full of merchandize:
“Gold from Arabia; from Sabaea spice and incense; from the Scythians arms of steel
well-tempered; oil from the rich groves of palm that spring from the fat lands of Babylon; fine gems from Nile; from China crimson silks; French wines; and sable, vair and miniver from the far lands where Russ and Norseman dwell”.
According to the chroniclers, London is far older than Rome. For it was founded by the same race of Trojans, but by Brutus prior to Rome’s foundation by Romulus and Remus. Consequently both still have in common the same ancient laws and institutions. The one, just like the other, is divided into wards. In place of consuls, London has sheriffs chosen annually. It has a senatorial order and lesser officials. It has a system of sewers and conduits in the streets. Judicial pleas, arguments, and deliberations each have assigned places, their courts. It has days fixed by custom for the holding of assemblies.
I cannot think of any city more commendable for the habits of its citizens in attending church, in observing the divine festivals, in giving alms, in providing hospitality, in formalizing betrothals, in contracting marriages, in celebrating weddings, in throwing banquets, in keeping guests entertained, as well as in attention to the burial and funeral needs of the deceased. The only problems that plague London are the idiots who drink to excess and the frequency of fires. To all this I should add that almost all the bishops, abbots, and lords of England are residents and, for all practical purposes, citizens of London. They have imposing houses there, where they stay and make lavish expenditures when summoned to the city by the king or archbishop to take part in councils or important gatherings, or when they come to deal with private business.
Let us look more closely now at the city’s recreations, since it is not productive for urban society to be always serious or practical – it also needs to smile and have fun. In relation to which, on the signet seals of the High Pontiffs, down to the time of Pope Leo, there was engraved on one side Peter the fisherman and over him a key, as though it were being passed down from heaven by the hand of God; around which, the motto “For me thou lef’st the ship; take thou the key”. While on the other side was engraved a city, with the words “Golden Rome”. Again, it was said in praise of Rome and Caesar Augustus: “All night it rains; with dawn the shows return. Caesar, thou shar’st thine empery with Jove.”
In place of such theatrical performances and plays, London has religious drama portraying the miracles performed by the Holy Confessors or the sufferings endured by martyrs illustrating their constancy.
Cockfighting and ball games
Let us begin with boys’ games (for we were all boys once). Each year on the day called “Carnival” schoolboys bring fighting-cocks to their schoolmaster, and the entire morning is given over to the boyish sport, for there is a school holiday for purpose of the cock fights. After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents.
War games in the fields
Every Sunday in Lent, after lunch, a “fresh swarm of young gentles” goes out into the fields on chargers and “steeds skilled in the contest”, each being “apt and schooled to wheel in circles round”. Crowds of the lay sons of citizens pour through the city gates armed with military spears and shields; the younger carry spears whose metal point has been removed. “They wake war’s semblance” and practise military exercises. With a view to joining in the combats, there come many of the king’s entourage, when he is in residence; and from the households of earls and barons, young men not yet invested with knighthood. Each is consumed by a hope for a victory. The fierce horses whinny, “their limbs tremble; they champ the bit; impatient of delay they cannot stand still”. When finally “the hoof of trampling steed careers along”, the young horsemen have divided themselves into troops; some unhorse their comrades and speed past, while others chase those who retreat, but fail to catch them.
At Easter they hold games that are a sort of naval tournament. A shield being securely fastened to a mast fixed mid-river, a young man standing in the prow of a small boat, propelled by the current and by several rowers, has to strike that shield with a lance. If he can splinter the lance by striking it against the shield and manage to avoid being thrown off his feet, his prayers have been answered and his objective achieved. If on the other hand the lance strikes it square on without breaking, he’ll be cast into the fast-flowing river, and the boat will move on beyond him. However, there are anchored on either side two boats holding several young men to pluck out of the river any contestant who has taken a plunge, once his head emerges above water-level or “once more bubbles on the topmost wave”. On the bridge and on galleries overlooking the river are numerous spectators, “ready to laugh their fill”.
Summer games, such as wrestling and the like
On festival days throughout the summer young men exercise through sports such as athletics, archery, wrestling, shot-put, throwing javelins (by use of a strap) beyond a marker, and duelling with bucklers. “Cytherea leads the dance of maidens and the earth is smitten with free foot at moonrise”.
Winter baiting of boars, bull and bears with dogs
On most festival days during winter, before lunch, boars foaming at the mouth and hogs armed with “tusks lightning-swift” fight for their lives; they’ll soon be bacon. And fat bulls with horns or monstrous bears, under restraints, are set to fight against hounds.
Games on the ice
When the great marsh [Moor Field] that laps up against the northern walls of the city is frozen, large numbers of the younger crowd go there to play about on the ice. Some, after building up speed with a run, facing sideways and their feet placed apart, slide along for a long distance. Others make seats for themselves out of ice-slabs almost as large as millstones, and are dragged along by several others who hold their hands and run in front. Moving so quickly, the feet of some slip out from under them and inevitably they fall down flat. Others are more skilled at frolicking on the ice: they equip each of their feet with an animal’s shin-bone, attaching it to the underside of their footwear; using hand-held poles reinforced with metal tips, which they periodically thrust against the ice, they propel themselves along as swiftly as a bird in flight or a bolt shot from a crossbow. But sometimes two, by accord, beginning far apart, charge each other from opposite directions and, raising their poles, strike each other with them. One or both are knocked down, not without injury, since after falling their impetus carries them off some distance and any part of their head that touches the ice is badly scratched and scraped. Often someone breaks a leg or an arm, if he falls onto it. But youth are driven to show off and demonstrate their superiority, so they are inclined to these mock battles, to steel themselves for real combat.
Those who amuse themselves with birds of prey
Many citizens enjoy sports involving high-flying birds – falcons, hawks and the like – or hounds for hunting in the woods. The citizens have hunting rights in Middlesex, Hertfordshire, throughout the Chilterns, and in Kent as far as the river Cray. The Londoners, in a time when they used to be called Trinovantes, repulsed Caius Julius Caesar, who “rejoiced to make no way save with the spilth of blood”. Regarding which, Lucan writes: “To the Britons whom he sought, he showed his coward back”.
Sons and daughters of the city of London
The city of London has been the birthplace of a number of persons who brought under their rule many kingdoms and the Roman empire, and many others who, through their excellent qualities, have been “raised to the Gods as lords of earth”, just as had been promised to Brutus by Apollo’s oracle:
“Brutus, past Gaul beneath the set of sun, there lies an isle in Ocean ringed with waters. This seek; for there shall be thine age-long home. Here for thy sons shall rise a second Troy, here from thy blood shall monarchs spring, to whom all earth subdued shall its obeisance make.”
During Christian times it gave birth to the noble emperor Constantine, who dedicated the city of Rome and all symbols of empire to God, St. Peter, and Silvester the Roman pope, to whom he showed his subordination by holding his stirrup; he preferred the title Defender of the Holy Roman Church, rather than the traditional one of emperor. So that the peace of His Eminence the Pope should not be disturbed by the hurly-burly of worldly affairs occasioned by his presence, Constantine entirely withdrew from the city he had handed over to the Pope, and built the city of Byzantium for himself.
In modern times, London has produced majestic and celebrated rulers: the Empress Matilda, King Henry III, and the blessed Thomas the archbishop, Christ’s glorious martyr, “than whom she bore no whiter soul nor one more dear” to all good people in the whole of the Latinized world”.
|
<urn:uuid:9d2da9fa-5369-4d72-ae1a-47708328bd39>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://lostcityoflondon.co.uk/tag/smithfield/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039546945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421161025-20210421191025-00044.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965489 | 4,642 | 2.734375 | 3 |
by John Dart
Formerly religion religion writer for the Los Angeles Times, John Dart is news editor of the Christian Century magazine.
This article appeared in the Christian Century, February 16-23, 1983, pp. 147-150. Copyright by The Christian Century Foundation; used by permission. Current articles and subscription information can be found at www.christiancentury.org. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock.
A case can be made that a female Holy Spirit represents an important early teaching of Jesus’ followers. For some early Christians, the baptismal initiation reversed the division of male and female, returning to the gender unity found in Adam.
It was not a typographical error, said Sanders, a professor at the School of Theology at Claremont and president of its Ancient Bible Manuscript Center for Preservation and Research. Citing the familiar theological-linguistic problem of addressing the biblical God with a pronoun other than "he" -- despite the consensus that God embraces both the masculine and the feminine -- Sanders explained that he decided simply as a matter of personal choice to use "she" for the Spirit of God.
Sanders’s precedent is the fact that the Hebrew word for spirit, ruach, is of the feminine gender. The neuter word pneuma is used for spirit in the Greek-language New Testament. But the pronoun found in those texts is not "it," since Christian theology regards the Holy Spirit as a person rather than an impersonal force; "he" was the pronoun selected for the enabling power and earthly agent of God the Father.
However, the use of "she" as a pronoun for the Holy Spirit is more than a matter of personal choice; such usage appears to have some theological possibilities, especially if serious attention is given to certain research on early Christian texts, apocryphal as well as canonical. Initial suggestions to regard the Holy Spirit as feminine have been made by some theologians -- mostly male academicians -- who stay within canonical and church perimeters. However, women scholars are unenthusiastic about the idea. "It’s still two against one," says one feminist of such a revamped Trinity.
There are biblical research findings that nonetheless could "balance out" the genders of the Trinity -- a step true to an early strain of Christian thinking, although not to what developed as orthodox church tradition. The balancing would require rescuing two primitive ideas found among Jesus’ followers.
One concept is that the Holy Spirit was the "mother" of Jesus, and consequently of believers. The written evidence for this is both earlier and much broader than had been previously thought.
The second concept has to be presented as a theory, though a plausible one: that Jesus was considered by followers as androgynous in a significant symbolic sense. A persuasive theory proposed nine years ago holds that an early baptism brought forth a new androgynous person in the initiated Christian believer, "neither male nor female." The idea, apparently inspired by first century Jewish speculation that Adam was originally male and female, goes on to suggest that the "last Adam," as Paul once referred to Jesus, provided the model for the new believer.
If the first century notions of a maternal spirit and an androgynous Jesus were indeed early teachings that the developing church subsequently rejected (for whatever reasons), then a "balanced out" theology of the Christian godhead, informed by psychological insights, has both "modern" relevance and "ancient" precedent.
A Moltmann lecture about the feminine aspects of the Holy Spirit prompted Neill Q. Hamilton, professor of New Testament at Drew University School of Theology, to develop the idea further. The contemporary emphasis on God as father figure, he said, "in effect makes us deprived children of a one-parent family." Drawing on certain biblical depictions of the Spirit, especially in the Gospel of John, Hamilton went on to say that Christians will find "the Holy Spirit begins to perform a mothering role for us that is unconditional acceptance, love and caring. God then begins to parent us in father and mother modes."
Catholic scholar Franz Mayr of the University of Portland in Oregon also finds the feminine image of the Holy Spirit to be appropriate. He notes the remark of St. Augustine (354-430) that some Christians of his day were wrongly believing that the Holy Spirit was "mother of the Son of God and wife of the Father." Augustine then cautioned, in his book on the Trinity, that even when a maternal Holy Spirit was "most chastely thought of by the pure to whom all things are pure," outsiders would think in crudely physical terms.
Mayr, on the other hand, feels that Christianity could manage a "father-mother-child" Trinity today without lapsing into physical images or watering down the unity of God. Augustine "skipped over the social and maternal aspect of God," which Mayr says is best found in the Holy Spirit.
Evangelical scholar Donald G. Bloesch makes a modest concession to views of the Spirit as feminine in his recently published book Is the Bible Sexist? (Crossway, 1982) by granting that the Holy Spirit could be portrayed as feminine "as the indwelling presence of God within the church, nurturing and bringing to birth souls for the kingdom." But he maintains that the Spirit who acts on humanity with transforming power "is properly designated as masculine."
With but a few exceptions, the gender-issue discussion is being carried on by male scholars. One feminist, Joan Chamberlain Engelsman, in a study of repressed female deity images in antiquity, The Feminine Dimensions of the Divine (Westminster, 1979), suggested three ways to restore that dimension in Christianity. Future theology, she wrote, might (1) develop the female nature of each member of the Trinity; (2) add a fourth member to the godhead in the person of the Virgin Mary; or (3) pick the Holy Spirit to describe as feminine.
At that time favoring the latter, Engelsman wrote that "the Holy Spirit is the least sexually defined member of the Trinity and . . . it is often symbolized by feminine images -- by fire and the dove." (The dove, a visible sign of the Holy Spirit in the New Testament accounts of Jesus’ baptism, was a bird often linked to female deities in the ancient Near East.) However, she now prefers her first alternative -- to bring out the feminine side of all members of the Trinity.
According to Rosemary Radford Ruether, considering the Holy Spirit as feminine makes the female "side" of God subordinate to the dominant image of male divine sovereignty. Even a form of divine androgyny must be questioned, she says, if it assumes that the "highest" symbol of divine sovereignty is exclusively male.
Evangelical theology professor Paul K. Jewett of Fuller Theological Seminary in The Ordination of Women (Eerdmans, 1980) dismisses the significance of two texts indicating a belief in the Holy Spirit as a mother figure. He claims that the Gospel of the Hebrews and the Acts of Thomas, two apocryphal works, "are late second or even third century documents, belonging to the rubric of romance rather than history."
The Gospel of the Hebrews is known only through quotations from it given in the writing of early church fathers. In one such, a feminine Holy Spirit, descending upon Jesus at his baptism, says: "My Son, in all the prophets was I waiting for you that you should come and I might rest in you." Another quote, this time from Jesus: "Even so did my mother, the Holy Spirit, take me by one of my hairs and carry me away to the great mountain Tabor." The Acts of Thomas, a legendary account of the apostle Thomas’s travels to India, contains prayers invoking the Holy Spirit as, among other titles, "the Mother of all creation" and "compassionate mother."
In dismissing the feminine Holy Spirit as an idea present only in "obscure and heretical sects on the periphery of the Christian church," Jewett had relied on research that did not take into account the 1945 discovery near Nag Hammadi, Egypt, of some 50 ancient texts. Subsequent translations and studies of these Coptic manuscripts, translated from the Greek in the fourth century, revealed the views of Gnostic Christians from the second century onward. In addition, there are elements which some scholars say are non-Gnostic Christian thought from the first century.
The best-known find was the Gospel of Thomas, a collection of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus. In one of them, Jesus declares that his disciples must hate their earthly parents (as in Luke 14:26) but love the Father and the Mother as he does, "for my mother [gave me falsehood), but [my] true [Mother] gave me life."
Another Nag Hammadi discovery is the Secret Book of James, in which Jesus refers to himself as "the son of the Holy Spirit." The Gospel of Thomas, the Secret Book of James, and the Gospel of the Hebrews have such close affinities that most scholars assume the maternal Holy Spirit is meant in all three texts, even though it is perfectly clear only in the Gospel of the Hebrews.
But what about dates? Harvard’s Helmut Koester, one of the principal interpreters of the Gospel of Thomas, believes that it was composed at about the same time as the biblical Gospels. Ron Cameron of Wesleyan University agrees. In The Other Gospels, a collection of 16 apocryphal Gospels (Westminster, 1982), he also dates the Gospel of the Hebrews as circa 100 AD. or earlier, and the Secret Book of James in the first half of the second century. However, he says, all three could have been written as early as the middle of the first century (about the time of Paul).
To Rosemary Ruether, the evidence assembled in recent times makes it difficult to conclude that female imagery for the Spirit is a late deviation of heretical Christianity. "Rather, we should see an earlier Christianity, which used such female imagery, gradually being marginalized by a victorious Greco-Roman Christianity that repressed it," she says. Her conclusion is that Gnostic Christians merely expanded on traditions once shared widely.
Even so, Ruether balks’ at claiming a historical precedent that might perpetuate a lesser status in Christianity for the female divine dimension. Nevertheless, one teaching attributed to Jesus might challenge any thoughts that God the Father is much more important than the Holy Spirit. The synoptic Gospels all have a version of the saying, admittedly mysterious, that no blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is ever forgiven, unlike sins or blasphemies against sons of men (Mark) or the Son of Man (Matthew and Luke). Thomas 44 says it more strongly: blasphemies against Father and Son will be pardoned, but those against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven on earth or in heaven.
Writing in a 1974 issue of History of Religions, Wayne Meeks of Yale University Divinity School proposed that congregations founded by Paul used a baptism ritual which reunified the male and female in each new believer. The key verses are in Galatians, the much-quoted 3:27-28: "For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus." Meeks wrote:
The symbolization of a reunified mankind was not just pious talk in early Christianity, but a quite important way of conceptualizing and dramatizing the Christians’ awareness of their peculiar relationship to the larger societies around them. At least some of the early Christian groups thought of themselves as a new genus of mankind, or as the restored original mankind.
According to Meeks, the Christian baptismal initiation reversed the division of male and female, returning to the gender unity found in Adam before Eve and in God. Paul also uses reunification language in I Corinthians and Colossians, but without specific reference to male and female. Meeks contended that the androgynous concept received expanded -- even "luxuriant" -- treatment from Gnostic Christians, some of whom developed the sacrament of the bridegroom chamber to reunite the two halves in the believer. (In the Second Epistle of Clement, a second century sermon, appears a saying not inconsistent with Galatians 3:28: "When the Lord himself was asked by someone when his kingdom would come, he said, ‘When the two become one, and the outside as the inside and the male with the female neither male nor female.’")
Meeks said that he suspected Paul did not always accept the androgynous interpretation of the baptismal formula, and that he probably did not coin it. Further, Meeks argued, it proved too dangerously ambivalent for the emerging church and "faded into innocuous metaphor, perhaps to await the coming of its proper moment." And Hans Dieter Betz, of the University of Chicago Divinity School, agreed with Meeks that "this doctrine of an androgynous nature of the redeemed Christian seems to be pre-Pauline."
That rite’s imagery can be linked with the imagery of Jesus as the reappearing Primal Man, the androgynous Anthropos, or, as Paul expressed it, the "Last Adam" (I Cor. 15:45). Paul does not bring up questions of androgyny. Nonetheless, Betz leaned cautiously toward the understanding that the androgynous anthropos myth lies behind the Galatians 3:28 teaching of the dissolution of sexual distinctions. Being baptized into a new, androgynous person would be a form of "imitation of Christ," he said.
Such an imitation, the desire of the disciple to emulate the teacher, would be natural. Also, Jesus urged his followers to become his equal -- Luke 6:40, the Gospel of Thomas 13, 108, and in the Secret Book of James. "Make yourselves like the son of the Holy Spirit," Jesus says in the latter text; and again, "If you . . . do his [the Father’s] will, I [say] that he will love you, and make you equal with me."
It is not too surprising that many of Jesus’ early followers could see the feminine dimension of divinity in their teacher when one remembers that some Jesus sayings depicted him as the voice of Wisdom, a personified female aspect of God popular among Jews at the turn of the era. Jesus is particularly seen as Wisdom personified in the Thomas sayings and also in the "Q" source of Matthew and Luke.
And yet certain apocryphal works are valuable for a fuller understanding of teachings attributed to Jesus -- some teachings only dimly seen in the New Testament. Two theologians who hold this view are Helmut Koester and James M. Robinson. Koester, in a 1980 Harvard Theological Review article, said of examples from five apocryphal gospels: "They are significant witnesses for the formation of the gospel literature. . . . The term apocryphal with all its negative connotations should not prejudice us any longer."
Robinson, in his address as outgoing president of the Society of Biblical Literature in December 1981, presented a detailed case for the argument that the earliest resurrection traditions were luminous appearances of Jesus, while stories of physical resurrection were secondary. Adducing his points from both canonical and noncanonical sources, he said that what long ago became known as heresy was sometimes a relatively valid claim rooted in an original Christian emphasis. Suggesting in an interview that the contemporary ecumenical mood be extended back to the "losers" of the early centuries, the Gnostic Christians, he concluded: "I would hope we could open minds to a big hunk of early Christianity and rethink our conceptions of what was ‘heresy’ and ‘orthodoxy."’
|
<urn:uuid:e93443e5-a79f-4d86-b7e6-4fc4991668a6>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
|
https://www.religion-online.org/article/balancing-out-the-trinity-the-genders-of-the-godhead/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991812.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515004936-20210515034936-00627.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96121 | 3,299 | 2.703125 | 3 |
3,332 total views, 2 views today
As much as it is not anyone’s prayer or happiness to be in sickness. They are some slight ills we experience due to the seasons of nature. Currently in Nigeria, we are experiencing the rainy season which is characterized by large amount of rainfall leading to symptoms such as common cold, cough, catarrh, etc. Nigeria, which experiences an average precipitation (that is, cloud formation) in depth as measured by the World Bank in 2011 at 1150 (mm per year). The variety experienced in this country in weather and seasons led to the inquiry of a rampant illness – the common cold. Some have been longing to know what the causes, symptoms and prevention are, while others have wondered if common cold is actually different from influenza or if they are the same.
The Meaning of Common Cold
Common cold is a mild infection caused by several viruses (over 200) but majorly by a virus called “rhinovirus”. It is an infection which affects the upper part of the respiratory tract, nose, throat and upper airways. It is usually common among people of different age groups, from infants to teenagers as well as adults. No wonder the name “common” attached to the cold. The predominant causative virus – rhinovirus which have been found out to cause about 10% to 40% of colds, thrives in environments with relative low humidity (which may account for rainy season most often), but, common cold may be contracted any time of the year.
This virus is responsible for the sneezing and sniffle people experience and the fact that it is highly contagious, hence, the name “common” which accounts for the findings of the Center for Disease Control, United States that about 22 million school days are lost annually among students due to common cold.
Differences between Common Cold and Influenza
Common cold is different from influenza (flu) in that, symptoms of common cold may last from days to a week, it easily resolves and in most cases do not result in any serious health complication. The symptoms of common cold are experienced gradually, majorly affecting the nose and throat and as mentioned earlier, they are milder and able to bear till the symptoms disappear.
On the other hand, influenza (flu), which have similar symptoms with the common cold but can last for weeks and can lead to other health complications such as pneumonia, its symptoms are quickly expressed and may usually include headache, fever, aching muscles and can make one “homesick” (that is unable to go out for other activities).
Symptoms of Common Cold
After a few days of contracting the common cold, its symptoms begin to surface;
This symptom starts mildly and may sometimes cause slight pain while swallowing or have slight effect on the way one talks, that is, hoarse voice. It is at time like this that many people turn to different form of menthol containing “sweets or candy” which will then seem like they just fought a boxer by the obvious sight of a swelling at the side of their cheeks (as they have the candies in their mouth to treat the symptom)
This may cause slight difficulty in breathing and actions as applied to sore throat treatment are carried out by several people. Blocked nose may be bad for an infant and such symptoms needs to be quickly addressed, while in adults, it may make one who is not used to snoring appear to do when he tries to breath appropriately from the less blocked nose or through the mouth.
Cough is a common symptom for so many form of illness. It should be therefore noted that not just one symptom concludes the diagnoses of what is wrong. Of course, a doctor or physician should be met for proper and accurate diagnosis.
Just like the saying that says “when one part of the body suffers, the whole body suffers”, the body, in response to trying to fight off the viruses causing common cold, releases antibodies indicating that something is wrong and that there is a foreign substance in the body. This may result in the overall feeling of “unwellness”.
There are some less common symptoms which may be experienced by individuals depending on our uniqueness and body make up. These are high body temperature, headache, muscle pain, loss of taste or smell (of course with a blocked nose, how much can you smell?), mild irritation of the eyes, etc.
These symptoms may reach their peak in the first 2 to 3 days before they gradually begin to improve. However, the length of time the symptoms persist in younger children (10 to 14 days) is different from in adults and other children (7 to 10 days).
Some Methods of Transmission
Just like the mode of transmission of many diseases (read more about diseases here), common cold may be contracted days before the symptoms begin to surface, you may get a symptom today and begin to think perhaps it was because of a particular interaction with someone that day meanwhile it may be as a result of an encounter several days ago. The various mode of transmission are:
A person can contract the disease when an infected person sneeze or coughs and the tiny droplet of fluid are being inhaled. To avoid this, it is important to cover the nose and mouth when you sneeze, cough or when a cold patient, who is close to you sneeze or cough as not to share in the “blessings” of common cold.
An individual is open to the risk of common cold if there is body, hand or a close contact with someone that has the infected droplets on his or her skin. This gets worse when the infected hands are put directly into the nostrils or mouth. Thus, there is a great need for good personal hygiene.
This is when an uninfected person touches surface(s) which contain droplet of infected fluid and then touches the nose or mouth.
With these modes of transmission, there is no gainsaying why the disease got its infamous name “common cold”. The question then beckons, since this disease is just as ubiquitous as the air we breathe, how can it be treated or prevented?
Prevention of Common Cold
The following are the ways of preventing common cold;
We should as much as possible to avoid those who exhibits the symptoms, although, not as stigmatization or total segregation, just so as to avoid the various means earlier stated as mode of transmission. Encourage and cultivate the habit as well as use of tissues when you cough or sneeze. This will help prevent the fluid droplet from falling on surfaces that may infect others. The tissues used should be well disposed.
Good personal hygiene(read more about personal hygiene here), proper and regular washing of hands with soap and water especially after touching mouth or nose before eating or handling food. Practice cleanliness of surfaces in your homes and environment. Do not share utensils, towels, toothbrush, etc. with someone.
Treatments of Common Cold
There is no particular cure per Se for common cold. But, some basic treatment may be carried out which may make the cold leave on its own without even taking medicines. Few of basic treatments practiced include;
Over-the- counter drugs such as decongestants, paracetamol, ibuprofen and other forms of painkillers can be used to relieve congestion, fever, aches and other forms of symptoms.
Taking good and healthy food especially fruits rich in Vitamin C (read more about food here) may help in reducing the symptoms. Also, drinking a lot of water or fluids is also advised.
As applied to most illnesses(read more about illness here), when there is an offset in one part of the body, even when you take medications, there is the need to rest appropriately, this helps to build or renew the immune system to help fight against the disease.
As a form of recommendation, it is essential to note that some symptoms of this disease may lead to some complications (especially in the cases of flu) such as sinusitis, chest infection, etc. Once any of these complications are observed, it is advised to see a doctor or physician immediately. Situations when you need to consult the doctor are; when the symptoms persist for more than 3 weeks, difficulties in breathing or when symptoms suddenly get worse. Also, make sure that appropriate diagnosis is done so as not to confuse common cold with any other form of illness.
Wish you luck
If you find this article interesting, please like us on Facebook and Twitter, you should also share it by clicking the buttons below to enable other people benefit from it.
|
<urn:uuid:c872304f-fb5b-40d9-8930-4678a97ea896>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
http://informationparlour.com/article-health-common-cold-meaning-symptoms-and-its-effects-health
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210040.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815083101-20180815103101-00330.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965738 | 1,775 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Easy strength exercises that can be done while sitting in a wheel chair, at work, or in front of the tv.
Muscular strength is of vital importance for your overall health. Strong muscles make strong bones. Muscles are also hungry little buggers, if you develop them they will want to be fed. The result? an increased metabolism! And as long as you don't overeat the muscles will turn to stored fat for fuel.
Getting to the gym can be a challenge for many reasons, but that doesn't mean you can't do simple strength exercises right from your chair, whether it is at work or in front of the tv.
How to Do the Exercises
Do each exercise slowly, concentrating on the muscles being worked. For best results do not use momentum or gravity especially on the return phase of the movement. Moving slowly in both phases of the exercise will work more muscles to control the weight.
Repeat each of these moves 5 times to start and gradually work your way up to 10 then 15 repetitions. Aim for 3-4 times a week with rest days in between, especially if you are new to exercising.
You do not need weights to get a good workout. For some people just performing the movements will be exercise enough in the beginning, especially when done slowly.
Start with a light hand weights (dumbbells) of 1 or 2 pounds. Gradually increase the weight when you can do 15 repetitions without straining. If you don't want to invest in weights to start, use two water bottles or cans of beans. Both are about 1 pound.
Sit up straight, hands on your shoulders, elbows down to each side. Push your arms over your head and slowly lower back down.
Think of it like "raise the roof" except arms fully extended.
Sit up straight, shoulders back, hands at the center of your chest, elbows, forearms and hands at shoulder height. Push your arms straight out in front of you then pull your arms straight back squeezing the shoulder blades together.
Think of it like rowing a boat.
Sit up straight. Bring upper arms to the sides at shoulder height, bend at the elbow so hands are up forming a 90 degree angle. Squeeze the elbows together in front of your chest then slowly return to the sides keeping elbows even with the shoulders at all times.
Think of it like opening and closing swinging windows.
Sit up in the chair, shoulders back, feet planted firmly on the floor. Hold your arms out to each side with palms facing behind you. Bend at the elbow, bringing hands towards the body and then slowly raise them back up. The upper arms should remain level with the shoulders throughout.
Think of it like top down windshield wipers.
Sit up in the chair, shoulders back, feet planted firmly on the floor. Hold your arms out to each side with palms facing up. Bend at the elbow bringing hands towards the shoulders then slowly straighten. The upper arms should remain level with the shoulders throughout.
Think of Popeye making a muscle.
Sit up straight with a weight in one hand. Hold your arm above your head and slowly bring it across your body to your opposite hip then slowly back up above your head. Repeat for the other side.
Think of chopping an axe across your body.
Sit straight up, hands on the seat of the chair by your backside. Heels and knees should be together. Lift both legs straight up off the floor until they are level with your hips. Slowly lower the legs back down.
Think of it like kicking with both legs together.
Elbow to Knee Twist
Sit straight up, arms bent so elbows are parallel with the shoulders. Twist your torso lowering your right elbow while raising your left knee. If you can’t reach, just do the best you can. If your lower back starts hurting, STOP! Switch sides, trying to touch left elbow to right knee.
Think of it like the torturous "bicycle" exercise usually done while lying on the ground.
With those 8 basic exercises you can get an overall body workout using most major muscle groups. As you find your strength increasing you will probably want to move beyond these and incorporate other types of movement as well.
|
<urn:uuid:f5af5ec7-7d0c-4a71-a597-73fcd802207a>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://munofore.com/wp/2021/03/8-exercises-you-can-do-from-your-chair/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00488.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923887 | 906 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes that the world will achieve the SDGs only by mustering the full power of science, technology and innovation. In all regions of the globe, governments and other decision makers must have access to the latest science and evidence, disaggregated data, and technology solutions, as well as to the resources needed to build capacity and foster innovation—and to bring innovations to scale. In the 2015 Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the 2030 Agenda, Member States mandated that the United Nations create a Technology Facilitation Mechanism (TFM) to advance STI for the SDGs.
The fully multi-stakeholder TFM has engaged thousands of scientific and technological stakeholders. Participation in TFM activities has continuously increased and widened, including among policy makers, entrepreneurs, academics and the youth. Through the summary of its STI Forum, the TFM provides formal mandated input in support of the HLPF’s SDG review and its mandated science-policy function.
One critical component of the TFM is Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs roadmaps, known as STI4SDGs roadmaps. The work aims to exchange views on a common guidance, principles and possible frameworks/ methodologies for countries preparation of STI roadmaps, and support countries to practice this multi-stakeholder engagement tool to envision, plan, communicate and facilitate actions, track progress, and foster a learning environment to harness STI to achieve the SDGs.
The global work on STI4SDGs roadmaps has been launched, and UN DESA together with the 10 Member Group and the IATT partners is now working to chart the course for the next phase of the work – the PiA.
The primary focus of this work is to support the countries and exchange views on a common guidance, principles and possible frameworks/ methodologies for country and international level STI roadmaps for the SDGs. To these ends, the team led by DESA and the World Bank, supported a collective effort by a group of champion countries and through a multi-stakeholder collaborative approach among the UN Inter-agency Task Team, non-UN partners and stakeholders for the development of the Guidebook for the preparation of STI for SDGs roadmaps.
Following over three years’ preparation and consultations, the final version of the Guidebook for the preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation Roadmaps for the SDGs is available here (En). The Guidebook has been translated into official languages of the UN, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish. It has also been translated into Portuguese, and Japanese. The Guidebook is accompanied by two Background Papers: on available STI roadmapping Methodologies and International Partnerships. These background papers serve as key inputs to the Guidebook, inform IATT partners’ continuous dialogues with national authorities leading roadmap pilots, and prepared grounds for solidifying respective pilot design as well as peer learning.
|
<urn:uuid:6cdeccbd-6aaf-48b6-9e67-815171470f6f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.unsdglearn.org/resources/develop-and-implement-science-technology-and-innovation-sti-for-the-sdgs-roadmaps/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00664.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931836 | 603 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Students with special needs often thrive in the art room as art is all about the process and creative self-discovery. As an art educator I make sure to place importance upon the process with the students and not focus on the product.
For this lesson I have the students use nontraditional and traditional tools with materials they aren’t usually matched up with. Crayola’s Model Magic © is great medium to use with students as it is nontoxic. This has been particularly important to me as an arts educator as there have been times when students placed the model magic in their mouths.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.1 Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.2 Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.6 Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.
- Model Magic ©
- Alphabet Magnets
1. Students are to be introduced to Model Magic © and how it works. Encourage students to warm it up in their hands, and mash it around to make it more pliable. I have used other modeling materials in the past but have often found it to either be too dry where it became crumbly, or too greasy which left a residual slimy feeling on the fingers.
2. Model each of the tools and how students can create texture in the material.
3. Alphabet letters leave a nice clean imprint and also reinforce general education curriculum.
4. Model Magic© responds really well to being cut with scissors, and students can explore that further by cutting the model magic with a variety of scissor blades to create additional textures.
5. Students can create a sculpture by adding to the surface; one of my favorite materials for making these sculptures are toothpicks. They are inexpensive, and easily snapped to create a variety of heights within a piece.
6. In addition to focusing on the surface of the Model Magic © I often have the students explore color mixing with the markers. It is fast way to add another dimension to the lesson, and it opens the door to more conversation about color mixing. When adding marker the dough becomes sticky, for students with tactile aversions I would encourage supplying them with gloves.
7. Students can take it a step further to find texture within the art space. How and where can students make interesting textures in the Model Magic©? This allows students to get up and move around the space and it becomes a perfect way to explore the arts and release some energy.
Assessment of this lesson should be focused on the student’s process of discovery as they explore each new material and what it does to the Model Magic ©.
In creating works of arts with students who have special needs it is important to remember that it is primarily about the process and the exploration of the materials. Using traditional materials in an untraditional manner is a fun way to excite the students and bring them into the lesson. When they leave the art space their art piece might not look like any particular object, but it will reflect their exploration of their tools, their environment, and their ability to think outside of the box by finding unique tools for texture.
This post is part of the series: Art Projects for Inclusive Classrooms
These accessible art projects work for students of varying abilities. They are excellent choices for the inclusive classroom.
|
<urn:uuid:4ea5fdb5-e7c2-400f-be9d-e958372703fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/special-ed-inclusion-strategies/128398-texture-art-for-students-of-all-abilities/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038101485.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417041730-20210417071730-00011.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951211 | 758 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A healthy life includes dental health, and dental health is a product of proper oral care. Poor dental habits cause oral concerns like tooth decay, plaque buildup, cavities, and gum disease, tied to certain conditions like diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
Starting oral hygiene early is good. There are benefits to regular brushing, flossing, dental cleaning, and eating right – you can avoid disturbing health problems and expensive dental treatments.
Studies show that children, adults and older people have dental issues. Overall, these problems can be mitigated by:
Oral health issues come with warning signs:
|
<urn:uuid:748587f1-3966-414a-b00e-a5fc6c5d113e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.smileclinic.london/oral-hygiene/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00331.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939346 | 121 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Climate activist Greta Thunberg takes a year off school to explore the science of global warming and challenge world leaders, calling for action on climate change.
Greta travels through North America on her way to a UN climate conference in Chile. To understand the impact of climate change, she stops at three key locations that reveal how the planet is changing. In the Canadian Rockies, she learns how a small change in temperature has allowed an insect infestation to kill nearly half the trees in one of its most famous national parks. She visits a glacier that is melting faster than models predict, and discovers the cause is partly due to soot from forest fires falling on it. In California, she sees at first hand the destruction these fires create when she visits Paradise, a town at the centre of a deadly fire in 2018. When the UN climate conference is suddenly moved to Madrid, Greta finds herself on the wrong side of the Atlantic Ocean and decides to sail back, braving life-threatening storms, to make her speech calling for immediate action on climate change.
Greta sets off to the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, which will be attended by US president Donald Trump and other world leaders, to call for action on climate change. Greta is demanding an immediate reduction in fossil fuel use - one of the main drivers of climate change. As she travels across Europe, Greta finds out what is preventing more rapid action to tackle global warming. She meets Polish miners who have lost their jobs and fear that climate change policies will further decimate their industry and culture. In Davos, she is frustrated by what she sees as a media obsession constantly pitting her against President Trump. Greta also travels to the UK to see the prototype of a technology that aims to lower emissions from industry by capturing carbon dioxide from factory emissions before it enters the atmosphere. She also meets with a figure who’s been an inspiration to her, Sir David Attenborough.
As the world is bought to a standstill by the Covid-19 pandemic, Greta has to put her plans on hold. The pandemic reveals the enormity of the challenge that tackling climate change poses as Greta learns the drop in emissions caused by the 2020 lockdowns is not enough to put the world on track to meet its climate goals. With mass protests off the agenda, Greta investigates what else could help limit the impact of climate change. She visits a tree plantation to learn how the age of a forest has an impact on whether or not it can take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In Switzerland, she encounters a machine that sucks carbon dioxide out of the air, and in Denmark, where it has been estimated around half of the land is used to grow food for livestock, she visits a research farm that is exploring ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions generated by beef and dairy cows. Greta also looks closer to home and contemplates how everyone can play a part – from our choice of the food we eat to the clothes we wear. Having recovered from Covid-19, Greta also explores what lessons can be learned from the international response to the pandemic, meeting with German chancellor Angela Merkel to demand more rapid action to challenge climate change before she returns to school at the end of a pivotal year.
Curating wonderful science materials for humans. Documentaries, lectures, and movies. All trade-free.
|
<urn:uuid:ad12265d-7337-4592-98c3-a837499fc197>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://www.videoneat.com/documentaries/22060/greta-thunberg-a-year-to-change-the-world/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300849.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118122602-20220118152602-00013.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951048 | 697 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Home Networks: More Important than Ever!
Networks allow us to communicate efficiently in an increasingly connected world.
They move digital data from one device to another—throughout the home or around the world—while preserving the integrity of the data, even when multiple, competing demands are placed upon them. And each year, we rely on them to carry increasingly more and more data—orders of magnitude more when video streaming is involved.
Ethernet. Home networks can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi), generic or proprietary, dedicated to a single purpose or shared for internet access, lighting control, streaming video, multi-room music, surveillance cameras, etc. Wired networks are built on an infrastructure of CAT-5 (Category 5) telecommunications wiring, which is now being replaced by the higher bandwidth CAT-6. If the home is already wired with sufficient wiring of either type in the right places, or if pathways for adding new wiring are easily available, then wired networks should be easy to install or upgrade, and will typically provide higher reliability than wireless networks.
Wi-Fi. The dramatic success of wireless devices over the past few years—especially smartphones, tablets, even laptops—has contributed to a huge increase in the use of wireless home networks. And they’re indispensable for homes that are difficult to re-wire. But the performance of wireless networks can be compromised by physical structures, and by shared-uses (especially video streaming) that tax the throughput capacity of the wireless network devices. If demands on a wireless network are great—due to long distances, metal obstacles, or high throughput (video streaming), using enterprise-grade routers and WAPSs (rather than consumer-grade) can sometimes do wonders.
Particularly challenging are situations where multiple systems share a single network. Problems can also arise when metallic structural elements within or around the home create barriers to wireless transmission (such as stucco wire, metal lath under plaster, metal fireplaces, plumbing, and heating manifolds, etc). In these cases, wireless access points (WAPs) can be added to allow flawless connectivity throughout the home, if wiring pathways can be established from the WAPs back to the router.
Other Network Types. For dedicated home automation systems, the type of network needed is defined by the make and model of the central processor. See System Processors. Older smart home systems require proprietary network systems. But most of the newer smart home systems operate on standard Ethernet or Wi-Fi networks. MESH networks are special wireless networks, where each switch, keypad, and other device relays digital data to nearby units and thus back to the processor. This strategy makes them more robust than most other wireless network types, and less subject to the problems described above.
The power line carrier, an older network type, communicates digital information along existing power wiring. Because the devices in this network are exposed to 110 volt house current, they are often not as reliable as the other network types. This technology is now being phased out.
Ahead. Video streaming is becoming so popular that it is now drawing large numbers of customers away from both cable TV and satellite providers—and in the process potentially taxing many points along the stream. The current High Definition video standard already consumes greater bandwidth and signal throughput than most existing wireless systems can easily manage. And with the rapid adoption of Ultra High Definition (or 4K) TV, this demand will likely increase greatly.
So when you install or upgrade wireless network components in your home, keep future needs in mind. If you install cheap consumer grade components now, you may have to replace them in a year or two. See Video Sources.
|
<urn:uuid:20983248-3ad7-431c-9ac1-d38ae1433997>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://smarthomegallery.com/gallery/home-networks/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500426.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331084941-20200331114941-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911396 | 749 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In the never-ending debate over the impact that immigration has on the U.S. economy, the role of immigrant small businesses usually goes unnoticed. While mention is sometimes made of the fact that two in five Fortune 500 companies were founded by immigrants, the little businesses—the majority that employ under 100 people—are often forgotten. In large part, this is due to the absence of basic data on the subject. However, a new report from the Fiscal Policy Institute (FPI) finally quantifies the value of immigrant small businesses to the U.S. economy.
Using data from the Survey of Business Owners and the American Community Survey, the report compiles a treasure trove of entrepreneurial information that highlights the enormous role which immigrants play as small business owners:
- Immigrant-owned small businesses employed 4.7 million people and had $776 billion in receipts in 2007, the last year for which data is available.
- 18% of all small business owners in the United States are immigrants; higher than the immigrant share of the population (13%) or labor force (16%).
- The small businesses most commonly owned by immigrants are restaurants, physician’s offices, real estate firms, grocery stores, and truck transportation services.
- Immigrants comprise 65% of taxi service owners, 54% of dry cleaning and laundry service owners, 53% of gas station owners, and 49% of grocery store owners.
- Between 1990 and 2010, immigrants accounted for 30% of the total increase in the number of small business owners in the United States.
- Immigrants from Mexico account for 12% of immigrant small business owners, followed by immigrants from India, Korea, Cuba, China, and Vietnam.
- Immigrants from the Middle East, Asia, and Southern Europe have the highest rates of small business ownership.
- Immigrants who have been in the United States for more than 10 years are more than twice as likely to be small business owners as immigrants who have been in the country for 10 years or less.
- 29% of immigrant small business owner are women. In comparison, 28% of U.S.-born small business owners are women.
- Among the 25 largest metropolitan areas, immigrants comprise the largest share of small business owners in Miami (45%), followed by Los Angeles (44%), New York (36%), and San Francisco (35%).
- Among the 50 states, immigrants comprise the largest share of small business owners in California (33%), followed by New York (29%), New Jersey (28%), Florida (26%), and Hawaii (23%).
Taken in sum, this data illustrates that immigrant entrepreneurs are an integral part of the U.S. economy.
As the FPI report puts it, “immigrant small business owners contribute to economic growth, to employment, and to producing the goods and services that support our standard of living.” This is a basic economic fact with broad political implications. The report observes that “understanding who the one million immigrant small business owners are…can only help as the country struggles to achieve a better set of immigration policies.” And a better set of policies would recognize that immigration fuels American entrepreneurship.
Photo by Tyler Olson.
|
<urn:uuid:7afcc48c-4548-4c41-880a-5ee275b55c6e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://immigrationimpact.com/2012/06/14/immigrant-owned-small-businesses-contribute-more-to-u-s-economy-than-youd-think/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118963.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00326-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955469 | 651 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What were The Opium Wars?
The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860. These were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire.
The import of opium into China stood at 200 chests (annual) in 1729, when the first anti-opium edict was promulgated. This edict was weakly enforced, and by the time Chinese authorities reissued the prohibition in starker terms in 1799, the figure had leaped; 4,500 chests were imported in the year 1800. The decade of the 1830s witnessed a rapid rise in opium trade, and by 1838 (just before the first Opium War) it climbed to 40,000 chests.
Considering that importation of opium into China had been virtually banned by Chinese law, the East India Company established an elaborate trading scheme partially relying on legal markets, and partially leveraging illicit ones. British merchants carrying no opium would buy tea in Canton on credit, and would balance their debts by selling opium at auction in Calcutta. From there, the opium would reach the Chinese coast hidden aboard British ships then smuggled into China by native merchants. In 1797 the company further tightened its grip on the opium trade by enforcing direct trade between opium farmers and the British, and ending the role of Bengali purchasing agents. British exports of opium to China grew from an estimated 15 tons in 1730 to 75 tons in 1773. The product was shipped in over two thousand chests, each containing 140 pounds (64 kg) of opium.
British military superiority drew on newly applied technology. British warships wreaked havoc on coastal towns; the steam ship Nemesis was able to move against the winds and tides and support a gun platform with very heavy guns. In addition, the British troops were the first to be armed with modern muskets and cannons, which fired more rapidly and with greater accuracy than the Qing firearms and artillery, though Chinese cannons had been in use since previous dynasties. After the British took Canton, they sailed up the Yangtze and took the tax barges, a devastating blow to the Empire as it slashed the revenue of the imperial court in Beijing to just a fraction of what it had been.
|
<urn:uuid:86989359-dfc1-4801-bc82-244abd3aabb5>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
https://decisionstats.com/2013/10/08/why-a-shutdown-led-us-default-could-trigger-the-third-opium-war/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528702.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420060931-20190420082931-00215.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971728 | 483 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Like humans, plants have strong preferences when it comes to the company they keep. Plants try to fight off invaders they don’t get along with, and try to encourage their buddies to live nearby. Farmers have been taking advantage of these behaviors for thousands of years to enhance their yields and prevent pest infestations, creating a rich agricultural tradition.
When we started gardening 5 years ago, my friends and I wanted to tap into this long tradition of agriculture. Since then, we’ve grown thousands of pounds of organic vegetables and blogged about the community benefits of gardening, lawns, and the romance of gardening. However, we haven’t provided much information about how we garden. Since there are an abundance gardening resources out there, I want to highlight two techniques with strong scientific backing that encompass this agricultural tradition: companion planting and crop rotation. While research has not yet fully elucidated the mechanisms behind these practices, they have been consistently shown to increase yield. In this post, I will quickly flesh out each technique and provide links to more in depth sources should you wish to delve deeper.
Companion planting is simple: plant crops together that like to live next to each other. One of the most famous examples of companion planting is the Three Sisters, which has been used in the Americas for thousands of years. The Three Sisters are beans, squash, and maize. These plants were grown together partially because they provide most of the essential vitamins and nutrients for humans, but their growth, nutrient uptake, and physical defense interact in complementary ways, including:
- The strong stalk of maize provides structure for the beans to climb on.
- Beans fix nitrogen, which is a vital nutrient for the squash and maize
- Squash provides ground cover, which prevents the loss of moisture, out-competes weeds, and protects against pests.
Another key component of companion planting is allelopathy, which is basically the plant version of chemical warfare. Plants release chemicals that kill or inhibit the organisms they don’t like while not harming (or even helping) the ones they do. For example, barley produces hordenine, a chemical that inhibits some seeds from germinating and deters grasshoppers from eating the barley.
One of the first described cases of allelopathy was in black walnut trees. Black walnuts cause “soil sickness”, inhibiting nearly all other plants from growing near them by producing a toxic chemical called juglone.
Thus, plants can produce natural herbicides and pesticides, protecting friends and harming foes. Plants can also stimulate the growth of their buddies; the roots of peas and hairy vetch allow barley and oats to increase photosynthesis and absorb phosphorus more efficiently.
Pest resistance is one of the many benefits of crop rotation, and I’ll illustrate how it works with analogy. Say you like to fish, and are looking for good fishing spots. Over a summer, you try out 15 spots, and find that one spot consistently has the most fish. The next summer, that same spot is again the best, so you decide to rent a house to take advantage of that fantastic fishing. In future summers, where would you go to fish? Obviously, that same spot!
Garden pests behave the same way. My neighbor has planted her tomatoes in the same place since at least 2010. Every year, a fungus attacks her tomato plants, causing their leaves to curl and making them more vulnerable to pests. Over time, this has gotten worse. Why? Because the bugs that eat my neighbor’s tomatoes lay eggs nearby, and the fungal spores stick around in that soil. It’s a good strategy for them, because they always have something to eat. The same holds true for weeds; if they grow well next to a certain type of plant, they’ll be harder to get rid of if you keep planting that crop in the same spot. If my neighbor planted her tomatoes in a different spot (or didn’t grow tomatoes at all for a year), the number of tomato pests in her primary spot would likely decrease.
Crop rotation has many other benefits as well, like reducing the number of weeds and improving soil structure and fertility. Planting carrots or other root vegetables one year loosens up the soil, making it easier for plants with large root structures – like tomatoes – to make strong root systems the following year. As I mentioned earlier, beans and other legumes fix nitrogen in the soil and don’t need an abundance of nutrients to thrive. Planting legumes after a round nightshades or other crops that deplete nitrogen prepares the soil for future nitrogen-hungry plants.
As you can tell, these two strategies complement each other wonderfully. Companion planting lessens the need for pesticides through allelopathy and improves plant health. Crop rotation prevents pests from finding a reliable niche and improves the nutrient balance in the soil. These techniques will keep your garden healthy and your gardening neighbors happy (I’m still hoping my neighbors will plant their tomatoes in a different spot!). In these days of increased resistance to pesticides, we prefer to keep our garden a place of relaxation and growth, rather than one of conflict and frustration.
For more information on early farming practices in the Americas, I highly suggest 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus, by Charles Mann.
Chou, Chang-Hung. “Roles of allelopathy in plant biodiversity and sustainable agriculture.” Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18.5 (1999): 609-636. link
Liu, De Li, and J. V. Lovett. “Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. II. Phytotoxicity of barley allelochemicals.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 19.10 (1993): 2231-2244. DOI
Harley, K. L. S., and A. J. Thorsteinson. “The influence of plant chemicals on the feeding behavior, development, and survival of the two-striped grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), Acrididae: Orthoptera.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 45.3 (1967): 305-319. DOI
Jose, Shibu, and Andrew R. Gillespie. “Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping. I. Spatio-temporal variation in soil juglone in a black walnut–corn (Zea maysL.) alley cropping system in the midwestern USA.” Plant and Soil 203.2 (1998): 191-197. link
Liebman, Matt, and Elizabeth Dyck. “Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management.” Ecological applications (1993): 92-122. link
|
<urn:uuid:4ce2aa2c-e1c8-4f97-92b2-7c7183fd5768>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://www.thoughtandawe.net/biology/simple-uses-of-plant-preferences/?shared=email&msg=fail
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053657.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916145123-20210916175123-00670.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920948 | 1,404 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Immigration the early 21st century, there have been
Immigration and the American Culture Immigration always has been controversial in the United States.
More than two centuries ago, Benjamin Franklin worried that too many German immigrants would swamp America’s predominantly British culture. In the mid-1800s, Irish immigrants were scorned as lazy drunks, not to mention Roman Catholics. At the turn of the century a wave of “new immigrants” — Poles, Italians, Russian Jews — were believed to be too different ever to assimilate into American life.Today the same fears are raised about immigrants from Latin America and Asia, but current critics of immigration are as wrong as their counterparts were in previous eras.
Immigration to North America began with Spanish settlers in the 16th century and French and English settlers in the 17th century. In the century before the American Revolution, there was a major wave of free and indentured labor from England and other parts of Europe as well as large scale importation of slaves from Africa and the Caribbean.Although some level of immigration has been continuous throughout American history, there have been two epochal periods: the 1880 to 1924 Age of Mass Migration, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, and the Post 1965 Wave of Immigration, primarily from Latin America and Asia (Min 2002, Portes and Rumbaut 1996). Each of these eras added more than 25 million immigrants, and the current wave is far from finished. During some of the peak years of immigration in the early 1900s, about one million immigrants arrived annually, which was more than one percent of the total U.S. population at the time.
In the early 21st century, there have been a few years with more than one million legal immigrants, but with a total U. S. population of almost 300 million, the relative impact is much less than it was in the early years of the 20th century.
Immigration gives the United States an economic edge in the world economy. Immigrants bring innovative ideas and entrepreneurial spirit to the U. S. economy. They provide business contacts to other markets, enhancing America’s ability to trade and invest profitably in the global economy.
|
<urn:uuid:59f33ab1-670d-4df8-81bc-5bb3b0ab91f3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://campuscrosswalk.org/immigration-and-american-culture/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00750.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974308 | 442 | 3.5 | 4 |
Noctilucent or “night-shining” clouds (NLCs) are mysterious, electric glowing clouds that are beautiful to watch. They were first seen 1885 about two years after the powerful eruption of Krakatoa hurled plumes of volcanic ash as much as 80 km high in Earth’s atmosphere.
These eye-catching clouds were previously only seen over almost exclusively in Earth’s polar regions, but they are now also visible in the skies over the United States and Europe and elsewhere.
At the end of May, 2017 Europeans could observe these electric glowing clouds over the western horizon at sunset. It was then assumed, that the summer season for noctilucent clouds had started.
Then something mysterious happened. The clouds were no longer visible. How can we explain the mystery of the missing noctilucent clouds?
Space Weather reports they have not received any images of noctilucent clouds. This has never happened before in nearly 20 years!
Researcher from the University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics may have an explanation that can shed light on the unexpected disappearance of the noctilucent clouds. Using temperature data from the Microwave Limb Sounder onboard NASA’s Aura satellite, scientists discovered there has been a “heat wave” in the polar mesosphere, a region in Earth’s upper atmosphere where NLCs form.
It appears as if relatively warm temperatures have wiped out the clouds.
“In early May, the summer mesosphere was cooling down as usual, approaching the low temperatures required for NLCs,” she says.
“But wouldn’t you know it? Right after May 21st the temperature stopped cooling over the pole! In fact, it warmed a degree or two over the next week. The warming resulted in 2017 being the WARMEST summer mesopause in the last decade, “Lynn Harvey of the University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics said.
Noctilucent clouds are very sensitive to variation in temperature.
The icy clouds form 83 km above Earth when the air temperature drops below 145 K (-128 C), allowing scarce water molecules to get together and crystallize on specks of meteor smoke. Even a couple of degrees of warming is enough to obliterate the fragile clouds.
“We don’t know why the mesosphere warmed up,” says Cora Randall, Professor and Chair of the University of Colorado Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences.
“It’s probably a complex process involving the propagation of atmospheric gravity waves, which affect the flow of air and heat in the upper atmosphere. We’re looking into it.”
The heat wave seems come to an end now and it means noctilucent clouds should return. According to a recent report the clouds were visible again in Hertfordshire on June 15!
|
<urn:uuid:6852ecbc-9f6a-4808-958b-4321a8822d25>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://tall-white-aliens.com/?p=11746
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742968.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116004432-20181116030432-00442.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937834 | 612 | 3.765625 | 4 |
- What is an Overbite?
- Definition and Causes of an Overbite
- Types of Overbites
- Effects of an Overbite
- Diagnosing an Overbite
- Dental Examination
- X-rays and Imaging
- Orthodontic Evaluation
- When is Orthodontic Treatment Necessary?
- Severity of the Overbite
- Age and Growth Factors
- Functional Issues
- Orthodontic Treatment Options
- Traditional Braces
- Clear Aligners
- Orthodontic Headgear
- Specific Orthodontic Techniques for Overbite Correction
- Herbst Appliance
- Elastics (Rubber Bands)
- Palatal Expanders
- Combination of Orthodontic Treatment Techniques
- Using Multiple Methods for Overbite Correction
- Sequencing and Timing of Treatment
Are you bothered by an overbite and searching for a reliable solution? Look no further! Introducing the Orthodontic Treatment for Overbite Correction, a breakthrough method to enhance and correct your overbite. This revolutionary approach combines an innovative herbst appliance with advanced orthodontic techniques, offering you a fast and effective solution. Say goodbye to the discomfort and self-consciousness caused by an overbite, and hello to a confident, beautiful smile that you’ve always dreamt of. Get ready to regain your self-esteem and enjoy the benefits of a properly aligned bite with our Orthodontic Treatment for Overbite Correction.
What is an Overbite?
An overbite, also known as a malocclusion, is a dental condition where the upper front teeth overlap significantly with the lower front teeth. In simpler terms, it is when the upper jaw protrudes or extends beyond the lower jaw. This misalignment can result in various dental and functional issues if left untreated.
Definition and Causes of an Overbite
An overbite occurs when the vertical overlap between the upper and lower teeth is more than it should be. This condition can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetics play a significant role in determining the shape and size of our jaws, which can contribute to the development of an overbite. Other possible causes include prolonged habits such as thumb-sucking or pacifier use, tongue thrusting, improper jaw growth during childhood, and injury to the jaw.
Types of Overbites
There are two main types of overbites: skeletal and dental overbites. Skeletal overbites occur due to differences in the size or position of the upper and lower jaws. Dental overbites, on the other hand, are caused by the misalignment of the teeth themselves. It is essential to determine the type of overbite one has as it influences the appropriate treatment approach.
Effects of an Overbite
An overbite can have several effects on both the appearance and functionality of your teeth. From a cosmetic perspective, an overbite can make your smile appear less aesthetically pleasing, causing self-consciousness and a lack of confidence. Functionally, an overbite can lead to problems such as difficulty biting or chewing, increased risk of tooth wear, speech difficulties, and even sleep apnea in severe cases. It is crucial to address an overbite to prevent these issues from worsening and to promote better oral health.
Diagnosing an Overbite
To diagnose an overbite, various methods are used by dental professionals. These include a dental examination, X-rays, and an orthodontic evaluation. These diagnostic measures help determine the severity and type of overbite, allowing the orthodontist to create an appropriate treatment plan.
During a dental examination, your dentist will visually assess your teeth and jaws, paying particular attention to the way your bite aligns. They may also ask you to perform certain movements to evaluate how your jaws and teeth function together. This examination helps the dentist determine if you have an overbite and if orthodontic treatment is necessary.
X-rays and Imaging
X-rays and other imaging techniques, such as panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), provide a more detailed look at the structure of your jaws and teeth. These images allow the orthodontist to assess the underlying causes of the overbite, such as jaw position and bone structure, helping guide treatment decisions.
An orthodontic evaluation involves a specialized examination conducted by an orthodontist. They will examine your facial structure, jaw alignment, and dental occlusion in more detail. The orthodontist will also take impressions or digital scans of your teeth to create models that aid in treatment planning. This comprehensive evaluation helps determine the appropriate treatment options for your specific overbite.
When is Orthodontic Treatment Necessary?
Not all overbites require orthodontic treatment. The decision to pursue treatment depends on various factors, including the severity of the overbite, age, and the functional issues it may cause.
Severity of the Overbite
The severity of an overbite is an essential factor in determining the need for orthodontic treatment. Mild overbites may not require intervention, as they often do not cause significant functional issues or aesthetic concerns. However, moderate to severe overbites should be evaluated and treated, as they can lead to more severe complications if left unaddressed.
Age and Growth Factors
The age at which an overbite is diagnosed can influence the treatment plan. Orthodontic treatment is typically more effective and efficient in children and teenagers, as their jaws are still developing and more adaptable to corrective procedures. However, adults can also receive orthodontic treatment to correct an overbite, although the process may take longer and could involve additional procedures.
Functional issues resulting from an overbite, such as difficulty chewing, excessive wear on the teeth, or speech problems, may indicate the need for treatment. These issues can impact your overall oral health and quality of life, making orthodontic intervention necessary.
Orthodontic Treatment Options
Several orthodontic treatment options are available for correcting an overbite. The most commonly used methods include traditional braces, clear aligners, and orthodontic headgear. The choice of treatment depends on the severity of the overbite, patient preference, and the recommendation of the orthodontist.
Traditional braces consist of metal brackets and wires that are attached to the teeth to gradually shift them into the correct position. This method is highly effective for correcting overbites, especially when more significant tooth movement is required. Braces are adjustable and offer precise control over the movement of teeth.
Clear aligners, such as Invisalign, have gained popularity as a more discreet alternative to traditional braces. These aligners are custom-made and virtually invisible, making them a favorable choice for individuals concerned about the aesthetics of braces. Aligners work by applying gentle, controlled forces to move the teeth into the desired position gradually.
Orthodontic headgear is a specialized device that may be recommended for correcting severe overbites or skeletal abnormalities. It consists of a headgear worn outside the mouth, connected to the braces inside the mouth through specific attachments. Headgear applies additional force to influence the growth and positioning of the jaws, helping improve the overbite.
Specific Orthodontic Techniques for Overbite Correction
In certain cases, specific orthodontic techniques may be used to address overbites more effectively. Some of these techniques include the Herbst appliance, elastics (rubber bands), and palatal expanders.
The Herbst appliance is a fixed orthodontic appliance that utilizes metal rods and tubes to gradually advance the lower jaw. This technique aims to correct an overbite by promoting optimal jaw growth and positioning. The Herbst appliance is typically used in growing patients to guide jaw development.
Elastics (Rubber Bands)
Elastics, commonly known as rubber bands, are small, stretchy pieces of material that are used to apply additional forces to correct the alignment of the teeth and jaws. They are often attached to specific locations on the braces and can help shift the teeth into their proper positions, correcting the overbite.
Palatal expanders are devices used to widen the upper jaw, particularly in cases where a narrowed palate contributes to the development of an overbite. By applying gentle pressure on the upper molars, palatal expanders gradually separate the two halves of the palate, creating more space and improving jaw alignment.
Combination of Orthodontic Treatment Techniques
In some complex cases, a combination of different orthodontic treatment techniques may be required to achieve optimal overbite correction. Orthodontists may use a sequential approach, starting with one technique and transitioning to another as the treatment progresses. This combination of methods allows for a multidimensional approach in addressing various aspects of the overbite, ensuring the best possible outcome.
Using Multiple Methods for Overbite Correction
The combination of various orthodontic treatment methods may involve using braces initially to align the teeth properly, followed by the use of headgear or elastics to correct the overbite. This combination approach maximizes the efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment, ensuring proper jaw and tooth alignment.
Sequencing and Timing of Treatment
The sequencing and timing of treatment are crucial in achieving successful overbite correction. Orthodontists carefully plan the order in which specific techniques are used, considering factors such as jaw growth, tooth movement, and patient compliance. By sequencing and timing the treatment appropriately, orthodontists can optimize the results and minimize the overall duration of treatment.
An overbite is a common dental condition that can lead to aesthetic and functional issues if left unaddressed. Thankfully, various orthodontic treatment options are available to correct and improve overbites. From traditional braces to clear aligners and specialized techniques like the Herbst appliance, the field of orthodontics offers solutions for patients of all ages. If you suspect you have an overbite or have noticed any associated complications, it is essential to consult with a qualified orthodontist who can determine the best treatment plan to achieve a healthy and beautiful smile. Remember, early intervention can make a significant difference in the success of orthodontic treatment and long-term oral health.
|
<urn:uuid:de718097-87c6-4774-8aad-9e12c80ed6a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://todaysmeet.com/orthodontic-treatment-for-overbite-correction/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510462.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928230810-20230929020810-00866.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914476 | 2,163 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Fieldwork is widely regarded as an essential component of geography education and a well planned field trip can be one of the most memorable parts of a student's time at school.
However, organising fieldwork can be daunting for the inexperienced. This page has been put together to point you in the right direction for further information and guidance about learning outside the classroom.
Find out about the GA's Fieldwork and Outdoor Learning Special Interest Group >>>
Resources and Links
- On the GA Website
- Frederick Soddy Awards
- Manifesto for Learning outside the Classroom
Projects, Articles and Reports
- Articles & Reports
- Research on Outdoor Learning
The Geographical Association and the Field Studies Council have produced the Fieldwork File for use in conjunction with LEA guidelines. All fieldwork should be enjoyable and inspirational. The aim of the Fieldwork File packs is to offer teachers in each phase suggestions for stimulating, practical, informative and enjoyable fieldwork in a range of accessible environments.
The first part of the set is 'Setting the standards - for safe, successful fieldwork for all', a free poster setting out a code of practice for fieldwork across all key stages. Download the poster.
Managing Safe and Successful Fieldwork provides clear, comprehensive and practical guidance about the conduct of all out-of-classroom activities, and should prove a useful reference book for all teachers. Buy from the GA shop. For information and advice about outdoor learning in the specific phases try Fieldwork File: For the primary years or Fieldwork File: For the secondary years.
The GA has published a number of other resources relating to fieldwork, all of which can can be purchased from the geography shop. Try typing 'fieldwork' into the shop search.
Fieldtrip Guidance Document
This document, prepared by Alan Parkinson, the GA's Secondary Curriculum Development Leader, suggests some strategies to deal with rarely cover arrangements which came into operation on 1 September 2009, as outlined in this Guardian article. It might be helpful to refer to this document when having discussions with senior management on the issue of trips and cover.
Fieldwork – an essential part of a geographical education (PDF)
If you want to discuss this further with colleagues, head over to the fieldtrip guidance forum on the Geographical Association Ning.
The Young Geographers project was a three-month pilot project funded by the TDA, which aimed to support teachers in planning for and carrying out a short unit of work with a focus on Living Geography.
Teachers were asked to design some locality fieldwork, thinking about aspects of ESD and personalising planning to suit their school context.
Eight individual school projects are presented on the GA website and each includes downloadable resources and information about how the units of work were conceived.
Online training courses
The GA website contains a range of online CPD units which help primary teachers introduce fieldwork activities into their teaching:
- My Place, Your Place, Our Place
- Young Geographers Go Local
- Young Geographers Go Global
- Young Geographers Go Green
Making Geography Happen
Making Geography Happen is funded by the Action Plan for Geography which centres around good quality, innovative curriculum-making. The Making Geography Happen project develops this to focus on work done by students in geography lessons and how it contributes to their wider understanding of the world.
The 'A Village Comparison' project which took place at Perton First School in Staffordshire contains a strong fieldwork element, and materials from the unit of work are available to download from the Making Geography Happen area.
Fieldwork in a Different View
The GA's manifesto, a Different View, includes a section on the topic of geography fieldwork. Download: Geography and the 'Real World'
GTIP Think Pieces
These think pieces have been written for geography teacher trainers but include information and links that will be of use to everyone:
Ben Steel offers advice on delivering sessions on the value and practicalities of geography fieldwork to primary PGCE students.
Teresa Lenton indicates how, despite the fact that fieldwork forms an essential element of geography education, not all trainee teachers will be involved in fieldwork during placements. Teresa explains how early engagement with this approach will ensure that they understand the significance of effective fieldwork to young people's experience of geographical education.
21st Century Fieldwork
This PowerPoint presentation accompanied the lecture given by Nick Lapthorn, Head of Juniper Hall Field Centre, at the GA Surrey schools cluster group meeting on Monday 15 June 2009. It explores new approaches to, and methods of, fieldwork. Please note that this is a large file and may take some time to download, depending on the speed of your internet connection.
Download: 21st Century Fieldwork
GA members can view a chapter about real world learning through geographical fieldwork from the Secondary Geography Handbook for free.
Download Chapter >>>
The Field Studies Council (FSC) have developed a new range of GCSE Geography programmes, available from September 2009, specifically for the new A and B specifications for AQA, Edexcel, OCR and WJEC.
The purpose of each programme will be to conduct fieldwork to enable students to plan and prepare for the controlled assessment in accordance with each Awarding Body's guidance for their year of entry; students will produce a portfolio to take back to school/college. This can be done on its own, over three days, or over five days with additional activities.
Full details can be found on the FSC website.
There are also two INSET courses coming up designed to support teachers in the delivery of fieldwork for the new controlled assessments:
Blencathra Field Centre, Nr Keswick
6-8 November 2009
Tel: 017687 79601
Nettlecombe Field Centre, Somerset
27-29 November 2009
Tel: 01984 640320
Again, full details can be found on the FSC website.
Around one hundred pupils from Thomas Walling Primary School were treated to a special field trip along the north-east coast thanks to funding from the Frederick Soddy Trust. They walked from Bamburgh to Seahouses, visited Alnwick Castle and sailed out to the Farne Islands!
Deputy Head Derek Gott sent a thank you letter to the Trust, together with a report produced by the pupils. View an adapted version of the letter.
If you feel inspired by Thomas Walling's fieldtrip, why not apply for a Frederick Soddy Award for your school? Every year five awards of between £250 and £850 are given to primary and secondary schools to encourage students of all ages to participate in field studies.
Further information about the scheme is available on the Frederick Soddy Fieldwork Funding page.
The Manifesto for Learning Outside the Classroom was launched by the Secretary of State for Education and Skills on 28 November 2006.
The Manifesto is a 'movement' or joint undertaking that many different stakeholders have helped to create and to which anyone can sign up. The GA has endorsed the Manifesto because we believe it will help to ensure that all children and young people have a variety of high quality experiences outside the classroom environment, as an essential part of their learning and development.
There is also a Quality Badge scheme; these will be awarded to providers who have pledged to engage in an ongoing process to sustain high-quality learning outside the classroom.
Visit: Learning Outside the Classroom website
Fieldwork on the Geography Teaching Today website
The Action Plan for Geography is working with teachers to improve the breadth and quality of fieldwork in our schools. Explore these pages of the GTT website for resources and advice for fieldwork.
Teaching Ideas on the Geography Teaching Today website
A variety of teaching ideas developed by participants on the GA's curriculum-making courses are available to download from the GTT website - several of these are based around fieldwork activities.
Field Studies Council
The FSC is the place to go for information about fieldwork including study visit packages, activity days, publications, CPD courses, and health and safety advice. The website also includes A Review of Research on Outdoor Learning - an overview of fieldwork in an educational context published in 2004.
The Growing Schools website has been designed to support teachers in using the 'outdoor classroom' as a resource across the curriculum for pupils of all ages.
Learning through Landscape
Learning through Landscapes helps schools and early years settings make the most of their outdoor spaces for play and learning.
Virtual fieldwork at GeoResources
A geography teachers' resource website featuring a selection of 'virtual fieldwork' units.
Youth Hostel Association
The YHA offers tailor-made field studies packages for primary and secondary schools.
'Curriculum field trips - It's time to boldly go...'
Taking pupils outside the comfort of the classroom can be a daunting step for some teachers, says Carolyn Fry. But field trips provide unique opportunities to apply learning to the real world. (2009)
'Playing the wild card'
Trips to the great outdoors can add fun and value to learning, as well as boosting geography's profile in schools, says Leszek Iwaskow. (2005)
'Play the field'
The fieldwork experience is about so much more than geography: friendships, hostel food and the student who is always last back. Keith Grimwade on a fun way to learn. (1996)
Justin Dillon and Mark Rickinson review the evidence on the impact of outdoor learning in school geography. (2004)
'Fieldwork may soon be extinct'
The lack of outdoor study threatens the next generation of biologists. Cherry Canovan reports. (2002)
'Fears over fieldwork'
Abolishing coursework could put an end to vital hands-on investigations. Adi Bloom reports. (2006)
Long Live Fieldwork!
In this article Paula Richardson, Geography Advisor and member of the GA Field Studies Working Group, argues the case for outdoor learning and suggests ways in which fieldwork could be made more manageable for teachers.
note: this file requires Microsoft Word.
Engaging and Learning with the Outdoors
During 2004-05 a team from The National Foundation for Education Research (NFER), the University of Bath and King's College London carried out research focusing on 'the processes and impacts and the planning and evaluation of outdoor learning'. In order to identify examples of effective practice, the team observed outdoor learning in a variety of environments. For further information about the project and a downloadable copy of the final report (April 2005), visit the NFER website.
Research shows that good quality education outside the classroom can promote cognitive, personal and social development and add depth to the curriculum. NFER has been commissioned by the DfES, in collaboration with the Countryside Agency and Farming and Countryside Education (FACE), to undertake research which aims to obtain a greater understanding this area of education, in terms of the extent and nature of provision across curriculum areas, across schools and across local authorities. It will involve surveys of, and telephone interviews with, teachers in 2400 randomly selected primary, secondary and special schools. (added 11.04.06)
National Trust Report
The National Trust has released a report entitled 'Changing Minds: The Lasting Impact of School Trips', the result of years of research into the long-term benefits of educational visits. Main findings of the report include the importance of school trips in connecting children with nature, influencing career and study choices, forming family and community bonds, and developing social and practical skills. Further information and a full copy of the report are available on the National Trust website.
A Review of Research on Outdoor Learning
In 2003 the Field Studies Council and several partner organisations commissioned a review of research into outdoor learning. The Review consisted of an academic survey carried out by the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) over a six month period and considered 150 pieces of research drawn from Britain, USA, Canada and Australia. At the time the review was published it caused quite a stir.
Margaret E Marker and David Cooper independently assessed the Review and produced a document entitled Comments On: A Review Of Research On Outdoor Learning.
Their main criticisms of the review are that the time period was far too short and many of the publications included had no clearly expressed aims and no survey of effectiveness.
They were concerned that the review’s emphasis was too much on aims and outcomes and did not reflect the full range of benefits from fieldwork including: Cognitive Affective (attitudes, belief and values and self perception) and Physical/Skill (fitness and socialisation).
They challenge some of the observations of the report especially that:
- Young teachers have had little experience of fieldwork so feel insecure,
- Young teachers fear of loss of control,
Finally, they suggest that time out of school seems to be seen as loss of education and not as enrichment.
If you would like a copy of Comments On: A Review Of Research On Outdoor Learning please contact the GA. Please note: the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent those of the Geographical Association.
To read an executive summary of the Review of Research on Outdoor Learning or to purchase a full copy, visit the Field Studies Council website.
Comment on this page
Comments made by GA members appear instantly - make sure you're logged in! Guest comments will be sent to a moderator for approval.
|
<urn:uuid:4d05617e-0a5b-4411-997e-47dd49ff7838>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.geography.org.uk/resources/fieldwork/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704179963/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113619-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942872 | 2,766 | 3.171875 | 3 |
There are plans for extensive tree-planting. The government pledged to plant 30 million trees a year, nationally. This a huge challenge partly because seedlings and land has to be found for these trees. However even when planted, these trees will take a long time to grow and extract CO2 from the air. We in Bristol Tree Forum are concerned that not enough attention is given to the role of existing mature trees.
Trees grow and add to their mass each year. Most of this mass is in the form of cellulose and lignin and about 50% of those organic compounds is carbon, obtained through photosynthesis using the energy of sunlight and CO2 from the atmosphere. The rate at which mass is accumulated increases with age so whilst a 10 year old tree might put on a few kilograms a year, a 50 year old tree might add 50 kg. So the older the tree the better for CO2 fixation. However mature trees are constantly under threat – from development for housing and industry, from home owners overshaded by large trees, from councils assessing maintenance costs and risks.
Here in Bristol, the Bristol Tree Replacement Standard (BTRS) is part of local planning regulations and specifies how many replacement trees are needed to be paid for by the developer and planted to mitigate the loss of mature trees. The BTRS is a very welcome and forward-thinking strategy, but is it enough to support the Carbon Neutrality goals? Should BTRS apply also to council-owned and indeed privately owned trees for which no funded replacements are available?
The Bottom Line
In an attempt to understand how this standard works in practice, we have developed an on-line calculator to explore different scenarios.
The general conclusion from this analysis is stark: it will take 25 to 40 years before the replacement trees are able to compensate for the loss of the mature tree.
The graph shows the scenario of the replacement of a mature tree such as a Maple with a diameter of 60 cm by the 6 trees as determined by BTRS which are faster growing but shorter lived such as Rowens.
Assuming that the original tree is felled, chipped and used as fuel in a biomass boiler (the practice in Bristol), the carbon stored in the mature tree is returned to the atmosphere within months of felling. The replacement trees start to grow, but absorb much less carbon than the original mature tree would have done, so they take many years to catch up. In the case shown in the graph, it takes 35 years (ie, to 2055) before the new trees mitigate the loss of the original tree.
A model of this scenario needs to take into account:
- the rate at which different species of tree grow at different ages in different conditions.
- the estimated mortality of the tree over time.
- the calculation of a tree’s biomass from its girth for different species.
- the relationship between the tree’s biomass and the amount of carbon stored.
There is a lot of uncertainly in these relationships, partly because of the paucity of data on urban, as opposed to forest, trees. Urban trees are under threat not only from natural processes and disease, but also from the vagaries of vehicles and humans. Planting sites are often less than optimal and urban trees have no support from the ‘wood wide web’.
The interactive calculator allows the user to vary the parameters of the model using the sliders. This allows the sensitivity of the overall outcome to variation in values to be tested. Different policy choices can also be explored and can be used in a predictive sense to determine the number of replacements needed to achieve a given carbon neutral date.
Documentation on the website explains the thinking behind the model in more detail, and the sources of data used. The model is still under development, in particular to make it easier to select conditions for different species and situations, and to improve the quality of the model itself. The research literature is extensive but often of limited applicability to urban conditions.
We would be grateful to receive additional or better sources of this information, and indeed any comments on the model itself at [email protected].
|
<urn:uuid:5de8f3a0-2ed3-4595-b749-1bdcc70c6692>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://bristoltreeforum.org/2020/03/31/tree-replacement-and-carbon-neutrality/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00669.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953838 | 853 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Gender differences:the nature versus nurture debate studycom theories for gender differences in educational gender stereotypes within disney. The gender similarities hypothesis janet shibley hyde university of wisconsin—madison the differences model, which argues that males and fe. Gender differences in personality are women and men really that different mark joyce a00025340 judith butler once said “there is no gender identity behind the.
Free essays from bartleby | challenge we face today is in accepting and recognizing the differences between men and women and when possible find the humor. Gender differences add varying perspectives to an organization, but discrimination, bias and strong belief in stereotypical gender roles may cause conflict. Most studies have found clear gender differences in the prevalence of depressive disorders typically, studies report that women have a prevalence rate for depression.
Persuasive essay – gender roles this essay focuses on the differences between gender roles and will show you that it is far harder being a woman in a world. We consider the gender pay gap in the united states both gender-specific factors, including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall wage. Gender differences essays: over 180,000 gender differences essays, gender differences term papers, gender differences research paper, book.Gender differences in advertisements –a study of adjectives and nouns in the language of advertisements jie yang kristianstad university english department. Gender differences and gender stereotypes(from a psychological perspective) essaysgender differences and gender stereotypes gender differences and gender stereotypes. Free coursework on gender differences in communications from essayukcom, the uk essays company for essay, dissertation and coursework writing. Cultural differences between the usa and japan updated on june 6, cultural differences: sexual identity, gender i am doing an essay for school and this was. Gender differences humor 1 running head: gender differences in humor who’s funny: gender stereotypes, humor production, and. Gender differences in educational aspirations and attitudes non-technical summary in recent years, the policy debate in the uk has increasingly focused on young.
An incomplete list of topics for research paper homophobia and gender cultural differences in ways men and women can exhibit gender and marital and. Essay about gender differences top skinner may very problematically cry below the ayond claviform lurcher piquet was screening essay about gender. Claremont mckenna college how men and women differ: gender differences in communication styles, influence tactics, and leadership styles submitted to.
Gender differences in occupational employment substantial differences in occupational employment by gender still remain the degree of these differences. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now.
View this essay on gender differences and acceptance the parents ofelia and santiago although in a difficult moment of their life businesswise are the soundest. Extracts from this document introduction assess the reasons for gender differences in educational achievement charlotte mccaffrey sociology essay traditionally. Chapter 1: an introduction to gender much of the popular work on gender differences in the brain are based on shaky evidence,.Download
2018. Term Papers.
|
<urn:uuid:4869a880-4be4-4fa1-b5e0-1010287ece26>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
http://zspaperlubm.representcolumb.us/essay-on-gender-differences.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00270.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.902172 | 642 | 2.796875 | 3 |
4 Common Posture’s Dimension to Keep in Mind Before Designing Furniture for Children up to 5 to 16 Years
Gharpedia.com helps to Build/Own/Rent/Buy/Sell/Repair/Maintain your dream house by providing all the tips & tricks in easy languages. It provides solutions to all problems pertaining to houses right from concept to completion.
If we are designing a space or furniture for children, than it is important to understand the dimensions of children and furniture too. If the dimension of chair and table they are using is not according to their anthropometrics than it will increase the ergonomics risk. Improper size of chair and desk will affect their back and shoulder. e.g. If the dimensions of study table is not according to their dimension than they will not like to use it for writing or reading. Likewise cupboard is not according to their height than they will have to call their mother for picking clothes from it.
Also Read: History and Basics of Anthropometry
Similarly for school, Blackboard height should be at their comfortable eye height while sitting in classroom, otherwise it will be not in their comfort zone and they will not able to concentrate while studying. After some years, physical growth may change as per gender. So, here we are providing separate dimensions for girls and boys.
These dimensions deal with the requirements of the furniture for children in the age group of 5 – 16 years for use in Indian homes. These sizes are related to age groups of children. This formulation is according to the following consideration.
- To define a required space under the table, it shall be kept for the knee space.
Courtesy - 123rf
- To define required table length based on width between elbows of children when writing to ensure comfortable working space.
- To give a data on the reach and stretch of children arm to assist in the design of storage, working surface, etc.
Courtesy - 123rf
There are some postures that are adopted by the children at home, To assess the fit of the children and their activities. Following requirements shall be fulfilled while designing table and chair.
Courtesy - 123rf
- Clearance between back of legs and front edge of seat.
- No pressure at front of the seat between seating surface and thighs.
- Clearance between thigh and underside of table for freedom of movement.
- Elbows level with table top when upper arm vertical.
- Required clearance between backrest and seat to ensure free movement of buttocks.
There are common postures, which can be kept in mind while designing any furniture, products or space. Those postures are:
04. Circulation and Eye level
In this case, an appropriate dimension for the standing postures can be selected and design according to it. We can design a height of cupboard according to the average height of children, so they can easily access their cupboard.
Body Measurement of Children up to 1 to 12 year – Standing Posture:
Body Measurement of Boy up to 13 to 16 year- Standing Posture:
Body Measurement of Girl up to 13 to 16 year- Standing Posture:
In house, children will use tables, chairs and beds as primary need. Height of the table should be so comfortable that child can easily write or read on it. Level of table should be according to the elbow height in sitting posture, and distance should be as per dimension between elbow and fingertip.
Following are some points which should be keep in mind while designing for the sitting postures:
- Weight of seat
- Effective depth of seat
- Minimum width of seat
- Radius of front of seat
- Maximum angle of seat
- Angle between seat and backrest
- Seat plane to bottom of backrest
- Seat plane to top of backrest
- Minimum width of backrest
- Height of top
- Minimum depth of top
- Minimum length of top
- Minimum depth of knee zone
- Minimum depth of [simple_tooltip content=’The inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle.
- Minimum height of knee zone
- Minimum height of tibia zone
Body Measurement of Children up to 1 to 12 year – Sitting Posture:
Body Measurement of Boy up to 13 to 16 year- Sitting Posture:
Body Measurement of Girl up to 13 to 16 year- Sitting Posture:
While sitting or standing, children usually have to reach for something. e.g. To write on table or to hang their cloths, etc. This part of motions discusses the details of healthy and unhealthy reach zones. A healthy and unhealthy zone depends on the amount of stress which will hold on the body joints.
Above image shows the different reaching postures while sitting. The dimensions of this posture are very important while designing furniture for children. The dimensions of sitting height should be according to their dimension.
Body Measurement of Children up to 1 to 12 year – Sitting Reach Posture:
Body Measurement of Boy up to 13 to 16 year- Sitting Reach Posture:
Body Measurement of Girl up to 13 to 16 year- Sitting Reach Posture:
Images below show the different standing reach postures. And table with that image shows the dimensions for standing reach according to the different age group.
Body Measurement of Children up to 1 to 12 year – Standing Reach Posture:
Body Measurement of Boy up to 13 to 16 year- Standing Reach Posture:
Body Measurement of Girl up to 13 to 16 year- Standing Reach Posture:
04. Circulation and Eye Level:
Children will move around seating arrangement and around the building for different purposes. e.g. in school, for lunch break, lectures for extracurricular activities, etc.
Body Measurement of Children up to 1 to 12 year – Circulation:
Body Measurement of Boy up to 13 to 16 year – Circulation:
Body Measurement of Girl up to 13 to 16 year – Circulation:
Eye level should be kept in mind in all the postures whether they are standing or sitting. e.g. T.V. height should be in such a manner that while child is watching it; an angle of his/her neck should be comfortable. So, they can enjoy it without any ergonomics risk.
Body Measurement of Children up to 1 to 12 year – Eye Level:
Body Measurement of Boy up to 13 to 16 year – Eye Level:
Body Measurement of Girl up to 13 to 16 year – Eye Level:
|
<urn:uuid:4f31e58e-df50-4049-90c7-15dac3b6363c>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://gharpedia.com/4-common-postures-dimension-to-keep-in-mind-before-designing-furniture-for-children-up-to-5-to-16-years/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572484.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916035549-20190916061549-00351.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908081 | 1,355 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Question: Distinguish between a priori and a posteriori research Which research
Distinguish between a priori and a posteriori research. Which research is used more for planning work?
Answer to relevant QuestionsExplain the importance of identifying keywords when identifying relevant facts and issues.Discuss the AICPA list of effective writing characteristics. Which are editing skills, and which are composing skills?Develop a chart similar to Figure for the following assignment: Your client, Baxter Controls, has requested your advice as to when a contingent liability should be booked (recorded) as a liability.In Figure1. Purpose. You ...Utilizing your critical thinking skills, solve the following problem:Three auditors checked into a hotel under one reservation. After paying $100 each to the hotel manager, they went to their individual rooms. The manager, ...Describe the rule-making or due process procedures of the FASB in the establishment of a standard.
Post your question
|
<urn:uuid:61c267d2-561d-4c4c-a6ac-563d045b8682>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://www.solutioninn.com/distinguish-between-a-priori-and-a-posteriori-research-which-research
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122629.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00323-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935216 | 196 | 2.890625 | 3 |
TRAINING FOR AA DEFENCE AT RAF LANGHAM
Built in 1942, Langham Dome is situated on the eastern edge of the former Royal Air Force Station – RAF Langham – on the North Norfolk coast.
The Dome was a state-of-the-art AA (anti-aircraft) gunnery trainer. Standing 25 ft tall and some 40 ft wide, its wartime use was as a training facility for anti-aircraft gunners in ground-to-air anti-aircraft defence. Gunners were schooled in accuracy using ground-breaking stop-frame film technology, developed in 1940, which ‘simulated’ air attacks by projecting images of enemy aircraft onto the interior walls of the Dome.
Langham Dome is one of only six such WW2 gunnery trainers left in existence in 2014, although 40 were built. Today it is a Scheduled Ancient Monument – reputedly the youngest ancient monument in the UK – and is owned by the North Norfolk Historic Buildings Trust. With the support of the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Trust and The Friends of Langham Dome (a group established to preserve the building for future generations) have worked together to repair, restore and reopen the Dome as a visitor centre to tell its fascinating but almost forgotten story.
A visit to the Dome offers a unique opportunity to journey back in time and experience what life was like for those who used the Dome and served at RAF Langham.
|
<urn:uuid:1621871a-3658-49b8-82f9-611751a64b98>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.langhamdome.org/about-raf-langham/the-dome-dome-training/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687428.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920175850-20170920195850-00498.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968803 | 301 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Even today, successful women entrepreneurs are as rare as hen’s teeth. Imagine what it took for a nineteenth century woman from a conservative Arab immigrant community to become one of the premier jewelers in New York. Marie El-Khoury was that woman.
The Azeez Family
They arrived in New York harbor on June 8, 1891: Tannous Azeez, his wife Julia Tabet, and daughters Alice and Marie. Like almost all early Syrian immigrants, they settled in the Syrian colony on the lower west side of Manhattan, a short walk from where they disembarked. Tannous perhaps peddled at first like most of his compatriots, but he may have arrived with a supply of gemstones, because he quickly set up a jewelry business at their home at 37 Washington Street. Many Syrians called themselves jewelers, but their “jewels” were cheap trinkets made of glass and base metal. Azeez was different; it seems he was an experienced gem dealer and cutter and began to import and sell semi-precious stones quite early, becoming known especially for his stock of Persian turquoise. Azeez moved his family to Brooklyn in 1894—one of the earliest Syrians to settle there—but kept his shop on Washington Street until 1900, when he established his eponymous jewelry store on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey, “The Shop of T. Azeez.” There were about a dozen other Syrians who had shops on the Boardwalk selling oriental goods, but none equaled the quality of T. Azeez. The family moved to Atlantic City in 1901 and made their home behind the store.
Both daughters were unusual for their time and culture. Alice was sixteen when they arrived, and she immediately began to give talks dressed in “native costume” at churches and halls around New York state, for which she may have been paid a stipend by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. She had studied with the American missionary H.H. Jessup in Beirut and was fluent in English and reputedly five other languages. Only six months after she arrived, two hundred people attended one of her lectures. She became a minor celebrity by feeding the American press exotic (and fabricated) stories: she was a Syrian princess named “Fannitza Abdul Sultana Nalide,” a member of one of the wealthiest families in Beirut. She had enrolled at Harvard Annex (the forerunner of Radcliffe) in order to study medicine and the “Occidental ways of doing things,” and she planned to use this knowledge to help her (benighted) fellow countrywomen. There is no record of her having attended Harvard or of her helping her countrywomen. She also claimed to have written a book about her life in America; launched a literary magazine; and in the most egregious lie of all, she told reporters that her father had been killed in the massacres in Syria in 1860, when of course he was alive and well and selling jewelry in New York.
None of these stories had legs and they quickly disappeared from her repertoire. They were, though, symptomatic of a very real drive to make her fortune, and she did try many things in addition to her lecturing: she sold Near Eastern antiquities, which she may have acquired from Azeez Khayat, a Syrian dealer, to various museums; filed patents for a fabric design and a fountain attachment that sprayed water in the shape of a flower; and tried to start a nursery in the Bronx with plants imported from Lebanon. She was not only openly ambitious but bragged about her accomplishments (both real and imaginary), traits not often displayed by young women at that time, especially Syrian women. One charmed reporter asserted that “there are very few women of her age that can do more things to make money, or do them better.” Whether she ever made a living is not clear. She continued to lecture and by 1910, was known as “Sitte [Madame] A. Azeez.” She never married and lived with her mother and sister until her death.
Marie, a True Pioneer
Marie had a more respectable but also more spectacular career. She went to high school at the Methodist-run Drew Seminary in Carmel, New York, and then became the first Syrian girl to attend college in the United States, graduating in 1900 at the age of seventeen from Washington College for Ladies in Washington, DC. What an amazing man Tannous must have been to allow his daughter to go to college so far from home! She was also the first Syrian woman journalist in America, contributing articles even before she graduated from college to the Arabic-language newspapers Al Hoda, Al Ayyam, and Mira’at al Gharb. Her earliest article was a series on the history of Syrians in America, published in 1899. She also apparently wrote for English-language papers. An oblique reference in Al Hoda seems to indicate that she founded an English-language woman’s magazine in 1898, and if true, it would be another first, but there is no other information about it.
In 1902, she married a fellow journalist named Esau el-Khoury, who was the publisher of a magazine called Al Da’ira al Adabiya (The Literary Circle), but he died tragically at the age of twenty-five in 1904. That same year, her father’s shop was destroyed in a large fire that took dozens of other shops on the Boardwalk, and the business was nearly wiped out. Tannous died less than a year later of complications resulting from surgery. He was fifty-four. Marie, with her husband and father dead, realized it would fall upon her to support her mother and her sister (as well as herself), and she gave up journalism to take over her father’s business; she had learned the jewelry trade at his side. Just as she was beginning to rebuild from the fire, the shop was burglarized and everything of value taken.
The Little Shop of T. Azeez
Marie was undaunted. She borrowed money from several of her father’s friends and was able to restock and keep the shop open. She continued her father’s practice of working with precious and semi-precious stones and taught herself jewelry design, at which she became a master. Her efforts were so successful that she was able to pay back the loans in record time and support her family. In about 1915 she moved the shop to Manhattan, to 561 Fifth Avenue, at Forty-sixth Street—the only Syrian merchant that far uptown—calling it “The Little Shop of T. Azeez” in honor of her father. She brought her mother and sister to live with her in a duplex apartment in the “exclusive” newly-built residential Hotel Seymour on Forty-fourth Street.
Her shop’s tagline was “Individuality in Jewels,” and she pioneered the idea of jewelry designs that were adaptable to an individual’s taste: a customer could choose the color of beads or the number of pearls in a necklace, or wear a piece as a brooch, pendant, or shoe ornament. In the thirties, Marie offered clients the opportunity to look at new designs in wax and redesign them to suit.
“If you put either enough money or enough thought or both into one ornament, it will repay you.”
She became a jeweler to the rich and famous, competing with such behemoths as Tiffany and Cartier. She advertised regularly in Vogue and the New Yorker, and they reciprocated by featuring her jewelry on their models or in their recommendations for Christmas gifts. A 1940 New Yorker feature described “a clip pin made of two fluttering butterfly wings studded with tremendous marquise aquamarines beautifully set in diamonds and platinum [that] comes apart at the centre and makes two clips. Fragile and lovely; $4,500.” She not only designed her own innovative jewelry, but she commissioned jewelry from some of the finest modernist designers of the time.
Her pronouncements on couture, culture, and cuisine were reported in newspapers and fashion magazines. Her dinner parties were legendary: she often served meals in which every course was the color of a gemstone. One night, the menu featured a lamb stuffed with a turkey, which was stuffed in turn with a chicken, a golden pheasant, and finally a humming bird.
Her shop stayed at Forty-sixth and Fifth for more than two decades and then moved northward to progressively smaller venues, until she retired in 1955. She died in 1957 at the age of 74. A thorough search of the internet did not turn up a single piece of her jewelry, either because her pieces were unsigned or because the owners’ descendants still treasure them. Although she built her success in the world of upper-class New York society, Marie’s lasting legacy is tied to her roots: she endowed a scholarship fund in fine arts at the American University of Beirut.
|
<urn:uuid:6f0e8f6b-d820-4706-a82e-38d9baf9ffb9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://kalimahpress.com/blog/if-you-are-wearing-pearls-wear-nothing-but-pearls-marie-el-khoury-jeweler-to-new-york-society/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00539.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.988179 | 1,877 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Ghana’s official national language is English. But for most citizens English is also a second language.
Until recently, children in the country had to learn English as soon as they entered school. But, many had little contact with English, especially those in poor rural areas. As a result, many Ghanaian children never learned to read and write.
The National Literacy Acceleration Program (NALAP) was designed to help deal with this problem. The country-wide program opened in 2010. It teaches reading and writing in local languages during a two-year kindergarten program and during grades one through three. Then in grade four, children begin to study in English only.
Safaliba is a rare language with about 7,000 speakers in several towns in northern Ghana. It is mainly a spoken language. Among Safaliba speakers, the literacy rate in English is only eight percent.
Public school teachers in northern Ghana teach reading and writing in English and Gonja, one of the more common native languages in the area. The Ministry of Education provides the local schools with materials in those languages.
Safaliba had no common written form until 2003. A research team of Ghanaian and American educators is working to change that.
Writing an oral language
Paul Schaefer grew up in Ghana and works for the Christian based non-governmental organization GILLBT. That stands for Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy, and Bible Translation. Beginning in 1998, he and his wife, Jennifer Schaefer, studied the Safaliba language. They worked together with Safaliba speakers to develop a way to write the language. They used this written language in adult literacy programs and published short books for the students to read.
Iddi Bayaya is the main Safaliba literacy teacher. He is a farmer who had a few years of primary school education. Mr. Bayaya attended government-supported classes in Gonja and learned to be a literacy facilitator in that language.
Since 2003, Mr. Bayaya has taught a nightly literacy class in his northern Ghanaian hometown, Mandari. He trained several other people to teach Safaliba literacy in Mandari. Then he began literacy classes in two other Safaliba-speaking villages.
Children want to learn, too
Soon children started coming to the adult classes. The young people learned the written language quickly. Paul Schaefer says the classes helped people learn the many ways written language could help them. He says they also learned that children who learn to read and write in their own language can use those skills in a second language and do better in school.
“So then they were basically saying that, well, we've seen that this does benefit the children in their formal education, why can't we have our language in the schools?"
Paul Schaefer says the idea came from the famous anthropologist Esther Goody.
“In her later years she was living here in Bole and doing research into education basically using local languages. She said, 'you're doing adult education, but if you would focus on also getting the children educated, eventually there wouldn't be a need for adult education.’”
It was not long before the Safaliba community asked to enlarge the adult program to include children. Ari Sherris is a professor of bilingual education at Texas A&M University in Kingsville, Texas. He began working with the government literacy program in Ghana about ten years ago. Esther Goody introduced him to Paul Schaefer in 2012 and over the next two years they talked about ways to work together on the school project. In 2014, Mr. Sherris visited the Safaliba area twice and helped encourage the new movement to teach the Safaliba language in school. He plans to live with Safaliba speakers and help them create Safaliba-English bilingual books.
The Mandari Safaliba Chief, Bodua Mango Kafinti the Second, also supports this effort. He sees the writing of Safaliba as a way to preserve the language. He says the language helps protect the culture. He says people must become proud of their language to guarantee it continues.
Meeting the need the need for teachers and materials
In January, the U.S. Department of State awarded Professor Sherris an education prize called a Fulbright. It will support him to come to Ghana for a year to help develop the bilingual program for school children in Safaliba and English.
Ari Sherris and Mr. Schaefer together visited a class in northern Ghana. They noticed that some children struggled with English while others did not. The educators learned that the more successful children attended the night classes with their parents.
“In teaching and observing in some of the classes, we realized that even at sixth grade, the majority were not able to read. But in the third grade, that we spent the most time in, we did some testing. Many of them did not know their letters. They did not know the sounds of the letters, which is not surprising, because the English alphabet is just extremely haphazard even if you know the language. We spent a few days teaching a few alphabet letters and linking them to key words in their local language. And just within a class period, you could see kids were grasping the whole point of an alphabet that hadn't ever before. You could see what could be done with it if it was done all the time. There is a sense of which, you don't want to claim too much, but there is another sense in which language is very powerful, and the language that you know is something that you can really build on.”
Since the Safaliba language has only recently been written, there are few materials for teachers and students to read.
“Well, one thing that’s absolutely critical is the issue of publishing materials. Even though we live in an era where a lot is done on the Internet, I don’t think it’s practical to have literacy without books. And so our biggest need is to be able to print more books.”
Paul Schaefer is happy that donors to the Safaliba project recently purchased a copy machine, called a duplicator. Having the duplicator in the Safaliba area makes it possible to do almost all the printing work locally. It will help the Safaliba community to print books in their own language. A Safaliba speaking artist, Kotochi Mahatma, will be creating illustrations for the books.
“This is not a photocopier but it is something that could make potentially thousands of copies. Our vision is that if we can turn it into something like a small local press, we’ll be able to meet their need for materials and possibly reach out to the other minority languages in the area.”
The new duplicator meant that GILLBT could publish a dictionary for beginning readers. The first bilingual dictionary of Safaliba and English was published in 2014. It has almost 1000 words. It will help both beginning readers of Safaliba and beginning learners of English. The dictionary also provides teachers with creative, fun, educational activities for young learners.
As their Chief hopes, young children in the Safaliba community can now learn to read and take pride in their language.
I’m Jill Robbins.
And I’m Jim Tedder.
Jill Robbins reported and wrote this story for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor.
Words in This Story
kindergarten – n. a school or class for very young children
literacy – n. the ability to read and write
linguistics – n. the study of language and of the way languages work
translation – n. the act or process of translating something into a different language
primary – adj. relating to the education of young children
facilitate - v. to help (something) run more smoothly and effectively
practical – adj. likely to succeed and reasonable to do or use
illustration - n. a picture or drawing in a book or magazine
potentially– adv. possibly but not yet actually
press – n. a printing or publishing business
Now it’s your turn. Do children in your area learn in their native language or a second language? What do you think of programs to teach in the native language before teaching in a second language? Write to us in the comments section.
|
<urn:uuid:0c291d83-6fe8-435d-b18e-887e6a9715f0>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/learn-to-read-safaliba-helps-learn-english/2737208.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703587074.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125154534-20210125184534-00106.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968401 | 1,732 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
Two American ideas of freedom collided at Homestead—the employer’s definition of freedom, based on the idea that property rights, unrestrained by union rules or public regulation, sustained the public good. The workers’ conception of freedom, which stressed economic security and independence from what they considered the “tyranny” of employers
Largest citizens’ movement of the 19th century. Attempted to improve rural conditions by the cooperative financing and marketing of crops. Alliance “exchanges” would loan money to farmers and sell their produce. Problem: farmers could not finance this plan on their own, banks refused to loan money. Proposed solution: “subtreasury plan”—the Alliance proposed that the federal government establish warehouses where farmers could store crops until sold. Using crops as collateral, the gov’t would issue loans to farmers at low interest rates, ending the farmers’ dependence on bankers and merchants. The Alliance thus became political.
The People’s Party. Spoke for all of the “producing classes,” but its major base lay in the cotton and wheat growing areas of the South and West. Populists believed in community organization and education, publishing pamphlets on political and economic questions, establishing over 1,000 local newspapers, sending traveling speakers across rural U.S. The result: “people commenced to think who had never thought before, and people talked who had seldom spoken...little by little they commenced to theorize upon their condition.” The Populist Platform: Populists were convinced that only the national government could restrict the power of corporations and restore the liberty of American society. Populists sought to rethink the relationship between freedom and government to address the situation of farm workers and laborers.
Workers in company-owned Pullman, Illinois, where railroad sleeping cars were manufactured, went on strike to protest a pay cut. The American Railway Union, who had about 150,000 members, announced a boycott. President Grover Cleveland’s attorney general, Richard Olney, obtained a federal court injunction ordering the strikers back to work. Violent clashes between federal troops, U.S. marshals, and the strikers in various railroad centers left 34 people dead. Strike ended when union leader Eugene Debs was jailed for violating the injunction. In the Supreme Court case that followed, the Supreme Court approved the use of injunctions against striking labor unions.
Wilmington Race Riot
November 10, 1898 – A violent race riot broke out on this day in Wilmington, North Carolina. Angry whites attacked the city’s black leaders after being stirred into a frenzy by sensationalized news stories about “negro domination.” At the time, Wilmington was the biggest city in the state and its population was predominantly black. The local paper had published an editorial that was critical of the inflammatory stories that were circulating across the state, but by writing about taboo topics like interracial sex – the editorial only stoked the flames of white rage. On the day that all hell broke loose, a mob of white supremacists and former confederate soldiers grew to about 500 men. Armed with a Gatling gun they moved through the city, attacking and killing blacks. Nobody is sure how many people died, but estimates run anywhere from 14 to 100. All of the city’s leaders (black and white) ran for the lives. The state and federal government did nothing in response to the coup. In fact, North Carolina would soon pass a “grandfather clause” that limited the voting rights of blacks. It would take over 70 years for blacks to regain their political power in the state. The Wilmington coup d’état still stands as the only instance in US history where a fairly elected municipal government was overthrown by force.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
In 1883, the Supreme Court invalidated the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which had outlawed racial discrimination in hotels theaters railroads and other public facilities. The Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to private businesses. In 1896, in Plessy vs. Ferguson, the Supreme Court gave its approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for whites and blacks. The case arose in Louisiana, where the legislature had required railroad companies to maintain separate cars or a section for black passengers. A Citizens Committee of black residents of New Orleans challenged the law. To create a test case, Committee member Homer Plessy refused to move when a conductor ordered him to a separate section of the car. He was arrested. When the case was brought before the Supreme Court, their lawyer insisted that racial segregation violated the 14th Amendment’s right to equal protection. The court upheld the Louisiana law, however, arguing that segregated facilities did not discriminate so long as they were “separate but equal.”
Murder by a mob. Defined as: an extrajudicial execution carried out by a mob, usually by hanging, but also by burning at the stake, or shooting, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate, control, or otherwise manipulate a population of people.
Spanish American War
- The “Splendid Little War”. Cuba was struggling for independence from Spain. An American battleship, the Maine, was destroyed in Havana Harbor (probably an accident) and 270 people died. The U.S. called for a cease-fire on Cuba from Spain and eventual independence for Cuba, but Spain rejected this idea. In April, President McKinley asked Congress to declare war. The aim for U.S. involvement was strictly humanitarian—the U.S. had no plans to take over Cuba. The conflict only lasted 4 months and resulted in fewer than 400 deaths.
- The Philippines
- The most decisive battle of the war took place in Manila Bay, a strategic harbor in the Philippines in the Pacific. The American navy defeated the Spanish fleet.
- Roosevelt @ San Juan Hill
- The most highly publicized land battle of the war took place in Cuba—this was the charge up San Juan Hill by Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. His heroic exploits made him a national hero—he was elected governor of New York in the fall of 1898 and became McKinley’s V.P. in 1900.
- Outcome of War: Spain surrenders, and Cuba become independent from Spain. However, it doesn’t become its own sovereign nation. It’s still under the protection of the United States’ flag. Although Spain is out of the picture, the U.S. doesn’t leave. Have Cubans really won their independence?
- Goals: address working conditions, poor housing, child labor, poverty, access to birth control. Some have progressive ideas about race, racism. Examples of Progressives: Upton Sinclair; Lewis Hine; Eugene V. Debs; Jacob Riis, Jane Addams.
- Why are so many Progressive Reformers women? Idea: women are caretakers, nurturers. So: it’s ok for women to organize, be publicly active around these concerns. Success: courts grant custody of children to mothers in divorce or abuse cases. Success: Creation of Children’s Bureau (1912); division of the Department of Labor.
In the nineteenth century, the right to “control one’s body” generally meant the right to refuse sexual advances, including those of a woman’s husband. Now, it suggested the ability to enjoy an active sex life without having to bear children. Margaret Sanger challenged laws banning contraceptive information and devices. She began a column on sex education for a New York socialist newspaper. She argued, “No woman can call herself free, who does not own and control her own body [and] can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother.” She was sentenced to a month in prison for distributing contraceptive devices to poor immigrant women at her clinic in Brooklyn in 1916.
Jane Addams / Hull House
College graduate, never married, and resented the expectation that a woman’s life should be governed by what she called the “family claim”—the obligation to devote herself to parents, husband, and children. In 1889, founded Hull House in Chicago, a “settlement house” devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poor. Settlement house workers moved into poor neighborhoods, building kindergartens and playgrounds for children, establishing employment bureaus and health clinics, and showed female victims of domestic abuse how to gain legal protection. Hull House instigated an array of reforms in Chicago that were soon adopted elsewhere—including stronger building and sanitation codes, shorter working hours, and safer labor conditions, and the right of labor to organize.
Muller v. Oregon
Landmark Supreme Court case: limits number of hours that women and children can work. Court views women as weaker, less strength than men. Role as mothers must be protected by the state. Disadvantages to law?
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Single women; earning less than $7/week, some as little as $3/week. 60-70hr/week. Doors to stairwell locked—to discourage theft and limit bathroom breaks for workers. Fire sweeps through top 3 floors.
Theodore Roosevelt & Conservation
- VP under McKinley; president in 1902 (after McKinley’s assassination). Reelected 1904 (Republican). Pro-business, but also in favor of Progressive reforms. Roosevelt: Role of Government? Protect the citizens. Advocates government regulation of big business; corporate transparency. Targets Standard Oil, tobacco, beef companies. Revitalizes Sherman Antitrust Act. 1906: passage of Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act. Roosevelt: Conservation is Key. Gov’t should help preserve natural resources. Uses Forest Reserves Act to increase fed. lands from 40 mill acres to 200 million. Designates Grand Canyon as national monument.
Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom”
Reformer, runs on “New Freedom” campaign. “New Freedom” Goals: antitrust laws; strong (but smaller) government. Progressive reforms for workers, farmers, consumers.”New Freedom” in Action: Wilson as Progressive Era President. Establishes Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 1916: passage of child-labor laws; 8hr day for railroad workers; national workers’ compensation. Transition: Europe erupts into WWI, events necessitate American response
When the war broke out in 1914, President Wilson proclaimed American neutrality. Britain’s naval blockade of German ships began to affect American merchant vessels, which had previously enjoyed a good relationship with British ports, as depicted in this poster of the British liner RMS Lusitania. Germany launched submarine warfare against ships entering and leaving British ports. In May 1915, a German sub sank the Lusitania (which was carrying a large supply of armaments) off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of some 1,198 passengers, of them, 124 Americans. Repercussions of Lusitania: The sinking of the Lusitania outraged the American public and strengthened the beliefs of those who thought the U.S. should prepare for entering the war. Wilson had strong pro-British ties—the U.S. was a leading trading partner with Britain and Britain received over 2 billion dollars in wartime loans from American Banks. Among other politicians in Washington at the time, many favored stronger military—Wilson began the process of building up the American army and navy.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- Spring 1918—American forces arrive in Europe. Wilson issues the Fourteen Points—the clearest statement of American war aims and of his vision of a new international order. Guiding principles:
- •Self-determination for all nations
- •Freedom of the seas
- •Free trade
- •Open diplomacy (no more secret treaties)
- •Readjustment of colonial claims with colonized people given “equal weight” in deciding their futures
- Creation of a “general association of nations” to preserve the peace.This led to the League of Nations, an extension of the regulatory commissions Progressives had created in the United States to maintain social harmony and equality. The Fourteen Points are kind of a guiding document for the United States—this plan is not endorsed by any other Allies.
Women’s Suffrage (1910-1920)
The National Women’s Party used militant tactics to press for the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul, this party used tactics similar to those used in the British woman’s suffrage movement of the decade before—this included arrests, imprisonments, and vocal protests against the male dominated political system. “How could the country fight for democracy abroad, while denying it to women at home?” Paul chained herself to the White House fence—spent 7 months in prison--and began a hunger strike—eventually being force-fed.
- There was widespread public outrage over the mistreatment of Paul and her fellow prisoners. That, combined with women’s patriotic service during the war, pushed Wilson’s administration to consider women’s suffrage as a necessary war measure. By 1920, with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which barred states from using sex as a qualification for suffrage, the United States became the 27th country to allow women to vote.
- “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” Ratified August 18, 1920
- Reasons for banning intoxicating liquor:
- •Employers hoped it would created a more disciplined labor force
- •Urban reformers believed it would promoted a more orderly city environment and undermine unwanted political organizers
- •Women reformers hoped it would protect wives and children from husbands who engaged in domestic violence when drunk or wasted their paychecks at saloons.
- Prohibition’s Successses in Wartime: State-by-state campaigns, Focused on immigrant populations and areas where Protestant denominations were especially vocal, Beer became unpatriotic. The Food Administration, created during the war, insisted that grain must be used
- to produce food, not distilled into beer & liquor. December 1917—Congress passed the 18th Amendment, officially prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. It was ratified by the states in 1919 and went into effect in 1920.
- the creation of a more homogenous national culture was encouraged. Public workers of all kinds—employers, labor leaders, educators, religious and public officials—all took up the task of trying to Americanize new immigrants. Example: Ford Motor Company—
- Ford’s sociological department entered the homes of immigrant workers to evaluate their clothing, furniture, and food preferences. They enrolled them in English-language courses. Ford fired those who failed to adapt to American standards after a reasonable period of time.
W.E.B. Du Bois-
- educated at Fisk & Harvard. Unifying theme of his career was what he called “American freedom for whites and the continuing subjection of Negroes.”Wrote The Souls of Black Folk (1903), calling for blacks to press for equal rights. Believed that educated African-Americans like himself—the “talented tenth” of the black community must use their education and training to challenge equality. In 1909, joined with a group of mostly white reformers to create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People—the NAACP, which launched a long struggle for enforcement of the 14th and 15th amendments.“We claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a free born American, political, civil, and social, and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest and assail the ears of America.”
Equal Rights Amendment-
- Promoted by Alice Paul and the National Women’s Party. Would eliminate ALL legal distinctions “on account of sex.” Women needed equal access to employment, education, and all the other opportunities as citizens—according to ERA supporter Alice Paul and the NWP (the only major female organization to support it). The ERA campaign failed, and several other maternalist reforms were repealed:
- •Only 6 states ratified a proposed amendment that would end child labor—farm and business organizations opposed it
- •In 1929, Congress repealed the Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), which had provided federal assistance programs for infant & child health.
American Civil Liberties Union-
The arrest of antiwar dissenters under the Espionage and Sedition Acts inspired the formation, in 1917, of the Civil Liberties Bureau, which became, in 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). For the rest of the century, the ACLU would take part in most of the landmark cases that helped to bring about a “rights revolution.” Its efforts helped give meaning to traditional civil liberties like freedom of speech, and also supported new ones, like the right to privacy. It was begun by a coalition of pacifists, progressives shocked by the repression of the wartime era, and lawyers outraged at what they considered to be violations of American’s legal rights.
Fundamentalists Revolt. Fundamentalists launched a campaign to rid Protestant denominations of modernism and to combat the new individual freedoms that seemed to contradict traditional morality. Their most flamboyant representative was Billy Sunday, a talented professional baseball player-turned revivalist preacher. Between 1900 and 1930, Sunday drew huge crowds with a highly theatrical preaching style and a message denouncing sins ranging from Darwinism to alcohol. The movement was not popular in the press, which depicted the movements leaders as backwoods bigots. It was an important strain of 1920s culture and politics, however.
- In 1925, John Scopes, a teacher in a Tennessee public school, was arrested for violating a state law that prohibited teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The Scopes trial represented the conflict between Fundamentalist Christians and those who supported Scopes. Fundamentalists clung to the traditional idea of “moral” liberty—voluntary adherence to time-honored religious beliefs. The theory that man had evolved over millions of years from ancestors like apes contradicted the biblical account of creation. Scope’s defenders included the American Civil Liberties Union, which had persuaded Scopes to violate the state law forbidding teaching of evolution in order to test its Constitutionality. For these people, freedom meant above all the right to independent thought and individual self-expression. The jury found Scopes guilty, although the Tennessee Supreme Court later overturned the decision on a technicality.
New York’s Harlem –the “capital” of black America. Harlem’s African American cultural community was vibrant, and included Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, and other free-thinking African American writers, entertainers, and thinkers. Renaissance was a way to celebrate their heritage and to become “The New Negro,” a term coined in 1925 by sociologist and critic Alain LeRoy Locke in his influential book of the same name.Most Harlem businesses were owned by whites—even the famed Cotton Club excluded African American customers, though light-skinned dancers worked there and African American musicians are what made it so popular.
- Hundreds of thousands of people took to the road in search of work. Hungry men and women line the streets of major cities. In Detroit, 4,000 children stood in bread lines seeking food. Thousands of families were evicted from their homes, moved into ramshackle shanty towns, dubbed Hoovervilles, that sprang up in parks and on abandoned land. One of the largest Hoovervilles was in the center of New York’s Central Park. They were also centered at local city dumps, under bridges, and near railroad tracks, and highways. The people that lived in them were said to be like “human pack rats,” because they were forced to carry everything they owned with them. The houses were made out of bits of lumber, tin, cardboard, tar paper, glass, composition roofing, and other materials.While the Depression leveled the playing field on a grand scale—nearly everyone was destitute—some, those already impoverished, many of them farmers, immigrants, and certainly, people of color, were hit hardest of all. Signs like these became common place on the outskirts of towns or near railroad stations, places where jobless men would be sure to see them prior to entering town. Bread lines and soup kitchens offered food to those who otherwise had no means to feed themselves. They were commonplace during the Great Depression.
- Underlying Causes of the Great Depression: Americans buy goods on credit; receive bank loans for home ownership. Workers: It’s your duty to buy stocks! Stock market=spectator sport. Workers encouraged to acquire property through stock-purchase plans or home ownership plans. Value of stocks on paper more than their real value. Wages and salaries for workers stagnate. Industries overproduce their goods. What does this do? Creates less market demand.
Hoover’s Response to the Depression-
“The Government should not support the people...Federal aid...weakens the sturdiness of our national character.” President Hoover’s response seemed inadequate and uncaring for many Americans. His leading advisors told him that economic downturns were a normal part of capitalism, which weeded out unproductive firms and encouraged moral virtue among the less fortunate. Businessmen were strongly opposed to federal aid to the unemployed. Publications of the day called for individual “belt-tightening” as a way for the economy to recover. Initially, Hoover refused direct federal intervention. He had faith business leaders would maintain their investments and continue employment—something few found it possible to do—and local charity organizations could help needy neighbors. By 1932…Hoover had to admit that voluntary action on the part of business had not ended the Depression. Inaction had worsened it. He signed laws creating the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which loaned money to failing banks, railroads, and other businesses, and the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which offered aid to home owners threatened with foreclosure. He appropriated nearly $2 billion for road an bridge construction and other public works projects and instituted a plan to fund local relief efforts. That’s as far as he went—he would not offer direct relief to the unemployed, as it would do them a “disservice.”
Civilian Conservation Corps-
- March 1933, just a few weeks into the 100 days, Congress established the Civilian Conservation Corps, which set unemployed young men to work on projects like forest preservation, flood control, and the improvement of national parks and wildlife preserves. By the time it ended in 1942 (as most of these young men were headed
- for war), some three million men had been CCC enrollees. Benefits of Being a CCC Enrllee:“Three hots and a flop”—three square meals a day and a place to sleep at night. At least 6 months of steady employment per term, and enrollees could work indefinite terms. $30 a month in pay, $25 of which was to be sent home to the enrollee’s family. To be eligible for the CCC, an enrollee had to come from a family on government relief. Job training—especially for construction, forestry, but also clerical work, electronics, and other technical positions. Most of the nation’s state and national parks were CCC built. Many of the buildings on this very campus were built by the CCC, as was most of the landscaping, overlooks, picnic areas, and campgrounds of the Blue Ridge Parkway.
The New Deal (esp. the Hundred Days)-
- -In his speech accepting the Democratic nomination for president in 1932, Roosevelt promised a “new deal” for the American people. He spoke of government’s responsibility to guarantee “every man...a right to make a comfortable living,” but he also advocated a balanced federal budget and criticized Hoover, who was running again, for excessive government spending. He also called for the repeal of Prohibition, probably the biggest difference between parties in the 1932 campaigns for president.Roosevelt did not enter office with a blueprint for dealing with the Depression. He relied on advice from a group of intellectuals and social workers who were in key positions in his administration. These included Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins , Harry Hopkins, who had headed emergency relief efforts during Roosevelt’s term as governor of New York, Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, who had been part of Theodore Roosevelt’s 1912 Progressive campaign. FDR drew heavily on the reform traditions of the Progressive era.Another group of advisers, the “brain trust,” were a group of academics that included professors from Columbia University—who saw big business as inevitable in a modern economy. Eliminating big business, as some Progressive era reformers wanted to do, did not make sense, but direct management of large firms by the government, rather than dismantling them, did. This became the prevailing view of the First New Deal.
- Roosevelt was faced with a banking system on the verge of collapse. During World War I and the 1920's, American banks made numerous risky loans. When real estate and stock market crashed, these loans went bad. As a result, banks lacked sufficient funds to cover their customers' deposits. In fear of losing their savings in the bank, depositors pulled money out. "Bank runs", crowds of angry customers lined up to demand their money, were common. By March 1933, banking had been suspended in most states—people could not gain access to money in their bank accounts. About 5,000 banks (one-third of the nation’s total) had failed between 1929 and 1933.
Emergency Banking Act-
- Roosevelt declared a “bank holiday,” temporarily halting all bank operations and calling Congress into a special session. On March 9, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, which provided funds to protect threatened institutions. The next few steps transformed the American financial system.
- •The Glass-Steagall Act barred commercial banks from becoming involved in buying and selling stocks. It prohibited many irresponsible business practices that had contributed to the stock market crash.
- •The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created under the Glass-Steagal Act. The FDIC is a government system that insured the accounts of individual depositors.
- •Roosevelt also eliminated the “gold standard”—the tie between currency and gold reserves. This allowed the issuance of more money to stimulate business activity.
The Hundred Days-
- The Emergency Banking Act was the first of a flurry of legislation passed during the first three months of the Roosevelt administration, a period known as the Hundred Days. Seizing on the sense of crisis and the momentum of his presidential victory, Roosevelt won rapid passage of laws he hoped would help to restore the nation’s economy.
- He persuaded Congress to create many new agencies, whose initials soon became a part of the language of American politics—and earned the (somewhat derogatory) nickname “alphabet soup.” Never in American history had a president exercised such power or so rapidly expanded the role of the federal government in people’s lives. Ever since, presidents have been judged against FDR for what they accomplished in their first 100 days. Government Jobs: FDR much preferred to create temporary jobs, which would help to combat unemployment and improve the nation’s infrastructure of roads, business, public buildings, and parks. To prove that he wasn’t all about direct payouts to the public, one of the first acts of the 100 days was to pass the Economy Act—reduced federal spending in an attempt to win the confidence of the business community.
- •Government spending was unavoidable, however, with 25% of the workforce out of work. In May 1933, Congress created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration—made grants to local agencies that aided those impoverished by the Depression.
National Recovery Administration Act-
Part of National Industrial Recovery Act. Established to work with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions. The NRA was headed by Hugh Johnson, who launched a publicity campaign to promote the NRA and its Blue Eagle symbol. Stores and factories that abided by the codes of the NRA displayed this symbol. Further legislation under the National Industrial Recovery Act—Roosevelt’s primary plan for combating the Depression--set a 40 hour week for clerical workers, a 36 hour week for industrial workers, a minimum wage of 40 cents an hour, abolished child labor and a guaranteed the right that trade unions could organize and exercise the right of collective bargaining.
|
<urn:uuid:df75afdc-cc4e-4107-b3a8-4422bdf42a30>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-22
|
https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=147102
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607731.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524020456-20170524040456-00086.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964531 | 5,992 | 3.625 | 4 |
Climate change is one of the greatest threats the world’s animals and plants are facing. In fact the world is facing an extinction crisis, which should concern all of us. The major problem with climate change is not so much that climate is changing, but that it is changing faster than species can move or adapt.
One of the solutions is to move species to places with a more suitable climate. But the idea of introducing species to areas where they have never occurred before is controversial, because species introduced to somewhere they’ve never lived could have devastating consequences for the species already there. Just think of foxes, lantana, cane toads and other invasive species in Australia.
So how do we weigh up the costs and benefits? In a new study published today in journal PLOS ONE, we developed a way of finding the answer.
Australia’s species at risk
Moving species threatened by climate change isn’t a new idea. In fact we’ve already moved some, while others are being considered.
One of them is the critically endangered Western Swamp Tortoise from Perth in Western Australia - Australia’s rarest reptile. It currently faces extinction thanks to declining seasonal rainfall, which is drying up the swamps the tortoise calls home. To stop the tortoise becoming extinct, scientists have considered potential new sites far to the south of its home range.
Another species facing climate extinction is the Mountain Pygmy-possum, a tiny mammal that currently resides on three snowy mountain tops in Victoria and New South Wales. As temperatures warm the possum is running out of room to move upwards. Snow cover, and the length of time snow stays on the ground, is decreasing rapidly.
This means the possums come out of winter hibernation earlier, and can’t find enough food. The mountains have also seen an influx of feral predators, which previously found the area inaccessible thanks to snow cover.
Weighing up the costs
It’s far from clear cut which species might benefit from this drastic action, and for which it would be a costly and risky mistake. How should wildlife managers approach the decision of whether to move animals into new areas, or leave them in places that may become uninhabitable for them?
In our study we outlined a framework that can quantify whether the benefit of moving a species outweighs the ecological cost.
The benefit of moving a species is based on the likelihood it will go extinct in its original habitat as the local climate becomes hostile, the likelihood that a breeding population can be established at a new site, and the value or importance of the species.
The ecological cost depends on the potential for the species to adversely affect the ecosystem at the new site. Species are considered candidates for re-location only if the benefit of doing so is greater than the ecological cost.
This decision involves both scientific predictions (what’s the likelihood the species will go extinct in its current range?) and subjective judgements (how do we value the conservation of this species compared to species already living at the introduction site?). Our framework separates these questions out.
The framework is intended to support the revised “IUCN guidelines for re-introductions and other conservation translocations”, which explicitly calls for structured decision-making frameworks for conservation introductions.
Testing on tuatara
We test drove our new framework using the hypothetical case of the New Zealand tuatara which is being considered for relocation from its home on a number of small offshore islands in the north of NZ to the South Island, outside of its current range. The tuatara is the country’s largest reptile and the only surviving representative of an ancient lineage.
The tuatara faces a peculiar threat from climate change. Like many reptiles, the sex of a tuatara is determined by incubation temperature, with higher temperatures giving rise to males and lower temperatures to females. The population from North Brother Island in New Zealand’s Cook Strait is already showing signs of too many males. This is expected to worsen as temperatures increase, putting the population at risk of extinction.
We considered an introduction from the North Brother Island population to a hypothetical mainland sanctuary on New Zealand’s South Island. We used a previously published population model to predict the effect of climate change on the North Brother Island population, and estimated that the current population of 550 tuatara has a 0.43 chance of persisting in 150 years time. If we remove animals to introduce them elsewhere, this slightly decreases the probability to 0.42.
We found that the chance of successfully establishing a new population was good, and that the chance that the new population will impact negatively on the ecosystem was low.
Tuatara show why it’s essential to have a rigorous framework like this to take the gut instinct and guesswork out of the decision, so we can make smarter choices for conserving species under climate change.
|
<urn:uuid:3eab1e90-1b91-47c1-8df9-369cce9faddf>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
http://theconversation.com/should-we-move-species-threatened-by-climate-change-19265
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831770.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00303-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936421 | 1,008 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Water Bottle Deposits a Plus
Danielle L. Tippett
Baker College of Owosso
Water Bottle Deposits a Plus
To walk down the streets today, nearly everyone passing by is carrying a water bottle in which they purchased at the store. It seems that the amount of water being sold by stores is increasing. Where are these water bottles being disposed of is the question. Too many of these water bottles are not being disposed of properly since the majority of these are consumed by people away from home (Lockhart,para.3). They are put into trash cans or thrown on the ground as litter. If there was a bottle deposit required on all water bottles purchased then people would be more conscious of their ...view middle of the document...
Another reason that the water bottle deposit law makes sense is the fact it will help keep our landfills free of the plastic bottles that end up there. “Environmentalist advocates said about one billion bottles of carbonated beverages are redeemed for deposit in each state every year. But left out are the 300 million bottles of noncarbonated beverages, of which 215 million are water bottles”. (Silverman,2005,p.1) But out of those 215 million water bottles only 12 percent of them are recycled through recycling programs (Silverman,2005). That means 88 percent of purchased water bottles are ending up in our landfills. When calculated that means roughly 189 million water bottles end up rotting away in a landfill creating gases and other toxic substances discharged into the environment as they break down.
The water bottle deposit law would help to control littering in the communities in which we live and raise our families putting a stop to environmental hazards. The bottles are produced using a PET plastic which stands for polyethylene terephthalate (Bender,2010). Where and what do you think is produced into the air or leached into the earth’s soil as the bottles decompose in the landfills? Though PET water bottles are shatter-proof there effects are somewhat harmful. One substance that can be found in PET plastic bottles is antimony which can cause dizziness and depression in small doses and in large doses nausea and vomiting (Bosque,2010). When decomposed they let off such gases as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (DAK Americas, 2010). The PET resin is released into the ground as the product decomposes (DAK Americas,2010). With the product being insoluble to water and lacking the ability to breakdown easily it makes you wonder just how long one bottle will sit in the landfill (DAK Americas,2010). In an article in the Kalamazoo Gazette it states, “they take from 450 to 1 million years to biodegrade”.(Baiers,2009,p.2) With that said, remember just how many are ending up in landfills each year in each state. That amount of water bottle waste along with everyday consumer waste makes for a lot more money having to be spent on cleaning it all up.
Instead of spending money to help with the cleaning up of the waste a bottle deposit on water bottles will create an opportunity to bring extra revenue into each state. In Connecticut alone it looks to bring in approximately an extra $40 million in additional revenue (Stannard,2009). This revenue would come from unclaimed monies placed into a general fund returned to the state’s budget yearly. Another way to project revenue is the possibility to create jobs. Such jobs would come from reuse and recycle plants creating new positions in order to maintain the increase in production. With the economy in its current condition, finding ways to increase jobs and cut consumer costs will be a great benefit to the deposit proposition.
If a bottle deposit were to be placed on water bottles it would help stop...
|
<urn:uuid:7afd3ee7-bffb-4580-b51b-31e331ba858a>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://www.avroarrow.org/essay/water-bottle-deposits-a-plus
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677884.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018032611-20191018060111-00008.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957233 | 777 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Earth Observation (EO) refers to the use of remote sensing technologies to monitor land, marine (seas, rivers, lakes) and atmosphere. Satellite-based EO relies on the use of satellite-mounted payloads to gather imaging data about the Earth’s characteristics. The images are then processed and analysed in order to extract different types of information that can serve a very wide range of applications and industries.
EO technologies utilize different types of sensors on their payloads:
- Optical or thermal sensors are payloads monitoring the energy received from the Earth due to the reflection and re-emission of the Sun’s energy by the Earth’s surface or atmosphere. They operate between the visible and infrared wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Radar sensors are payloads operating in the lower part of the spectrum (longer wavelengths). Most of these sensors send energy to Earth and monitor the energy received back from the Earth’s surface or atmosphere, enabling day and night monitoring during all weather conditions.
The European Union's Earth observation programme is Copernicus. It consists of a complex set of systems that collect data from multiple sources: Earth observation satellites and in-situ sensors such as ground stations, and airborne and sea-borne sensors. This data is processed to provide users with a set of services based on reliable and up-to-date information. Examples include monitoring the state and evolution of our environment, on land, at sea and in the air, and the ability to rapidly assess situations during crises such as extreme weather events or during conflict situations.
|
<urn:uuid:abcc8981-cede-4297-b556-27d1683c460c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.euspa.europa.eu/european-space/eu-space-programme/what-earth-observation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648245.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602003804-20230602033804-00384.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93477 | 319 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The benefits of meditation have been known to humans ever
since it was first practiced several millennia ago. This
article will discuss some of them in detail and will
outline the mental as well as the health benefits of this
- since meditation helps calm the mind and relax the
individual, it helps a lot in reducing stress. This is
usually achieved through the breathing exercises that form
a part of the practice.
Stress reduction is one of the main reasons why people take
Various health benefits
- there are already documented cases wherein meditation was
shown to have helped in curing an illness. A landmark study
is the one done in 1976 by Australian psychiatrist Ainslie
Meares which was published in the Medical Journal of
The study documented how a patient’s cancer regressed after
sessions of intensive meditation. Meditation is also known
to lower blood pressure levels, which is beneficial to
patients who are at risk of hypertension and other
- one practice in meditation involves focusing on a
particular object such as a candlelight, or reciting a
mantra. Doing activities like these have been shown to
improve a person’s concentration.
Acceptance of events
- another aspect of meditation is the ability to take
things as they are. This helps a lot in reducing a person’s
frustrations over things that he/she cannot control.
People who will surely benefit from this include those who
are undergoing anger management.
|
<urn:uuid:3303a87e-f164-48a1-9345-a9457f23bacb>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
https://religious-us.org/organizations-7-benefits_of_meditation.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865884.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524014502-20180524034502-00082.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950646 | 305 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In 2005, archivists at UNC-Chapel Hill developed “Slavery and the Making of the University.” The exhibition was one of the first systematic efforts on campus to examine the ways enslaved people enabled the University’s founding, growth and wealth.
Sixteen years later, a new generation of archivists at the Wilson Special Collections Library is leading efforts to reconstruct the lived experiences of enslaved individuals at and around the University.
Their efforts are part of On These Grounds: Slavery and the University. The national collaborative project takes a new approach to archival documents and the way archivists describe them. The goal is to understand “the lived reality of bondage at these institutions of higher education,” according to the project website.
“Traditionally, archivists create finding aids to describe what’s in a collection of documents,” said archivist Laura Hart, who is part of the project team at Carolina. “A finding aid describes the documents and centers the documents. On These Grounds instead centers the experiences of enslaved people.”
It’s a challenge that has long eluded historians and archivists, said Chaitra Powell, African American collections and outreach archivist at Wilson Library and manager of the project at UNC-Chapel Hill.
“There is this idea that Black history prior to emancipation is unknowable, that because enslaved people did not keep their own written records, then we’ll never know anything about their lives,” said Powell. “But if you work with intention, you can kind of piece it together.”
At the heart of the project is a database built around enslaved individuals and milestones or experiences in their lives, such as being born or dying, being sold or leased, receiving medical care, being baptized or laboring in a particular location or at a trade.
Powell and Hart, along with James Leloudis, professor of history at UNC-Chapel Hill, will comb through records from the University Archives and from the Southern Historical Collection. They will be looking for those hints in correspondence, contracts, diaries, business records and student records. A graduate student will code the information and enter it into the central database.
As one of five collaborative testing partners for the project, “we’ll be trying to break the system to improve it,” said Powell.
If enough institutions encode their slavery-related records using the same terms and data structures, and then enter that information into a single database, the compilation could eventually illuminate the lives of enslaved people and allow researchers to trace those lives through disparate documents.
“It’s all about the linked data,” said Hart.
Hart would love to see the project benefit descendant communities as well as researchers. Sometimes, individuals will contact Wilson Library with small bits of information or family lore, she said. “Often they know something like, ‘Joseph Caldwell [UNC’s first president] owned him’ or ‘my ancestors lived in the Chapel Hill area.’ It takes a lot to find your people if your people were enslaved.”
Unlike some of the other testing partners (Hampden-Sydney College; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; the University of Georgia; and Washington and Lee University), Carolina has a head start in examining its relationship with slavery and enslaved people.
In addition to Wilson Library’s earlier exhibition, Powell noted efforts such as the current University Commission on History, Race, and a Way Forward, co-chaired by Leloudis; class projects such as Names in Brick and Stone; and the renaming of campus buildings.
Because so many archival documents have been surfaced through this prior work, the project team at Carolina is also in position to investigate a second question: What is the experience of archivists and librarians when they spend so much time working with documents that are often disturbing and dehumanizing?
The traditional archival model, said Powell, is to say, “‘We didn’t make this history, we don’t know what people will do with it, we’re just cataloging it.’ There’s distance between the archivist and the history, the people implicated in the history. Just acknowledging that we are part of the story, that it impacts us and that we impact people by what we do with these records, is an act of radical empathy. We have the space to think about the emotional impact of working with these items.”
On These Grounds was developed collaboratively at Michigan State University, Georgetown University and the University of Virginia, in partnership with web publishing platform Omeka. A grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation supports the work and will provide $14,000 to fund the graduate student who will work with Powell and Hart.
Carolina’s participation as a testing partner will last for one year, but the project team is hopeful that their work will continue well beyond that time.
“As an archivist, I have spent 25 years describing documents,” said Hart. “Now I have an opportunity to look at them with a different lens. It’s a shift I’m really welcoming.”
|
<urn:uuid:cee524e7-d37a-42ca-95bd-d6c57fecba49>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://library.unc.edu/2021/10/on-these-grounds-slavery-and-the-university/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203182358-20211203212358-00421.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952906 | 1,097 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Questions - Periodontology
Periodontitis is an infection around the gums and the bone of teeth that leads to bone destruction, gum recession and tooth mobility. In very advanced cases the tooth ends up to fall off the mouth.
Gingivitis is a disease of the gums that makes gum bleed, red and sometimes very sensitive. The bone is not affected in cases of gingivitis.
This is a question that only your periodontist can answer with certainty. What everybody should know though, is that gum bleeding is pathologic and not a normal situation and when it happens you should see a periodontist or at least a general dentist.
In some other cases you might see receeding gums, bad breathing, tooth mobility or you might even notice that your teeth moved. In all these cases you need a periodontal consult.
People may have periodontitis and not know it nor feel it One reason for that is that usually the first symptom of periodontitis is gum bleeding during toothbrushing which many people think as normal. If you think that your gums do not bleed and still your dentist feels that you have periodontitis, it is possible that you would expect to see tones of blood to come out of your gums while you brush. Whereas what you should expect to see it is usually only some drops of blood on teeth after brushing. And that is still pathologic.
Moreover if you are a smoker the symptom of gum bleeding further reduces because smoking causes vasoconstriction.
The periodontist is a specialized dentist dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases. In order to obtain the degree of specialization and be qualified as a periodontist he/she must study for an additional three years after completing his studies in general dentistry.
The main cause of periodontitis is bacterial plaque: a sticky film that constantly builds on your teeth, as well as your body’s response to that film. The bacterial plaque forms in all people , but it does not cause periodontitis in everybody.
Whether you will have periodontitis has to do also with daily home oral care (including proper brushing and flossing), number of visits to the dentist for professional cleaning, smoking, gene predisposition as well as certain diseases like diabetes.
Periodontitis is not a contagious disease. So you should not be afraid that you may transmit it to your family. But periodontitis is a disease that has gene predisposition. In other words it is hereditable.
Smoking causes periodontitis and that is a fact. Another fact is that non-smokers have better results after periodontal treatment than smokers. This does not mean that smokers will not benefit from the treatment of periodontitis. If you are a smoker you should know that you carry an extra risk factor for periodontitis, while if you choose to quit, you automatically benefit from the periodontal treatment the same way as if you never smoked. And that stands even for those that heavily smoked for years. But, the destruction on the bone and the supporting tissues of teeth that has happened over the years does not change.
You should know that your teeth may be succeptible to periodontal disease and not succeptible to tooth decay (caries). So probably when your dentist told you that you have good teeth, ment that your dentition is not succeptible to caries. In other words it is possible that people with periodontitis do not have problems with tooth decay and vice versa.
The answer is yes, periodontitis can be treated. But there is a misunderstanding: Some people expect that after the periodontal treatment , they will not have to deal ever again with their gums. They assume that since periodontitis is a microbial infection, it will be treated the same way as a flu or an intestinal disease caused by microbes.
Unfortunately, this is not the case. This is because periodontitis is not only caused by germs but is also related to the host (ie the person suffering from it) and his immune response to the microbial infection. In addition, there are other etiological or predisposing factors such as smoking, genetic predisposition, oral hygiene and even some diseases such as diabetes mellitus which can complicate the clinical image of the patient.
So after the fulfilment of the periodontal therapy, you have to clearly understand that you must follow a strict maintenance schedule. That means that you should visit your periodontist regularly for professional cleaning and localized scaling and root planing at intervals that the periodontist will advise you to.
The periodontal treatment can vary depending on how far the disease has progressed. So after the initial periodontal examination, your periodontist will work with you to determine the best treatment option to bring back the periodontal health in your mouth.
In most cases the periodontal treatment starts with proper oral hygiene instructions and a special “cleaning” of the roots that is called scaling and root planing. In some cases there might be need for a surgical approach in certain areas of the mouth.
After the fulfilment of the periodontal therapy and in order to maintain the periodontal health that has been achieved, the periodontist will regularly re-evaluate your gums. At these re-evaluation visits your mouth will be examined for signs of new disease and the new calculus and plaque that have built up will be removed.
It should be made clear that no toothpaste and no mouthwash are able to treat or to prevent periodontitis. The periodontal treatment is specific and can only be given by specialists. Prevention of periodontitis can be achieved through a proper oral hygiene regimen: correct toothbrushing along with dental flossing or use of interdental brushes. Toothpaste and mouthwash can be used as an adjunctive for a good oral home care and they cannot in any case repalce toothbrushing or dental flossing.
That does not mean that you should not use toothpaste and mouthwash. In contrast, the use of toothpaste is necessary when you brush your teeth for many reasons. First of all because of the sense of freshness and cleanliness it leaves you after you finish brushing. Then because of the flouride almost every toothpaste has, teeth are protected from caries. As far as mouthwash is concerned, it must be noted again that its role is adjunctive. It cannot treat, nor prevent the periodontal disease but its use is very pleasant to patients leaving a fresh and clean breathing.
At this point it should be noted that certain mouthwash containing chlorhexidine should not be used on a regular basis. Usually the mouthwash containing chlorhexidine are prescribed by the periodontist during the conservative periodontal treatment or after some surgical perio treatments. In this case you should follow religiously the instructions given, since if these mouthwash are overused, they can be the cause of many problems such as teeth and tongue staining, more calculus build up, metalic taste and even tolerance of the microbes and incapability of chlorhexidine to act in the future.
You will not be in pain during the periodontal treatment. Your periodontist will make sure you are very well numbed (topically anesthetized) before the start of each procedure.
You should not expect any pain after the conservative treatment of periodontitis (scaling and root planing). In rare cases, some people have mentioned a mild pain in the scaled gums that passes very easily with a simple painkiller like acetaminophen. As far as food is concerned, there is no special restriction, but you should wait first till the anesthesia wears out, so as not to bite your lips and tongue by mistake. It is also advisable to avoid taking very crispy foods which could be crushed and the small fragments could then penetrate into the gums and cause in some rare cases injury or even inflammation. In some cases where air polishing has been used, you should avoid consuming certain foods and beverages that may cause pigmentation in teeth such as coffee, tea, cola, red fruits, red vegetables and red wine and definitely do not smoke for a period 1 to 2 hours after the dental appointment. What you should expect though after scaling and root planing is increased root sensitivity, specially when you eat or drink cold stuff. This root sensitivity is not permanent and will gradually disappear after maybe some weeks. Your periodontist might prescribe some gel treatment for your teeth after the night toothbrushing. These gels have fluoride in large percentage. Fluoride helps make the roots of teeth stronger against feelings of cold.
For the patients that have had surgical perio treatment, the expected intolerance is more. But the anti-inflammatory medication that the periodontist has prescribed are usually enough to deal with issues of pain. You should avoid eating anything for at least a couple of hours after surgery. The food should be soft and not warm, specially the first few days after the surgery. Specific instructions (most of the times in written) will be given to any individual that will have a surgical periodontal treatment.
The treatment of periodontitis may last several months. Basically the initial phase of periodontal therapy, meaning the conservative scaling and root planing usually lasts one and a half month. From that point and beyond, the periodontist will judge whether there is need for further surgical treatment. The time that the second phase will last is relative to the number of surgical procedures needed as well as how soon the patient wishes to have them done. A usual period between two surgical procedures is one to two months.
The final result of periodontal disease left untreated is teeth falling, because of loss of bone structure, which suppports them in the mouth. The loss of natural dentition has detrimental consequenses to a person’s quality of life. Without teeth you cannot enjoy food, you cannot speak properly, you cannot smile, you cannot socialize. You can argue that fact by saying that nobody is left without teeth nowdays. There are solutions for replacing the natural dentition with either a removable denture or dental implants. This is definetely true, but you should keep in mind that in case you lost your teeth due to periodontitis, there will be bone loss and that will create problems in the stability of the denture. In case you decide to go with implants, after loosing your teeth of periodontitis, you should know that there will probably be need for bone grafing which will raise the cost and the time of therapy as well as the patient’s discomfort. Then remember that if you lost teeth due to periodontitis, there is a possibility that your implants will be affected by the same disease (it is called periimplantitis). So not seeking for periodontal therapy, if needed makes no sense at all.
Besides the effects of periodontal disease in the mouth, there are also side effects in one’s general health. Periodontal disease has been associated with diabetes in a two way relationship: Diabetes can increase the chance of having periodontitis but also periodontal disease can make it more difficult to control blood sugar in diabetic patients. Also periodontitis has been associated with increased risk of heart disease and heart attack and increased risk of a preterm low birth weight baby in case of periodontitis during pregnancy. So it is true when the Ancient Greek used to say that the health starts from the mouth.
The treatment of periodontitis should definitely be completed before any new prosthodontic work (meaning a new crown or bridge). If the crown is placed first without treating the inflammation which is caused by periodontitis, the inflammation will then worsen. Another reason for the periodontal treatment to go first is that the gum line will probably be at a different level after the periodontal treatment. So if you had a new crown done and then you had done your periodontal treatment, it is very possible that the margin of the crown will show due to a change in the gum line.
If you need new fillings done, these should also be taken care of after the finish of periodontal treatment, unless a tooth is in pain. In this case there might be need for root canal treatment which will go first.
The etiology of periodontitis is multifactorial. One of the etiological factors is genetic predisposition. Due to this fact, it cannot be fully prevented. But since the other etiogical factors are environmental, it is possible to prevent it up to a point or at least delay its onset. One thing that can be definitely done is to preserve the teeth the longest possible even if there is periodontitis in the mouth (with the aid of proper prevention and care).
The first step to periodontitis prevention is good oral home care. That means proper toothbrushing together with the use of floss or interdental brushes in a daily basis. The second step to prevention is regular visits to the dentist (at least twice a year) for professional cleaning. The general dentist is usually the first to perceive the onset of periodontitis and refers to the periodontist. In case you have any doubt, you may ask for a periodontal consult yourself without the need of a referal. Finally, for those of you that smoke, in order to prevent periodontitis (and many other diseases), you should seriously consider quit smoking.
It is very important to realize that after the completion of the periodontal therapy, a strict maintenance protocol should be followed. This means that you should visit your periodontist at regular intervals for professional cleaning and localized scaling and root planing. The frequency of the visits will be tailored to the individual needs of each person by the periodontist. Many people think that once they have their periodontal treatment finished, they never have to deal with periodontitis again, which is something completely incorrect. Other people, when they are told that they need to see a periodontist pretty much lifetime for maintenance, they back out. Before you do that yourself, you should remember that everybody should visit their dentist twice a year for a professional cleaning. So having to visit your periodontist three or maybe four times a year for something that feels a lot like a cleaning (maintenance visit) it is not such a big deal.
Moreover to maintain the result of the periodontal treatment, it is essential to follow a proper oral hygiene regimen, to quit or at least reduce smoking and in case you are diagnosed with a disease such as diabetes (that is known to cause periodontitis), to keep this disease under control.
If you follow all of the above, it is very unlikely to have a disease exacerbation. But even if it happens, your periodontist will most possibly be able to solve the problem with minor intervention.
It must be made clear that if you have periodontitis, you need to have your teeth cleaned more often than if you didn’t have. Moreover in cases of periodontitis, a simple dental cleaning is not enough. During the maintenance periodontal visit your teeth will be professionally cleaned and will also be scaled and root planed in localized areas. The most suitable person to offer this treatment is a periodontist. In certain cases the periodontist may judge that the scaling and root planing can be done less frequently (for example one to two times a year instead of three to four times) and suggest regural cleanings in the mean time with the general dentist.
Ρωτήστε και εσείς την ειδικό
Εάν έχετε οποιαδήποτε απορία που αφορά την περιοδοντίτιδα, μη διστάσετε να μας την υποβάλετε, χρησιμοποιώντας την παρακάτω φόρμα.
|
<urn:uuid:6cd6e08a-2c73-4e89-b63b-98568d92d497>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
http://www.periodontalperfection.gr/en/faq-periodontitida/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00179.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948148 | 3,385 | 3.125 | 3 |
National Wellderly Day
Also known as
National Well-Elderly Day
the third Monday in March (since 2004)
Dr. Dale Anderson in 2004
Dr. Dale Anderson created National Wellderly Day along with Act Happy Day "in an effort to promote the health benefits of happiness, humor, and laughter."
Dr. Anderson suggested that one should start each day by standing in front of a mirror and letting out a huge belly laugh, in order to set the tone for the day ahead. He said that people can do this at any age, even if they are old. By doing so, those who are elderly will instead be "WELLderly." Dr. Anderson even wrote a book called Never Act Your Age, about how humor and laughter can have many health benefits at any age.
How to Observe National Wellderly Day
If you are an elderly person, it doesn't mean you can't be well and live a fulfilling life. According to today's holiday, when you live this way at an older age, it means you are being "WELLderly." The best way to get yourself on this healthy path, according to the creator of the day, is to start the day laughing in front of a mirror for 15 seconds. Overall, the goal of the day is to put your mind in a happy mood right away in the morning, so that it will brighten the rest of the day, helping to make it fulfilling. Celebrate the rest of the day by doing things that keep your mood elevated. Perhaps you could even read Never Act Your Age, a book written by the creator of National Wellderly Day. If you are not elderly, you can celebrate the day as Act Happy Day, which is a similar holiday that can be celebrated by people of all ages.
|
<urn:uuid:602c6cd8-c6b0-48c8-b7ee-f5f39c5a9d63>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://www.checkiday.com/d82e83c3b29164ae54b8e1ffa9a679f4/national-wellderly-day
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057036.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920101029-20210920131029-00305.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968445 | 369 | 2.6875 | 3 |
There isn’t a shortage of ancient texts and general evidence to support the idea that giants lived on Earth. You’ve probably never heard a storey like this before. Meet Kap Dwa, a two-headed, 3.5-meter-tall giant from Patagonia.
Although there are many elaborate hoaxes that show huge bones and strange-looking skeletons all over the world, several findings question our perception of life on Earth. Kap Dwa’s storey is beyond interesting, and many people find it difficult to believe.
So, where did he come from?
The story begins in 1673 when this massive two-headed giant was captured by Spanish sailors where he remained captive until he was killed while trying to escape from his captivators, as the Spaniards killed him with a pike through the chest.
The story fades away after that, but it is believed that his mummified remains somehow got to England in the 19th century.
In 1914, after being passed from one showman to another, the mummified remains of Kap Dwa ended up at Weston’s Birnbeck Pier. There, his remains spent some 45 years on display until “Lord” Thomas Howard purchased the remains in 1959.
Kap-Dwa continued to amaze people and somehow ended up in Baltimore Md, in a strange, collection at Bob’s Side Show at The Antique Man Ltd in Baltimore, owned by Robert Gerber and his wife.
You may think, this is nothing but another elaborate fake.
However, Kap-Dwa does exist and the mummified remains can be found in Gerber’s collection.
Mr. Gerber however, tells a much different story than the above.
According to Gerber, Kap-Dwa was in fact found already dead on a beach with a massive spear embedded in his chest. The ‘creature’ was mummified by locals in Paraguay—not Patagonia— until an English Captain called George Bickle came across his remains, eventually transporting him to England, to a museum in Blackpool where he stayed on display for several years.
Eventually, the mummified remains were transported back to the Americas to Baltimore.
Ok, so he did exist, does that prove Giants were common in the past?
Well, while it’s certainly possible that such a being may have existed—and Kap-Dwa is most likely real—there is abundant proof of fake giants all around the globe. This, however, does not mean that because one of them is fake, all others are as well.
We can find numerous ancient texts and accounts that mention the existence of giants. Some of these texts can even be found in religious books like the bible.
“There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.” -Genesis 6:4
The Nephilim are believed to have been the offspring of the “sons of God” and the “daughters of men” before the Deluge according to Genesis 6:4; the name is also used in reference to giants who inhabited Canaan at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan according to Numbers 13:33.
“And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.” -Numbers 13:33.
Kap-Dwa may have been real, and our planet is anything but uncommon when it comes to people with extraordinary height.
The tallest man on Earth, when last measured on 27 June 1940, was found to be 2.72 m.
The issue with the ‘two heads’ can also be explained as ‘conjoined twins’ are not that uncommon.
It is up to you to conclude whether or not, something like this is possible, and whether or not the existence of Kap-Dwa proves that in the distant past, giants did exist on Earth, and there are still many things that remain unexplained on Earth.
|
<urn:uuid:5494c802-ec48-44c0-9a97-00e27104a83d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://paxi.info/the-mysterious-mummy-of-a-two-headed-giant/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00671.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979837 | 894 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The usual narrative as follows: The Soviets did shock the good American by putting the first manmade object in orbit. Then the first dog. And then the first man, and the first woman too for good measure. They kept on one-upping Uncle Sam until he got tired of it, gathered his everything to do the impossible, and delivered a momentous uppercut in the form of a size 9 ½ B boot marking and the brave red white and blue on the moon's grey soil. Then, after the customary high-fiving and just celebrating in general, they all went home to beat the reds wherever they need to be beaten. The race has been won after all. Or so we thought. The race continued. Even after the massive upset of '69, the soviets could record another triumph, the first space station in orbit. Then just as in natural order of things (classic human showmanship to his fellows), the following decade saw a back and forth between the two superpowers of the Cold War and humanity did brought up to the sky and announce their intentions to rule it one day. We saw humanity making the first forays into Mars, signifying our interest in extraplanet excursion. We sent probes—markings of our own—into the fringes of known space, setting our foot into the cosmos. And—even when the cold war was still going on—we showed that, though divisions might run deep, we made multinational space endeavours a thing, marking that a humanity together is a humanity strong. Great achievements were made along the way as we continuously raise our own bar of expectations. And so the saying goes, that the journey matters as much, if not more, than the destination. The Space Race spurred within its participants a desire not only to one-up the other, but also to learn, the drive to innovate, the mindset that no obstacle could not be overcome. Along the way, scientists and engineers made great breakthroughs in physics, engineering, computing and statesman and bureaucrats learned a thing or two about helping to run one of the most massive undertakings—the magnitude of which could not be overstated—in human history. Most important of all, all of this happened not only in one country, or two, but across multiple nations from all over the world, and advancements made were not only for the benefit of the space programs being launced, but also much to the developments in other fields due to tangling nature of technology and science. We can thank the Space Race for satellite TVs and memory foam. In the end, to say that one side had won the Space Race is simply asinine since as far as we are aware, on top of space programs still existing until now—only between new faces—each side have their victories to call their own that did contribute in their own way to the human race as a whole. Then if we really do need to answer the classic, ‘Who won the Space Race?' Why, Us of course!
|
<urn:uuid:63851481-a917-4e50-b63b-cb8450c604f6>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
https://www.biopage.com/post/2230
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710953.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204004054-20221204034054-00864.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970688 | 609 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How To Write A Thematic Essay
In college, we are usually required to compose an article. They can be useful for reports, expressing opinions or even student evaluations. But have you tried writing a thematic essay? Let us discuss about the characteristics of such article which are usually required by teachers.
A thematic essay is also a type of composition which has the three basic parts of an article. The art of writing is usually executed by having the introduction, the body paragraphs and of course the conclusion. You have probably used these three parts since you started writing back in grade school. Right now, even in college education, the same principles are employed so it is important to at least familiarize again yourself in these systems of writing.
Basing on the root word “theme”, a thematic essay can be written in freehand or based on a reference like a book or novel. Some coursework example in schools can be justified by writing an article with so many integrated work loads like drawing, solving a problem or additional illustrations. But for simplicity, let us discuss the possible goals which the thematic essay reside.
First, the thematic essay requires the students to focus on the various themes in a given subject. Usually, these subject areas are in the Social Science, Politics and Philosophy. You need to be very interested in the different themes of subject parameters in order to write a good article.
A thematic essay also permits the student to emphasize how he has understood the concepts in lessons. You need to be very specific about what you have learned and put these facts in your article.
Another good pointer to take note of is the fact that you build your critical thinking skills. When writing, try to also incorporate your ideas and how you feel about the themes or the subject interest. This will expand your knowledge and provide you with some learning aside from what is discussed in class.
A thematic essay also permits the students to link different topic interests in a given subject domain. This only means that their horizon about the facts in various subjects can be extended, an important skill especially in college education where the selection of a career path is going to start. A math assignment essay can be linked to Physics while a media coursework may be connected to economics.
Lastly, a thematic essay enables the students to go beyond what they have learned. They can easily discuss their feelings and thoughts in this article without the need to perform additional reading activities. All they need is to look for references that they think will support their claims.
Writing your research paper requires you to do researching. Select a topic interest, use a format and edit the completed document. In a thematic essay, all you need to do is to follow the instructions of the professor which is mainly composed of what subject areas to write about you can then take care of the rest. It is up to you what essay topic you wish to use as long as the subject parameter is still included in the theme interest.
|
<urn:uuid:45a86711-ca81-4cbb-80ae-5d1b05ba4fdb>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://www.customessays.co.uk/blog/essay/thematic-essay-writing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514879.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022071304-20181022092804-00000.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962009 | 603 | 2.828125 | 3 |
William Adams (sailor)
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Statue of Adams in Nagisacho, Japan
24 September 1564|
Gillingham, Kent, England
16 May 1620 (aged 55)|
Hirado, Kyushu, Japan
|Nationality||English (later Japanese)|
|Other names||Miura Anjin (三浦按針)|
William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), known in Japanese as Miura Anjin (三浦按針: "the pilot of Miura Rigianan Koru") was an English navigator who, in 1600, was the first of his nation to reach Japan during a five-ship expedition for the Dutch East India Company. Of the few survivors of the only ship that reached Japan, Adams and his second mate Jan Joosten were not allowed to leave the country while Jacob Quaeckernaeck and Melchior van Santvoort were to go back to the Dutch Republic to invite them to trade. Adams and Joosten settled in Japan and became two of the first ever (and very few) Western samurai.
Soon after Adams's arrival in Japan, he became a key advisor to the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Adams directed construction for the shōgun of the first Western-style ships in the country. He was later key to Japan's approving the establishment of trading factories by the Netherlands and England. He also was highly involved in Japan's Red Seal Asian trade, chartering and serving as captain of four expeditions to Southeast Asia. He died in Japan at age 55. He has been recognised as one of the most influential foreigners in Japan during this period.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Expedition to the Far East
- 3 Arrival in Japan
- 4 Japan's first western-style sailing ships
- 5 Western samurai
- 6 Establishment of the Dutch East India Company in Japan
- 7 Establishment of an English trading factory
- 8 Religious rivalries
- 9 Character
- 10 Participation in Asian trade
- 11 Death and family legacy
- 12 Honors for Adams
- 13 Representation in other media
- 14 Other samurai of European ancestry
- 15 See also
- 16 Notes
Adams was born in Gillingham, Kent, England. When Adams was twelve his father died, and he was apprenticed to shipyard owner Master Nicholas Diggins at Limehouse for the seafaring life. He spent the next twelve years learning shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation before entering the Royal Navy.
With England at war with Spain, Adams served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake. He saw naval service against the Spanish Armada in 1588 as master of the Richarde Dyffylde, a resupply ship. Soon after Adams became a pilot for the Barbary Company. During this service, Jesuit sources claim he took part in an expedition to the Arctic that lasted about two years, in search of a Northeast Passage along the coast of Siberia to the Far East. The veracity of this claim is somewhat suspect, because he never referred to such an expedition in his autobiographical letter written from Japan; its wording implies that the 1598 voyage was his first involvement with the Dutch. The Jesuit source may have misattributed to Adams a claim by one of the Dutch members of Mahu's crew who had been on Rijp's ship during the voyage that discovered Spitsbergen.
Expedition to the Far East
..I am a Kentish-man, borne in a Towne called Gillingam, two English miles from Rochester, one mile from Chattam, where the Kings ships lye : and that from the age of twelve yeares, I was brought up in Lime-house neere London, being Prentise twelve yeares to one Master Nicholas Diggines, and have served in the place of Master and Pilot in her Majesties ships, and about eleven or twelve yeares served the Worshipfull Company of the Barbarie Marchants, untill the Indian Trafficke from Holland began, in which Indian Trafficke I was desirous to make a little experience of the small knowledge which God had given me. So, in the yeare of our Lord God, 1598. I was hired for chiefe Pilot of a Fleete of five sayle, which was made readie by the chiefe of the Indian Company Peter Vanderhag, and Hance Vanderueke...— William Adams letter, 22 October 1611
Attracted by the Dutch trade with India, Adams, then 34 years old, shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet dispatched from the isle of Texel to the Far East in 1598 by a company of Rotterdam merchants (a voorcompagnie, predecessor of the Dutch East India Company). His brother Thomas accompanied him. The Dutch were allied with England and as well as fellow Protestants, they too were also at war with Spain fighting for their independence.
The Adams brothers set sail from Rotterdam in June 1598 on the Hoope and joined with the rest of the fleet on 24 June. The fleet consisted of:
- the Hoope ("Hope"), under Jacques Mahu (d. 1598), expedition leader, succeeded by Simon de Cordes (d. 1599), and finally, Jan Huidekoper;
- the Liefde ("Love" or "Charity"), under Simon de Cordes, 2nd in command, succeeded by Gerrit van Beuningen and finally under Jacob Kwakernaak;
- the Geloof ("Faith"), under Gerrit van Beuningen, and in the end, Sebald de Weert;
- the Trouw ("Loyalty"), under Jurriaan van Boekhout (d. 1599), and finally, Baltazar de Cordes; and
- the Blijde Boodschap ("Good Tiding" or "The Gospel"), under Sebald de Weert, and later, Dirck Gerritz.
The fleet's original mission was to sail for the west coast of South America, where they would sell their cargo for silver, and to head for Japan only if the first mission failed. In that case, they were supposed to obtain silver in Japan to buy spices in the Moluccas (the Spice Islands), before heading back to Europe.
The vessels, ships ranging from 75 to 250 tons and crowded with men, were driven to the coast of Guinea, West Africa where the adventurers attacked the island of Annobón for supplies. They sailed on west for the Straits of Magellan. Scattered by stress of weather and after several disasters in the South Atlantic, only three ships of the five made it through the Magellan Straits. (The Blijde Boodschap was adrift after being disabled in bad weather and was captured by a Spanish ship. The Geloof returned to Rotterdam in July 1600 with 36 men surviving of the original 109 crew.)
During the voyage, Adams changed ships to the Liefde (originally named Erasmus and adorned by a wooden carving of Erasmus on her stern). The statue was preserved in a Buddhist temple in Sano-shi, Tochigi-ken. The Liefde waited for the other ships at Floreana Island off the Ecuadorean coast. However, only the Hoope had arrived by the spring of 1599. The captains of both vessels, together with Adams' brother Thomas and twenty other men, lost their lives in a violent encounter with natives. The Trouw later reached Tidore (Indonesia). The crew were killed by the Portuguese in January 1601.
In fear of the Spaniards, the remaining crews determined to leave Ecuador and sail across the Pacific. It was late November 1599 when the two ships sailed westwardly for Japan. On their way, the two ships made landfall in "certain islands" (possibly the islands of Hawaii) where eight sailors deserted the ships. Later during the voyage, a typhoon claimed the Hoope with all hands, in late February 1600.
Arrival in Japan
In April 1600, after more than nineteen months at sea, a crew of twenty-three other sick and dying men (out of the 100 who started the voyage) brought the Liefde to anchor off the island of Kyūshū, Japan. Its cargo consisted of eleven chests of trade goods: coarse woolen cloth, glass beads, mirrors, and spectacles; and metal tools and weapons: nails, iron, hammers, nineteen bronze cannon; 5,000 cannonballs; 500 muskets, 300 chain-shot, and three chests filled with coats of mail.
When the nine surviving crew members were strong enough to stand, they made landfall on 19 April off Bungo (present-day Usuki, Ōita Prefecture). They were met by Japanese locals and Portuguese Jesuit missionary priests claiming that Adams' ship was a pirate vessel and that the crew should be executed as pirates. The ship was seized and the sickly crew were imprisoned at Osaka Castle on orders by Tokugawa Ieyasu, the daimyō of Edo and future shōgun. The nineteen bronze cannon of the Liefde were unloaded and, according to Spanish accounts, later used at the decisive Battle of Sekigahara on 21 October 1600.
Adams met Ieyasu in Osaka three times between May and June 1600. He was questioned by Ieyasu, then a guardian of the young son of the Taikō Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the ruler who had just died. Adams' knowledge of ships, shipbuilding and nautical smattering of mathematics appealed to Ieyasu.
Coming before the king, he viewed me well, and seemed to be wonderfully favourable. He made many signs unto me, some of which I understood, and some I did not. In the end, there came one that could speak Portuguese. By him, the king demanded of me of what land I was, and what moved us to come to his land, being so far off. I showed unto him the name of our country, and that our land had long sought out the East Indies, and desired friendship with all kings and potentates in way of merchandise, having in our land diverse commodities, which these lands had not… Then he asked whether our country had wars? I answered him yea, with the Spaniards and Portugals, being in peace with all other nations. Further, he asked me, in what I did believe? I said, in God, that made heaven and earth. He asked me diverse other questions of things of religions, and many other things: As what way we came to the country. Having a chart of the whole world, I showed him, through the Strait of Magellan. At which he wondered, and thought me to lie. Thus, from one thing to another, I abode with him till mid-night. (from William Adams' letter to his wife)
Adams wrote that Ieyasu denied the Jesuits' request for execution on the ground that:
we as yet had not done to him nor to none of his land any harm or damage; therefore against Reason or Justice to put us to death. If our country had wars the one with the other, that was no cause that he should put us to death; with which they were out of heart that their cruel pretence failed them. For which God be forever praised. (William Adams' letter to his wife)
Ieyasu ordered the crew to sail the Liefde from Bungo to Edo where, rotten and beyond repair, she sank.
Japan's first western-style sailing ships
In 1604, Tokugawa ordered Adams and his companions to help Mukai Shōgen, who was commander-in-chief of the navy of Uraga, to build Japan's first Western-style ship. The sailing ship was built at the harbour of Itō on the east coast of the Izu Peninsula, with carpenters from the harbour supplying the manpower for the construction of an 80-ton vessel. It was used to survey the Japanese coast. The shōgun ordered a larger ship of 120 tons to be built the following year; it was slightly smaller than the Liefde, which was 150 tons. According to Adams, Tokugawa "came aboard to see it, and the sight whereof gave him great content". In 1610, the 120-ton ship (later named San Buena Ventura) was lent to shipwrecked Spanish sailors. They sailed it to New Spain, accompanied by a mission of twenty-two Japanese led by Tanaka Shōsuke.
Following the construction, Tokugawa invited Adams to visit his palace whenever he liked and "that always I must come in his presence."
Other survivors of the Liefde were also rewarded with favours, and were allowed to pursue foreign trade. Most of the survivors left Japan in 1605 with the help of the daimyō of Hirado. Although Adams did not receive permission to leave Japan until 1613, Melchior van Santvoort and Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn engaged in trade between Japan and Southeast Asia and reportedly made a fortune. Both of them were reported by Dutch traders as being in Ayutthaya in early 1613, sailing richly cargoed junks.
Around 1608 Adams contacted the interim governor of the Philippines, Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia on behalf of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who wished to establish direct trade contacts with New Spain. Friendly letters were exchanged, officially starting relations between Japan and New Spain. Adams is also recorded as having chartered Red Seal Ships during his later travels to Southeast Asia. (The Ikoku Tokai Goshuinjō has a reference to Miura Anjin receiving a shuinjō, a document bearing a red Shogunal seal authorising the holder to engage in foreign trade, in 1614.)
Taking a liking to Adams, the shōgun appointed him as a diplomatic and trade advisor, bestowing great privileges upon him. Ultimately, Adams became his personal advisor on all things related to Western powers and civilization. After a few years, Adams replaced the Jesuit Padre João Rodrigues as the Shogun's official interpreter. Padre Valentim Carvalho wrote: "After he had learned the language, he had access to Ieyasu and entered the palace at any time"; he also described him as "a great engineer and mathematician".
Adams had a wife and children in England, but Ieyasu forbade the Englishman to leave Japan. He was presented with two swords representing the authority of a Samurai. The Shogun decreed that William Adams the pilot was dead and that Miura Anjin (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. According to the shōgun, this action "freed" Adams to serve the Shogunate permanently, effectively making Adams' wife in England a widow. (Adams managed to send regular support payments to her after 1613 via the English and Dutch companies.) Adams also was given the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the shōgun's court.
Adams was given generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (Jpn: 逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku (a measure of the yearly income of the land in rice, with one koku defined as the quantity of rice sufficient to feed one person for one year). He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery" (Letters), by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that had initially brought him to Japan.
Adams's estate was located next to the harbour of Uraga, the traditional point of entrance to Edo Bay. There he was recorded as dealing with the cargoes of foreign ships. John Saris related that when he visited Edo in 1613, Adams had resale rights for the cargo of a Spanish ship at anchor in Uraga Bay.
Adams' position gave him the means to marry Oyuki (お雪), the daughter of Magome Kageyu. He was a highway official who was in charge of a packhorse exchange on one of the grand imperial roads that led out of Edo (roughly present-day Tokyo). Although Magome was important, Oyuki was not of noble birth, nor high social standing. Adams may have married from affection rather than for social reasons. Adams and Oyuki had a son Joseph and a daughter Susanna. Adams was constantly traveling for work. Initially, he tried to organise an expedition in search of the Arctic passage that had eluded him previously.
Adams had a high regard for Japan, its people, and its civilisation:
The people of this Land of Japan are good of nature, curteous above measure, and valiant in war: their justice is severely executed without any partiality upon transgressors of the law. They are governed in great civility. I mean, not a land better governed in the world by civil policy. The people be very superstitious in their religion, and are of diverse opinions.
Establishment of the Dutch East India Company in Japan
In 1604 Ieyasu sent the Liefde's captain, Jacob Quaeckernaeck, and the treasurer, Melchior van Santvoort, on a shōgun-licensed Red Seal Ship to Patani in Southeast Asia. He ordered them to contact the Dutch East India Company trading factory, which had just been established in 1602, in order to bring more western trade to Japan and break the Portuguese monopoly. In 1605, Adams obtained a letter of authorization from Ieyasu formally inviting the Dutch to trade with Japan.
Hampered by conflicts with the Portuguese and limited resources in Asia, the Dutch were not able to send ships to Japan until 1609. Two Dutch ships, commanded by Jacques Specx, De Griffioen (the "Griffin", 19 cannons) and Roode Leeuw met Pijlen (the "Red lion with arrows", 400 tons, 26 cannons), were sent from Holland and reached Japan on 2 July 1609. The men of this Dutch expeditionary fleet established a trading base or "factory" on Hirado Island. Two Dutch envoys, Puyck and van den Broek, were the official bearers of a letter from Prince Maurice of Nassau to the court of Edo. Adams negotiated on behalf of these emissaries. The Dutch obtained free trading rights throughout Japan and to establish a trading factory there. (By contrast, the Portuguese were allowed to sell their goods only in Nagasaki at fixed, negotiated prices.)
The Hollandes be now settled (in Japan) and I have got them that privilege as the Spaniards and Portingals could never get in this 50 or 60 years in Japan.
After obtaining this trading right through an edict of Tokugawa Ieyasu on 24 August 1609, the Dutch inaugurated a trading factory in Hirado on 20 September 1609. The Dutch preserved their "trade pass" (Dutch: Handelspas) in Hirado and then Dejima as a guarantee of their trading rights during the following two centuries that they operated in Japan.
Establishment of an English trading factory
In 1611, Adams learned of an English settlement in Banten, Indonesia. He wrote asking them to convey news of him to his family and friends in England. He invited them to engage in trade with Japan which "the Hollanders have here an Indies of money."
In 1613, the English captain John Saris arrived at Hirado in the ship Clove, intending to establish a trading factory for the British East India Company. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) already had a major post at Hirado.
Saris criticized Adams for his praise of Japan and adoption of Japanese customs:
He persists in giving "admirable and affectionated commendations of Japan. It is generally thought amongst us that he is a naturalized Japaner." (John Saris)
In Hirado, Adams refused to stay in English quarters, residing instead with a local Japanese magistrate. The English noted that he wore Japanese dress and spoke Japanese fluently. Adams estimated the cargo of the Clove was of little value, essentially broadcloth, tin and cloves (acquired in the Spice Islands), saying that "such things as he had brought were not very vendible".
Adams traveled with Saris to Suruga, where they met with Ieyasu at his principal residence in September. The Englishmen continued to Kamakura where they visited the noted Kamakura Great Buddha. (Sailors etched their names of the Daibutsu, made in 1252.) They continued to Edo, where they met Ieyasu's son Hidetada, who was nominally shōgun, although Ieyasu retained most of the decision-making powers. During that meeting, Hidetada gave Saris two varnished suits of armour for King James I. As of 2015, one of these suits of armour is housed in the Tower of London, the other is on display in the Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds. The suits were made by Iwai Yozaemon of Nanbu. They were part of a series of presentation armours of ancient 15th-century Dō-maru style.
On their return, the English party visited Tokugawa again. He conferred trading privileges to the English by a Red Seal permit, giving them "free license to abide, buy, sell and barter" in Japan. The English party returned to Hirado on 9 October 1613.
At this meeting, Adams asked for and obtained Tokugawa's authorisation to return to his home country. But, he finally declined Saris' offer to take him back to England: "I answered him I had spent in this country many years, through which I was poor... [and] desirous to get something before my return". His true reasons seem to lie rather with his profound antipathy for Saris: "The reason I would not go with him was for diverse injuries done against me, which were things to me very strange and unlooked for." (William Adams letters)
Adams accepted employment with the newly founded Hirado trading factory, signing a contract on 24 November 1613, with the East India Company for the yearly salary of 100 English Pounds. This was more than double the regular salary of 40 Pounds earned by the other factors at Hirado. Adams had a lead role, under Richard Cocks and together with six other compatriots (Tempest Peacock, Richard Wickham, William Eaton, Walter Carwarden, Edmund Sayers and William Nealson), in organising this new English settlement.
Adams had advised Saris against the choice of Hirado, which was small and far away from the major markets in Osaka and Edo; he had recommended selection of Uraga near Edo for a post, but Saris wanted to keep an eye on the Dutch activities.
During the ten-year operations of the East Indian Company (1613 and 1623), only three English ships after the Clove brought cargoes directly from London to Japan. They were invariably described as having poor value on the Japanese market. The only trade which helped support the factory was that organised between Japan and South-East Asia; this was chiefly Adams selling Chinese goods for Japanese silver:
Were it not for hope of trade into China, or procuring some benefit from Siam, Pattania and Cochin China, it were no staying in Japon, yet it is certen here is silver enough & may be carried out at pleasure, but then we must bring them commodities to their liking. (Richard Cocks' diary, 1617)
The Portuguese and other Catholic religious orders in Japan considered Adams a rival as an English Protestant. After Adams' power had grown, the Jesuits tried to convert him, then offered to secretly bear him away from Japan on a Portuguese ship. The Jesuits' willingness to disobey the order by Ieyasu prohibiting Adams from leaving Japan showed that they feared his growing influence. Catholic priests asserted that he was trying to discredit them. In 1614, Carvalho complained of Adams and other merchants in his annual letter to the Pope, saying that "by false accusation [Adams and others] have rendered our preachers such objects of suspicion that he [Ieyasu] fears and readily believes that they are rather spies than sowers of the Holy Faith in his kingdom."
Ieyasu, influenced by Adams' counsels and disturbed by unrest caused by the numerous Catholic converts, expelled the Portuguese Jesuits from Japan in 1614. He demanded that Japanese Catholics abandon their faith. Adams apparently warned Ieyasu against Spanish approaches as well.
After fifteen years spent in Japan, Adams had a difficult time establishing relations with the English arrivals. He initially shunned the company of the newly arrived English sailors in 1613 and could not get on good terms with Saris. But Richard Cocks, the head of the Hirado factory, came to appreciate Adams' character and what he had acquired of Japanese self-control. In a letter to the East India Company Cocks wrote:
I find the man tractable and willing to do your worships the best service he may... I am persuaded I could live with him seven years before any extraordinary speeches should happen between us." (Cocks's diary)
Participation in Asian trade
Adams later engaged in various exploratory and commercial ventures. He tried to organise an expedition to the legendary Northwest Passage from Asia, which would have greatly reduced the sailing distance between Japan and Europe. Ieyasu asked him if "our countrimen could not find the northwest passage" and Adams contacted the East India Company to organise manpower and supplies. The expedition never got underway.
In his later years, Adams worked for the English East Indian Company. He made a number of trading voyages to Siam in 1616 and Cochinchina in 1617 and 1618, sometimes for the English East India Company, sometimes for his own account. He is recorded in Japanese records as the owner of a Red Seal Ship of 500 tons.
Given the few ships that the Company sent from England and the poor trading value of their cargoes (broadcloth, knives, looking glasses, Indian cotton, etc.), Adams was influential in gaining trading certificates from the shōgun to allow the Company to participate in the Red Seal system. It made a total of seven junk voyages to Southeast Asia with mixed profit results. Four were led by William Adams as captain. Adams renamed a ship he acquired in 1617 as Gift of God; he sailed it on his expedition that year to Cochinchina. The expeditions he led are described more fully below.
1614 Siam expedition
In 1614, Adams wanted to organise a trade expedition to Siam to bolster the Company factory's activities and cash situation. He bought and upgraded a 200-ton Japanese junk for the Company, renaming her as Sea Adventure; and hired about 120 Japanese sailors and merchants, as well as several Chinese traders, an Italian and a Castilian (Spanish) trader. The heavily laden ship left in November 1614, during the typhoon season. The merchants Richard Wickham and Edmund Sayers of the English factory's staff also joined the voyage.
The expedition was to purchase raw silk, Chinese goods, sappan wood, deer skins and ray skins (the latter used for the handles of Japanese swords). The ship carried £1250 in silver and £175 of merchandise (Indian cottons, Japanese weapons and lacquerware). The party encountered a typhoon near the Ryukyu Islands (modern Okinawa) and had to stop there to repair from 27 December 1614 until May 1615. It returned to Japan in June 1615 without having completed any trade.
1615 Siam expedition
Adams left Hirado in November 1615 for Ayutthaya in Siam on the refitted Sea Adventure, intent on obtaining sappanwood for resale in Japan. His cargo was chiefly silver (£600) and the Japanese and Indian goods unsold from the previous voyage.
He bought vast quantities of the high-profit products. His partners obtained two ships in Siam in order to transport everything back to Japan. Adams sailed the Sea Adventure to Japan with 143 tonnes of sappanwood and 3700 deer skins, returning to Hirado in 47 days. (The return trip took from 5 June and 22 July 1616). Sayers, on a hired Chinese junk, reached Hirado in October 1616 with 44 tons of sappanwood. The third ship, a Japanese junk, brought 4,560 deer skins to Nagasaki, arriving in June 1617 after the monsoon.
Less than a week before Adams' return, Ieyasu had died. Adams accompanied Cocks and Eaton to court to offer Company presents to the new ruler, Hidetada. Although Ieyasu's death seems to have weakened Adams' political influence, Hidetada agreed to maintain the English trading privileges. He also issued a new Red Seal permit (Shuinjō) to Adams, which allowed him to continue trade activities overseas under the shōgun's protection. His position as hatamoto was also renewed.
On this occasion, Adams and Cocks also visited the Japanese Admiral Mukai Shōgen Tadakatsu, who lived near Adams' estate. They discussed plans for a possible invasion of the Catholic Philippines.
1617 Cochinchina expedition
In March 1617, Adams set sail for Cochinchina, having purchased the junk Sayers had brought from Siam and renamed it the Gift of God. He intended to find two English factors, Tempest Peacock and Walter Carwarden, who had departed from Hirado two years before to explore commercial opportunities on the first voyage to South East Asia by the Hirado English Factory. Adams learned in Cochinchina that Peacock had been plied with drink, and killed for his silver. Carwarden, who was waiting in a boat downstream, realised that Peacock had been killed and hastily tried to reach his ship. His boat overturned and he drowned.
Adams sold a small cargo of broadcloth, Indian piece goods and ivory in Cochinchina for the modest amount of £351.
1618 Cochinchina expedition
In 1618, Adams is recorded as having organised his last Red Seal trade expedition to Cochinchina and Tonkin (modern Vietnam), the last expedition of the English Hirado Factory to Southeast Asia. The ship, a chartered Chinese junk, left Hirado on 11 March 1618 but met with bad weather that forced it to stop at Ōshima in the northern Ryukyus. The ship sailed back to Hirado in May.
Those expeditions to Southeast Asia helped the English factory survive for some time—during that period, sappanwood resold in Japan with a 200% profit—until the factory fell into bankruptcy due to high expenditures.
Death and family legacy
Adams died at Hirado, north of Nagasaki, on 16 May 1620, at the age of 55. He was buried in Nagasaki-ken, where his grave marker may still be seen. His gravesite is next to a memorial to Saint Francis Xavier. In his will, he left his townhouse in Edo, his fief in Hemi, and 500 British pounds to be divided evenly between his family in England and his family in Japan. Cocks wrote: "I cannot but be sorrowfull for the loss of such a man as Capt William Adams, he having been in such favour with two Emperors of Japan as never any Christian in these part of the world." (Cocks's diary)
Cocks remained in contact with Adams' Japanese family, sending gifts; in March 1622, he offered silks to Joseph and Susanna. On the Christmas after Adams's death, Cocks gave Joseph his father's sword and dagger. Cocks records that Hidetada transferred the lordship from William Adams to his son Joseph Adams with the attendant rights to the estate at Hemi:
He (Hidetada) has confirmed the lordship to his son, which the other emperor (Ieyasu) gave to the father. (Cocks's diary)
Adams' son kept the title of Miura Anjin, and was a successful trader until Japan closed against foreign trading in 1635; he disappeared from historical records at that time.
Cocks administered Adams's trading rights (the shuinjō) for the benefit of Adams's children, Joseph and Susanna. He carried this out conscientiously. In 1623, three years after Adams's death, the unprofitable English trading factory was dissolved by the East India Company. The Dutch traded on Adams's children's behalf via the Red Seal ships.
Honors for Adams
- A town in Edo (modern Tokyo), Anjin-chō (in modern-day Nihonbashi) was named for Adams, who had a house there. He is annually celebrated on 15 June.
- A village and a railroad station in his fiefdom, Anjinzuka (安針塚, "Burial mound of the Pilot") in modern Yokosuka, were named for him.
- In the city of Itō, Shizuoka, the Miura Anjin Festival is held annually on 10 August. On the seafront at Itō is a monument to Adams. Next to it is a plaque inscribed with Edmund Blunden's poem, "To the Citizens of Ito", which commemorates Adams' achievement.
- Adams' birth town, Gillingham, has held a Will Adams Festival every September since 2000. Since the late 20th century, both Itō and Yokosuka have become sister cities of Gillingham.
- A monument to Adams was installed in Watling Street, Gillingham (Kent), opposite Darland Avenue. The monument was unveiled 11 May 1934 by his excellency Tsuneo Matsudaira GCVO, Japanese ambassador to the Court of St James.
- A roundabout named Will Adams Roundabout with a Japanese theme just along from the Gillingham monument to Adams with two roads named after the Gillingham sister cities "Ito Way" and "Yokosuka Way"
Representation in other media
- James Clavell based his best-selling novel Shōgun (1975) on Adams' life, changing the name of his protagonist to "John Blackthorne". This was adapted as a popular TV mini-series, Shōgun (1980). It was also adapted as a Broadway production, Shōgun: The Musical (1990), and the video game James Clavell's Shōgun (1989).
There were numerous earlier works of fiction based on Adams.
- William Dalton wrote Will Adams, The First Englishman in Japan: A Romantic Biography (London, 1861). Dalton had never been to Japan and his book reflects romanticised Victorian British notions of the "exotic" Asia.
- Richard Blaker's The Needlewatcher (London, 1932) is the least romantic of the novels; he consciously attempted to de-mythologize Adams and write a careful historical work of fiction.
- James Scherer's Pilot and Shōgun dramatises a series of incidents based on Adams' life.
- American Robert Lund wrote Daishi-san (New York, 1960).
- Christopher Nicole's Lord of the Golden Fan (1973) portrays Adams as sexually frustrated in England and freed by living in Japan, where he has numerous encounters. The work is considered light pornography.
- In 2002, Giles Milton's historical biography Samurai William (2002) is based on historical sources, especially Richard Cocks's diary.
- The 2002 alternate history novel Ruled Britannia by Harry Turtledove features a brief appearance by Adams, piloting cargo and passengers between England and Ostend, both of which are puppet states of the Hapsburg Empire in this timeline.
- In the second season of the Heroes, a story set in samurai-era Japan features an Englishman who seems to be based on Adams.
- A book series called Young Samurai is about a young English boy who is ship wrecked in Japan, and is trained as a samurai.
- Adams also serves as the template for the protagonist in the PlayStation 4 and PC video game Nioh (2017), but with supernatural and historical fiction elements.
- In a 1995 interview, Ted Koplar of World Event Productions admitted Denver the Last Dinosaur was an allegory for the life and times of Adams.
Some in England were embarrassed that no similar monument to Adams existed in his native land and after years of lobbying a memorial clock was erected in Gillingham in honour of a native son who, according to the booklet produced for the dedication ceremony in 1934, a time of Anglo-Japanese alienation, had "discovered" Japan. Like the inscription at the anjin-tsuka, the booklet is a product of fantasy and hyperbole, only much more so. ... The booklet also contains a drawing of Adams, pure invention as no contemporary image of him exists, depicting him standing on a ship's deck, chart in right hand, left hand resting on sword, gazing resolutely towards the unknown horizon.
Other samurai of European ancestry
- Eugène Collache – French Navy officer, who fought for the shōgun as a samurai during the Boshin War (1868–1869).
- Jan Joosten – known in Japanese as Yan Yōsuten, was a Dutch colleague of Adams, and the only known Dutch samurai. The Yaesu neighbourhood in Chūō, Tokyo was named for him.
- Henry Schnell – known in Japanese as Hiramatsu Buhei, was a Prussian arms dealer, who served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Adams (sailor).|
- Anglo-Japanese relations
- Jules Brunet (1838–1911) – French officer who fought for the shōgun in the Boshin War
- Ernest Mason Satow (1843–1929) – British scholar, diplomat and Japanologist
- Hendrick Hamel (1630–1692) – first European to live in the Joseon-dynasty era in Korea (1666) and write about it
- Yasuke (b. c. 1556) – a black (African) retainer briefly in the service of the Japanese warlord Nobunaga Oda
- List of foreign-born samurai in Japan
- List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868
- Foster Rhea Dulles (1931). Eastward Ho! The First English Adventurers to the Orient. p. 127.
So it was that this outspoken English seaman, rather than the wily Jesuits who had looked with jaundiced eyes upon all new-comers to Japan, became the medium through whom Ieyasu learned of the Western world and maintained those slender ties which bound his empire to Europe. Adam's influence grew steadily, but, even more remarkable, there developed between the Englishman and the Japanese a friendship which was to endure until Ieyasu's death.
- William Dalton, Will Adams, The First Englishman in Japan, (1861) preface, page vii
- Giles Milton, Samurai William: The Adventurer Who Unlocked Japan, 2011, Hachette UK, ISBN 1-4447-3177-7, ISBN 978-1-4447-3177-4, Chapter Five
- Thomas Rundall, Narratives of Voyages Towards the North-West in Search of a Passage to Cathay and India, (1849) xiv-xv, xx
- Purchas, Samuel (1905). Hakluytus Posthumus Or Purchas His Pilgrimes. 2. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons. p. 327. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- Recollections of Japan, Hendrik Doeff
- , Leiden University
- Letters Written by the English Residents in Japan, 1611-1623, with Other Documents on the English Trading Settlement in Japan in the Seventeenth Century, N. Murakami and K. Murakawa, eds., Tokyo: The Sankosha, 1900, pp. 23-24. Spelling has been modernized.
- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Hatamoto" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 297., p. 297, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 24 May 2012 at Archive.is.
- William Adams' letter to Bantam, 1612
- Notice at the Tower of London
- The Red Seal permit was re-discovered in 1985 by Professor Hayashi Nozomu, in the Oxford Bodleian Library. Reference
- Milton, Giles. Samurai William : the Englishman Who Opened Japan. p. 265. Quoting Le P. Valentin Carvalho, S.J.
- Murdoch, James; Yamagata, Isoh (1903). A History of Japan. Kelly & Walsh. p. 500.
- "William Adams". Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- Hendrik Doeff, "Recollections of Japan", p27
- "BBC News - Medway Will Adams festival marks 400 years of Japan trade". BBC News. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
- O'Connor, John J. "TV: Shogun, Englishman's Adventures in Japan," New York Times. 15 September 1980.
- Henry Smith, editor. Learning from Shogun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy, Program in Asian Studies University of California, Santa Barbara, 1980. Pg. 7–13
- Giles Milton
- Massarella, Derek (July 2000). "William Adams and Early Enterprise in Japan" (PDF). SSRN .
- England's Earliest Intercourse with Japan, by C. W. Hillary (1905)
- Letters written by the English Residents in Japan, ed. by N. Murakami (1900, containing Adams's Letters reprinted from Memorials of the Empire of Japan, ed. by T. Rundall, Hakluyt Society, 1850)
- Diary of Richard Cocks, with preface by N. Murakami (1899, reprinted from the Hakluyt Society ed. 1883)
- Hildreth, Richard, Japan as it was and is (1855)
- John Harris, Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca (1764), i. 856
- Voyage of John Saris, edited by Sir Ernest M. Satow (Hakluyt Society, 1900)
- Asiatic Society of Japan Transactions, xxvi. (sec. 1898) pp. I and 194, where four formerly unpublished letters of Adams are printed;
- Collection of State Papers; East Indies, China and Japan. The MS. of his logs written during his voyages to Siam and China is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
- Samurai William: The Adventurer Who Unlocked Japan, by Giles Milton (UK 2002: ISBN 0-340-79468-2)
- William Adams and Early English Enterprise in Japan, by Anthony Farrington and Derek Massarella
- Adams the Pilot: The Life and Times of Captain William Adams: 1564–1620, by William Corr, Curzon Press, 1995 ISBN 1-873410-44-1
- The English Factory in Japan 1613–1623, ed. by Anthony Farrington, British Library, 1991. (Includes all of William Adams' extant letters, as well as his will.)
- A World Elsewhere. Europe’s Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, by Derek Massarella, Yale University Press, 1990.
- Recollections of Japan, Hendrik Doeff, ISBN 1-55395-849-7
- The Needle-Watcher: The Will Adams Story, British Samurai by Richard Blaker
- Servant of the Shogun by Richard Tames. Paul Norbury Publications, Tenterden, Kent, England.ISBN 0 904404 39 0.
- Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan, by Giles Milton; ISBN 978-0-14-200378-7; December 2003
- Williams Adams- Blue Eyed Samurai, Meeting Anjin
- "Learning from Shogun. Japanese history and Western fantasy"
- William Adams and Early English enterprise in Japan
- William Adams – The First Englishman In Japan, full text online, Internet Archive
- "The Epic journey of William Adams", Art Sales
- Will Adams Memorial
- "Adams, William". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Adams, William (pioneer)". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
|
<urn:uuid:e7a9828a-de54-4f89-88be-8b1dec9533f3>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_%28sailor%29
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589417.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716174032-20180716194032-00204.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963907 | 9,481 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Science of Speakers
magine, for a moment, that you are a musical note. A note to be played by the flute in Smetana’s “The Moldau.” As a note played long before that has been recorded on CD, it is almost your turn to play. In a mere instant, you are read of the disc. As it’s read, you are transformed into electrical oscillations on the way to the stereo amplifier. Considering how small you are, you have covered a lot of distance. Your journey had shaped you—your personality, a little different than when you first started. The superb sound system you are passing through adds essentially no coloration of its own. Ultimately, you reach the speakers, and you are converted from electrical signals to sound. In contrast to the stereo amplifier, the speakers are designed poorly, and as you speed through space, you realize your character has changed drastically. You no longer sound like a crisp note from a flute, but a tinny buzz like listening through a pringles can. All of that, for nothing. The speakers are the final mark in a Hi-Fi system. Audiophiles quickly spend hundreds and thousands of dollars on high-quality equipment. Purchases are carefully reviewed, going over technical specs and capability.
However, when people commonly buy speakers, specifications are largely ignored, and there is little thought as to how the speakers will perform in a new environment. A quick reason that little consideration is done with speakers is that the outstanding ones are expensive. A pair of quality loudspeakers in a handsome oak or walnut enclosure can easily cost $5000-$6000, and even more. Another reason is that speaker specs are technical and not easily understood. This guide seeks to address both of these issues. You will learn how to save money by building your speaker systems while getting speakers that perform well beyond their price tier. Even if you have little woodworking experience, there are kits so you can create your own affordable, quality speakers in a short amount of time.
While you are having fun putting together your speakers, you’ll learn several things;
• The different types of speaker drivers — woofer, midrange, and tweeter — and the purpose of each.
• How to understand speaker specs.
• How cabinet design affects sound quality and color.
• Woodworking techniques to build a solid cabinet — from small bookshelf speakers to tall floor-standing towers.
• About the role of and putting together the crossover network
• How to connect speakers to your stereo system beyond just wiring
Moreover, if you don’t plan on building your own speaker system, this guide will assist you adequately appreciate the position speakers play in modern, high-end Hi-Fi systems. With the information presented in this guide that’s easy to understand, you’ll discover how to decipher speaker specs, how to assess the qualities of the diverse speaker configurations, and how to recognize a reliable pair of speakers. There is a lot to cover in the articles that will follow. The rest of this article presents to you the science of sound and how speakers replicate that sound. Understanding the principles of sound generation will help a lot in improving your grasp of how speakers work.
The Science of Sound
In general, the sounds you hear, both ones that come from a stereo system or the environment around you, are waves or compressions that move through the air. Sound sources make the air vibrate, jumping up and down until it reaches the listener. These waves propagate out from the source in oscillations, similar to the ripples which travel outward from a rock dropped in water. The listener picks up the air vibration with their eardrums, and the inner ears change it into signals that go to the brain. Without a medium like water or air, sound can’t travel. The means to regulate the air decide what occurs to the music.
The intensity, or volume, as it’s commonly known, of sound, is determined by the amplitude or height of the air particle vibrations. Waves that shift in the air a little quantity will produce a quiet sound, perceivable to solely those close to the source. The eardrum isn’t vibrated much by low-amplitude fluctuations, so the audio is considered low-level. Huge oscillations that roll about the room produce a massive sound. Your eardrums respond to it a great deal, and the audio is deemed to be loud. If the sound waves are too large and the volume is too loud, your eardrums might become damaged. The oscillation of the air particles in a sound wave creates small changes in local air pressure—the higher the pressure change, the louder the volume. Sound pressure level (SPL) measured in decibels (dB). 0 dB does not mean absolutely any sound; it means a sound level where the sound pressure is equal to that of the reference level. see (Sound Power and Pressure Measurements. https://www3.nd.edu/~atassi/Teaching/ame553/Notes/Sound_power.pdf) It is a little pressure, but not none. Zero dB represents the SPL of a 1000 Hz tone that is just barely hearable by a person of normal hearing in a tranquil environment. The level of other sounds is measured or expressed relative to this lowest audible sound level. Again, for a person of normal hearing, a change in SPL of 10 dB is heard twice as loud as the original audio. Studies show the human ear cannot tell a difference of sound level smaller than 1 dB.
The Three Sound Ranges
The audio spectrum of 20 Hz to 20 kHz can be grouped into three main classifications: low, medium and high frequencies
• Low sounds, referred to as bass, are made by bass singing voices and bass instruments, such as the string bass and specific types of drums.
• Middle sounds, called midrange, is where most singers are at, guitars, and many other musical instruments.
• High sounds, also called treble, are made by high sounding instruments like violins and flutes.
Speakers are designed to generate sound well within one of these three ranges efficiently.
• Large drivers, known as woofers, reproduce the low end of the frequency spectrum and gets weaker as it approaches the mid-range
• Medium-size speakers, known as midranges, reproduce middle and some frequencies in the higher range
• Small speakers, known as tweeters, target reproducing all high frequencies
Direct Sound and Reflected Sound
Noise can either be direct or reflected. Reflected sound is what’s known as an echo. Although the term reverberation may be used in audio, reverberation is the summation of all echoes. In an empty house, as you make footsteps or small noises, you can audibly hear the echo. It’s quite evident when there are no other objects to catch the sound waves. When listening to music through an audio setup, your ear catches a part of the sound straight from the speaker. Other parts reflect off of any other objects in the room. These are echoes. The collection of all that you hear at a singular point is the reverberation. Contrary to intuition, echoes can be used to your advantage if designed carefully. For example, echo raises the intensity of low frequencies and helps speakers propagate such sounds more effectively. Echo gets a small speaker to sound fuller.
How Speakers Function
It can be more apparent to understand how speakers work by beginning at how our eardrums do, then reversing the method. To hear sound, waves enter the ear canal and then vibrates the eardrum. High-frequency sounds vibrate the eardrum faster, which we hear as high pitched noise. In opposite to that, lower frequencies vibrate the eardrum slower. The sensitivity in the inner ear converts the physical sound into electrical signals that go to the brain.
For speakers, the signal inversely starts as electrical signals from the amplifier. A lens CD player sends electrical signals to the amplifier. The amplified electrical signals travel to the speaker. Finally, the speaker responds to the signals by moving a physical cone back and forth. This makes the air around the speaker driver to pressurize and depressurize, creating sound waves in the air. These sounds travel through the air and are heard by you. High-frequency signals are created when the speaker cone vibrates rapidly. Low-frequency signals are created when the cone vibrates slowly.
Types of Drivers
Almost all speakers are electrodynamic. Using a coil of fine wire and a magnet to create the fluctuation in the cone, which in turn produces sound. There are special types which include piezoelectric speakers. The frame, usually made of metal, of the speaker keeps everything stable and is used to attach the speaker to a cabinet or panel. It also has gaping holes in the back so air can circulate around the speaker cone. The diameter of the frame can range widely from one inch to over 15 inches. Usually, the larger the size of the speaker, the more volume the speaker will produce. Remember, larger drivers are used to reproduce bass sounds; smaller speakers are typically used to reproduce midrange and treble sounds.
The magnet and voice coil makes up the driver of the speaker. The voice coil consists of the winding of a fine wire wound on the bobbin. Electrical signals are transferred to the voice coil. When varying electromagnetic fields are produced around the voice coil, it is as if you are bringing two magnets together, but alternating one of them so that sometimes the magnets pull together and then push apart. Since the speaker’s magnet is fixed in the frame and the voice coil is free, the voice coil oscillates as the magnetic fields interact. As audio signals continue to pass through the speaker, the changing electromagnetic field induces the voice coil to propel back and forth over the iron core of the magnet. The bobbin is attached to the cone, so when the bobbin moves the cone and causes it to vibrate. The dust cap covers the bobbin and the inside center of the cone. This keeps unwanted dust from getting into the rift between the voice coil and the magnet core.
We have just the place for you to start
Part-Express.com is where I got started in my speaker building hobby along with the help of a fellow audiophile neighbor. Together we completed one of the kits for a pair of studio monitors. They sound spectacular! If you are like me at the beginning and feeling pretty clueless on how to build cabinets and select the right parts to build a pair of stellar speakers I reccomend you try this kit to get your feet wet. Presenting the Hitmaker MT!
(If you don’t see an image below please consider turning of any ad blocker. It really does help us.)
From Part-Express: The Hitmaker 2-way studio monitor kit will deliver the full, balanced, and effortless sound of high-end nearfield monitors for a fraction of the price. Designed by Paul Carmody, this kit includes almost everything you need to build a single high end studio monitor, including: a knock-down cabinet, drivers, crossover components, and damping material.
These speakers are my daily listener. At the time of writing, the coronavirus epidemic is still having me work from home. These are in my office and constantly playing music. I just love how they sound and you will too. The kit is a single speaker so make sure you get two to build a stereo setup. You won’t be disappointed with how they sound. Click the button below to see more about this speaker.
|
<urn:uuid:86c9974b-be84-42ab-ae7f-163435a2f09d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://faeaudio.com/building-you-own-hi-fi-speakers-introduction/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735881.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804161521-20200804191521-00152.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942575 | 2,397 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It began on April 24, 1915, and went on until 1923 -- the systematic slaughter of about 1,500,000 Armenians by the Ottoman Turks. It’s called: the Armenian Genocide.
Throughout the world this week, Armenians are lighting candles in their churches. Here, in New York City, many candles are being lighted at St. Vartan’s Cathedral on Second Avenue, the largest Armenian Church in America.
It’s a sad anniversary for the thousands of Armenians in the New York area, and for Armenians everywhere. They are linked by history to that horrible day in April, 1915 when the extermination began. For nearly every Armenian family that was their Kristillnacht. Though they did not witness the massacres, every family mourns grandfathers and grandmothers, aunts and uncles, the victims who died then.
It began on that fateful day in April 95 years ago when the Ottoman Turks rounded up 300 Armenian leaders in Constantinople [now known as Istanbul]. These writers, philosophers and professionals were executed. And 5,000 of the poorest Armenians were butchered in the streets.
Then the brutal executions spread to the whole Armenian community in Anatolia [present day Turkey]. Deportations and killings were carried out. There were death marches through the desert and a mass killing of people condemned by representatives of the British, French, Russian, German and Austrian governments stationed in Turkey.
Through the years, Turkish governments have denied that any genocide took place.
It seems almost pathetic that the Armenians scattered around the world want just one thing: for the world and Turkey itself to recognize that a genocide did take place. These descendants of the victims don’t want reparations. They just want to close the book on a horrible event and have the world acknowledge that it took place.
I spoke to Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, primate of the Armenian Church of North America. He said: “It’s a sad moment for the entire world. Our goal is to move forward, to get closure and bring peace and understanding to both peoples, the Turks and the Armenians.”
The archbishop’s own personal history goes back to the dark days. He lost his grandfather and his grandfather’s brothers in the blood bath. “My father,” he said, “had no father.”
But, as President, he has toned down his words. When Obama met recently with his Turkish counterpart, Abdullah Gul, in Ankara, Obama ducked the genocide question and said he had not changed his views but wanted the Armenian and Turkish people to move forward “and deal with a difficult and tragic history.”
The needs of international diplomacy have clearly affected Obama’s views. But the Congress of the United States has not pulled its punches. The House Foreign Affairs Committee voted to condemn the genocide -- despite the efforts by Turkish officials and the White House to keep the resolution bottled up.
An Armenian church official, Chris Zakian, told me: “We take it for granted that we live in a constitutional country. In 1915, in Ottoman Turkey, whole communities were uprooted and annihilated. It was an act of savagery as state policy, creating a shock wave that we still feel a century later.”
On the other hand, Zakian declares, not all the Turks or followers of what was then called the Young Turk political party took part in the genocide. “There were Turkish people who helped to shelter Armenians and made it possible for many of us to survive.”
Zakian added: “We have to be grateful to God and remember.”
Back in 1939, Adolph Hitler, to justify his attack on Poland, said, to ward off any criticism: “Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?”
Well, we’re still speaking of it, long after the leader of Nazi Germany killed himself in his bunker in Berlin. We remember it.
Memory is a powerful force. As Elie Wiesel said in his Nobel Prize lecture “it is memory that will save humanity. For me, hope without memory is like memory without hope.”
Our Armenian neighbors and friends can cherish their survival -- and hope for a better world for their children and children’s children.
|
<urn:uuid:58840259-8931-4492-8f0f-cd37a0ed4ab9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/The-Power-of-Memory-the-Armenian-Genocide-91942109.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540909.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00049-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976382 | 905 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Last Updated on
What do you understand as hair loss and Alopecia?
We think about hair loss as having a single cause or displaying in a unique manner, but there are differences between the sexes and how hair loss presents itself.
Let’s explore deeper.
What is Alopecia?
In this article, we’ll be covering:
Read on if you’d like to know more about hair loss in men and women, how to treat and manage it.
How Does Hair Grow?
Hair grows continually everywhere on the body except the soles of the feet and the palm of each hand. Hairs may be extremely fine, especially with a woman’s skin, as to be almost unnoticeable. Nonetheless, it is there.
Hair is created from keratin which is a protein in the body. The protein is found in the hair follicles at the outermost layer of skin on the body.
With new hair cells created continually, old hair cells are expelled through the uppermost layer of skin to the exterior of the body at a rate of around 5-6 inches every year.
For the typical man or woman, their head contains over 100,000 individual hairs and shed around 100 every day.
- Recommended Reading: Best Coconut Oil For Hair Loss
However, many of the shed hairs go unnoticed – like the dead skin cells that create accumulated dust in the room that gets cleaned away – but a few come out in the hairbrush which is no direct cause for worry.
If you’re a young person, know that up to 90% of the hair on your head is growing at any given time. Every hair follicle does its own thing.
Hair doesn’t grow on autopilot though and is affected by your age, whether you have any diseases and several other factors that affect hair growth and hair loss.
The hair growth lifecycle is as follows:
- Anagen – Initial hair growth for up to six years
- Catagen – Middle phase following extended hair growth, which lasts up to 3 weeks
- Telogen – A resting phase of 3 months. After this time, the hair is shed, replaced, and the hair growth begins anew
If you’re middle-aged or older, please note that hair will grow at a slower rate as you continue to age.
Different Types of Alopecia in Adult
Hair loss comes in many types, rather than a single type as many people tend to think. You or someone close to you may be suffering from the early signs of hair loss.
Here we run through the main forms of alopecia or hair loss to provide some background information for you:
For men, this is more commonly known as male pattern baldness, which is a condition that tends to start in the teenage years or through the early 20s, and progresses over time.
The indicators of this issue are a loss of hair near the front temples, a slowly receding hairline, a loss of hair on the scalp, and the creation of a loss of hair at the crown (typically known as a bald spot).
For women, the condition presents quite differently. Female pattern baldness is shown in women as a general thinning of the quantity of hair during their 40s or even later in life.
The whole scalp is usually shown to be thinning, with a focus on the crown area at the back, rather than at the front of the head where it is more noticeable like with men.
1. Telogen Effluvium: This is a hair condition where the hair on the scalp thins out because the way hair growth on the body has fundamentally changed.
The essential issue here is the number of strands which go into the resting phase together and the subsequent loss of hair that happens quickly.
2. Scarring Alopecias: This one results from skin problems either when young or older. Skin issues through inflammation like cellulitis, acne or folliculitis, or skin problems because of severe conditions like lichen planus or lupus, unfortunately sometimes leave scars on the skin.
Unfortunately, the scars prevent the skin from sometimes regenerating and in these situations, hair is unable to grow in those areas.
If you’ve unfortunately been a victim of a fire burn, then the same situation is likely to be found in areas of scarring.
If you’re a woman who uses a hot comb or likes to weave your hair into tight arrangements, then you might want to think twice about this. Repeatedly pulling on the hair in this way sometimes causes hair loss which is permanent too.
Alopecia in Children
When thinking about the little ones, teenagers, and even young adults, there are different types of alopecia that affect them individually:
Trichotillomania is a psychological issue where the child pulls their hair out. This is a terrible habit that could cause damage to the scalp and hair loss then and in their adult life.
Alopecia Areata is something that affects either young adults or children alike. The sudden onset of hair loss is unpredictable.
It sometimes shows as hair loss in patches or as complete baldness (alopecia total is as described in the previous section).
The good news is that unlike with other forms of hair loss, the condition in 90 percent of cases is temporary with hair growth returning several years’ later.
It is a shame to learn that even trained doctors haven’t discovered the reason why some hair follicles keep growing while others have a shorter lifespan. Research continues, but there are no breakthrough discoveries yet.
Some clear reasons have come from copious amounts of research into hair loss in men, women, and children. Here are a few of the most well-substantiated ones:
Hormones with androgen levels in either men or women being too higher and interfering with hair production.
Genes from either parent are known to influence the likelihood of male pattern baldness or female pattern baldness in later life. The genes create a predisposition for the onset, but not a guarantee of it.
Some people also say that this skips a generation and is reflected more on the grandfather from the father’s side of the family. Smoking is a lesser-known cause of hair loss.
Similarly, Illness, stress or childbirth is also a known cause of hair loss in men or women.
A ringworm fungal infection can also lead to hair falling out, but once managed with medication, the hair grows back again.
Injuries, burns or x-rays are all unusual causes of temporary hair loss. The extent of the burns or injuries and how they heal will determine whether hair grows back again.
With burns, unless healthy skin pigmentation returns, hair usually cannot grow back as the hair follicles cannot penetrate the layer of scarred skin. With x-rays, the loss of hair is related to the scan and grows back later.
Other issues that cause hair loss are things like chemotherapy for cancer treatment, with hair growing back, where it once grew, once the treatment cycle has completed.
Specific medication like beta-adrenergic blockers for blood pressure management, blood thinners, and even birth control pills may cause a hair loss for a period or while the prescription is being taken.
The autoimmune disease also causes alopecia areata. With this type of medical condition, the immune system goes into overdrive and stops the hair follicles from behaving normally. The hair usually does return but is initially thinner and a different color.
Beauty treatments like washing and shampooing hair too frequently, bleaching too often, repeated perms or dyeing hair all serve to make hair more brittle and likely to thin out.
Using braids with a strong hair pull is not a good idea as this may damage hair follicles permanently too. Only in severe cases does tight hair arrangements lead to bald patches; usually just stopping putting hair into overly tight arrangements resolves the issue.
Diet is also a less known cause of the problem with hair loss. A low-calorie diet which likely lacks the necessary vitamins and minerals that hair and hair follicles require or a low protein diet all contribute to depriving the body of what it needs for healthy hair growth and hair maintenance.
The primary symptom with all types of alopecia areata is simply hair loss in one form or another.
Hair typically is lost in small patches, commonly round patches, near the scalp area. The patches can be just millimeters but also a few centimeters wide in the worst cases.
Hair loss is most often around the head and scalp area, but it is not uncommon to lose hair in other parts of the body too. The bodily hair loss may be under the arms, legs, pubic region, and the chest or back with men.
|
<urn:uuid:147d24ed-3c23-4f1f-9bea-de96168679fa>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://ahealthyhair.com/areata-and-androgenetic-alopecia/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392141.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527044512-20200527074512-00104.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960603 | 1,834 | 2.71875 | 3 |
UNDATED (AP) -- A new study suggests almost one in five 4-year-olds in the U.S. is obese. Even more startling, the rate among American-Indians is nearly one in three.
The Ohio State-Temple University study suggests obesity is also more common in Hispanic and African American youngsters. The lead author on the study says the magnitude of differences is larger than expected. Sarah Anderson says it's surprising to see differences by racial groups so early in childhood.
Anderson's co-author says factors explaining the disparities among races include poverty, less educated parents and diets high in fat and calories.
Dr. Glenn Flores also says higher rates of diabetes in American Indians and Hispanics may be genetic.
The study analyzed data from the government's National Center on Educational Statistics, which measured and weighed 8,550 preschoolers born in 2001. The report appears in toady's Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.
On the Net:
Association of American Indian Physicians: http://tinyurl.com/c8raox
(Copyright 2009 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
To comment, the following rules must be followed:
Comments may be monitored for inappropriate content, but the station is under no legal obligation to do so.
If you believe a comment violates the above rules, please use the Flagging Tool to alert a Moderator.
Flagging does not guarantee removal.
Multiple violations may result in account suspension.
Decisions to suspend or unsuspend accounts are made by Station Moderators.
Links require admin approval before posting.
Questions may be sent to [email protected]. Please provide detailed information.
|
<urn:uuid:14a10a54-c455-4ad8-9b16-7cb64019859d>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.local8now.com/news/health/headlines/42543782.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124771.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00007-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924234 | 347 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Dense breasts have less fatty tissue and more non-fatty tissue. Breasts that aren't dense have more fatty tissue and less non-fatty tissue. Mammograms can help you and your doctor determine how dense your breasts are.
A large study suggests that women with dense breasts are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer and the breast cancer is likely to be more aggressive. The results were published online in July 2011 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
Other research has shown that dense breasts:
- have as much as 6 times higher risk of developing breast cancer
- can make it harder for mammograms to detect cancer; breast cancers (which aren't fatty) are easier to see on a mammogram when surrounded by fatty tissue
This study used information from the very large and ongoing Nurses' Health Study (NHS), which includes nearly 122,000 female nurses who were between the ages of 25 and 42 when they started in the study. Researchers have been tracking a number of their health factors for more than 20 years.
Researchers identified 1,042 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer after going through menopause and a similar group (the matched group) of 1,794 postmenopausal women who weren't diagnosed with breast cancer.
Using information from mammograms, the researchers compared the breast density of the women who were diagnosed with breast cancer to the breast density of the women who weren't diagnosed. The researchers also looked for any links between breast density and more aggressive cancer characteristics in the women who were diagnosed.
Each woman's breast density was classified in one of four categories:
- less than 10% density (least dense)
- 10% to 24% density
- 25% to 49% density
- 50% or higher density (most dense)
The denser a woman's breasts, the greater her risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer. Compared to women with the least dense breasts (less than 10%), a breast cancer diagnosis was:
- more than 3 times more likely in women with the most dense breasts (50% or more)
- more than 2 times more likely in women with breast density in the 25% to 49% range
In women diagnosed with breast cancer, denser breasts were linked to a greater likelihood of more aggressive breast cancer characteristics:
- larger cancer at time of diagnosis
- high-grade cancer; the grade of the cancer (1, 2, or 3) tells you how different the cancer cells' appearance and growth patterns are from those of normal, healthy breast cells (grade 1 cancers tend to be less aggressive, while grade 3 cancers tend to be more aggressive)
- hormone-receptor-negative; hormone-receptor-negative cancers tend to be more aggressive than hormone-receptor-positive cancers
Researchers aren't sure why denser breasts are more likely to develop cancer and have the cancer be more aggressive. In the future, tools that determine a woman's breast cancer risk might be more accurate if they included information about breast density.
If you're getting screening mammograms, you may want to ask your doctor about what your mammograms suggest about your breast density and how breast density might affect your breast cancer risk. Whether your breasts are dense or not, taking steps to minimize your personal risk of breast cancer is very worthwhile. In the Breastcancer.org Lower Your Risk section, you can learn much more about diet and lifestyle choices you can make to help keep your risk of breast cancer as low as it can be.
|
<urn:uuid:e8b1f87b-93f5-464c-8486-356d741e694a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/20110801
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188550.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00422-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97004 | 715 | 3.234375 | 3 |
End of Semester 1 Geography Project
Throughout the semester, we’ve followed the major routes of human migrations as our guide to learning about geography. To finish the semester, you’ll get to personalize the story, following your own - or someone famous’ - ancestry through time back to the idealized “First Adam.” Your journey will take you from an interview to your own fictionalized accounts of migrating ancestors.
Watch video regarding haplogroups and gene migration. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGtaq3PiIoU
Interview family member (or read an interview of a selected famous person) regarding ancestry.
Identify names, ages, locations, motivations, environmental / political / cultural context, and significance (personal or cultural) of family move to the USA (or within the Americas).
Turn in interview transcript.
Identify the haplogroup you are following.
Identify at least 5 migrations in history along your chosen ancestry line (haplogroup).
Each migration will result in an historical fiction “journal entry” (100 word minimum per entry) from your ancestor in their time, from their point of view. These should move from present day, using information from your interview, to fictional accounts based on what you know to have likely occurred during your imagined ancestor’s time (or what you consider to have been probable). Each journal entry will include:
1) date 2) ancestor name and age, 3) geographical location, 4) physical environment, 5) cultural context, 6) personal motivations of migration, and 7,8,9) past / present / future significance as part of each ancestor’s narrative. The 10th point will be considered for overall coherence and clarity.
Consider major political (warring kingdoms, religious persecution, etc…), cultural (irrigation or wheel development, law codes and justice, etc…), or environmental (flooding, ice age, etc…) events that may influence a push, pull, immigrant, emigrant, or refugee migration.
On a world map, illustrate your ancestors’ haplogroup’s movement. Identify and provide a visual aid for each journal entry.
You will have time to complete work on your project in class on both Wednesday and Thursday (we will be meeting in the library – 1st period, computer lab – 8th period, conference room). Friday, we will present.
Ultimately, you will turn in for a total of 100 points:
Interview Transcript (summarized) and Haplogroup followed ID’d (20pts)
Journal Entries (50pts)
Visual Aid / Map (20pts)
Project Cohesion / Presentation (10pts)
|
<urn:uuid:e8ca94cf-a9a4-443a-9f06-965d856890c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://libguides.montgomerybell.edu/c.php?g=1102577
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657169.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610095459-20230610125459-00248.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.895711 | 582 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Welcome to the Virus Encyclopedia of Panda Security.
It allows to get into the affected computer.
It causes the slowdown of the system, preventing planned tasks from being carried out.
It does not spread automatically using its own means.
|First detected on:||Jan. 4, 2007|
|Detection updated on:||Jan. 4, 2007|
Recursive.A is a Trojan, which although seemingly inoffensive, can actually carry out attacks and intrusions.
It captures certain information entered or saved by the user, with the corresponding threat to privacy:
It affects productivity, preventing tasks from being carried out:
- In the affected computer:
causes system slowdowns.
Recursive.A does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc.
|
<urn:uuid:3413303b-96e1-48ae-966d-b343917c89d0>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
https://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=144732
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159744.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923193039-20180923213439-00530.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.768419 | 220 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Heinemann Active Maths - First Level - Exploring Number - Pupil Book 4 - Fractions by Lynda Keith
Heinemann Active Maths' bright and lively Pupil Books have been designed to further consolidate children's learning through independent practice. They are closely linked to the Teacher Activity Cards and each Heinemann Active Maths outcome. Each Pupil Book contains: 'I can...' statements to encourage self-assessment. 'Rocket' questions to extend and challenge children's learning. Teacher Activity Card references so you know which card the Pupil Book pages link to.
|
<urn:uuid:04bd2ad0-0120-4d82-b027-53248d24c71e>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.wob.com/en-au/books/lynda-keith/heinemann-active-maths-first-level-exploring-number-pupil-book-4-fractions/9780435041823
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572898.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817092402-20220817122402-00078.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.904347 | 123 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2
A forwarder is a Domain Name System (DNS) server on a network used to forward DNS queries for external DNS names to DNS servers outside of that network. You can also forward queries according to specific domain names using conditional forwarders.
A DNS server on a network is designated as a forwarder by having the other DNS servers in the network forward the queries they cannot resolve locally to that DNS server. By using a forwarder, you can manage name resolution for names outside of your network, such as names on the Internet, and improve the efficiency of name resolution for the computers in your network. For more information about forwarders and conditional forwarders, see Using forwarders.
The following figure illustrates how external name queries are directed using forwarders.
For more information about directing external queries, see Directing queries through forwarders.
Without having a specific DNS server designated as a forwarder, all DNS servers can send queries outside of a network using their root hints. As a result, a lot of internal, and possibly critical, DNS information can be exposed on the Internet. In addition to this security and privacy issue, this method of resolution can result in a large volume of external traffic that is costly and inefficient for a network with a slow Internet connection or a company with high Internet service costs.
When you designate a DNS server as a forwarder, you make that forwarder responsible for handling external traffic, thereby limiting DNS server exposure to the Internet. A forwarder will build up a large cache of external DNS information because all of the external DNS queries in the network are resolved through it. In a small amount of time, a forwarder will resolve a good portion of external DNS queries using this cached data and thereby decrease the Internet traffic over the network and the response time for DNS clients.
A DNS server configured to use a forwarder will behave differently than a DNS server that is not configured to use a forwarder. A DNS server configured to use a forwarder behaves as follows:
When the DNS server receives a query, it attempts to resolve this query using the primary and secondary zones that it hosts and its cache.
If the query cannot be resolved using this local data, then it will forward the query to the DNS server designated as a forwarder.
The DNS server will wait briefly for an answer from the forwarder before attempting to contact the DNS servers specified in its root hints.
When a DNS server forwards a query to a forwarder it sends a recursive query to the forwarder. This is different than the iterative query that a DNS server will send to an other DNS server during standard name resolution (name resolution that does not involve a forwarder).
A conditional forwarder is a DNS server on a network that is used to forward DNS queries according to the DNS domain name in the query. For example, a DNS server can be configured to forward all the queries it receives for names ending with widgets.example.com to the IP address of a specific DNS server or to the IP addresses of multiple DNS servers.
Intranet name resolution
A conditional forwarder can be used to improve name resolution for domains within your intranet. Intranet name resolution can be improved by configuring DNS servers with forwarders for specific internal domain names. For example, all DNS servers in the domain widgets.example.com could be configured to forward queries for names that end with test.example.com to the authoritative DNS servers for merged.widgets.example.com, thereby removing the step of querying the root servers of example.com, or removing the step of configuring DNS servers in the widgets.example.com zone with secondary zones for test.example.com.
Internet name resolution
DNS servers can use conditional forwarders to resolve queries between the DNS domain names of companies that share information. For example, two companies, Widgets Toys and TailspinToys, want to improve how the DNS clients of Widgets Toys resolve the names of the DNS clients of Tailspin Toys. The administrators from Tailspin Toys inform the administrators of Widgets Toys about the set of DNS servers in the Tailspin Toys network where Widgets can send queries for the domain dolls.tailspintoys.com. The DNS servers within the Widgets Toys network are configured to forward all queries for names ending with dolls.tailspintoys.com to the designated DNS servers in the network for Tailspin Toys. Consequently, the DNS servers in the Widgets Toys network do not need to query their internal root servers, or the Internet root servers, to resolve queries for names ending with dolls.tailspintoys.com.
|
<urn:uuid:ade15d9e-e1bf-4f9e-ad00-3b63205205f4>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc782142(v=ws.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103516990.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628111602-20220628141602-00712.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.8906 | 987 | 3.828125 | 4 |
New drone tech to help capture high resolution images
July 29, 2015 4:55 am
The Secretariat of the Pacific Community has successfully used drone technology to capture images of the damage caused by Tropical Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu.
The new technology meant that the SPC was able to access areas which otherwise would have proved impossible.
SPC Scientist – Herve Damlamian says the drone captured high resolution, accurate topography data on a large area in an efficient and cheap manner.
The drone will be put to use as much as possible.
“In many ways it can be seen as a game changer, especially in the area our team is working on – which is related to coastal ocean-tomography, coastal management, inundation hazard and one of the big gap we’ve been having for many years in the region is high topography data – which is very key information as soon as we want to look at inundation hazard or coastal protection etc.”
Damlamian says one of the benefits for gathering topography data or 3D shoreline images via drones, is the ability to make long term plans based on the research conducted.
SPC bought its drone in July last year and since then it has conducted three surveys in the region.
|
<urn:uuid:45ec7f2d-3350-4d42-961d-0de61de5026c>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/new-drone-tech-to-help-capture-high-resolution-images/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573323.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918172932-20190918194932-00468.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968115 | 262 | 2.75 | 3 |
Witch Themed Listening Comprehension Activity
- She has a large nose. (pause and let children draw after each sentence)
- She has beady eyes.
- She has 2 crooked teeth.
- She has on a black pointed hat that is slightly scrunched.
- She has LONG red hair. So long that it touches the ground.
- She has on long white and red stripped socks.
- She has funny looking black shoes.
- She has on a plaid dress (explain what plaid is)
- She has on a black home-made shawl.
- She is wearing orange gloves.
- She has a broom.
- She has friend that is a black cat named Fred.”
After making our drawing I showed her the cover and we read the story! My 5 year old was able to find some similarities and differences in her illustration verses the witch in the story.
My 5 year old really connected with the character, especially at the end when it is revealed that the witch is really a little girl playing dress up. “That’s why her broom wouldn’t fly and her magic didn’t work,”said my daughter.
You do NOT have to have this book to do this activity! It would be fun to give the directions to a group of children and display their witches together. It is a fun lesson on valuing every ones unique vision and talents!
This activity is great on so many levels. It improves listening comprehension, activates prior knowledge and gets children thinking about the character before reading the story. It also is a great way to discuss an illustrators job, character development, describing words and much more.
If you don’t have this book, you could adapt this activity to any book that meets the following requirements.
1. The illustrations are simply drawn.
2. The main character is somewhat creative in visual appearance.
3. Your children have NOT seen any part of this book or a picture of the character ever before.
Happy Drawing and Reading =) Amanda
|
<urn:uuid:de18a8e3-d62d-487b-a14a-9041eb919977>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://theeducatorsspinonit.com/humbug-witch-reading-and-listening/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739347.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814160701-20200814190701-00009.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96714 | 433 | 3.484375 | 3 |
What Is Carbon Dioxide?
From Practical Action, a range of activities which explore carbon dioxide and climate change. Simple demonstrations show the presence of carbon dioxide gas and some of its properties.
There are also presentations that can be used with an interactive whiteboard which look at sources of carbon dioxide and how cars make carbon dioxide. A simple carbon calculator spreadsheet can be used to estimate personal carbon dioxide emissions over a week.
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.
|
<urn:uuid:553c4922-175e-4345-9660-d40b578094f2>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.nationalstemcentre.org.uk/elibrary/resource/1189/what-is-carbon-dioxide
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163066095/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131746-00001-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948581 | 158 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Dynamic websites are spreading fast on the World Wide Web since databases can handle most of their content. The introduction of SQL programming language has made Database management, a complex procedure, easy. SQL stands for Structured Query Language, and as the name depicts, it is responsible for editing and querying information kept in a particular database management system. It helps to query and manipulate data in certain relational databases using proprietary extensions. The ubiquity and ease of SQL have made many non-relational databases or NoSQL stores to accept some subsets of SQL or make private SQL-like query languages.
However, SQL has not always been the preferred universal language for all relational databases. Since its inception, SQL has had particular strikes that worked against it. Many ancient PHP developers and researchers thought that SQL would never be practical in a database. However, they were all wrong. Most of them hold on to their earlier belief asserting that since SQL is easy and readily available, its price should not be as high.
Life before SQL
Before the invention of SQL, there were rigid navigational programming interfaces that helped databases to function. Developers designed them using a network schema referred to as a Committee on Data Systems Languages (Codasyl) data model. Codasyl was the consortium that brought about the COBOL programming language that began in 1959 and its database language extensions that came into effect a decade later.
A PHP developer had to navigate through sets to get records, an indication of too many relationships. The previous hierarchical databases permitted a database to belong to only one set. However, network databases can work with a record that belongs to multiple sets. Database programmers thought that this was a lot of work, though there was improved efficiency in execution time. Experts indicated that performing a query such as IDMS in a Codasyl database consumed less computer memory and less time as compared to querying relational databases through SQL.
Freelancer has a lot of PHP projects that you can bid on to practice more.
History of SQL
The origin of SQL dates back to the 1970s when PHP developers created a new database software in IBM laboratories. To manage the data in System R, developers created the SQL language. It was originally called SEQUEL, a name that is used to date as an alternative pronunciation of SQL but was later renamed to read SQL. The Relational Software, later called Oracle, released a modified version called Oracle V2 after seeing the commercial potential of SQL. In its third decade since inception, SQL is known to offer flexibility to its users through supporting various distributed databases. Such are the databases that can run on an array of computer networks at a go.
Having received certification from ISO and ANSI, SQL has become a standard database query language, by an array of significant database applications available on the internet. It works in both academic and industry fields, as well as corporate and individual servers. Since database technology has advanced so greatly, SQL-based applications are easily available to the common user. The affordability has been brought about by the introduction of an array of open-source database solutions that include PostgreSQL, Firebird, SQLite, and MySQL among many others.
IBM was not fast enough to enact a relational database to protect the revenues of Codasyl database DB/IMS. When IBM started to implement System R, its development team (Ray Boyce and Don Chamberlin) was not working under Codd, and they departed from Alpha relational language to come up with their language known as Structured English Query Language (Sequel). Before IBM released its innovative product, Larry Ellison, an American Entrepreneur, integrated the language in the Oracle Database using Sequel publications from IBM as the specifications. Sequel would later change to SQL to avoid violating international trademark laws.
It was not easy to train and hire Codasyl database programmers and designers, and this made SQL (and Sequel) look more attractive. Since SQL became very attractive in the 1980s, most of the PHP developers then used a SQL query processor and embedded it on the Codasyl databases. This dismayed Codd whose feeling was that relational databases should be designed from scratch.
Access Freelancer and find how to use custom CSS in your WordPress site.
Relational databases and SQL
Why would a PHP developer give up a database query that doubles memory and execution speed? Two reasons: portability and ease of development. None of the reasons mattered in 1980 apart from memory requirements and performance. However, the improvement of computer hardware and the reduction in the cost of the same made people stop caring about memory and execution speed, and they focused more on development cost. Most of the developers opined that Moore’s Law preferred relational databases instead of Codasyl databases. Relational databases contributed to the reduction in development time, but many developers wanted portability to be enhanced.
SQL Standard has undergone numerous changes in recent years, and these changes have added many new functionalities such as XML support, recursive queries, triggers, standardized sequences, and regular expression matching and much more. Since SQL Standard is voluminous, it has a lot of database solutions that refer to it such as PostgreSQL and MySQL to execute the entire standard. The database behavior for indexes and file storage has a shallow description in many cases, and it is up to the vendors and PHP developers to decide the behavior of the database. This explains the reason why various SQL implementations are seldom compatible though they have similar bases.
SQL language elements
SQL is founded on various elements. Most of the commands in the SQL language database management systems are executed via explicit SQL command-line interface (CLI) to ensure the convenience of SQL developers. Some of the SQL elements include:
Clauses: These are components of queries and statements
Expressions: They can produce tables or scalar valuables which contain rows and columns of data
Predicates: They help in specifying conditions, which aid in limiting effects of queries and statements, or altering the flow of the program
Queries: Given certain criteria, a query helps in retrieving data
Statements: If a PHP developer has statements, he/she can control program flow, diagnostics, transactions, sessions, and connections. Developers use SQL to send queries to any server that stores databases from a client program. The server responds by processing the SQL statements and sending responses to the client program. Therefore, users can execute a wide range of data manipulation iterations from easy data inputs to complex queries.
If you need to know the best practices in PHP, find them on Freelancer.
SQL queries are the most critical and most essential operations in SQL. A PHP developer can search his/her database for any information through an SQL query. The SELECT statement helps in executing SQL queries. Several clauses help in specifying an SQL query such as:
WHERE - helps in defining rows where the search will be conducted. The WHERE clause will erase all rows which are false.
FROM - determines the table to conduct the search
ORDER BY - helps in ordering SQL results to avoid returning them in a random order.
SQL data manipulation
SQL tables require data manipulation which allows PHP developers to modify new information, delete existing values, or update them. The INSERT statement helps in adding new rows and columns to an already developed table. Any new row can contain information from the beginning or can have a NULL value.
The SELECT statement has a declarative nature that prevents a PHP developer from getting to levels he/she may want. Stored procedures are facilities that are present in most databases. Unfortunately, most of the databases use extensions to the ISO/ANSI SQL standards.
The comment section below is open for you to give your views pertaining SQL.
|
<urn:uuid:1bad6e21-090a-440b-8013-36c63a7516b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
https://www.freelancer.uy/community/articles/what-is-sql
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823817.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212091014-20181212112514-00463.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943355 | 1,564 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Imaging Scan to Estimate Stiffness of Soft Tissues
“Magnetic Resonance Elastography as a Method to Estimate Stiffness of Soft Tissues”
Magnetic resonance elastography is a novel non-invasive MRI technique to obtain stiffness of soft tissues such as liver, heart, kidneys, etc. In this imaging technique a person is laid in an MR scanner and a paddle (plastic drum) is put on the area of interest to send sound vibration via a speaker placed outside the scan room which is connecting plastic drum via a plastic tube. These vibrations are scanned using MRI to estimate the stiffness of soft tissues such as liver, heart, kidneys, breast etc.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography as a Method to Estimate Stiffness of Soft Tissues
|
<urn:uuid:5814d36e-1a2a-4d69-86e7-271cd0926eb0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://participaid.co/studies/rb28Je
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00502.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.756903 | 300 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Many diseases are very complex, involving many biological pathways. It is very difficult to find a single drug with actions on enough pathways to slow or reverse many diseases. As an alternative there is excitement around using cells to treat disease. Cells can sense their environment and change their response to match.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have performed well in many types of disease. I currently work in the Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit at NIDDK. Before I joined the group they found MSCs were beneficial in sepsis. Treatment had to be soon after injury limiting the clinical usefulness. One potential reason for this was most MSCs got stuck in the lungs. If more cells got to the kidneys they might work better. At the time it was not known how to guide more cells to the kidneys.
Recently, we have worked with Scott Burks and Joe Frank from the Clinical Center at NIH. They are able to use pulsed focused ultrasound to alter tissues to recruit more MSCs. We tested pulsed focused ultrasound in a cisplatin model. Cisplatin is a treatment for some types of cancer but often causes kidney injury. Pulsed focused ultrasound guided MSC treatment reduced damage from cisplatin.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in hospitalized patients. Patients with AKI are more likely to die or have a worse quality of life after leaving the hospital. Early treatment is our best option for preventing these bad outcomes. To start treatment we first need to detect AKI.
Several biomarkers go up when a patient has AKI. Doctors watch the biomarker levels and start treatment when they rise. There is still uncertainty about which biomarker is best.
I am co-author on a recently published article exploring this issue. We compared creatinine and cystatin C in the serum. Cystatin C predicted kidney function better than creatinine. There was no difference in predicting death.
|
<urn:uuid:da1d5c1a-e034-4e9b-a979-8e4e2b2a4114>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
https://jonathanstreet.com/blog/tag/acute%20kidney%20injury/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860557.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618125242-20180618145242-00290.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969292 | 404 | 2.578125 | 3 |
16. Landmines in Burma
"On January 14th, 2002, one Muslim (a cattle trader from Shwe Gun) stepped on a landmine at Taray Poe Kwee village. SPDC and DKBA troops had planted landmines when they arrived at that village tract. Villagers from Taray Poe Kwee managed to send the mine victim back home, but he died on the way at Mae Tha Mu village. On January 31st, 2002, one of Kyaw Wah Hser’s cattle stepped on a land mine and was killed."
Anti-personnel landmines are victim-activated weapons that indiscriminately kill and maim civilians, soldiers, elderly people, women, children and animals. They can cause injury and death long after the end of hostilities. In Asia, Burma is currently second only to Afghanistan in the number of new landmine victims, surpassing even Cambodia. Contrary to trends in the rest of the world, the SPDC has not signed the Mine Ban Treaty and abstained from the 1999 UN General Assembly vote on the treaty. Of Burma’s 14 states and divisions, 9 of them are affected by landmines. Evidence suggests that in Karen State there is one landmine victim everyday. Civilians become landmine victims in two ways: when they are forced by the military to act as human minesweepers (see below); and when they accidentally step on mines planted in areas where civilians reside. More than 14 percent of mine victims in Burma stepped on landmines within half a kilometer from the center of their village.
In efforts to block supply routes for armed ethnic organizations, the SPDC plants mines on supply and escape routes used by villagers and refugees. Villages from which people have fled or have been forcibly relocated from are also mined to prevent the villagers from returning, as well as to block access to food, supplies and intelligence to opposition groups. Landmines have also been planted along streams, paths, roads and passes that are used by civilians, including those fleeing Burma. It is estimated that there is one civilian death for every two military casualties associated with landmines. (Source: Landmine Monitor report-2002.)
16.2 Human Minesweepers
Throughout 2002 some units of the Tatmadaw continued to use villagers as human minesweepers. This specific targeting of civilians is contrary to the claims of the SPDC that landmine use has not been directed against civilian populations. Civilians conscripted for forced portering in conflict areas are sometimes sent ahead of the troops so that they will detonate mines. The Landmine Monitor Report from 2002 notes that: "a newly reported practice demands those taken to porter for the military to manually clear mines without adequate training or tools. A former porter who escaped from Burmese Army service told the Landmine Monitor researcher that he was forced to seek mines using a long sharpened bamboo prod, piercing the ground and removing any found mines by hand." (For more information see list of incidents at the end of this chapter.)
16.3 Situation in Border Areas
The border states and divisions of Burma are the most heavily mined areas in the country, due to the civil war being fought with ethnic groups living in these areas. The border areas already have problems with security and adequate health care, and mine pollution only compounds these problems. The presence of landmines means that ethnic minority people cannot engage in everyday activities, such as farming, gathering food or traveling, without fear of being killed or losing limbs due to landmines. In addition, as previously mentioned, villagers who have been forcibly relocated cannot safely return to their original villages to collect property, food supplies or check on their homes.
It is thought that the majority of people injured by landmines die before they get medical treatment. Mine victims often have limited or no access to healthcare facilities and may have to walk for days to find medical care. Sometimes the security situation can mean that no treatment is available for a long period of time. In some cases, landmine victims have been turned back by the SPDC before they could reach a hospital. The Landmine Monitor reports that: "to go from mine-affected Pa-an district [Karen State] to Mae Sot, Thailand, a distance of 40 kilometers, costs 5,000 Kyats (around US$5) each way, which is more than two months wages for farmers. In some cases, those who could not reach any medical attention try to treat themselves with herbal leaves. Some Burmese migrants to Thailand who are landmine survivors cannot access official assistance offered by international organizations if they are not accepted into an organized refugee camp. Since April 2001, the Mae Tao Clinic in Thailand, which specializes in assisting Burmese migrants, has operated a prosthetics section." (Source: Landmine Monitor Report 2002.)
16.4 Mine Deployment
The 2002 Landmine Monitor Report stated that at least thirteen ethnic armed groups, both pro and anti-SPDC, are believed to use antipersonnel mines. These groups include: Pao People’s Liberation Front (PPLF); All Burma Muslim Union; and Wa National Army; Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO); Chin National Army (CNA); Shan State Army (SSA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karenni Army (KA); Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA); Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA); All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF); People’s Defence Forces (PDF); and Myiek-Dawei United Front. (Source: Landmine Monitor report-2002.)
Mines are force multipliers and thus have been used by numerically weak combatants on the defensive throughout history. Usually they are deployed to maximize the advantages of terrain, to deny territory and/or to force an enemy into pre-organized fields of fire. In mountainous, heavily forested territory, such as the Dawna Ranges, along the Thai/Burma border, mines are especially efficient at denying an attacking force access to territory along narrow jungle trails. Currently however, most of the mines used by opposition groups are improvised explosive devises (IEPs) and are usually deployed to defend territory at specific points. They are usually battery operated and incorporate perishable local materials such as bamboo and thus have a finite active life span. "The KNLA states that the mines are necessary to protect internally displaced Karen people (estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands) from attacks by the Burmese Army." (Source: Landmine Monitor Report 2002.)
The mines used by the SPDC Army are usually industrially produced from non-perishable, waterproof materials and remain active indefinitely. Mines from China, Israel, Italy, Russia and the United States have been used in Burma. Burma produces at least three types of antipersonnel mines. The MM1, MM2, which are copies of Chinese mines and "claymore-like" mines such as the MM3. The Indian LTM-76 anti-personnel mine is also still a significant part of the Tatmadaw’s landmine inventory despite its’ age. (Source: Landmine Monitor Report 2002)
Although the SPDC uses mines defensively around military outposts, the majority of mines laid by the Tatmadaw are deployed to achieve an offensive objective and are targeted primarily against the local civilian population. The SPDC throughout 2002 used mines as part of its’ four cuts strategy to cut off intelligence, supplies, recruits, and funds to the opposition armies.
In Burma today, mines are seldom if ever marked and their position is rarely recorded. This presents great problems for any future de-mining effort. At present, villagers are forced to resort to two improvised methods of mine clearance. One is to sacrifice their valuable livestock by running them through a suspect area. The other method is to literally sweep the area with an extremely long handled bamboo rake. To date in Burma, no humanitarian de-mining activities have taken place. Although mine clearance by the SPDC for some commercial ventures is believed to have occurred, no international aid agencies have been permitted to set up programs in mine affected areas. (Source: Landmine Monitor Report 2002.)
16.6 Thailand-Burma Border
In 2002 the Tatmadaw continued laying landmines along its borders with Thailand. As part of a plan to "fence the country," troops in Tenasserim division were ordered to lay mines along the border. (Source: Landmine Monitor report-2002.) Mines have also been laid between all military camps along a cross-state route in upper Karen State from Kyankkyi in the west to Hsawhta on the Salaween River at the Thai border, as part of an attempt to cut off the travel routes of insurgents. However, these mines have also effectively blocked refugees from using these routes to seek asylum in Thailand.
The Landmine monitor reports that: "DKBA combatants also alleged that they purchased mines and components from Thai businessmen who operate logging concessions in DKBA-controlled areas close to Myawaddy. The DKBA also controls a timber concession area by surrounding it with antipersonnel mines. Thai businessmen obtain permission to cut the forest from the DKBA, and the DKBA place mines to deter attacks upon their revenue base by the rival KNU, while simultaneously preventing the businessmen from unilaterally enlarging their concession area." (Source: Landmine Monitor Report 2002.)
In Karenni State, mines are allegedly laid in paddy fields which forces villagers to grow opium instead. Mines are also used by drug-traffickers to protect methamphetamine manufacturing factories, specifically in Shan State at Namsan and Hsi Hseng. The Shan State Army [South] reportedly mined areas around its bases straddling the border between Thailand and Burma. (Source: Landmine Monitor Report 2002.)
16.7 Bangladesh-Burma Border
The Bangladesh-Burma border, with 270 kilometers comprised of dense forests, hills and 60 kilometers of sea, is the longest minefield in the country. Mines have been laid on this border since the 1991 mass exodus of 250,000 Rohingya Muslims from Arakan State. The SPDC has said that the minefields are necessary to stop cross-border movement by armed ethnic opposition groups. However they also prevent or make it extremely dangerous for refugees to cross the border and impede cross-border economic activities. There were reports that the Na Sa Ka (village militia) has continued laying mines along this border in 2002.
16.8 Landmines – partial list of incidents 2002
On the morning of 25 January 2002, at about 8:30 am, 2 mine victims died in the Ho Murng area just near the Thai border opposite Mae Hong Son province.They were:
(1) Nang Ing, female, age 22, daughter of Loong Htun of Wan Pat Yen village, Laikha township, and
(2) Sai Ku, male, age 19, son of Loong Artiya of, Laikha township, central Shan State.
The villagers were trying to enter Thailand in order to find a job. Since 13th January 2002, Thai check points along the border refused to allow people who could not show their identity cards to enter the country. Thus in order to avoid check points, Nang Ing and Sai Ku had to followed a jungle track, where they stepped on land mines. (Source: Freedom)
On 2 June 2002, Paw-pi-doe villager, Mang Kyi stepped on a land mine planted by SPDC troops at Po-deh and was severely wounded. (Source: KIC)
On 3 June 2002 Noh-nya-la villager, Maung Day stepped on a land mine planted by SPDC troops and was severely wounded. (Source: KIC)
On 3 July 2002, Kwe-lay-kho villager Saw Tu Tu was killed on the spot by a landmine planted by troops from SPDC LIB-92, Column-2 led by Bo Min Thein. (Source: KIC)
On 4 July 2002, Naw Nge (F,18) from Oo-pu-tu village, Hlaing-bwe Township, was wounded by a land mine planted by DKBA 999 Ka Ba Min (aka) Lweh Ka Paw. Naw Nge lost one of her legs when she steppen on a landmine while walking to the field hut to get a basket she had hidden and collect buffaloes she had left grazing, after the departure of DKBA troops. (Source: KIC)
On 23 October, 2002 troops from SPDC Tactical Command 3, LIB 1, column 2, led by battalion second in command, Kyaw Shwe came to Bwa-doe area, Bu-tho township and planted land mines which killed a villager and a buffalo. (Source: KIC)
On 10 November 2002, Kyaw Myint Than, commander of SPDC IB 98, of South West Command summoned the village heads of Noh-lah, Htee-saw-meh, Pway-htaw-roe, Noh-gaw, Po-khay, Bler-per, Thwa-kho-lor, Ma-htaw, Khaw-kla and Ta-dwee-kho villages and instructed them to have each of the villages build a hut along the bank of Yun-za-lin river and to send two villagers from each village to stand sentinel, both day and night, for security of the motor road from Htee-saw-meh to Koo-seik villages. He also instructed them to get a bullock cart, fully loaded with logs, to drive back and forth on the road for clearance of land mines, every morning. (Source: KIC)
On 12 November 2002, Company commander Aung Than of SPDC IB 98 ordered Thwa-kho-lor village head and villagers to search and clear land mines on the motor roads from 7 am to 10 am, each day, using 10 villagers with two hoes. (Source: KIC)
On 27 December 2001 at 9:40 am, Htee-moo-ta villager Saw Yin Aye (M, 28) of Kaw-ka-reik Township, lost a leg to a land mine planted by SPDC controlled DKBA Battalion 907. He did not get any compensation or treatment. (Source: KIC)
On 7 February 2002, Htee-moo-ta villager, Pah Tweh Htee (M,48), stepped on a landmine planted by DKBA near his farm hut and died immediately. (Source: KIC)
On 18 February 2002, at 4:00 am, Noh-po villager Maung Soe Myint, (M, 25) son of Saw Maung Heh, was seriously wounded by a DKBA landmine, at the foot of the hill to the east of Noh-po village, Kaw-ka-reik township. (Source: KIC)
From the beginning of January 2002 up to now, the SPDC Southern Military Commander, Aung Min and No. 1 Operation Commander Soe Thein ordered battalions IB 39 and IB 53, to seize villagers from Kaw-soe-ko, Ler-ko, Wah-tho-ko, Baw-ga-li and the other villages near the motor road. These troops forced the villagers to cut bushes, dig earth and clear landmines, for a distance of 2 yards, on both sides of Kaw-thay-doe and Bu-hsa-khee motor road. Any family, which could not give labor, had to pay 10,000 Kyat. (Source: KIC)
On 3 January 2002, four cattle were killed by landmines, as the SPDC troops chased villagers they wanted to round up for forced labour in Baw-ga-li area of Tah-da-bin Township. (Source: KIC)
On 1 March 2002, a column of SPDC IB 264, led by battalion second in command Min Thaw took Ga-mu-doe villager, Saw Ah Khee from the west of Ka-law-wa area, with the column. Saw Ah Khee stepped on a landmine and lost his leg. (Source: KIC)
On 5 March 2002, troops from SPDC IB 53, led by battalion commander Thu Rein Naing, came to Hsaw-wa-doe village and planted landmines. Hsaw-wa-doe village Saw Pu Doo Lu, M-35, son of Saw Hsa Po, who had been arrested by these troops was released on 6 March 2002, and on his return home he stepped on one of the landmines and lost his right leg. (Source: KIC)
On 6 March 2002, troops from SPDC IB 53, led by second in command Kyaw San and Bo Tin Maung Win planted landmines near Kaw-Thay-doe village. Kaw-thay-doe villager Saw Poo Loo Lu, M-35, stepped on land and lost his right leg. (Source: KIC)
On 22 March 2002, troops from SPDC IB 264 planted landmines on the road of Baw-ga-li village and Maw-ko-doe villagers Saw Aung Pay Htoo (M, 40) son of Saw Ka Baw and Saw Hser Wah (M, 14) son of Saw Chit Maung stepped down a landmine and died on the spot. (Source: KIC)
On 2 April 2002, troops from SPDC IB 30, led by Lieutenant Colonel Ko Ko planted land mines, on foot paths. At 11:46am Naw La Lu aged 25, from Kaw-thay-doe village, daughter of Saw Neh Neh was killed by one of the land mines, while Naw Heh Kree, daughter of Saw Htoo Pwe was severely wounded. (Source: KIC)
In April 2002, SPDC IB 39 battalion commander Win Soe, ordered villagers in Baw-ga-li area to clear the Pet-let-wa-Kaw-thay-doe motor road. Troops from SPDC IB 26, led by battalion commander Khin Maung Cho forced Leik-tho villagers to clear to a distance of 150 yards around the electric pylons and also planted land mines close to the foot of these electric pylon. On 5 April 2002, at 4:15 pm, Saw Than Myint aged 52 of Leik-tho village, son of Saw Thein Maung was seriously wounded by one of the land mines. (Source: KIC)
In April troops from SPDC No. 3 Tactical Command, led by commander Thet Oo ordered Baw-ga-li villagers to make 500 home-made land mine switches and ordered the cease-fire group to plant land mines one foot paths and in plantations. As a result, it had become a serious problem for the villagers to go out and find vegetable or work on their farms and plantations. (Source: KIC)
On 14 April 2002, Thet Oo, commander of No. 3 Local Operation Command, under SPDC Southern Command, seized Baw-ga-li villagers:
(1) Saw Kwe Htoo, son of Saw Maung Kri,
(2) Saw Hso Soe Gyi, son of Saw Pah Ta,
(3) Saw Kwe Kaw, son of Saw Maung Kyaw,
(4) Saw The Nay, son of Saw Maung Po,
(5) Saw Ko Thlee, son of Saw Kwa Htoo and
(6) Saw Ta Ta, son of Naw Htaw Lay
and sent them to Tha-aye-hta to go in front of the bulldozer as human mine detectors. (Source: KIC)
On 25 April 2002, Za-yat-gyi-nor-ka-la villager Saw Maung (M, 27) son of Ka Lagyi and Daw Ma Oh stepped on a land mine between Hti-lo and Tha-pa-kyaw, planted by the SPDC troops and died on the spot while his brother Saw La Pay (M, 25) was severely wounded. (Source: KIC)
On 26 April 2002, Mau-thay-doe villager Saw Kee-ku-htoo (M, 16), son of Saw Klo Toe stepped on a land mine planted by SPDC IB 264 troops at Klay-klo-ni and died on the spot. (Source: KIC)
On December 3 2002, troops from SPDC LIB 351 planted hundreds of landmines on the footpaths in Maw-nay-pwa area. (Source: KIC)
On 24 December 2001, combined troops of an SPDC army unit led by column commander Tin Win and DKBA Brigade 999 led by Moe Joe, totaling about 100 troops, demanded 30,000 Kyat from Lo-baw village, 30,000 Kyat from Mae-plet-wah-khee village and 30,000 kyat from Day-law-pya village. These troops also looted 78 chickens, 7 goats, 4 pigs, 21 tins of rice and 6 Pyi of chili, and planted 40 landmines in Mae-plet-wah-khee area. On 26 December 2001 these troops burned down Mae-plet-wah-khee village and looted from Day-law-pya villagers 20 chickens, one goat and one pig. (Source: KIC)
On 1 July 2002, combined troops from SPDC LIB 205 column 2 led by major Kyaw Naing and DKBA 999 troops led by brigade second in command Kya In burned down the village of Ka-law-lu. As troops led by DKBA Ko Win and Bo Lweh Ka Paw from the combined troops planted land mines on hill ridges, near forest edges and the paddy field huts, said to be on the order of General Pah Nwee, the villagers had to stop working on their paddy fields. On that day, these troops fired heavy weapons at the hill paddy fields saying that the Karen resistance groups could hide in those places, making the villagers flee. (Source: KIC)
On 2 July 2002, combined Troops from SPDC LIB 205 column 2 led by Major Kyaw Naing and DKBA 999 troops led by Brigade second in command Kya In burnt down the village of Si-pah-day-khee. Later they planted land mines inside and outside of the village and around the paddy fields to discourage the villagers from going back and staying. Currently, there are eight villages, whose residents have been prohibited from working on their paddy fields. (Source: KIC)
On 4 July 2002, Naw Nge (F,18) from Oo-pu-tu village, Hlaing-bwe Township, was wounded by a land mine planted by DKBA 999 Ka Ba Min (aka) Lweh Ka Paw and lost one of her legs while she was going to the field hut after the departure of DKBA troops to get back her basket she had hidden and collect the buffaloes she had left grazing. (Source: KIC)
On 10 May 2002, Maung Win Mying 25, son of U Sa Lay, of Zee village, Ye-buy Township, a cattle trader, stepped on a land mine planted by SPDC LIB 103, at Myin-kwa-nyo place in the Thai territory, and died on the spot. (Source: KIC)
On 12 August 2002, at 9:50 am, a Pswadoh villager named Tarmaw Mee, 48, was out looking for vegetables. He stepped on a landmine planted by Burmese troops from LIB No. 428. He died near Mawchi-Taungoo car road. After a friend of his informed his family, his wife Naw Nae Neh, accompanied by four villagers, went to look for his body the following morning and found it at 11:30. When they moved his dead body, another landmine exploded. The explosion seriously wounded two and left three others slightly injured. (Source: KNAHR)
On 14 September 2002, at 9:15am, a Hosakee villager, Saw Tarpae Leh (son of Saw Ne Hsei and Naw Marli), age 20, stepped on a landmine on the Mawchi-Taungoo road at Leh Laeper Point No. 78. The landmine had been laid by Burmese troops from LIB No. 307. (Source: KNAHR)
On 15 September 2002, a group of Pwadoh villagers were ordered by the Burmese commander from LIB No. 302 and 307 to work on the Mawchi-Taungoo Road. Tarmaw Pae, 35, stepped on a landmine that had been laid by the Burmese troops. Saw Thatu Meh, 30, lost his left leg, Saw Thar Paw, 35, was wounded in his right leg, Saw Lekee, 28, was hit in a left rib, both Saw Kaw Ba, 20, and Saw Tudu, 18, were wounded in the face. Tarmaw Pae’s wife, who was 5 months pregnant, was wounded in the groin and calf and Naw Eh Paw was killed. (Source: KNAHR)
Names: Three male and two female villagers aged 22 to 78 years
Residence: Mae Tha Mu tract, Haling Bwe Township, Pa-an district, Karen State
Religion: Buddhist, Christian
On October 19th, 2002, a large army of about 400 SPDC troops, arrived with DKBA guides at our village. They demanded our village, Mae Tha Mu village, to select 45 male villagers to work as porters. The huge column then patrolled Ka Mar Hta, Kyaw Ta Lay Kho, Taray Poe Kwee, Htee Ta Blu Hta, Daw Ka Kyar, Mae Taw Khee, Paw Baw Khee, Wa Mee Klah, Haw Thoo Khee, Htee Par Rah and Htee Mu Khee villages collecting other villager porters, as well as 10 prisoners who wore blue shirts and sarongs. We were not allowed to talk each other during the trip, so, we did not know each others’ names. The loads we had to carry were of shells/munitions, rice, pots, and other foodstuffs. Each load was between 15 to 20 viss1. The troops ordered us to walk in front of the column as they were afraid of being ambushed.
Unfortunately, a porter from Wa Mee Klah village stepped on a landmine on October 20th, 2002, and the ball of his foot was injured. A DKBA soldier took a machete and cut off the leg from the calf down. He was then sent to the Myaing Gyi Ngu to be treated. His wound had not healed when he came back to his village, so he later went to a refugee camp in Thailand to get proper treatment. Along the same journey, two other villager porters stepped on landmines and both of them were immediately killed.
At that time the weather was still cold, and villagers hadn’t brought their blankets with them. We had to follow the troops for one and a half months until December 2002, when we were released. At that time, the harvest season was almost over, and villager porters had by then lost some of their crops.
The three land mine victims are-
1 .Par Ngar 30 ys amputee 4 Children
2. Par Dee Doh 40 ys died 5 Children
3. Par Ngeh 25 ys died single
From FTUB Htee Moo Hta area, Thingan Nyinaung, Karen State, Situation Report:
"Compared with previous years, our villages have suffered the most since November 2001. There were many landmines (around 1,000 landmines) laid by SPDC and DKBA soldiers at this time, the harvest period of the year. Because of a landmine, a monk who was invited for a Buddhist ceremony from another village was killed. A female villager (a former teacher) was killed by a landmine planted on her rice field. The last land mine victim was Pah Shwe Htee (48 years) from Htee Moo Hta. He stepped on a landmine on 7th February, 2002 and died. Landmines killed villagers’ livestock too.
Later, Karen guerrillas arrived around our village and assisted to clear the landmines but they could not find all the mines. The SPDC and DKBA not only brought landmines to our village but also yar mar (Methamphetamine) when they started stationed in November. They have been selling villagers at a cheap price2 or exchanging with the harvest."
A villager interviewed by Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) reported:
"On 2nd March, the SPDC troops came to my home village in Karen State, just a few hours walk from the Thai border. The villagers tried to escape to the forest, taking with them what they could. When the troops arrived, they caught the chicken, killed the pigs and burned down some houses. They also destroyed the rice stocks.
"One villager was killed and two others maimed by the landmines planted by the soldiers. Three other villagers were forced to work as army porters, to walk ahead of the troops in the front line." (Source: CSW 8-5-2002)
Go to Main Page
|
<urn:uuid:f0087963-3f7b-432c-a0b5-36a233887858>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/yearbooks/16.%20Landmines%20in%20Burma.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967143 | 6,201 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Chinese are practical people. They do things to achieve outcomes – either gaining good fortune or to prevent losses and disaster. The principle of life for the Chinese is “趋吉避凶 go after good fortune (i.e. blessings, not just money. The Hebrew word shalom, meaning complete or peace in body soul and spirit may be a closer meaning) and stay away from disaster. Such principle comes from the Ancient Chinese I-Ching philosophy.
Chinese Management Guru and Scholar Zeng Shi Jiang has very good speech on this 易经的奥秘(15)超越吉凶 易经 曾仕强 However, it is in mandarin. He is encouraging people to do better, going beyond gain & loss, fortune & disaster, to seek after what is right and wrong and do the right thing and the right time in the right situation for the right cause. In the speech, he highlighted 4 outcomes of I-Ching, which are 吉凶悔吝。When we are in good fortune 吉, we tend to relax and commit error like over drinking and getting lazy. If we are alert, we will 悔 repent and move back to good fortune. However, if we just attribute our failure to others, blaming 吝, and take no corrective actions, we will end up in disaster 凶.
In my study of I-Ching, I find there are actually nine states or outcomes. Here is the mind-map of the nine outcomes:
I-Ching has a set of strategies, described in 64 hexagrams and 384 stage-lines telling in what situations, taking what actions, will lead to what kind of outcomes.
The fundamental principle is seeking after Truth and persevere in Righteousness and keeping purity.
I put this outcome at the center. We don’t talk about gain or loss, just about what is true and right and pure. Prof Zeng said that gain and loss is from man’s point of view. For the view of nature or heaven & earth, there is no gain or loss attributed to any event. It is just natural events, the usual and normal sequences of life that go on and on, seasons after seasons.
Nevertheless, we are human living in this world. Our actions will produce result that bring gain or loss to ourselves and our community. In this present globalization, our actions affect the world.
悔 Repent & Correct: Deviation from truth bring you down the part of disaster. However, if we detect early and repent, and take corrective action, we will be building on the truth and walking on the path of truth and righteousness to abundance and progress. This is why I put ‘Repentance’ on the gain side rather than on the loss side. Repentance is not just saying sorry but taking corrective actions to move in the right path.
利 Advantage / Benefit: Moving on the right path will us in an advantageous or beneficial position. Knowing is not go enough and we must choose to take the right action.
亨 Flow / Progress: A key concept in I-Ching is flow, or smooth, unobstructed flow of progress. I actually have difficulty deciding to put this at the top above 吉 Gain / Fortune or not. I think flow, or progress is a more important concept that just good fortune. Abundance is a stagnation. Flow is an ever progressing state.
吉 Gain/Blessing / Fortune: As explained above, 吉 Gain / Fortune is more than just money. A closer term for the present may be 福 blessing. A concept of abundance, harmony, joy, complete, for lot of people together. If this is the concept, I will put it at the top.
The 2nd Principle of I-Ching is then Build on the Truth and Attain Blessing of Harmony & Completeness & Abundance.
The world has been very defect fixing focus. Partly caused by Medicine of fixing sickness and the Total Quality Movement. There is nothing wrong with defect fixing and sickness curing. They are necessary. But they are not enough. Fixing defects/sickness bring to normal or average. It does not make you a champion. Chinese medicine in the long past has also concentrated on keeping a healthy and long life. 吃补 eating supplements for good health is a long term and common Chinese practice. Psychology has moved from defect fixing into Positive Psychology. Appreciative Inquiry practice is method based on building on your strength to become champions rather than focusing on fixing weakness and defects.
Nevertheless, the world is not perfect and there are calamities and disasters that are beyond our human control. Controllable disasters are under our responsibilities to prevent them and I-Ching has must to tell how to prevent them. I-Ching also teaches us how to handle non-controllable disasters, risk management, that we should anticipate and minimize their impacts. So the
third principle of I-Ching is about anticipating, preventing disasters and minimizing their impact.
It begins with
咎 Fault or Error. Controllable disasters do not just happen (even uncontrollable earth quakes can be predicted). Some cracks or faults happen first. We must be watchful and be aware of them first. Take action before it become serious. But a typical reaction of human being to discovered faults or mistakes is to blame others.
吝 Remorse but Blame: If we are just sorry for the bad consequences of the fault and the blame others for causing it, then we will not take any corrective action on our parts. What will the situation become. Someone says “Madness/Stupidity is expecting a different result from doing the same thing”. Not taking corrective action will result in 厉 Danger.
厉 Danger: Uncorrected fault over time will become a danger. The cracks and widen and deepen. The problems are more apparent and obvious. There is little accuse for not taking action. But strangely, people just ignore the warning. This may be due to interest “xbody” story.
There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it.
Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it.
Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody’s job.
Everybody thought that Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn’t do it.
It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done
凶 Loss / Disaster: The eventual happens – a big disaster. Actually, it could have been prevented is the teaching of I-Ching has been followed. I-Ching teaches 居安思危 – when in peace we think about the danger. We takes steps to prevent it and also to minimize its impact in case it does happen.
Hope you have gain a good understanding on the purpose of i-Ching and go into the details and learn about the strategies to build on the way of truth and righteousness to harmony and abundance and at the same time preventing disasters.
You may want to start with Learning from I-Ching Part 06 Steps for Application.
|
<urn:uuid:f5649df1-ee48-460e-9f44-0a509fe460b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
http://bvotech.com/blog/?p=934
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578765115.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426093516-20190426115516-00271.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950761 | 1,518 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- To calculate the deformation and deflection of structural members, we have to know the relation between stress and strain. The relation between stress and strain is of vital interest over the full range, in structural design. Like many other structural materials, concrete is, to a certain degree, elastic. A material is said to be perfectly elastic if strain appears and disappears immediately on application and removal of load .This doesn’t imply a linear stress-strain relation.
- Concrete behaves nearly elastically when load is first applied. However under sustained loading, concrete exhibits creep i.e. strain increases with time under a constant stress, even at very low stresses and under normal environmental conditions of temperature and humidity. Steel on the other hand, creeps only at very high stresses at normal temperature or even at low stresses at very high temperature, and in both cases a time dependent failure occurs
- In contrast, in concrete subjected to a stress below about 60-70 % of short-term strength, there is no creep rupture or static fatigue. Like concrete, timber also creeps under normal environmental conditions.The importance of creep in structural concrete lies mainly in the fact that creep deformation is of the same order as the elastic deformation. There are also other effects of creep, most of them detrimental but some beneficial.
- Let us first categorize the elastic behavior of concrete in terms of various types of elastic behavior of engineering materials. The definition of pure elasticity is that strain appears and disappears immediately on application and removal of load. The stress-strain curve in the figure below illustrates two categories of pure elasticity:
- ● Case (a) linear and elastic and
- ● Case (b) non-linear and elastic.
- Steel conforms approximately to case (a) whilst some plastics and timber follow case (b).
- Brittle materials such as glass and most rocks are described as linear and non-elastic, case (c) because separate linear curve exists for the loading and unloading branches of the stress-strain diagram and a permanent deformation exists after complete removal of load.
- The fourth category, case (d) can be described as non-linear and non-elastic, a permanent deformation exist after removal of load. The area enclosed by the loading and unloading curves represents the hysteresis. This behaviour is typical of concrete in compression or tension loaded to moderate and high stresses but is not very pronounced at very low stresses.
elasticity of concrete(www.engineersdaily.com)
|
<urn:uuid:a969a44c-b375-45a7-9471-73945eb37dac>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.engineersdaily.com/2011/05/elasticity-of-concrete.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413406.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531120339-20200531150339-00145.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932307 | 518 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Elaine Guevara was awarded a Leakey Foundation Research Grant during our spring 2017 cycle for her project entitled “Epigenetics of primate longevity.” Guevara is a doctoral student at Yale University and a visiting student at the Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology at George Washington University.
Humans are long-lived compared with most mammals, including our closest living biological relatives, the chimpanzees. Our exceptional longevity has been proposed to be a key part of what makes us human, potentially having coevolved with a number of other notable human characteristics, including large brain size; enhanced cognitive capacity; an extended juvenile period; social learning; behavioral complexity, including skilled foraging; and cultural innovation. Yet the genetic and physiological bases of our remarkable longevity—as well as the processes underlying human aging—remain poorly understood.
A growing body of recent research has demonstrated a critical role for epigenetics in aging. In particular, methylation—a chemical alternation to DNA that plays a role in adjusting gene expression—shows a consistent pattern of change at many different specific pieces of DNA found throughout the genome with age in humans. In facts, these alternations in methylation level are so predictable that they can be used to accurately estimate an individual’s chronological age. Moreover, slight deviations among individuals of the same chronological age in “methylation age” seem to reflect biological aging: prematurely elevated methylation age is associated with mortality risk, increased frailty, decreased grip strength and lung function, diminished cognitive performance, and increased cancer and cardiovascular disease risk. Thus, methylation age represents a valuable new approach for measuring biological aging, identifying factors that influence aging rate, and potentially uncovering the genetic regulatory changes that underlie physiological aging.
So far, change in methylation with age has primarily been studied in humans and has not been studied at all in any other primates. However, this newly discovered phenomenon offers potential for insight into species differences in aging and lifespan if considered in a comparative context. To this end, I am characterizing the pattern of methylation change with age in chimpanzees by generating genome-wide methylation data for 100 chimpanzees of ages across the lifespan, and comparing it to that data from humans. These data may allow for the identification of genes that are differently regulated with age in the two species and thereby help identify which physiological mechanisms (for example, DNA damage repair or immune function) play critical roles in human survival to advanced ages.
|
<urn:uuid:f2210a5c-301f-4716-873d-475196ba9bc2>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://leakeyfoundation.org/grantee-spotlight-elaine-guevara/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217000519-20200217030519-00364.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941031 | 503 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Orange Juice Potential In Fighting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress: Study
A recent study highlights the benefits of orange juice in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
Orange juice is loaded with vitamin C and several other essential nutrients
A recent study indicates that orange juice has the potential to help fight inflammation and oxidative stress in adults.
The findings of the study were published in the journal 'Advances in Nutrition'.Though limited in scope, the study indicates drinking 100 per cent orange juice significantly reduces interleukin 6, a well-established marker of inflammation, in both healthy and high-risk adults.
Two additional inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were also reduced; however, the results did not quite reach statistical significance.
The findings of this study, which was funded through an unrestricted grant by the Florida Department of Citrus, harmonise with a previously published FDOC-funded review that reported beneficial effects of hesperidin, the primary bioactive compound found in oranges and 100 per cent orange juice, on reducing some markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
Chronic inflammation may play a key role in causing or advancing some chronic diseases, including heart disease and diabetes.
"We know that 100 per cent orange juice contains a number of nutrients, like vitamin C, as well as beneficial bioactive compounds that have the potential to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress," said Gail Rampersaud, Florida Department of Citrus registered dietitian.
"This review tells us that some studies find benefits with 100 per cent orange juice, but we need more data and large well-designed studies to make more definitive conclusions. This analysis is especially helpful as we and others plan future research related to orange juice," added Rampersaud.
The review examined published studies relating to 100 per cent orange juice and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The review was conducted by the Think Healthy Group and researchers at Tufts University and George Mason University.
The analysis consisted of three parts: a qualitative scoping review of 21 studies with a total of 307 healthy adults and 327 adults at risk for disease; a systematic review of a subset of 16 studies that measured the six most reported biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress in the body; and 10 studies that had sufficient data to conduct a meta-analysis. The researchers also examined the overall quality and potential bias in the studies.
The broad scoping and systematic reviews revealed that, in general, 100 per cent orange juice either had beneficial or null (no adverse) effects on oxidative stress or inflammation.
The researchers cautioned that studies included a relatively small number of subjects, had a low strength of evidence, and had a moderate risk of bias; therefore, overall findings should be interpreted with caution.
(This story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.)
DoctorNDTV is the one stop site for all your health needs providing the most credible health information, health news and tips with expert advice on healthy living, diet plans, informative videos etc. You can get the most relevant and accurate info you need about health problems like diabetes, cancer, pregnancy, HIV and AIDS, weight loss and many other lifestyle diseases. We have a panel of over 350 experts who help us develop content by giving their valuable inputs and bringing to us the latest in the world of healthcare.
|
<urn:uuid:9ec602b6-a5a8-40d3-9549-a9aefe34f361>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://doctor.ndtv.com/news/orange-juice-potential-in-fighting-inflammation-oxidative-stress-study-2586349
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662675072.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527174336-20220527204336-00701.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94961 | 674 | 2.78125 | 3 |
On Enemy Soil
Journal of James Edmond Pease, a Civil War Union Soldier
Other Editions of This Title:
Ignorant to the bitter realities of military life, 16-year-old James enlists in the Union Army at the dawn of the Civil War. When his lieutenant assigns him to be the company historian of the G Company of the 122nd Regiment, New York Volunteers, he is initially at a loss as to what exactly he is supposed to record. As the days pass, James settles into his role, but he cannot take comfort in it. His country is divided by a bloody war, and his unit struggles through the hardships and turmoil. Through his journal entries, James poignantly captures the terror of battle, the drudgery of day-to-day life in the infantry, the loss of comrades, and the disillusionment of a young soldier.
Scholastic Inc., 9780545398879, 176pp.
Publication Date: September 1, 2012
|
<urn:uuid:b8551124-e57b-4f79-bbb2-fbf92f857d5e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780545398879
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141182776.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125100409-20201125130409-00513.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957254 | 205 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Cosmetic Act of 1938
Distinguishes between drugs and cosmetics. Drugs affect function or structure, cosmetics promote attractiveness altering the appearance.
Allow products to spread, give them body and texture, and give them a specific form such as a lotion or a cream.
actual changes in the appearance of the skin.
Strong performance ingredients intended to improve the skin's health and appearance.
Fatty materials-plant or animal derived-vehicle or performance ingredient
Coat the skin and reduce friction
derived from plant oils or animal fats
fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen
produced from fatty acids and fatty alcohols
oils chemically combined with silicone and oxygen, leave a noncomedogenic protective film on the surface of the skin.
the tendency of any topical substance to cause or worsen a buildup of dead cells in the follicle.
Reduce the surface tension between the skin and the product.
Primarily a surfactant used to cleanse, form an emulsion to lift dirt and oil from the skin.
surfactants that cause oil and water to mix and form an emulsion
Oil soluble/water soluble
Give products gel like consistency
Therapeutic use of plant aromas and essential oils
Prevent bacteria and other microorganisms from living in a product.
Chemical added to cosmetics to improve the efficiency of a preservative.
substances that inhibit oxidation reactions.
Synthetic, inorganic, metal salts.
substances such as vegetable, pigment, or mineral dyes that give products color.
Organic, plant extracts, natural pigments
acids or alkalies
Dissolve other ingredients
ingredients derived from plants
chamomile, licorice, azulene, and aloe, that heal the skin.
attract water to the skin's surface
Used to improve hydration, plumpness, and smoothness of skin.
Removal of dead corneum cells
Alpha Hydroxy Acids of Beta Hydroxy Acids
Work by loosening the bond between cells in the surface of the corneum
Dissolve keratin proteins on the surface of the skin. Maintain the hydration level of the epidermis
Deliver ingredients to specific tissues of the epidermis
Spreading agents and carrying bases nescessary for the formulation of a cosmetic.
Closed lipid bilaryer spheres that encapsulate ingredients, targeted delivery, controled release
Chemical compounds formed by a number of small molecules
Neutralize free radicals before they can attach themselves to the cell membrane and destroy the cell
Help strengthen the immune system and stimulate the metabolism
Tissue Repair Factor (TRF)
Functions as anti inflammatory and moisturizing agent.
Chains of amino acids used in skin care products to produce changes in the skin's appearance.
Chains of amino acids used in skin care products to produce changes in the skins appearance
Please allow access to your computer’s microphone to use Voice Recording.
We can’t access your microphone!
Click the icon above to update your browser permissions above and try again
Reload the page to try again!
Press Cmd-0 to reset your zoom
Press Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom
It looks like your browser might be zoomed in or out. Your browser needs to be zoomed to a normal size to record audio.
Your microphone is muted
For help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.
|
<urn:uuid:6770eb6e-431e-4121-a601-6de1552117bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
https://quizlet.com/11275594/miladys-esthetics-chapter-12-chemistry-ingredients-and-selection-flash-cards/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825358.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00064-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.827752 | 717 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Main Training Effects of Regular Excercise: A Brief Summary
- Stronger Heart Rate. The Heart beats more slowly when you are fitter. Each contraction of the heart muscle is more powerful so workloads on
the heart are reduced. Your heart returns to its normal resting rate quicker, the fitter you are.
- Reduced Blood Fats. i.e. Cholesterol levels are reduced with exercise. Veins increase in size reducing the risk of Atherosclerosis, heart
attacks, thrombosis and strokes.
- Strengthens Lung Tissue. Strengthens the diaphragm muscles allowing lungs more room to expand, increasing vital capacity.
- Improved Oxygen Exchange. Resulting in a decline in the rate of breathing while resting.
- Increased Bone Density, improves mobility, joints become less susceptible to arthritis, reduces risk of osteoporosis.
- Improved Motor Skills (better reflexes), improvement in co-ordination and the senses, etc.
- Improves Digestive System including the elimination process.
- Helps in provention of obesity ensuring longer life span and reduces premature ageing.
- Improves circulation, makes arteries more pliable lowering and controlling elevated blood pressure. Improved circulation also helps prevent
- Reduce the risk of certain cancers.
- Increases bodies resistance to infections, colds and flu.
- Reduces the adverse affects of alcohol and smoking.
- Makes you feel better physically and mentally improves self confidence.
- Improves body tone and figure. Look & feel more confident.
- Makes healthy muscle tissue, raises metabolism, stimulates the fat burning process.
|
<urn:uuid:2bf9d948-5a29-4811-9fc2-9a913bb9691d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://www.toningtabletherapycentre.co.uk/the-physical-benefits/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371606067.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405150416-20200405180916-00337.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.854866 | 335 | 3.25 | 3 |
Figueras 1904 - Figueras 1989
Salvador Dali got to know the author André Breton - the founder of the surrealist movement - while he was studying in Madrid. In 1924, Breton wrote the first surrealist manifesto, in which Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis played a key role. For Dali, psychoanalysis, the theory of the subconscious, and the world of dreams were his most important sources of inspiration. In 1927/28 Dali stayed in Paris, where he became part of the avant-garde. After a stay in the United States, Dali settled in Figueras in Spain, where he had been born. His most famous works are the paintings he made in the 1930s, but Dali also produced drawings, collages, photographs, films, fashion and theatre sets. In 1970, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen organised the first major retrospective of his work. In 2005, the exhibition 'Everything Dali' featured a retrospective of Dali's work for commercial clients, theatre and film makers.
|
<urn:uuid:86c2de05-f650-4b99-8fe5-c9ae74d0639f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://collectie.boijmans.nl/en/maker/4704/Salvador-Dal%C3%AD
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687711.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921082205-20170921102205-00413.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968937 | 218 | 2.9375 | 3 |
It is the end of another long, hard day of backbreaking and hazardous toil. As the sun sets off Bangladesh’s scarred coastline, hundreds of men clamber off the hulk of a ship and paddle wearily back to the oil-streaked mud of the beach. They are “cutters”, and they have spent the day tearing the ship apart with little more than their bare hands and oxyacetylene torches.
For Bangladesh, this is big business. Some 700 ocean-going vessels are scrapped each year, and about 100 of them are ripped apart in Bangladesh. The ship-breaking market is like a parable of the promises and pitfalls of globalisation. In rich Western countries, ship-owners used to have to pay royally to have their craft taken apart by expensive machinery in dry docks. Now, they can sell the decommissioned ships to ship-breakers, who have them dismembered along poverty-stricken beaches, with anything from 300 to 500 workers employed on each ship.
In one sense, this is what globalisation promised: ageing ships, once big costs for their owners, have become assets; and poor countries, with few resources beyond their labour, can make use of them, creating jobs and providing themselves with cheap recycled materials, notably steel.
But there are snags. Ship-breaking is dangerous for its workers and damaging to the environment. The countries that dominate the market—Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Vietnam—typically offer cheap, unorganised labour and lax environmental controls. The industry first came to Bangladesh thanks to one of its regular scourges. In 1960, when Bangladesh was still known as East Pakistan, a cyclone
left a ship, the SS Clan Alpine, beached near the port of Chittagong. Since then, ship-breaking has become Bangladesh’s main source of steel. And a stretch of beach, as these pictures show, has become a vision of hell.
They were taken by Saiful Huq Omi, a photographer whose home is about 40 minutes’ drive from the beach. “I was born in this place,” he says. “I grew up in this place.” He was keen to get to the heart of the matter: “in other photographers’ pictures, you cannot see the brutality of the business, how it is killing people. It is still not considered an industry, the workers have no rights.”
It relies on ill-paid casual workers risking injury, mutilation and death. Numbers are hard to gauge, since few have an interest in publicising them. But the Bangladeshi press has estimated that more than 400 workers have died in the past 20 years, and more than 4,000 have suffered serious injuries.
Sometimes gases lingering around the vessels explode, to lethal effect. Some workers have been crushed by tumbling steel girders; others have fallen from the high sides of ships on which they were working without safety harnesses. Many of the oxyacetylene cutters work without goggles. Few wear shoes, let alone protective clothing.
They are also exposed to long-term health risks: from the asbestos used for insulation in older ships, and from paint containing lead, cadmium and arsenic. Workers are poorly compensated when injured, and often, in between ships, have no work and no income. Many live in squalor. According to Young Power in Social Action, an NGO campaigning on ship-breaking in Chittagong, 51% of workers are under 22 years old and 46% are illiterate. Omi says they hate the work. They do it, he says, because “there is no other way to support their families. This is their last option.” ~ SIMON LONG
|
<urn:uuid:1ea76ed3-7a54-40d9-b313-bfc6ac547a5d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.1843magazine.com/features/photo-essay/where-ships-go-to-die
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323682.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628134734-20170628154734-00131.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974337 | 779 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As outlined in my previous post, blockchain faces number of fundamental – technological, cultural, and business – issues before it becomes mainstream. However, potential of blockchain, especially if it were coupled with AI, cannot be ignored. The potent combination of blockchain and AI can revolutionise healthcare, science, government, autonomous driving, financial services, and a number of key industries.
Discussions continue about blockchain’s ability to lift people out of poverty through mobile transactions, improve accounting for tourism in second-world countries, and make governance transparent with electronic voting. But, just like the complementary – and equally hyped – technologies of AI, IoT, and big data, blockchain technology is emerging and yet unproven at scale. Additional, socio-political as well as economic roadblocks remain to blockchain’s widespread adoption and application:
1. Disparity of computer power and electricity distribution
Bitcoin transactions on blockchain require “half the energy consumption of Ireland”. This surge of electricity use is simply impossible in developing countries where the resource is scarce and expensive. Even if richer countries assist and invest in poorer ones, the UN is concerned that elite, external ownership of critical infrastructure may lead to a digital form of neo-colonialism.
2. No mainstream trust for blockchain
Bitcoin inspired the explosive attention on blockchain, but there isn’t currently much trust in the technology – as it’s relatively new, unproven and has technical problems and limitations – outside of digital currencies. With technologies still in their infancy, blockchain companies are slow to deliver on promises. This turtle pace does not satisfy investors seeking quick ROI. Perhaps the largest, challenge to blockchain adoption is the massive transformation in architectural, regulatory, and business management practices required to deploy the technology at scale. Even if such large-scale changes are pulled off, society may experience a culture shock from switching to decentralised, automated systems after a history of only centralised ones.
3. Misleading and misguided ‘investments’
Like the Internet, blockchain technology is most powerful when everyone is on the same network. The Internet grew in fits and starts, but was ultimately driven by the killer app of email. While Bitcoin and digital currencies are the “killer app” of blockchain, we’ve already seen aggressive investments in derivative cryptocurrencies peter out.
Many technologies also call themselves “blockchain” to capitalise on hype and capture investment, but are not actual blockchain implementations. But, even legitimate blockchain technologies suffer from the challenge of timing, often launching in a premature ecosystem unable to support adoption and growth.
4. Cybersecurity risks and flaws
The operational risks of cybersecurity threats to blockchain technology make early adopters hesitate to engage. Additionally, bugs in the technology are challenging to detect, yet caused outsized damage. Getting the code right is critical, but this requires time and talent.
While relatively more known Bitcoin’s PoW-based blockchain systems and Ethereum see limelight and PR, there are number of alternative blockchain protocols and approaches, which are scalable and solve many of fundamental challenges the incumbents face.
PoW and Ethereum alternatives
Disclaimer: I neither condone, engage nor promote any of the below alternatives but simply provide information as found on websites, articles and social media of relevant entities and therefore not responsible whether the information thus provided is accurate and realistic.
1. BitShares, SteemIt (based on Steem) and EOS white papers which are all based on Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS). DPOS enables BitShares to process 180k transactions per second, which is more than 5x NASDAQ transactions/s. Steem and Bitshares process more transactions/day than the top 20 blockchains combined.
In DPOS, each 2 seconds – Bitcoin’s PoW generates a new block each 10 minutes – a new block is created, through witnesses (stakeholders can elect any number of witnesses to generate blocks – currently 21 in Steem and 25 in BitShares). DPOS is using pipelining to increase scalability. Those 20 witnesses generate their own block in a specified order, that holds for a few rounds (hence the pipelining), after the order is changed. DPOS confirms transactions with 99.9% certainty in an average of just 1.5 seconds while degrading in a graceful, detectable manner that is trivial to recover from. It is easy to increase the scalability of this schema, by introducing additional witnesses either by increasing the pipeline length or using sharding to allow to generate in a deterministic/verifiable way few blocks during the same epoch.
2. IOTA (originally designed to be financial system for IoT) is a new blockless distributed ledger which is scalable, lightweight and fee-less. It’s based on DAG, and its performance INCREASES the bigger the networks gets.
3. Ardor solves the common (to all blockchains) bloat problem, relying on an innovative parent/child chain architecture and pruning of the child chain transactions. It shares some similarities with plasma.io, based on NXT blockchain technology and already running on testnet.
4. LTCP uses State Channels by stripping 90% of the transaction data from the blockchain. LTCP combined with RSK’s Lumino network or Ethereum’s Raiden network can serve 1 billion users in both retail and online payments.
5. Stellar runs off of Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) and is scalable, robust, got a distributed exchange and is easy to use. SCP implements “Federated Byzantine Agreement,” a new approach to achieving consensus in a real-world network that includes faulty “Byzantine” nodes with technical errors or malicious intent. To tolerate Byzantine failures, SCP is designed not to require unanimous consent from the complete set of nodes for the system to reach agreement, and to tolerate nodes that lie or send incorrect messages. In the SCP, individual nodes decide which other participants they trust for information, and partially validate transactions based on individual “quorum slices.” The systemwide quorums for valid transactions result from the individual quorum decisions by individual nodes.
6. A thin client is a program which connects to the Bitcoin network but which doesn’t fully validate transactions or blocks, i.e it’s a client to the full nodes on the network. Most thin clients use the Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) method to verify that confirmed transactions are part of a block. To do this, they connect to a full node on the blockchain network and send it a filter (Bloom filter) that will match any transactions affecting the client’s wallet. When a new block is created, the client requests a special lightweight version of that block: Merkle block, which includes a block header, a relatively small number of hashes, a list of one-bit flags, and a transaction count. Using this information—often less than 1 KB of data—the client can build a partial Merkle tree to the block header. If the hash of the root node of the partial Merkle tree equals the hash of Merkle root in the block header, the SPV client has cryptographic proof that the transaction was included in that block. If that block then gets 6 confirmations at the current network difficulty, then the client has extremely strong proof that the transaction was valid and is accepted by the entire network.
The only major downside of the SPV method is that full nodes can simply not tell the thin clients about transactions, making it look like the client hasn’t received bitcoins or that a transaction the client broadcast earlier hasn’t confirmed.
7. Mimir proposes a network of Proof of Authority micro-channels for using in generating a trustless, auditable, and secure bridge between Ethereum and the Internet. This system aims to establish Proof of Authority for individual validators via a Proof-of-Stake contract registry located on Ethereum itself . This Proof-of-Stake contract takes stake in the form of Mimir B2i Tokens. These tokens serve as collateral that may be repossessed in the event of malicious actions. In exchange for serving requests against the Ethereum blockchain, validators get paid in Ether.
8. Ripple’s XRP ledger already handles 1,500 transactions/second on-chain, which keeps on being improved (was 1,000 transactions/sec at the beginning of 2017).
9. QTUM, a hybrid blockchain platform whose technology combines a fork of bitcoin core, an Account Abstraction Layer allowing for multiple Virtual Machines including the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and Proof-of-Stake consensus aimed at tackling industry use cases.
10. Blocko, which has enterprise and consumer grade layers and has already successfully piloted/launched products (dApps) with/for Korea Exchange, LotteCard and Huyndai.
11. Algorand uses “cryptographic sortition” to select players to create and verify blocks. It scales on demand and is more secure and faster than traditional PoW and PoS systems. While most PoS systems rely on some type of randomness, algorand is different in that you self-select by running the lottery on your own computer (not on cloud or public chain). The lottery is based on information in the previous block, while the selection is automatic (involving no message exchange) and completely random. Thanks David Deputy for pointing out this platform!!!
12. NEO, also called “Ethereum of China,” is a non-profit community-based blockchain project that utilizes blockchain technology and digital identity to digitize assets, to automate the management of digital assets using smart contracts, and to realize a “smart economy” with a distributed network.
|
<urn:uuid:4e50255b-8c8d-47f3-a0b3-090b89a5f2eb>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
|
https://haykha.com/2017/11/11/survival-of-blockchain-and-ethereum-vs-alternatives/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488552937.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624075940-20210624105940-00522.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918373 | 2,017 | 3.015625 | 3 |
International Gain-An-Hour-Of-Sleep day is right around the corner. This means an extra hour in bed that Sunday morning and a journey to and from work while it’s still dark out.
Although this sounds amazing to some, it can actually have a negative effect on our sleep if not handled and prepared for appropriately. The end of Daylight Saving Time has a much larger impact on our lives now that we’ve brought little ones into the world too, making the new sleep transition more of a nightmare than a dream.
Daylight Saving Time throws a spanner in the works because of our internal clock (our circadian rhythm) being affected. This internal clock is what helps us get up in the morning and feel sleepy around the same time each night. Our kiddos are still learning to deal with and manage their internal clocks, so the end of Daylight Saving Time can cause more stress and inconsistency at bedtime.
Because clocks will be falling back an hour, our kids will be more likely to struggle to get to sleep at a later time. And with school in session and daily routines to stick to in the morning, they may actually end up losing sleep which can affect their focus and mood.
We know this time can be daunting to think about, especially when it’s affecting your sleep schedule as well, so we wanted to provide some easy tips to help you get over the bedtime transition hump.
Daylight Saving Sleep Tips
- Put yourself and your little ones to sleep 15 to 20 minutes later each night in the week leading up to the time change. A gradual progression to a new bedtime eases the transition instead of an abrupt shift and helps to ensure everyone gets the optimal amount of sleep.
- That being said, make sure your children wake up with the amount of sleep they need for their age-group:
- 3-5-year-olds need 11-13 hours
- 6-9-year-olds need 10-11 hours and are more tired from school so are ready for bed by 7:30 pm
- From 10 years old, kids need around nine hours for good daytime alertness
- Set a strict routine. To help transition to a new sleep cycle, be sure to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. And yes, that does include weekends.
- Try to be patient with your little ones as they adjust to the new bedtime routine. Think about how you feel when your sleep schedule changes and remember it’s just as confusing for children. Tantrums may occur more often, which is where mindful meditations like Blinki’s Happy Moments, from the Moshi Sleep app, can help.
- Bedroom environments should be relaxing. This might mean a dark room with some low-level lighting, comfortable bed, and a room temperature that is neither too hot nor too cold. Ask your child what they need to help them feel peaceful and secure in their bedroom at night.
- Once it’s time to lay down for bed, bring in soothing Moshi Stories to help relax the body and mind for a restful night of sleep. Listening to a variety of stories and music is essential; a new story might be a nice treat but an old favorite might be just what they need to drift off effortlessly.
The Moshi Sleep app is an easy way to help your child snuggle down and get ready for sleep. The relaxing melodies are just the thing to help kiddos slip into a transitioned bedtime routine more easily.
Overcoming the end of Daylight Saving Time with your little ones doesn’t need to be a worrisome thought. In fact, with these tips, we think it’ll be a piece of cake!
The Moshi Team
|
<urn:uuid:d12b43c0-6872-43d7-9f01-396cf03ea817>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://www.moshisleep.com/blog/overcoming-the-daylight-savings-transition/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00202.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942766 | 773 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Left: normal rat disc. Right: engineered disc.
What’s the News: Researchers at Cornell University have now bio-engineered synthetic spinal discs and implanted them in rats. The implants provide as much spinal cushioning as authentic discs do, and improve with age by growing new cells and binding to nearby vertebrae, according to the study recently published in the journal PNAS. The research could someday help people with chronic lower back and neck pain from conditions like degenerative disc disease.
What’s the Context:
- In your spine, intervertebral discs provide cushioning between individual vertebrae. But when those discs start to tear or rupture from age or injuries, it can put you in a lot of pain, often requiring medications and physical therapy. In more extreme cases, surgeons sometimes remove the diseased disc(s) and fuse the remaining vertebrae together; this severely hampers back flexibility.
- In the past few years, surgeons have also started offering intervertebral disc arthroplasty, which involves replacing degenerated discs with metal or plastic replicas. This procedure has an inherent issue: the artificial discs wear down over time. Organic artificial discs may not have this issue.
- This idea of trading ailing body parts for lab-grown replacements is certainly not new. Recently, scientists and surgeons transplanted the world’s first synthetic organ, a trachea, which they created partly out of a man’s own stem cells.
How the Heck:
- In the current study, researchers led by biomedical engineer Lawrence Bonassar fashioned artificial, disc-shaped scaffolds out of collagen, and injected a gel called alginate into the centers. They added cells from sheep discs, and let the cells grow over the scaffolds. The researchers used sheep cells instead of rat cells because sheep discs are much larger, allowing the team to make many implants from a single set of discs and reduce variability in the study, Bonassar said in an email.
- The researchers implanted the bio-discs into the spines of immune-deficient rats, just under the tail. After six months, the scientists found that the implanted discs showed no signs of wear. Moreover, using MRI and CT scans, they saw that the cells from the implants had started growing into the rest of the rats’ spines, just as cells in a normal disc would.
Not So Fast:
- The concept is still a long way off from being used in humans. One challenge for human transplants will be finding a way to prevent the immune system from rejecting the new discs. But it remains to be seen how big of an issue this will be: since spinal discs don’t have blood vessels, it doesn’t have white blood cells to attack the foreign discs, making it less likely for the body to reject the transplants.
- Dr. Douglas Orr points out that rat tails don’t bear weight the same way that human spines do, leaving unanswered the question of whether the engineered discs will fulfill that need (via HealthDay).
The Future Holds: The researchers are working on making human-sized discs using human cells. Bonassar says that they may be able to make implants using cadaveric disc cells or adult stem cells from bone marrow.
Image courtesy of Bowles et al, PNAS
|
<urn:uuid:e8613310-d2e2-4757-818e-104801ddef6a>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/08/03/spinal-discs-grown-from-cells-could-someday-repair-bad-backs/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928907.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00045-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929256 | 695 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Watson-Crick DNA Model
In the 1950s, people widely believed that James Watson and Francis Crick were the first scientists to discover the DNA. However, as early as 1860, Friedrich Miescher had made a breakthrough in the field of genetics with his discovery of the DNA (Marx, 14). Before Watson-Crick analysis, earlier studies of the DNA had revealed molecule’s chemical and physical structure. To comprehend on its function, the two scientists used previous analysis from other prominent researchers to determine the DNA molecules. Before 1953, the two scientists had successfully developed models illustrating all the components structure of the DNA molecule (Marx 16).
As proposed by the two scientists, the DNA molecule comprises of chains, purine and anti-parallel oriented chains. After conducting numerous analyses regarding the DNA composition, Watson and Crick suggested that all DNA molecules comprise of two chains of nucleotides. Similarly, the two scientists hypothesized that the arrangement of the two chains in a DNA molecule takes a helix form (Marx, 44). Although minor changes have resulted in the alteration of the Watson-Crick DNA model, most of its outstanding features have remained unaltered to date (Marx, 50). Some of the unchanged features of the Watson-Crick Model include the consideration that the DNA molecules are double-stranded, which implies that Ts and Cs are paired with Gs. Similarly, the molecule double helix is anti-parallel. As such, the 5 ends of the strands are paired with the 3 ends of the complementary strands (Marx, 55).
Through the Watson-Crick Model, the puzzle regarding the passage of genetic instructions from one generation to another was unraveled. Similarly, the experiment played a significant role in ensuring the government support in human genome projects (Marx, 56). In addition, the Model and its ability have enabled the manipulation of DNA molecules in biotechnology industry and modern medicine facilitating significant breakthroughs that would have otherwise remained unrealized.
|
<urn:uuid:ffd1dcc8-32f8-4500-bc2c-e607885cfb0e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://specialessays.com/watson-crick-dna-model/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987828425.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023015841-20191023043341-00047.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947164 | 401 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Copper Leaf, Pulchella - Plant
Description for Copper Leaf, Pulchella
Basic varieties come in several different colors - red, pink and white. The red is a rusty mix of coppery red with bright pink accents. Pink has beautiful mottled pink, green and white leaves (bright pink in more sun, pastel pink in part shade). White is creamy white mixed with green. Newer cultivars include smaller-leaved shrubs like Inferno as well as new colors such as showy Tricolor with red, green and yellow foliage.
|Common name||Flower colours||Bloom time||Height||Difficulty|
|Copper plant.||These shrubs do flower but with narrow, dangling, fuzzy blooms (called "catkins") similar in color to the foliage so the blossoms are all but invisible.||-||3 to 5 feet.||Easy.|
Planting and care
Add composted cow manure and top soil (or organic peat humus) to the hole when you plant. Plant 3 feet apart. Come out from the house 2-1/2 to 3 feet. If you re planting along a driveway or walk, come in about 3 or 4 feet. Copperleaf plants will work fine in a container.
|Copperleaf plants like full sun to part shade - and the more sun,the brighter the leaf color. It will enjoy part shade too, especially in hot and dry climates.||Plant your copper leaf in organically rich soil that has been amended with compost.||Keep a regular watering schedule for these shrubs. If they stay too dry for too long they won t look their best.||Copper plant prefers temperatures above 50 degrees Fahrenheit.||Fertilize 3 times a year - in spring, summer and fall - with a good granular fertilizer.|
Caring for Copper Leaf
- Trim occasionally for shape and height (do branch trimming rather than using hedge trimmers).
Give the plant a hard pruning in spring (late March or early April) for bushier growth and to keep it the size you want.
Typical uses of Copper Leaf
Ornamental use: Landscape uses for copper plant
accent by the entry
single yard specimen
anchor plant for a bed of smaller plants
lining a walk or drive
surrounding tall palms
along a blank wall
lining the edge of a porch, deck or patio
Want to write review ?Click here to Login
What garden lovers say ... ?
How often should i water it and does it come with soil or should i get my own soil?
I like the plant, this is the only plant survive 7 days in traffic and after 2 days it becomes healthier again.
This plant can be planted in a simple pot.
|
<urn:uuid:de63bf03-cad4-4320-9098-216e28628f52>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
https://nurserylive.com/flowering-plants/copper-leaf-plants-in-india
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870604.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528004814-20180528024814-00404.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.872281 | 579 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Gait and Balance Disorders
Ataxia, Orthostatic Hypotension & Balance Problems
There are a wide variety of gait and balance disorders that can be related to neurological issues. This can range from cerebellar ataxias, peripheral nerve based sensory ataxias, spinal cord issues causing weakness, spasticity, or sensory issues, and balance issues related to different forms of parkinsonism. Treatment can vary widely depending on the actual issue, but can involve medications and/or PT and OT.
- Cerebellar ataxia: Ataxia describes a lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects. A sign of an underlying condition, ataxia can affect various movements, creating difficulties with speech, eye movement and swallowing.Persistent ataxia usually results from damage to the part of your brain that controls muscle coordination (cerebellum)
- Balance problems from neuropathy: People with severe neuropathy typically have trouble with balance and gait, partly because they receive little or none of the sensory information the rest of us get from the plantar surfaces of the feet. That input helps most people manage the body’s ever-swaying center of mass, much of which is controlled at the ankle.
Request an Appointment Today!
Please fill out this form to let us know what Chicago Movement Specialists can help you with. We’ll get back to you as soon as possible with available appointment times. We look forward to beginning your journey to better health!
|
<urn:uuid:d2bd1098-fa81-498a-87b2-67cf17fb4e3f>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://chicago-movement.com/diagnoses/gait-balance-disorders/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00609.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919065 | 318 | 2.734375 | 3 |
They constitute a group of diseases that are characterized by a progressive alteration in the function of neurons, which leads to the occurrence of various manifestations resulting from the alteration of brain function, with the main changes in behavior , memory failure, disorientation and disorders psychological. Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurons are vulnerable to various types of damage
Neurons are the main cells in the nervous system . They are responsible for processing all the information they receive from outside and inside, integrate and produce responses that manifest as movements, sensations, reflex behavior or more elaborate processes such as speech, emotions and learning.
These cells are very vulnerable to various types of damage, especially failures in oxygen supply and the toxic effects of free radicals. The different noxas affect its functioning, even leading to its destruction, which causes manifestations that depend on the group of neurons affected. Neurodegenerative Diseases
The main factors related to the development of a neurodegenerative disease are: sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, smoking and low social interaction . They also influence a person’s age and genetic factors.
There are different types of neurodegenerative diseases
Degenerative disorders are responsible for progressive damage to neurons, ultimately leading to death. This occurs in so-called neurodegenerative diseases, which include the following conditions:
Motor neuron disease (multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
spinal muscular atrophy Neurodegenerative Diseases
Main manifestations associated with neuronal damage
The symptoms that accompany these disorders are variable, however the most common are:
Disorders of memory. One of the main symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders is forgetfulness. At first they are sporadic, but then they become more and more frequent until they disrupt everyday life.
Tremor. The impairment of motor control can cause manifestations such as tremor. Although it is the main manifestation of Parkinson’s disease, there are many other causes of this type of involuntary movement, such as lesions of the cerebellum or the posterior part of the spinal cord. Neurodegenerative Diseases
Involuntary movements. These are movements much larger than tremors, they consist of jolts and are characteristic of diseases called choreas, the main one being Huntington’s disease.
Balance disorders. The ability to maintain balance depends on the joint work of several areas of the brain, when one of them fails, you start having problems standing up or keeping in a certain position. The main nerve center related to balance and coordination is the cerebellum, however, this problem can also be found in lesions such as multiple sclerosis.
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders that deteriorate those who suffer over the years. These diseases can be prevented and slow their progression, but once installed there is no specific treatment to help repair it.
|
<urn:uuid:b2161558-6542-4f62-a5d6-e06c448ff083>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://englopedia.com/what-is-neurodegenerative-diseases/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587623.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025030510-20211025060510-00223.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941606 | 583 | 3.15625 | 3 |
What even is security?
A big HELLO 👋🏻 from CroudThings and welcome to OUR THIRD ARTICLE!! This week we’re tackling the world of IoT and security. We’ll get to grips with what security means in IoT, what the big-hitting issues are and what might happen if we get it wrong.
The concept of security is generally one that’s overlooked by the majority of technology users, and is only ever really considered when you’re setting (or resetting – insert witty remark about Facebook logging you out after an eternity and not remembering your password) a password. While this strategy is acceptable (it’s definitely not recommended) for most purposes, when it comes to new and revolutionary technologies that deal with vast amounts of our private data, this laissez-faire approach just doesn’t cut it.
As is the nature of connected technology, it’s essentially impossible to make it completely secure and bulletproof. Generally speaking, as technologies age and more people use it, loopholes and weaknesses are ironed out making the technology even more secure (assuming the security updates are actually applied ). That said, for new technologies, the luxury of having a long track record of use isn’t available. For this reason, and the fact that connected systems will likely be running significant swathes of city infrastructure, running the risk of these systems being hacked is particularly unacceptable.
The Parts – Defining the Things
Generally speaking, security for IoT can be broken down into 3 distinct component categories, each with their own specific definition of ‘secure’. These categories are hardware, software and data. Let’s quickly define what security means for each:
Hardware: security in this context is focused mainly on the integrity of the hardware components that are being used within a connected device. If this seems like a slightly vague definition of security, take a look at this article published by Bloomberg that looks at the impact of small computer chips being secretly embedded within servers that were sold to some of the largest companies in the world.
Software: software security is concerned with the “hackability” of a particular system. As with all pieces of connected hardware, some amount of software is required to allow that device to connect and communicate with people or other devices. When you think of software security, literally think of those cringy hacking TV scenes:
The tangible, the ethereal, and the difficult
The tangible – Hardware
As IoT devices become more and more prevalent, the potential damage as a result of hardware-based threats only increases. Consider for a moment that the vast majority of electrical components used around the world are produced in China. Up until recently, you would be forgiven for being quietly optimistic and trusting that there was a clear distinction between China’s manufacturing industry and the state. However, in light of the findings from Supermicro (see Bloomberg article linked above), we would be foolish to continue assuming this to be the case.
That said, China simply has no competition when it comes to low-cost electrical components. As IoT manufacturers continue looking for the lowest cost, biggest bang-for-your-buck hardware, many will inevitably opt for components manufactured in China. Obviously, not all components coming out from China will be compromised, but the point is there won’t be an easy way of telling which ones have been. In two years with the rate of growth of IoT, it’s entirely possible that compromised IoT devices will be in use all over the world (or they might already be…)
The ethereal – Software
Hacking doesn’t have to be as sophisticated as embedding a tiny microchip onto a server motherboard, it can literally be as simple as someone walking up to a smart sensor/device and re-flashing its firmware. With this, the hacker potentially gains access to the device itself, the data it’s acquiring and the network it is connected to.
As is inherent in IoT technology (i.e. things connected with each other), one of the major security risks is network attacks. One of the most notable of which is called the Mirai botnet (Wikipedia). The Mirai botnet was (and still is) a malicious software (aka malware) that specifically attacked network devices running Linux Operating System (no. 1 most popular OS). Mirai has turned Linux devices across 164 countries into remote-controlled “bots” allowing these devices to be controlled for malicious and nefarious ends. Mirai and its variations are still affecting IoT devices across the world.
The difficult – Data
Data security represents a critical component of overall IoT security. To consider and design systems to keep data secure, we have to consider the entire device and system tree (i.e. from the sensor all the way to the computer network). It’s for this reason that one of the most important parts of getting data security right is largely down to the methodology that’s adopted in handling the data.
The classic examples include losing laptops containing both the encrypted data, as well as the ability to decrypt it. It’s for this reason that data security is an all-pervasive issue that has to be considered at every level. As unsexy as it might seem, data policies applied by companies and governments have as much effect on data security as the technologies we use to generate and communicate the data. Fortunately, data security is increasingly on the radar of governments and companies as shown by the recent wholesale implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR #buzzword).
Locking down your home
Before we wrap up, this wouldn’t be an article on security if we didn’t mention home security. There is a vast range of IoT devices designed to make your house more convenient and secure. Amazon with its recent updates of its virtual assistant introduced a feature where the device would utilise its microphone array to detect sounds like broken glass, the sound of a smoke alarm and even the sound of your own security system alarm. addition to this, there are also new smart locks that do away with the need for physical keys and allow you to detect if and when a door is left open or unlocked. You can even share temporary access keys with friend and family so they can let themselves in if they need to. A quick google will land you fully in the ocean of products out there to make your home smarter and more secure.
Yup, that’s all we’ve got…
Over this article, we hope we’ve been able to demonstrate quite how important, and at times complicated, the world of IoT security is. We’ve only really been able to scratch the surface in this article, but if you keen to learn more, make sure you SUBSCRIBE to receive regular updates. In our upcoming article series “The Three Pillars” (yup, we’re still running with that name), we’re going to tackle some of these areas in a lot more detail – so stay tuned!
With lots of ❤,
This is a really important note. If you think back a few months, you’ll likely remember the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK suffering from a ransomware that was only able to exploit computers running Windows 7 called WannaCry. While Microsoft had issued security patches to prevent programs like WannaCry, the patches hadn’t been installed on many of the computers being used in hospitals and GPs across the country.
In fact, unfortunately, the question of encryption is a little more complicated than even simply encrypting absolutely everything. Encryption requires computational power, and for IoT devices which generally operate on the limits of their hardware capabilities for efficiency, there often isn’t much computational power left over for encryption.
|
<urn:uuid:9da4824c-2798-4e93-b093-be540c186960>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
https://croudthings.io/security-in-iot
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829542.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218164121-20181218190121-00180.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948535 | 1,605 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.