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# Zilch (electromagnetism)
In physics, zilch (or zilches) is a set of ten conserved quantities of the source-free electromagnetic field, which were discovered by Daniel M. Lipkin in 1964. The name refers to the fact that the zilches are only conserved in regions free of electric charge, and therefore have limited physical significance. One of the conserved quantities (Lipkin's {\displaystyle Z^{0}}) has an intuitive physical interpretation and is also known as optical chirality.
In particular, first, Lipkin observed that if he defined the quantities
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Z^{0}&=\mathbf {E} \cdot \nabla \times \mathbf {E} +\mathbf {B} \cdot \nabla \times \mathbf {B} \\\mathbf {Z} &={\frac {1}{c}}\left(\mathbf {E} \times {\frac {d}{dt}}\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {B} \times {\frac {d}{dt}}\mathbf {B} \right)\end{aligned}}}
## Optical chirality
The free Maxwell equations imply that {\displaystyle \partial _{0}Z^{0}+\nabla \cdot \mathbf {Z} =0}.
The precedent equation implies that the quantity {\displaystyle \int Z^{0}\,d^{3}x} is constant. This time-independent quantity is one of the ten zilches discovered by Lipkin. Nowadays, the quantity {\displaystyle \int Z^{0}\,d^{3}x} is widely known as optical chirality (up to a factor of 1/2).
The quantity {\displaystyle {Z}^{0}} is the spatial density of optical chirality, while {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} } is the optical chirality flux. Generalizing the aforementioned differential conservation law for {\displaystyle Z^{0}}, Lipkin found other nine conservation laws, all unrelated to the stress–energy tensor. He collectively named these ten conserved quantities the zilch (nowadays, they are also called the zilches) because of the apparent lack of physical significance.
## Properties of zilch tensor
The zilch is often described in terms of the zilch tensor, {\displaystyle Z_{\nu \rho }^{\mu }}. The latter can be expressed using the dual electromagnetic tensor {\displaystyle {\hat {F}}^{\mu \nu }=(1/2)\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }F_{\rho \sigma }} as
{\displaystyle Z_{\nu \rho }^{\mu }={\hat {F}}^{\mu \lambda }F_{\lambda \nu ,\rho }-F^{\mu \lambda }{\hat {F}}_{\lambda \nu ,\rho }}.
The zilch tensor is symmetric under the exchange of its first two indices, {\displaystyle \mu } and {\displaystyle \nu }, while it is also traceless with respect to any two indices, as well as divergence-free with respect to any index.
The conservation law {\displaystyle \partial _{\rho }Z^{\mu \nu \rho }=0} means that the following ten quantities are time-independent:
{\displaystyle \int d^{3}xZ^{\mu \nu 0}=\int d^{3}xZ^{\nu \mu 0}.}
These are the ten zilches (or just the zilch) discovered by Lipkin. In fact, only nine zilches are independent.
The time-independent quantity {\displaystyle \int d^{3}xZ^{000}} is known as the 00-zilch and is equal to the aforementioned optical chirality
{\displaystyle \int Z^{0}\,d^{3}x} ({\displaystyle Z^{000}=Z^{0}}).
In general, the time-independent quantity {\displaystyle \int d^{3}xZ^{\mu \nu 0}} is known as the {\displaystyle \mu \nu }-zilch (the indices {\displaystyle \mu ,\nu } run from 0 to 3) and it is clear that there are ten such quantities (nine independent).
It was later demonstrated that Lipkin's zilch is part of an infinite number of zilch-like conserved quantities, a general property of free fields.
## History
One of the zilches has been rediscovered. This is the zilch called "optical chirality", named by Tang and Cohen, since this zilch determines the degree of chiral asymmetry in the rate of excitation of a small chiral molecule by an incident electromagnetic field.
A further physical insight of optical chirality was offered in 2012; optical chirality is to the curl or time derivative of the electromagnetic field, what helicity, spin and related quantities are to the electromagnetic field itself.
The physical interpretation of all zilches for topologically non-trivial electromagnetic fields was investigated in 2018.
Since the discovery of the ten zilches in 1964, there is an important open mathematical question concerning their relation with symmetries. (Recently, the full answer to this question seems to have been found ). This is the question:
What are the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action functional:
{\displaystyle S[A_{\mu }]=-{\frac {1}{4}}\int d^{4}xF_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }}
(with {\displaystyle F_{\mu \nu }=\partial _{\mu }A_{\nu }-\partial _{\nu }A_{\mu }} and {\displaystyle A_{\mu }} is the dynamical field variable) that give rise to the conservation of all zilches using Noether's theorem. Until recently, the answer to this question had been given only for the case of optical chirality by Philbin in 2013.
This open question was also emphasized by Aghapour, Andersson and Rosquist in 2020,
while these authors found the symmetries of the duality-symmetric Maxwell action underlying the conservation of all zilches. (Aghapour, Andersson and Rosquist did not find the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action, but they speculated that such symmetries should exist ).
There are also earlier works studying the conservation of zilch in the context of duality-symmetric electromagnetism, but the variational character of the corresponding symmetries was not established.
The full answer to the aforementioned question seems to have been given for the first time in 2022, where the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action underlying the conservation of all zilches were found. According to this work, there is a hidden invariance algebra of free Maxwell equations in potential form that is related to the conservation of all zilches.
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Zilch (electromagnetism)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilch_(electromagnetism)
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2024-09-05T23:25:04Z
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Q48996966
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{{Short description|Physics term; a conserved quantity of the electromagnetic field}}
{{Tone|date=July 2023}}
In [[physics]], '''zilch''' (or zilches) is a set of ten [[conserved quantities]] of the source-free [[electromagnetic field]], which were discovered by Daniel M. Lipkin in 1964.<ref name="Lipkin"/> The name refers to the fact that the zilches are only conserved in regions free of [[electric charge]], and therefore have limited physical significance. One of the conserved quantities (Lipkin's <math>Z^0</math>) has an intuitive physical interpretation and is also known as '''optical chirality'''.
In particular, first, Lipkin observed that if he defined the quantities
: <math>
\begin{align}
Z^0 & = \mathbf{E}\cdot \nabla \times\mathbf{E} + \mathbf{B} \cdot \nabla \times\mathbf{B} \\
\mathbf{Z} & = \frac{1}{c}\left ( \mathbf{E}\times\frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{E} + \mathbf{B} \times\frac{d}{dt} \mathbf{B} \right )
\end{align}
</math>
== Optical chirality ==
The free [[Maxwell equations]] imply that <math>\partial_0 Z^0 + \nabla \cdot \mathbf{Z} = 0</math>.
The precedent equation implies that the quantity <math>\int Z^0 \, d^3x</math> is constant. This time-independent quantity is one of the ten zilches discovered by Lipkin. Nowadays, the quantity <math>\int Z^0 \, d^3x</math> is widely known as '''optical chirality''' (up to a factor of 1/2).<ref name="Tang">{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Y. |last2=Cohen |first2=A.E. |date=2010 |title=Optical Chirality and Its Interaction with Matter |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=104 |issue=16 |pages=163901–1–4 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104p3901T |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.163901 |pmid=20482049}}</ref>
The quantity <math>{Z}^{0}</math> is the '''spatial density''' of optical chirality, while <math>\mathbf{Z}</math> is the '''optical chirality flux'''.<ref name="Tang" /> Generalizing the aforementioned differential conservation law for <math>Z^0</math>, Lipkin found other nine conservation laws, all unrelated to the [[stress–energy tensor]]. He collectively named these ten conserved quantities the zilch (nowadays, they are also called the zilches<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal
| last1 = Smith
| first1 = G
| last2 = Strange
| first2 = P
| date = 2018
| title = Lipkin's conservation law in vacuum electromagnetic fields
| journal = Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
| volume = 51
| issue = 43
| pages = 435204
| doi = 10.1088/1751-8121/aae15f
| bibcode = 2018JPhA...51Q5204S
| s2cid = 125795220
| url = https://kar.kent.ac.uk/69293/2/zilch3.pdf
}}</ref>) because of the apparent lack of physical significance.<ref name="Lipkin">{{cite journal
| last = Lipkin
| first = D.M.
| date = 1964
| title = Existence of a New Conservation Law in Electromagnetic Theory
| journal = [[Journal of Mathematical Physics]]
| volume = 5
| issue = 696
| pages = 696–700
| doi = 10.1063/1.1704165
| bibcode = 1964JMP.....5..696L
}}</ref><ref>Wheeler, N.A. [http://www.reed.edu/physics/faculty/wheeler/documents/Electrodynamics/Class%20Notes/Chapter%203.pdf Classical electrodynamics course notes]. Reed College. 1980/81. p. 241-245 </ref>
== Properties of zilch tensor ==
The zilch is often described in terms of the zilch tensor, <math>Z^\mu_{\nu\rho}</math>. The latter can be expressed using the [[dual (mathematics)|dual]] [[electromagnetic tensor]] <math>\hat{F}^{\mu\nu}=(1/2)\epsilon^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F_{\rho\sigma}</math> as
<math>Z^\mu_{\nu\rho} = \hat{F}^{\mu\lambda}F_{\lambda\nu,\rho} - F^{\mu\lambda} \hat{F}_{\lambda\nu,\rho}</math>.<ref name="kibble">{{cite journal
| last = Kibble
| first = T.W.B.
| date = 1965
| title = Conservation Laws for Free Fields
| journal = [[Journal of Mathematical Physics]]
| volume = 6
| issue = 7
| pages = 1022–1026
| doi = 10.1063/1.1704363
| bibcode = 1965JMP.....6.1022K
}}</ref>
The zilch tensor is symmetric under the exchange of its first two [[Indices (maths)|indices]], <math>\mu</math> and <math>\nu</math>, while it is also [[Trace (linear algebra)|traceless]] with respect to any two indices, as well as [[divergence-free]] with respect to any index.<ref name="kibble" />
The conservation law <math>\partial_{\rho}Z^{\mu \nu \rho}=0</math> means that the following ten quantities are time-independent:
:<math>
\int d^{3}x Z^{\mu \nu 0}=\int d^{3}x Z^{\nu \mu 0}.
</math>
:These are the ten zilches (or just the zilch) discovered by Lipkin.<ref name="Lipkin" /> In fact, only nine zilches are independent.<ref name="kibble" />
:The time-independent quantity <math>\int d^{3}x Z^{000}</math> is known as the 00-zilch <ref name="Lipkin" /> and is equal to the aforementioned '''optical chirality'''
:<math>\int Z^0 \, d^3x</math> (<math> Z^{000}=Z^{0}</math>).
:In general, the time-independent quantity <math>\int d^{3}x Z^{\mu \nu 0}</math> is known as the <math>\mu \nu</math>-zilch <ref name="Lipkin" /> (the indices <math>\mu, \nu</math> run from 0 to 3) and it is clear that there are ten such quantities (nine independent).
It was later demonstrated that Lipkin's zilch is part of an infinite number of zilch-like conserved quantities, a general property of free [[Field_(physics)|fields]].<ref name=kibble/>
== History ==
One of the zilches has been rediscovered. This is the zilch called "optical chirality", named by Tang and Cohen, since this zilch determines the degree of chiral asymmetry in the rate of excitation of a small chiral molecule by an incident electromagnetic field.<ref name=Tang/>
A further physical insight of optical chirality was offered in 2012; optical chirality is to the curl or time derivative of the electromagnetic field, what helicity, spin and related quantities are to the electromagnetic field itself.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Cameron
| first1 = R. P.
| last2 = Barnett
| first2 = Stephen M.
| last3 = Yao
| first3 = Alison M
| date = 2012
| title = Optical helicity, optical spin and related quantities in electromagnetic theory
| journal = New Journal of Physics
| volume = 14
| issue = 5
| pages = 053050
| doi = 10.1088/1367-2630/14/5/053050
| bibcode = 2012NJPh...14e3050C
| s2cid = 54593793
| doi-access= free
}}</ref>
The physical interpretation of all zilches for topologically non-trivial electromagnetic fields was investigated in 2018.<ref name=Smith/>
Since the discovery of the ten zilches in 1964, there is an important open mathematical question concerning their relation with symmetries. (Recently, the full answer to this question seems to have been found <ref name=Letsios/>). This is the question:
What are the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action functional:
<math>S[A_{\mu}]= -\frac{1}{4} \int d^{4}x F_{\mu \nu}F^{\mu \nu}</math>
(with <math>F_{\mu \nu}=\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu} - \partial_{\nu}A_{\mu}</math> and <math>A_{\mu}</math> is the dynamical field variable) that give rise to the conservation of all zilches using [[Noether's theorem]]. Until recently, the answer to this question had been given only for the case of optical chirality by Philbin in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Philbin
| first1 = T.G.
| date = 2013
| title = Lipkin's conservation law, Noether's theorem, and the relation to optical helicity
| journal = [[Phys. Rev. A]]
| volume = 87
| issue = 4
| pages = 043843
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.043843
| arxiv = 1303.0687
| bibcode = 2013PhRvA..87d3843P
| doi-access= free
}}</ref>
This open question was also emphasized by Aghapour, Andersson and Rosquist in 2020,<ref name="Aghapour">{{cite journal
| last1 = Aghapour
| first1 = Sajad
| last2 = Andersson
| first2 = Lars
| last3 = Rosquist
| first3 = Kjell
| date = 2020
| title = The zilch electromagnetic conservation law revisited
| journal = [[Journal of Mathematical Physics]]
| volume = 61
| issue = 12
| pages = 122902
| doi = 10.1063/1.5126487
| arxiv = 1904.08639
| bibcode = 2020JMP....61l2902A
| doi-access= free
}}</ref>
while these authors found the symmetries of the duality-symmetric Maxwell action underlying the conservation of all zilches. (Aghapour, Andersson and Rosquist did not find the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action, but they speculated that such symmetries should exist <ref name="Aghapour" />).
There are also earlier works studying the conservation of zilch in the context of duality-symmetric electromagnetism,<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Cameron
| first1 = R.P.
| last2 = Barnett
| first2 = S.M.
| date = 2012
| title = Electric–magnetic symmetry and Noether's theorem
| journal = [[New Journal of Physics]]
| volume = 14
| issue = 12
| pages = 123019
| doi = 10.1088/1367-2630/14/12/123019
| bibcode = 2012NJPh...14l3019C
| doi-access= free
}}</ref> but the variational character of the corresponding symmetries was not established.
The full answer to the aforementioned question seems to have been given for the first time in 2022,<ref name=Letsios>{{cite journal
| last1 = A. Letsios
| first1 = V.
| date = 2022
|arxiv= 2211.06798v1
| title = Continuity equations for all Lipkin's zilches from symmetries of the standard electromagnetic action and Noether's theorem
}}</ref> where the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action underlying the conservation of all zilches were found. According to this work, there is a hidden invariance algebra of free Maxwell equations in potential form that is related to the conservation of all zilches.
==See also==
* [[Conservation law]]
* [[Noether's theorem]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Electromagnetism]]
[[Category:Conservation laws]]
[[Category:Chirality]]
| 1,244,252,280
|
[]
| true
|
# 7 for All Mankind
7 For All Mankind (often referred to simply as 7FAM) is an American denim brand founded by Michael Glasser, Peter Koral, and Jerome Dahan in 2000 and headquartered in Vernon, California. It was purchased by the VF Corporation in 2007 and sold to Delta Galil Industries in 2016.
7 For All Mankind jeans are characteristically tight-fitting and mid-rise.
## History
7 for All Mankind began by designing women's jeans. A men's jeans line was introduced in fall 2002, and its Children Denim Collection in fall 2005. The brand is sold in over 80 countries including Europe, Canada, and Japan.
Dahan and Glasser, denim designers who had worked in the apparel industry for years, created the company in response to what they saw as a void in the contemporary denim market. Focusing on female denim wearers, it has been stated that the company was successful because of the fit, fabrics, washes, attention to detail, and the logo on the product's back pockets. 7 For All Mankind's proximity to Los Angeles makes the brand popular with celebrities, including Prince Harry.
|
enwiki/1926863
|
enwiki
| 1,926,863
|
7 for All Mankind
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_for_All_Mankind
|
2025-06-27T23:06:52Z
|
en
|
Q270013
| 19,453
|
{{short description|American denim brand}}
{{Infobox company
| name = 7 for All Mankind
| logo = 7 for all mankind.jpg
| type =
| industry = Clothing
| founder = Michael Glasser, Peter Koral, and Jerome Dahan
| hq_location = [[Vernon, California]]
| hq_location_city =
| key_people =
| brands =
| num_employees =
| website = {{url|https://7forallmankind.com/}}
}}
'''7 For All Mankind''' (often referred to simply as '''7FAM''') is an American [[denim]] brand founded by Michael Glasser, Peter Koral, and Jerome Dahan in 2000 and headquartered in [[Vernon, California]].<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-11-fi-seven11-story.html Vernon Jeans Maker Sells 50% Stake to Raise Cash]</ref> It was purchased by the [[VF Corporation]] in 2007 and sold to [[Delta Galil Industries]] in 2016.
7 For All Mankind jeans are characteristically tight-fitting and mid-rise.<ref>Jeans' genes part of price tag formula, ''[[Contra Costa Times]]'', November 8, 2006, Business and Financial section.</ref>
==History==
7 for All Mankind began by designing women's jeans. A men's jeans line was introduced in fall 2002, and its Children Denim Collection in fall 2005. The brand is sold in over 80 countries including [[Europe]], [[Canada]], and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web | title=7 for All Mankind: About Us | url=http://www.7forallmankind.com/about_us.html | access-date=2007-01-03 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070103014835/http://www.7forallmankind.com/about_us.html| archive-date= 3 January 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
Dahan and Glasser, denim designers who had worked in the [[apparel industry]] for years, created the company in response to what they saw as a void in the contemporary denim market. Focusing on female denim wearers, it has been stated that the company was successful because of the fit, [[fabric]]s, washes, attention to detail, and the [[logo]] on the product's back pockets.<ref name="ReferenceA">Denim has legs, ''[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]'', October 5, 2005</ref> 7 For All Mankind's proximity to Los Angeles makes the brand popular with celebrities,<ref>Haute List, ''[[The New York Post]]'', April 26, 2007</ref> including [[Prince Harry]].<ref>[http://www.denimblog.com/2012/06/prince-harry-in-7-for-all-mankind-jeans/ denimblog.com] June 2012</ref>
[[File:Seven For All Mankind logo.jpg|thumb|7 For All Mankind's Signature pocket stitching]]
==See also==
*[[List of denim jeans brands]]
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
*[http://www.7forallmankind.com/ Official site]
{{DEFAULTSORT:7 For All Mankind}}
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of the United States]]
[[Category:2000s fashion]]
[[Category:2010s fashion]]
[[Category:Jeans by brand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Retail companies based in California]]
| 1,297,700,764
|
[{"title": "7 for All Mankind", "data": {"Industry": "Clothing", "Founder": "Michael Glasser, Peter Koral, and Jerome Dahan", "Headquarters": "Vernon, California", "Website": "7forallmankind.com"}}]
| false
|
# Čechy (Přerov District)
Čechy is a municipality and village in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Čechy lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Přerov, 28 km (17 mi) south-east of Olomouc, and 236 km (147 mi) east of Prague.
## Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| ---------------- | ---- | ------ |
| 1869 | 372 | — |
| 1880 | 366 | −1.6% |
| 1890 | 390 | +6.6% |
| 1900 | 441 | +13.1% |
| 1910 | 489 | +10.9% |
| 1921 | 468 | −4.3% |
| 1930 | 478 | +2.1% |
| 1950 | 384 | −19.7% |
| 1961 | 439 | +14.3% |
| 1970 | 411 | −6.4% |
| 1980 | 405 | −1.5% |
| 1991 | 344 | −15.1% |
| 2001 | 331 | −3.8% |
| 2011 | 325 | −1.8% |
| 2021 | 286 | −12.0% |
| Source: Censuses | | |
|
enwiki/23858806
|
enwiki
| 23,858,806
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Čechy (Přerov District)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cechy_(P%C5%99erov_District)
|
2025-06-09T08:24:25Z
|
en
|
Q338169
| 69,154
|
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Čechy
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Obec|Municipality]]
<!-- images -->
| image_skyline = Čechy (PR), zvonice.JPG
| image_caption = Belfry in the centre of Čechy
| image_flag = Čechy PR flag.gif
| image_shield = Čechy_PR_znak.png
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{CZE}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of the Czech Republic|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Olomouc Region|Olomouc]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of the Czech Republic|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Přerov District|Přerov]]
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Czech Republic
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Czech Republic
| coordinates = {{coord|49|25|45|N|17|32|4|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
<!-- government type, leaders -->
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
<!-- established -->
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 1358
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4.55
<!-- elevation -->
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 226
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of = 2025-01-01
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2025|url=https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-t4l3n8d2iw|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2025-05-16}}</ref>
| population_total = 332
| population_density_km2 = auto
<!-- time zone(s) -->
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
<!-- postal codes, area code -->
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 751 15
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
<!-- website, footnotes -->
| website = {{URL|https://www.cechyobec.cz/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Čechy''' is a municipality and village in [[Přerov District]] in the [[Olomouc Region]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Čechy lies approximately {{convert|7|km|mi|0}} south-east of [[Přerov]], {{convert|28|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-east of [[Olomouc]], and {{convert|236|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Prague]].
==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|align=none|cols=1
|1869|372
|1880|366
|1890|390
|1900|441
|1910|489
|1921|468
|1930|478
|1950|384
|1961|439
|1970|411
|1980|405
|1991|344
|2001|331
|2011|325
|2021|286
|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011|url=https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/historicky-lexikon-obci-1869-az-2015|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|language=cs|date=2015-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population Census 2021: Population by sex|url=https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK|work=Public Database|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2021-03-27}}</ref>}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Čechy (Přerov District)}}
*{{official|https://www.cechyobec.cz/}}
{{Přerov District}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cechy}}
[[Category:Villages in Přerov District]]
{{Olomouc-geo-stub}}
| 1,294,698,557
|
[{"title": "\u010cechy", "data": {"Country": "Czech Republic", "Region": "Olomouc", "District": "P\u0159erov", "First mentioned": "1358"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "4.55 km2 (1.76 sq mi)", "Elevation": "226 m (741 ft)"}}, {"title": "Population (2025-01-01)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "332", "\u2022 Density": "73/km2 (190/sq mi)", "Time zone": "UTC+1 (CET)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+2 (CEST)", "Postal code": "751 15", "Website": "www.cechyobec.cz"}}]
| false
|
# Slovenian Individual Speedway Championship
The Slovenian Individual Speedway Championship is a Motorcycle speedway championship held each year to determine the Slovenian national champion. It was first staged in 1978.
Matej Žagar holds the record, winning 18 championships.
## Winners
| Year | Winner | 2nd | 3rd |
| 1978 | Stefan Kekec | | |
| 1979 | Jože Mavsar | | |
| 1980 | Stefan Kekec | | |
| 1981 | Stefan Kekec | | |
| 1982 | Stefan Kekec | | |
| 1983 | Joze Zibert | | |
| 1984 | Krešo Omerzel | | |
| 1985 | Franc Zagar | | |
| 1986 | Arthur Horvat | | |
| 1987 | Arthur Horvat | | |
| 1988 | Zvonko Pavlic | | |
| 1989 | Martin Peterca | | |
| 1990 | Gregor Pintar | | |
| 1991 | Gregor Pintar | Roman Spitaler | Gerhard Lekse |
| 1992 | Gregor Pintar | Martin Peterca | Krešo Omerzel |
| 1993 | Krešo Omerzel | Martin Peterca | Gerhard Lekse |
| 1994 | Gerhard Lekse | Martin Peterca | Roman Spitaler |
| 1995 | Gregor Pintar | Martin Peterca | Izak Šantej |
| 1996 | Gregor Pintar | Krešo Omerzel | Gerhard Lekse |
| 1997 | Matej Ferjan | Izak Šantej | Gerhard Lekse |
| 1998 | Matej Ferjan | Izak Šantej | Martin Peterca |
| 1999 | Matej Ferjan | Izak Šantej | Thomas Sustersic |
| 2000 | Matej Ferjan | Izak Šantej | Thomas Sustersic |
| 2001 | Matej Ferjan | Izak Šantej | Jernej Kolenko |
| 2002 | Matej Žagar | Izak Šantej | Jernej Kolenko |
| 2003 | Matej Žagar | Izak Šantej | Jernej Kolenko |
| 2004 | Matej Žagar | Izak Šantej | Denis Štojs |
| 2005 | Matej Žagar | Jernej Kolenko | Ales Kraljic |
| 2006 | Matej Žagar | Izak Šantej | Jernej Kolenko |
| 2007 | Matej Žagar | Jernej Kolenko | Izak Šantej |
| 2008 | Matej Žagar | Izak Šantej | Denis Štojs |
| 2009 | Matej Žagar | Maks Gregorič | Aleksander Čonda |
| 2010 | Matej Žagar | Aleksander Čonda | Ales Kraljic |
| 2011 | Matej Žagar | Only Kukovic | Aleksander Čonda |
| 2012 | Matej Žagar | Maks Gregorič | Aleksander Čonda |
| 2013 | Matej Žagar | Aleksander Čonda | Matic Voldrih |
| 2014 | Matej Žagar | Maks Gregorič | Matic Voldrih |
| 2015 | Matej Žagar | Aleksander Čonda | Maks Gregoric |
| 2016 | Matej Žagar | Nick Škorja | Denis Štojs |
| 2017 | Matej Žagar | Nick Škorja | Denis Štojs |
| 2018 | Matej Žagar | Matic Ivačič | Nick Škorja |
| 2019 | Matej Žagar | Matic Ivačič | Denis Štojs |
| 2020 | Matic Ivačič | Nick Škorja | Anže Grmek |
| 2021 | Matic Ivačič | Anže Grmek | Nick Škorja |
| 2022 | Matic Ivačič | Nick Škorja | Anže Grmek |
| 2023 | Matic Ivačič | Anže Grmek | Julian Kuny |
|
enwiki/72740830
|
enwiki
| 72,740,830
|
Slovenian Individual Speedway Championship
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Individual_Speedway_Championship
|
2025-05-02T14:05:32Z
|
en
|
Q116457212
| 64,112
|
{{Short description|Motorcycle speedway championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Sports league
| title = Slovenian Individual Speedway Championship
| current_season =
| logo =
| pixels =
| caption =
| sport = [[Motorcycle speedway]]
| founded = 1978
| most_champs = [[Matej Žagar]] (18)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/thread/952/matej-zagar |title=Matej Zagar |website=WWOS backup |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
}}
The '''Slovenian Individual Speedway Championship''' is a [[Motorcycle speedway]] championship held each year to determine the Slovenian national champion. It was first staged in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyspeedway.nstrefa.pl/indmslowenii.php |title=Individual Slovenian Championship |website=Historia Sportu Zuzlowego |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://speedwayfansite.com/champs/sloim.html |title=Individual Championship of Slovenia |website=Speedway Fansite |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
[[Matej Žagar]] holds the record, winning 18 championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishspeedway.co.uk/player/zagar-matej/ |title=ŽAGAR, MATEJ |website=British Speedway|access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
==Winners==
{| class="wikitable"
|- align=center
|width=40px {{Speedway color|4}} |'''Year'''
|width=300px {{Speedway color|P1}}|'''Winner'''
|width=300px {{Speedway color|P2}}|2nd
|width=300px {{Speedway color|P3}}|3rd
|-
|align=center|1978||[[Stefan Kekec]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1979||[[Jože Mavsar]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1980||[[Stefan Kekec]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1981||[[Stefan Kekec]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1982||[[Stefan Kekec]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1983||[[Joze Zibert]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1984||[[Krešo Omerzel]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1985||[[Franc Zagar]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1986||[[Arthur Horvat]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1987||[[Arthur Horvat]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1988||[[Zvonko Pavlic]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1989||[[Martin Peterca]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1990||[[Gregor Pintar]] || ||
|-
|align=center|1991||[[Gregor Pintar]] || [[Roman Spitaler]] || [[Gerhard Lekse]]
|-
|align=center|1992||[[Gregor Pintar]] || [[Martin Peterca]] || [[Krešo Omerzel]]
|-
|align=center|1993||[[Krešo Omerzel]] || [[Martin Peterca]] || [[Gerhard Lekse]]
|-
|align=center|1994||[[Gerhard Lekse]] || [[Martin Peterca]] || [[Roman Spitaler]]
|-
|align=center|1995||[[Gregor Pintar]] || [[Martin Peterca]] || [[Izak Šantej]]
|-
|align=center|1996||[[Gregor Pintar]] || [[Krešo Omerzel]] || [[Gerhard Lekse]]
|-
|align=center|1997||[[Matej Ferjan]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Gerhard Lekse]]
|-
|align=center|1998||[[Matej Ferjan]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Martin Peterca]]
|-
|align=center|1999||[[Matej Ferjan]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Thomas Sustersic]]
|-
|align=center|2000||[[Matej Ferjan]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Thomas Sustersic]]
|-
|align=center|2001||[[Matej Ferjan]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Jernej Kolenko]]
|-
|align=center|2002||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Jernej Kolenko]]
|-
|align=center|2003||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Jernej Kolenko]]
|-
|align=center|2004||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Denis Štojs]]
|-
|align=center|2005||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Jernej Kolenko]] || [[Ales Kraljic]]
|-
|align=center|2006||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Jernej Kolenko]]
|-
|align=center|2007||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Jernej Kolenko]] || [[Izak Šantej]]
|-
|align=center|2008||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Izak Šantej]] || [[Denis Štojs]]
|-
|align=center|2009||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Maks Gregorič]] || [[Aleksander Čonda]]
|-
|align=center|2010||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Aleksander Čonda]] || [[Ales Kraljic]]
|-
|align=center|2011||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Only Kukovic]] || [[Aleksander Čonda]]
|-
|align=center|2012||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Maks Gregorič]] || [[Aleksander Čonda]]
|-
|align=center|2013||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Aleksander Čonda]] || [[Matic Voldrih]]
|-
|align=center|2014||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Maks Gregorič]] || [[Matic Voldrih]]
|-
|align=center|2015||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Aleksander Čonda]] || [[Maks Gregoric]]
|-
|align=center|2016||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Nick Škorja]] || [[Denis Štojs]]
|-
|align=center|2017||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Nick Škorja]] || [[Denis Štojs]]
|-
|align=center|2018||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Matic Ivačič]] || [[Nick Škorja]]
|-
|align=center|2019||[[Matej Žagar]] || [[Matic Ivačič]] || [[Denis Štojs]]
|-
|align=center|2020||[[Matic Ivačič]] || [[Nick Škorja]] || [[Anže Grmek]]
|-
|align=center|2021||[[Matic Ivačič]] || [[Anže Grmek]] || [[Nick Škorja]]
|-
|align=center|2022||[[Matic Ivačič]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fimspeedway.com/news/slovenias-ivacic-handed-smederna-spot |title=SLOVENIA'S IVACIC HANDED SMEDERNA SPOT |website=FIM |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> || [[Nick Škorja]] || [[Anže Grmek]]
|-
|align=center|2023||[[Matic Ivačič]] || [[Anže Grmek]] || [[Julian Kuny]]
|}
==See also==
[[Slovenia national speedway team]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{International speedway}}
[[Category:National speedway championships|Slovenia]]
| 1,288,417,502
|
[{"title": "Slovenian Individual Speedway Championship", "data": {"Sport": "Motorcycle speedway", "Founded": "1978", "Most titles": "Matej \u017dagar (18)"}}]
| false
|
# Ada Herefords
The Ada Herefords was a minor league baseball team based in Ada, Oklahoma. From 1947 to 1954, the Herefords played exclusively as a member of the Class D level Sooner State League, winning the league pennant in 1950. The Herefords were a minor league affiliate of the St. Louis Browns from 1947 to 1953 and remained an affiliate when St. Louis relocated to become the Baltimore Orioles in 1954. Ada Hosted minor league home games at Hereford Park.
## History
Minor league baseball began in Ada, Oklahoma with the 1947 Ada Herefords. The Ada Herefords were charter members of the six–team Sooner State League in 1947, joining the Ardmore Indians, Duncan Cementers, Lawton Giants, McAlester Rockets and Seminole Oilers in league play.
In their first season of play, the 1947 Ada Herefords placed 2nd in the Sooner State League with an 86–51 record in the regular season, playing as an affiliate of the St. Louis Browns. They would remain an affiliate of the Browns franchise throughout their existence. Ada finished 10.5 games behind the 1st place Lawton Giants, while playing the season under manager Uke Clanton. In the 1947 playoffs, the McAlester Rockets defeated the Ada Herefords 3 games to 2. Paul Richardville of Ada led the Sooner State League with 11 home runs and 111 RBI, while Forest Smith led the league with 23 wins and a 2.47 ERA and William Donaghey led the league with 244 strikeouts. The Ada home season attendance was 41,872, an average of 611 per game.
The 1948 Sooner State League expanded to eight teams. Ada finished with a 63–76 record, placing 5th in the 1948 Sooner State League regular season standings, playing under returning manager Uke Clanton. The Herefords did not qualify for the playoffs, finishing the season 28.5 games behind the 1st place McAlester Rockets. The Sooner State League expanded from six–teams to eight–teams, adding the Chickasha Chiefs and Pauls Valley Raiders as expansion teams. The Ada season attendance in 1948 was 27,050.
The Ada Herefords made the Sooner State League playoffs in 1949. Ada finished with a 69–70 record and in 4th place in the regular season standings, finishing 18.5 games behind the 1st place Pauls Valley Raiders, playing under manager Bill Krueger. In the playoffs, the Pauls Valley Raiders defeated Ada 3 games to 2. Ada player Bill Milligan led the Sooner State League with 23 home runs. Season attendance at Hereford Park was 33,525.
In 1950, Ada captured the Sooner State League pennant, playing under returning manager Bill Krueger. The Ada Herefords finished the regular season in first place 1st with a 96–41 record, ending the season 5.5 games ahead of 2nd place McAlester Rockets. In the 1950 playoffs, the Ardmore Indians defeated Ada 3 games to 2. Stephen Molinari of Ava led the Sooner State League with 39 home runs and 163 RBI, while teammate William Donaghey led the league with 23 wins. Season attendance was 31,981.
The 1951 Ada Herefords did not qualify for the Sooner State League playoffs, finishing in 5th place. The Herefords ended with a 54–86 record in the regular season, playing under manager Stan Galle and finishing 45.5 games behind the 1st place Ardmore Indians. Attendance was 12,779, an average of 183 per game.
Ada missed the playoffs in 1952, as the Herefords finished in 7th place with a 57–82 record. Former manager Uke Clanton became president of the Sooner State League, a position he would hold for the remainder of the league's play. Playing under managers Bill Enos, Virl Loman and Jim England, the Herefords finished 29.5 games behind the 1st place McAlester Rockets in the eight–team league. McAlester drew 38,387 to Hereford Park for the season.
The 1953 Ada Herefords advanced to the Sooner State League Finals. Ada finished with an 84–54 record, placing 3rd in the regular season standings. Ada played under manager Louis Browner and finished 7.5 games behind the Ardmore Cardinals. In the 1953 playoffs, Ada had their first and only playoff series victory, as the Ada Herefords defeated the Shawnee Hawks 3 games to 1 in the semi-finals. In the Finals, the McAlester Rockets defeated Ada 4 games to 1 and captured the championship. Ava players Ron Slawski and Bob Norden tied for the Sooner State League lead in home runs with 31 each and teammate J.L. Rhodes led the league with 21 wins. Ada's season attendance was 36,128.
Ada played their final minor league season in 1954, changing their moniker to the Ada Cementers in mid–season. The franchise became an affiliate of the Baltimore Orioles, as the St. Louis Browns had relocated to Baltimore in 1954. The 1954 Ada Herefords/Cementers ended the Sooner State League regular season in 6th place with a 64–76 record, playing under managers Louis Brower and John Densmore, finishing 28.0 games behind the Shawnee Hawks. Ada drew 28,482 fans for home games, an average 407 per game in their final minor league season.
The Ada minor league franchise permanently folded after the 1954. Fellow league member Pauls Valley Raiders folded also. Ada and Pauls Valley were replaced in the 1955 Sooner State League by the Muskogee Giants and Paris Orioles.
Ada, Oklahoma has not hosted another minor league team.
## The ballpark
The Ada minor league teams were noted to have played minor league home games at Hereford Park. The ballpark was located at the Pontotoc County fairgrounds on North Broadway Avenue. The field, which was also used as a rodeo arena, had an unusual asymmetrical shape featuring a short right field porch and extremely long third base foul line. The Pontotoc County Agri-Plex and Convention Center, 1710 North Broadway, now stands on the site.
## Timeline
| Year(s) | # Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Affiliate |
| --------- | ------ | ------------- | ------- | ------------------- | ----------------- |
| 1947–1954 | 8 | Ada Herefords | Class D | Sooner State League | St. Louis Browns |
| 1954 | 0.5 | Ada Cementers | Class D | Sooner State League | Baltimore Orioles |
## Season–by–season
| Year | Record | Manager | Finish | Playoffs/Notes |
| ---- | ------ | ------------------------------------ | ------ | ------------------- |
| 1947 | 86–51 | Uke Clanton | 2nd | Lost in First Round |
| 1948 | 63–76 | Uke Clanton | 5th | Did not qualify |
| 1949 | 69–70 | Bill Krueger | 4th | Lost in First Round |
| 1950 | 96–41 | Bill Krueger | 1st | Lost in First Round |
| 1951 | 54–56 | Stan Galle | 5th | Did not qualify |
| 1952 | 57–82 | Bill Enos / Virl Loman / Jim England | 7th | Did not qualify |
| 1953 | 84–54 | Louis Brower | 3rd | Lost League Finals |
| 1954 | 64–76 | Louis Brower / John Densmore | 6th | Did not qualify |
## Notable alumni
- Louis Brower (1953–1954, MGR)
- Uke Clanton (1947–1948, MGR)
- Stan Galle (1951, MGR)
- Charlie Rabe (1952)
- Woody Smith (1949)
- Bill Upton (1948)
- Jim Walton (1954)
- Joe Wood (1947) (son of Smoky Joe Wood)
- Ada Herefords players
## External references
- Baseball Reference
|
enwiki/63565708
|
enwiki
| 63,565,708
|
Ada Herefords
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Herefords
|
2025-05-04T09:43:12Z
|
en
|
Q96371454
| 119,567
|
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Minor League Baseball
| name =Ada Herefords
| firstseason =1947
| lastseason =1954
| allyears =
| city =Ada, Oklahoma
| logo =
| uniformlogo =
| class level =[[Class D (baseball)|Class D]] (1947–1954)
| league =[[Sooner State League]] (1947–1954)
| majorleague =[[St. Louis Browns]] (1947–1953)<br />[[Baltimore Orioles]] (1954)
| nickname ='''Ada Herefords''' (1947–1954)<br />Ada Cementers (1954)
| ballpark =Hereford Park (1947–1954)
| classnum =
| classchamps =
| leaguenum =0
| leaguechamps =None
| confnum =1
| conferencechamps =1950
| divnum =
| divisionchamps =
| wildcardnum =3
| wildcardberths ={{hlist|1947|1949|1953}}
}}
The '''Ada Herefords''' was a [[minor league baseball]] team based in [[Ada, Oklahoma]]. From 1947 to 1954, the Herefords played exclusively as a member of the [[Class D (baseball)|Class D]] level [[Sooner State League]], winning the league pennant in 1950. The Herefords were a minor league affiliate of the [[St. Louis Browns]] from 1947 to 1953 and remained an affiliate when St. Louis relocated to become the [[Baltimore Orioles]] in 1954. Ada Hosted minor league home games at Hereford Park.
==History==
Minor league baseball began in Ada, Oklahoma with the 1947 Ada Herefords. The Ada Herefords were charter members of the six–team [[Sooner State League]] in 1947, joining the [[Ardmore Indians]], [[Duncan Cementers]], [[Lawton Giants]], [[McAlester Rockets]] and [[Seminole Oilers]] in league play.<ref name="encyc">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball |editor1=Lloyd Johnson |editor2=Miles Wolff |edition=Third |publisher=[[Baseball America]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-1932391176}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=SO009 |title=Sooner State League | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |publisher=Okhistory.org |date= |accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=Ada, Oklahoma Encyclopedia|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=25b6ceef|title=1947 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
In their first season of play, the 1947 Ada Herefords placed 2nd in the Sooner State League with an 86–51 record in the regular season, playing as an affiliate of the [[St. Louis Browns]]. They would remain an affiliate of the Browns franchise throughout their existence. Ada finished 10.5 games behind the 1st place Lawton Giants, while playing the season under manager [[Uke Clanton]]. In the 1947 playoffs, the McAlester Rockets defeated the Ada Herefords 3 games to 2. Paul Richardville of Ada led the Sooner State League with 11 home runs and 111 RBI, while Forest Smith led the league with 23 wins and a 2.47 ERA and William Donaghey led the league with 244 strikeouts. The Ada home season attendance was 41,872, an average of 611 per game.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1947|title=1947 Ada Herefords Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1947|title=1947 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1947 Ada Herefords Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
The 1948 Sooner State League expanded to eight teams. Ada finished with a 63–76 record, placing 5th in the 1948 Sooner State League regular season standings, playing under returning manager Uke Clanton. The Herefords did not qualify for the playoffs, finishing the season 28.5 games behind the 1st place McAlester Rockets. The Sooner State League expanded from six–teams to eight–teams, adding the Chickasha Chiefs and [[Pauls Valley Raiders]] as expansion teams. The Ada season attendance in 1948 was 27,050.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1948|title=1948 Ada Herefords Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1948|title=1948 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1948 Ada Herefords Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
The Ada Herefords made the Sooner State League playoffs in 1949. Ada finished with a 69–70 record and in 4th place in the regular season standings, finishing 18.5 games behind the 1st place [[Pauls Valley Raiders]], playing under manager Bill Krueger. In the playoffs, the Pauls Valley Raiders defeated Ada 3 games to 2. Ada player Bill Milligan led the Sooner State League with 23 home runs. Season attendance at Hereford Park was 33,525.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1949|title=1949 Ada Herefords Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1949|title=1949 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1949 Ada Herefords Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=3fdb5e80|title=1949 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
In 1950, Ada captured the Sooner State League pennant, playing under returning manager Bill Krueger. The Ada Herefords finished the regular season in first place 1st with a 96–41 record, ending the season 5.5 games ahead of 2nd place McAlester Rockets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=fd44a5bd|title=1950 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref> In the 1950 playoffs, the Ardmore Indians defeated Ada 3 games to 2. Stephen Molinari of Ava led the Sooner State League with 39 home runs and 163 RBI, while teammate William Donaghey led the league with 23 wins. Season attendance was 31,981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1950|title=1950 Ada Herefords Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1950|title=1950 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1950 Ada Herefords Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
The 1951 Ada Herefords did not qualify for the Sooner State League playoffs, finishing in 5th place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=6571f480|title=1951 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref> The Herefords ended with a 54–86 record in the regular season, playing under manager [[Stan Galle]] and finishing 45.5 games behind the 1st place Ardmore Indians. Attendance was 12,779, an average of 183 per game.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1951|title=1951 Ada Herefords Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1951|title=1951 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1951 Ada Herefords Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
Ada missed the playoffs in 1952, as the Herefords finished in 7th place with a 57–82 record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=a28da7fa|title=1952 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref> Former manager Uke Clanton became president of the Sooner State League, a position he would hold for the remainder of the league's play. Playing under managers Bill Enos, Virl Loman and Jim England, the Herefords finished 29.5 games behind the 1st place McAlester Rockets in the eight–team league. McAlester drew 38,387 to Hereford Park for the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1952|title=1952 Ada Herefords Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1952|title=1952 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1952 Ada Herefords Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
The 1953 Ada Herefords advanced to the Sooner State League Finals. Ada finished with an 84–54 record, placing 3rd in the regular season standings. Ada played under manager [[Louis Browner]] and finished 7.5 games behind the [[Ardmore Cardinals]]. In the 1953 playoffs, Ada had their first and only playoff series victory, as the Ada Herefords defeated the [[Shawnee Hawks]] 3 games to 1 in the semi-finals. In the Finals, the McAlester Rockets defeated Ada 4 games to 1 and captured the championship. Ava players Ron Slawski and Bob Norden tied for the Sooner State League lead in home runs with 31 each and teammate J.L. Rhodes led the league with 21 wins. Ada's season attendance was 36,128.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1953|title=1953 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1953|title=1953 Ada Herefords Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1953 Ada Herefords Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=4f9ab9a0|title=1953 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
Ada played their final minor league season in 1954, changing their moniker to the '''Ada Cementers''' in mid–season. The franchise became an affiliate of the Baltimore Orioles, as the St. Louis Browns had relocated to Baltimore in 1954. The 1954 Ada Herefords/Cementers ended the Sooner State League regular season in 6th place with a 64–76 record, playing under managers Louis Brower and John Densmore, finishing 28.0 games behind the [[Shawnee Hawks]]. Ada drew 28,482 fans for home games, an average 407 per game in their final minor league season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/l-SOSL/y-1954|title=1954 Sooner State League (SSL) on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref name="encyc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-ah10022/y-1954|title=1954 Ada Herefords/Cementers Roster on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1954 Ada Herefords/Cementers Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=1fbcfdcb|title=1954 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
The Ada minor league franchise permanently folded after the 1954. Fellow league member Pauls Valley Raiders folded also. Ada and Pauls Valley were replaced in the 1955 Sooner State League by the [[Muskogee Giants]] and [[Paris Orioles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=f6ad9e32|title=1955 Sooner State League|website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>
Ada, Oklahoma has not hosted another minor league team.<ref name="auto"/>
==The ballpark==
The Ada minor league teams were noted to have played minor league home games at '''Hereford Park'''. The ballpark was located at the Pontotoc County fairgrounds on North Broadway Avenue. The field, which was also used as a rodeo arena, had an unusual asymmetrical shape featuring a short right field porch and extremely long third base foul line. The Pontotoc County Agri-Plex and Convention Center, 1710 North Broadway, now stands on the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/ada-evening-news-may-14-1947-p-10/|title=Advertisement, Seminole Oilers vs. Ada Herefords, Ada Evening News, May 14, 1947, p.10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/ada-evening-news-apr-02-1950-p-10/|title=Outlook Bright for Ada Herefords, Ada Evening News, Apr. 2, 1950, p.10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Baseball-Cross-Timbers-Sooner-League/dp/188559674X/|title=Peter G. Pierce, Baseball in the Cross Timbers: The Story of the Sooner State League|website=www.amazon.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-20|title=Hereford Park in Ada, OK history and teams on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalballparks.com/Browns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606015940/http://www.digitalballparks.com/Browns.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 6, 2016 |title=St. Louis Browns Affiliation Listing of Major League Baseball Stadiums and Minor League Ballparks |publisher=Digitalballparks.com |date=2001-08-11 |accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pontotoccountyfairada.com/ |title=Pontotoc County Free Fair |publisher=Pontotoccountyfairada.com |date= |accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitpontotoc.com/Agriplex/|title=The Pontotoc County Agri-Plex and Convention Center|website=www.visitpontotoc.com}}</ref>
[[File:Ada, Oklahoma from the South.jpg|thumb|(2014) Ada, Oklahoma]]
==Timeline==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 95%;"
! Year(s) !! # Yrs. !! Team !! Level !! League!!Affiliate
|-
|1947–1954||8||Ada Herefords||rowspan=2|[[Class D (baseball)|Class D]]||rowspan=2|[[Sooner State League]]||[[St. Louis Browns]]
|-
|1954|| 0.5 || Ada Cementers ||[[Baltimore Orioles]]
|-
|}
==Season–by–season==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Record
! Manager
! Finish
! Playoffs/Notes
|-
|1947 || 86–51 ||[[Uke Clanton]]|| 2nd || Lost in First Round
|-
|1948 || 63–76 || Uke Clanton ||5th || Did not qualify
|-
|1949 || 69–70 ||Bill Krueger|| 4th || Lost in First Round
|-
|1950 || 96–41 ||Bill Krueger|| 1st || Lost in First Round
|-
|1951 || 54–56 || [[Stan Galle]] || 5th || Did not qualify
|-
|1952 || 57–82|| Bill Enos /<br /> Virl Loman / Jim England || 7th || Did not qualify
|-
|1953 || 84–54 || [[Louis Brower]]|| 3rd || Lost League Finals
|-
|1954 || 64–76 ||Louis Brower / John Densmore || 6th || Did not qualify
|}
==Notable alumni==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Louis Brower]] (1953–1954, MGR)
*[[Uke Clanton]] (1947–1948, MGR)
*[[Stan Galle]] (1951, MGR)
*[[Charlie Rabe]] (1952)
*[[Woody Smith]] (1949)
*[[Bill Upton]] (1948)
*[[Jim Walton (baseball)|Jim Walton]] (1954)
*[[Joe Wood (1944 pitcher)|Joe Wood]] (1947) (son of [[Smoky Joe Wood]])
{{Div col end}}
*[[:Category:Ada Herefords players|Ada Herefords players]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External references==
*[https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?city=Ada&state=OK&country=US Baseball Reference]
[[Category:Defunct minor league baseball teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Baltimore Orioles minor league affiliates]]
[[Category:St. Louis Browns minor league affiliates]]
[[Category:Pontotoc County, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Ada, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Baseball teams established in 1947]]
[[Category:Baseball teams disestablished in 1954]]
[[Category:Defunct baseball teams in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Professional baseball teams in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:1954 disestablishments in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Sooner State League teams]]
| 1,288,702,767
|
[{"title": "Minor league affiliations", "data": {"Class": "Class D (1947\u20131954)", "League": "Sooner State League (1947\u20131954)"}}, {"title": "Major league affiliations", "data": {"Team": "St. Louis Browns (1947\u20131953) \u00b7 Baltimore Orioles (1954)"}}, {"title": "Minor league titles", "data": {"League titles (0)": "None", "Conference titles (1)": "1950", "Wild card berths (3)": "1947 1949 1953"}}, {"title": "Team data", "data": {"Name": "Ada Herefords (1947\u20131954) \u00b7 Ada Cementers (1954)", "Ballpark": "Hereford Park (1947\u20131954)"}}]
| false
|
# Gold Lust
Gold Lust (Catalan: Escanyapobres) is a 2024 Spanish historical drama film directed by Ibai Abad and co-written by Elisenda Gorgues based on the novel by Narcís Oller. It stars Alex Brendemühl and Mireia Vilapuig.
## Plot
Set in the fictional village of Pratbell, against the backdrop of the arrival of train to a village in inner Catalonia in the late 19th century, the plot follows the actions of loan shark Oleguer as he preys on the masia belonging to the family of Cileta, who begins to learn about the corruptive power of money.
## Cast
- Alex Brendemühl as Oleguer[2]
- Mireia Vilapuig as Cileta[2]
- Laura Conejero [ca] as Tuïes[6]
- Quim Àvila as Eloi[6]
- Boris Ruiz [ca] as Pere[6]
- Juli Mira as don Magi[6]
## Production
Gold Lust is a co-production by Abacus, Mayo Films, and Nakamura Films and it had the participation of 3Cat and À Punt. Shooting locations included La Saira, Crevillent, Salàs de Pallars, Calaf, Bellmunt del Priorat, Móra la Nova, and Mutxamel.
## Release
For its world premiere on 20 April 2024, the film made it to the main competition slate of the BCN Film Fest. It is set to be released theatrically in Spain on 29 November 2024.
## Accolades
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| ---- | -------------------- | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------- | ------ |
| 2025 | 17th Gaudí Awards | Best Adapted Screenplay | Ibai Abad, Elisenda Gorgues | Nominated | [ 10 ] |
| 2025 | 17th Gaudí Awards | Best New Performance | Mireia Vilapuig | Nominated | [ 10 ] |
| 2025 | 7th Lola Gaos Awards | Best Cinematography and Lighting | Maria Codina | Won | [ 11 ] |
| 2025 | 7th Lola Gaos Awards | Best Costume Design | Cristina Martín, Rocío Pastor | Won | [ 11 ] |
| 2025 | 7th Lola Gaos Awards | Youth Prize for Best Film | Youth Prize for Best Film | Won | [ 11 ] |
|
enwiki/78439163
|
enwiki
| 78,439,163
|
Gold Lust
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Lust
|
2025-07-06T21:05:34Z
|
en
|
Q131318883
| 55,577
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ca|Escanyapobres|nolink=yes}}
| image = Gold Lust poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Ibai Abad
| screenplay = {{ubl|Ibai Abad|Elisenda Gorgues}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''L'escanyapobres''|[[Narcís Oller]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Alex Brendemühl]]|[[Mireia Vilapuig]]|Laura Conejero|Quim Àvila|[[Juli Mira]]}}
| cinematography = María Codina
| editing = {{ubl|Ona Batrolí|Gerard Vila}}
| producer = {{ubl|Marc Roma|Jordi Llorca|Sergi Grobas}}
| music = Raquel Sánchez
| studio = {{ubl|Abacus|Mayo Films|Nakamura Films}}
| country = Spain
| language = Catalan
| released = {{Film date|2024|04|20|[[BCN Film Fest]]|2024|11|29|Spain|df=yes}}
| distributor = Carácter Films
}}
'''''Gold Lust''''' ({{langx|ca|'''Escanyapobres'''|links=no}})<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=24 November 2024|website=Spanish Kaleidoscope|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Spain)|Ministerio de Cultura]]|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/cine/mc/spanish-kaleidoscope/films/winter-spring24/gold-lust.html|title=Gold Lust [Escanyapobres]}}</ref> is a 2024 Spanish historical drama film directed by Ibai Abad and co-written by Elisenda Gorgues based on the novel by [[Narcís Oller]]. It stars [[Alex Brendemühl]] and [[Mireia Vilapuig]].
== Plot ==
Set in the fictional village of Pratbell, against the backdrop of the arrival of train to a village in inner Catalonia in the late 19th century, the plot follows the actions of [[loan shark]] Oleguer as he preys on the [[masia]] belonging to the family of Cileta, who begins to learn about the corruptive power of money.<ref name="freire" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20240419/9599223/bcn-film-fest-ibai-abad-escanyapobres-cine.html|website=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=19 April 2024|first=Francesc|last=Bombí-Vilaseca|title=Ibai Abad convierte la novela 'L'Escanyapobres' de Narcís Oller en un western mediterráneo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/comunitat-valenciana/noticia-cinema-jove-preestrena-llobas-revision-clave-contemporanea-mito-hombre-lobo-20240627103129.html|website=[[Europa Press]]|date=27 June 2024|title=Cinema Jove preestrena 'Llobàs', una revisión "en clave contemporánea" del mito del hombre lobo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3cat.cat/premsa/escanyapobres-el-poder-corrupte-dels-diners/nota-de-premsa/3155393/|website=3Cat|title="Escanyapobres", el poder corrupte dels diners|date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Alex Brendemühl]] as Oleguer<ref name="freire" />
* [[Mireia Vilapuig]] as Cileta<ref name="freire" />
* {{ill|Laura Conejero|ca}} as Tuïes<ref name="aisge">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aisge.es/los-estrenos-del-29-de-noviembre-escanyapobres|website=Aisge|date=24 November 2024|first=Alberto|last=Úbeda-Portugués|title=Los estrenos de 29 de noviembre. 'Escanyapobres. La ira del pueblo}}</ref>
* Quim Àvila as Eloi<ref name="aisge" />
* {{ill|Boris Ruiz|ca}} as Pere<ref name="aisge" />
* [[Juli Mira]] as don Magi<ref name="aisge" />
}}
== Production ==
Gold Lust is a co-production by Abacus, Mayo Films, and Nakamura Films and it had the participation of [[Televisió de Catalunya|3Cat]] and [[À Punt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3cat.cat/premsa/dues-produccions-participades-per-3cat-premiades-en-la-16a-edicio-del-fic-cat-la-festa-del-cinema-en-catala/nota-de-premsa/3297751/|date=11 June 2024|title=Dues produccions participades per 3Cat premiades en la 16a edició del FIC-CAT, la festa del cinema en català|website=3Cat}}</ref> Shooting locations included {{ill|La Saira|es}}, [[Crevillent]], [[Salàs de Pallars]], [[Calaf]], [[Bellmunt del Priorat]], [[Móra la Nova]], and [[Mutxamel]].<ref name="freire">{{Cite web|website=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|publisher=[[Prensa Ibérica]]|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/que-hacer/planes/20240416/localizaciones-catalunya-pelicula-escanyapobres-cine-101127694|date=16 April 2024|title=¿En qué paisajes de la Catalunya interior se rodó 'Escanyapobres', el wéstern mediterráneo con Àlex Brendemühl?|first=Juan Manuel|last=Freire}}</ref>
== Release ==
For its world premiere on 20 April 2024, the film made it to the main competition slate of the [[BCN Film Fest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcnfilmfest.com/es/seccion-oficial/2024/escanyapobres|website=BCN Film Fest|access-date=24 November 2024|title=Escanyapobres}}</ref> It is set to be released theatrically in Spain on 29 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.es/madrid/es/cine/estrenos-cine-mes|website=Time Out|title=Los mejores estrenos de cine de este mes en Madrid|date=4 November 2024|first=Àlex|last=Montoya}}</ref>
== Accolades ==
{{Awards table|5}}
|-
| rowspan = "5" | {{center|2025}}
| rowspan = "2" | [[17th Gaudí Awards]]
| Best Adapted Screenplay || Ibai Abad, Elisenda Gorgues || {{nom}}
| rowspan = "2" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3cat.cat/324/en-directe-premis-gaudi-2025-el-47-i-casa-en-flames-parteixen-com-a-favorites/noticia/3331088/|date=19 January 2025|title=Premis Gaudí: "El 47" triomfa en una gala que també reconeix el risc de "Polvo serán"|website=[[3/24]]|via=[[Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals|3Cat]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best New Performance || Mireia Vilapuig || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 7th [[Lola Gaos Awards]] || Best Cinematography and Lighting || Maria Codina || {{won}} || rowspan = "3" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ultimahora.es/noticias/comunidades/2025/02/01/2317641/casa-triunfa-premis-del-audiovisual-valenciano-galardones.html|website=[[Última Hora (Spain)|Última Hora]]|title='La Casa' triunfa en los Premis del Audiovisual Valenciano con 10 galardones|date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Best Costume Design || Cristina Martín, Rocío Pastor || {{won}}
|-
| colspan = "2" | Youth Prize for Best Film || {{won}}
|}
== See also ==
* [[List of Spanish films of 2024]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2020s Catalan-language films]]
[[Category:2020s Spanish films]]
[[Category:Spanish drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Catalonia]]
[[Category:Films set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Films shot in the province of Lleida]]
[[Category:Films shot in the province of Alicante]]
[[Category:Films shot in the province of Tarragona]]
[[Category:Films shot in the province of Barcelona]]
| 1,299,153,653
|
[{"title": "Gold Lust", "data": {"Catalan": "Escanyapobres", "Directed by": "Ibai Abad", "Screenplay by": "- Ibai Abad - Elisenda Gorgues", "Based on": "L'escanyapobres \u00b7 by Narc\u00eds Oller", "Produced by": "- Marc Roma - Jordi Llorca - Sergi Grobas", "Starring": "- Alex Brendem\u00fchl - Mireia Vilapuig - Laura Conejero - Quim \u00c0vila - Juli Mira", "Cinematography": "Mar\u00eda Codina", "Edited by": "- Ona Batrol\u00ed - Gerard Vila", "Music by": "Raquel S\u00e1nchez", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- Abacus - Mayo Films - Nakamura Films", "Distributed by": "Car\u00e1cter Films", "Release dates": "- 20 April 2024 (BCN Film Fest) - 29 November 2024 (Spain)", "Country": "Spain", "Language": "Catalan"}}]
| false
|
# Yumi Kaeriyama
Yumi Kaeriyama (帰山 由美, Kaeriyama Yumi, born 31 May 1967) is a Japanese speed skater. She competed in three events at the 1992 Winter Olympics.
|
enwiki/56479615
|
enwiki
| 56,479,615
|
Yumi Kaeriyama
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi_Kaeriyama
|
2024-12-14T06:08:12Z
|
en
|
Q47539350
| 21,060
|
{{Short description|Japanese speed skater (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox speed skater
| headercolor = #d7ecff
| name = Yumi Kaeriyama
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Japanese
| sport = [[Speed skating]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|5|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hokkaido]], Japan
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Yumi Kaeriyama'''|帰山 由美|Kaeriyama Yumi|born 31 May 1967}} is a Japanese [[speed skating|speed skater]]. She competed in [[Speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics|three events]] at the [[1992 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/yumi-kaeriyama-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212555/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/yumi-kaeriyama-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Yumi Kaeriyama Olympic Results |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaeriyama, Yumi}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Japanese female speed skaters]]
[[Category:Olympic speed skaters for Japan]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Speed skaters from Hokkaido]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 1986 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese sportswomen]]
{{Japan-speed-skating-bio-stub}}
| 1,263,018,777
|
[{"title": "Yumi Kaeriyama", "data": {"Nationality": "Japanese", "Born": "31 May 1967 \u00b7 Hokkaido, Japan"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Sport": "Speed skating"}}]
| false
|
# Coldwater High School (Ohio)
Coldwater High School is a public high school located in Coldwater, Ohio. It is part of Coldwater Exempted Village Schools.
## Athletics
Athletic teams are known as the Cavaliers. The school competes in the Ohio High School Athletic Association as a member of the Midwest Athletic Conference. They have captured over 100 league championships in various MAC-sanctioned sports since 1973. The Cavaliers have a total of 31 team State Championships in various OHSAA sports. The Coldwater football team is in 2nd place for the most state titles (8) by a public school since the playoff system began in 1972. That is 7 behind fellow MAC member Marion Local who has 15 state football titles.
### State Championships
- Football - 2005, 2007, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2020, 2024
- Baseball - 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2014, 2019
- Boys Bowling - 2007, 2012, 2015,[2] 2020
- Girls Basketball – 1990, 1992 [2]
- Girls Bowling - 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2021
- Girls Track and Field – 1994, 1995, 1996, 2025[2]
- Girls Volleyball - 2024
### State Runners-Up
- Football - 1998, 2000, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016, 2021
- Baseball - 1977, 1991, 2004, 2018
- Boys Basketball - 1999
- Boys Bowling - 2016, 2022, 2023
- Girls Bowling - 2014, 2018, 2020
- Girls Softball - 1996
- Girls Volleyball - 2017, 2022
### State Team Tournaments
- Girls Golf - 2021
## Notable alumni
- Keith Wenning, professional football player in the National Football League (NFL)
- Ross Homan, former linebacker for the Ohio State Buckeyes and NFL draftee
- Steve Vagedes, former Arena Football League player
- Trent Dues, baseball state champion and head baseball coach for Butler High School
- Kyle Heyne, former minor league and independent league baseball player; Ball State University all-time saves leader with 32 (drafted by San Diego Padres)
|
enwiki/6639334
|
enwiki
| 6,639,334
|
Coldwater High School (Ohio)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater_High_School_(Ohio)
|
2025-06-16T20:15:59Z
|
en
|
Q5142583
| 49,232
|
{{Short description|Public school in Coldwater, Ohio, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox school
|name = Coldwater High School
|image =
|motto =
|established = 1869
|type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
|affiliation =
|district = Coldwater Exempted Village
|grades = 9-12
|president =
|principal = Jason Hemmelgarn
|head of school =
|dean =
|teaching_staff = 23.00 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
|ratio = 16.70<ref name=NCES/>
|school code = HNBFTS
|students =
|enrollment = 384 (2023-2024)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904531&ID=390453102171|title=Coldwater High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=December 28, 2024}}</ref>
|athletics = Division III (Football VI)
|conference = [[Midwest Athletic Conference]]
|colors = Orange and Black {{color box|orange}} {{color box|black}}
|mascot = Cavalier
|free_text =
|free_label2 =
|free_text2 =
|address = 310 N 2nd Street
|location = [[Coldwater, Ohio]] 45828
|coordinates =
|country = United States
|homepage = http://coldwatercavs.org
}}
'''Coldwater High School''' is a [[public high school]] located in [[Coldwater, Ohio]]. It is part of Coldwater Exempted Village Schools.
==Athletics==
Athletic teams are known as the Cavaliers. The school competes in the [[Ohio High School Athletic Association]] as a member of the [[Midwest Athletic Conference]]. They have captured over 100 league championships in various MAC-sanctioned sports since 1973. The Cavaliers have a total of 31 team State Championships in various OHSAA sports. The Coldwater football team is in 2nd place for the most state titles (8) by a public school since the playoff system began in 1972. That is 7 behind fellow [[Midwest Athletic Conference|MAC]] member [[Marion Local High School (Maria Stein, Ohio)|Marion Local]] who has 15 state football titles.
=== State Championships ===
* [[American football|Football]] - 2005, 2007, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2020, 2024
* [[Baseball]] - 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2014, 2019
* Boys [[Bowling]] - 2007, 2012, 2015,<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site|accessdate=2006-12-31|author=OHSAA|author-link=OHSAA}}</ref> 2020
* Girls [[Basketball]] – 1990, 1992 <ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association"/>
* Girls [[Bowling]] - 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2021
* Girls [[Track and Field]] – 1994, 1995, 1996, 2025<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association"/>
*Girls [[Volleyball]] - 2024
=== State Runners-Up ===
* [[American football|Football]] - 1998, 2000, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016, 2021
* [[Baseball]] - 1977, 1991, 2004, 2018
* Boys [[Basketball]] - 1999
* Boys [[Bowling]] - 2016, 2022, 2023
* Girls [[Bowling]] - 2014, 2018, 2020
* Girls [[Softball]] - 1996
* Girls [[Volleyball]] - 2017, 2022
=== State Team Tournaments ===
* Girls [[Golf]] - 2021
==Notable alumni==
*[[Keith Wenning]], professional football player in the [[National Football League]] (NFL)
*[[Ross Homan]], former [[linebacker]] for the [[Ohio State Buckeyes]] and NFL draftee
*[[Steve Vagedes]], former [[Arena Football League]] player
*Trent Dues, baseball state champion and head baseball coach for [[Butler High School (Vandalia, Ohio)|Butler High School]]
*Kyle Heyne, former minor league and independent league baseball player; [[Ball State University]] all-time saves leader with 32 (drafted by [[San Diego Padres]])
==External links==
* [http://cw.noacsc.org/ District Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100301093116/http://www.midwestathleticconference.com/coldwatercavaliers.html Official Website of the Midwest Athletic Conference]
==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Coord|40.482|N|84.630|W|display=title|region:US-OH_type:edu}}
{{Midwest Athletic Conference |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:High schools in Mercer County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
{{MercerCountyOH-school-stub}}
| 1,295,941,515
|
[{"title": "Address", "data": {"Address": "310 N 2nd Street \u00b7 Coldwater, Ohio 45828 \u00b7 United States"}}, {"title": "Information", "data": {"Type": "Public", "Established": "1869", "School district": "Coldwater Exempted Village", "School code": "HNBFTS", "Principal": "Jason Hemmelgarn", "Teaching staff": "23.00 (FTE)", "Grades": "9-12", "Enrollment": "384 (2023-2024)", "Student to teacher ratio": "16.70", "Color(s)": "Orange and Black", "Athletics": "Division III (Football VI)", "Athletics conference": "Midwest Athletic Conference", "Mascot": "Cavalier", "Website": "http://coldwatercavs.org"}}]
| false
|
# Uruthirajenma Kannar
Uruthirajenma Kannar (Tamil: உருத்திர சன்மகண்ணர்) was a poet of the Sangam period to whom verse 31 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai.
## Biography
Uruthirajenma Kannar was a poet belonging to the late Sangam period that corresponds between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE. He is known to be short-tempered, with his eyes seething in rage most of the times. Hence he was known by the name "Uruthirajenma Kannar", which literally means "he who has eyes raging with anger".
## View on Valluvar and the Kural
Uruthirajenma Kannar has authored verse 31 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai. He opines about Valluvar and the Kural text thus:
Water springs forth when the earth is dug, and milk when the child sucks the mother's breast, but knowledge when the poets study Valluvar's Cural. [Emphasis in original]
## Citations
1. 1 2 Vedanayagam, 2017, pp. 45–46.
2. ↑ Robinson, 2001, p. 26.
|
enwiki/59843519
|
enwiki
| 59,843,519
|
Uruthirajenma Kannar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruthirajenma_Kannar
|
2020-08-15T15:58:29Z
|
en
|
Q61750098
| 61,934
|
{{Sangam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Uruthirajenma Kannar''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: உருத்திர சன்மகண்ணர்) was a poet of the [[Sangam period]] to whom verse 31 of the [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]].
==Biography==
Uruthirajenma Kannar was a poet belonging to the late Sangam period that corresponds between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE. He is known to be short-tempered, with his eyes seething in rage most of the times. Hence he was known by the name "Uruthirajenma Kannar", which literally means "he who has eyes raging with anger".{{sfn|Vedanayagam, 2017|pp=45–46}}
==View on Valluvar and the Kural==
Uruthirajenma Kannar has authored verse 31 of the [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]].{{sfn|Vedanayagam, 2017|pp=45–46}} He opines about [[Valluvar]] and the [[Kural text]] thus:{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=26}}
{{cquote|Water springs forth when the earth is dug, and milk when the child sucks the mother's breast, but knowledge when the poets study Valluvar's ''Cural''. <small>[Emphasis in original]</small>}}
==See also==
{{wikisourcelang|ta|திருவள்ளுவமாலை|Tiruvalluva Maalai}}
* [[Sangam literature]]
* [[List of Sangam poets]]
* [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]]
==Citations==
{{reflist}}
==References==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/tamilwisdomtradi0000robi|year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location = New Delhi|edition = |isbn= |ref={{sfnRef|Robinson, 2001}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Vedanayagam | first = Rama | author-link = | title = திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluva Maalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum] | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | series = | volume = | edition = 1 | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | pages = | language = Tamil | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = |ref={{sfnRef|Vedanayagam, 2017}} }}
{{ref end}}
{{Portalbar|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}
{{Tamil language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Uruthirajenma Kannar}}
[[Category:Tamil philosophy]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Sangam poets]]
[[Category:Tiruvalluva Maalai contributors]]
| 973,137,629
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[]
| false
|
# Umuchu
Umuchu is one of the largest towns in Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Umuchu lies near the state border between Anambra and Imo States. It is connected by road to Umunze in the east and Igbo-Ukwu in the northwest. It is home to the Igbo people, and Umuchu is also the name of the local dialect of the Igbo language.
## Landmarks
Umuchu contains St. Mathew Catholic Church, St. Thomas Anglican Church, St. Peters Anglican Church, Zion City Umuchu, built and donated by Mr Godwin Ezeemo, Honeywell Hotel in Potters Business Park, Multipurpose Computer Centre, and the newly licensed Orient Mega 101.7FM and is also home to Umuchu High Court, which as of 2008 was led by Justice Anthony Ezeoke.
## In literature
Simon Alaghogu has authored a pamphlet "The History of Umuchu",which documents the six sons of Echu and establishment of the original six villages in the vicinity.
## Climate
The climate of Umuchu is tropical savanna. Every month is warm and there is both a wet and dry season. Umuchu experiences 61°F average annual temperature and 414′′ of precipitation annually. With an average humidity of 74% and a UV-index of 7, there are 91 dry days per year.
## Notable people
- His Royal Highness Godson Ezechukwu, Paramount ruler of Umuchu
- Nelly Uchendu (1950–2005), singer and composer
- Ebube Nwagbo, actor and model
|
enwiki/32693800
|
enwiki
| 32,693,800
|
Umuchu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuchu
|
2024-05-18T18:23:06Z
|
en
|
Q7881834
| 27,457
|
{{Short description|Town in the Aguata local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Umuchu''' is one of the largest towns in [[Aguata]] Local Government Area of [[Anambra State]], [[Nigeria]]. Umuchu lies near the state border between Anambra and Imo States. It is connected by road to [[Umunze]] in the east and [[Igbo-Ukwu]] in the northwest.<ref name="GM">{{Google maps | url =https://www.google.com/maps/@6.0021354,7.0611527,30674m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en | accessdate =25 September 2016}}</ref> It is home to the [[Igbo people]], and Umuchu is also the name of the local dialect of the [[Igbo language]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Working Papers in Phonetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWwoAQAAIAAJ|year=1974|publisher=University of California|page=53}}</ref>
==Landmarks==
Umuchu contains St. Mathew Catholic Church, St. Thomas Anglican Church, St. Peters Anglican Church, Zion City Umuchu, built and donated by [[Mr Godwin Ezeemo]], Honeywell Hotel in Potters Business Park, Multipurpose Computer Centre, and the newly licensed Orient Mega 101.7FM <ref name="GM"/> and is also home to Umuchu High Court, which as of 2008 was led by Justice [[Anthony Ezeoke]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jambula Tree: A Selection of Works from the Caine Prize for African Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrgLAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=New Internationalist Publications|isbn=978-1-904456-73-5|page=226}}</ref>
==In literature==
Simon Alaghogu has authored a pamphlet "The ''History of Umuchu",''which documents the six sons of Echu and establishment of the original six villages in the vicinity.<ref name="Sinha1989">{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=R. K.|title=The Paradise Lost: A Study of Modern English Novels Relating to Colonial Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cH1lAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Amar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85061-80-1|page=138}}</ref>
== Climate ==
The climate of Umuchu is tropical [[savanna]]. Every month is warm and there is both a wet and dry season. Umuchu experiences 61°F average annual [[temperature]] and 414′′ of [[precipitation]] annually. With an average [[humidity]] of 74% and a UV-index of 7, there are 91 dry days per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umuchu weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature |url=https://www.besttravelmonths.com/nigeria/umuchu-2904593/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=www.besttravelmonths.com |language=en}}</ref>
==Notable people==
* [[His Royal Highness Godson Ezechukwu]], Paramount ruler of Umuchu
* [[Nelly Uchendu]] (1950–2005), singer and composer
* [[Ebube Nwagbo]], actor and model
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|5|56|N|7|8|E|region:NG-AN_type:city|display=title}}
[[Category:Populated places in Anambra State]]
| 1,224,485,915
|
[]
| false
|
# Sporting CP (beach soccer)
Sporting Clube de Portugal has a professional beach soccer team based in Lisbon, Portugal, since 2005 until 2006, and again in 2009, that plays in Portuguese Beach Soccer League.
## Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| --- | ---- | ------ | -------------- |
| 1 | GK | POR | Tiago Petrony |
| 2 | DF | POR | Rui Coimbra |
| 3 | MF | BRA | Datinha |
| 4 | DF | BRA | Diogo Catarino |
| 5 | MF | BRA | Bruno Xavier |
| 6 | FW | BRA | Nelito Júnior |
| 7 | MF | POR | Madjer |
| 8 | DF | POR | Marinho |
| 9 | FW | POR | Duarte Vivo |
| 10 | MF | POR | Ricardinho |
| 11 | FW | POR | David Cosmeli |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| --- | ---- | ------ | ------------------------------ |
| 13 | MF | POR | Eduardo Farinha |
| 15 | MF | POR | Lúcio Carmo |
| 18 | GK | BRA | Mão (Jenílson Brito Rodrigues) |
| 22 | GK | POR | João Vaz |
| — | GK | POR | David Pereira |
| — | DF | POR | Rudy Viana |
| — | FW | POR | Bernardo Capelo |
| — | DF | POR | André Cachopo |
| — | GK | POR | Carlos Pedreiro |
| — | MF | POR | Mathew Santos |
| — | FW | BRA | Rodrigo Soares |
Coach: Mário Miguel
## Honours
### International competitions
- Mundialito de Clubes
- Runners-up (1): 2011
### National competitions
- Circuito Nacional de Futebol de Praia
- Winners (2): 2016, 2020
- Runners-up (3): 2011, 2014, 2015
- Portuguese Beach Soccer League
- Runners-up (2): 2005, 2006
|
enwiki/28249213
|
enwiki
| 28,249,213
|
Sporting CP (beach soccer)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP_(beach_soccer)
|
2025-05-17T07:49:41Z
|
en
|
Q954539
| 121,565
|
{{Infobox football club
|clubname = Sporting Clube de Portugal
|fullname = Sporting Clube de Portugal
|shortname = Sporting
|nickname = ''Leões'' (Lions)<br/>''Verde-e-Brancos'' (Green'n'Whites)
|ground = Praia de Carcavelos,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wikimapia.org/366599/pt/Praia-de-Carcavelos |title=Praia de Carcavelos | publisher=wikimapia.org {{in lang|pt|en}}}}</ref> [[Carcavelos]]
|chairman =
|coach = [[Luis Bilro Pereira|Bilro]]
|league = [[Circuito Nacional de Futebol de Praia]]
|season = [[Circuito Nacional de Futebol de Praia|2010]]
|position = Circuito Nacional de Futebol de Praia, 1st
|shirtsupplier = [[Puma AG|Puma]]
|shirtsponsors =
|pattern_la1=_sporting2223h
|pattern_b1=_sporting2223h
|pattern_ra1=_sporting2223h
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{{Sporting Clube de Portugal sections}}
'''[[Sporting Clube de Portugal]]''' has a professional [[beach soccer]] team based in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], since 2005 until 2006, and again in 2009, that plays in [[Portuguese Beach Soccer League]].
==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=Portugal|pos=GK|name=[[Tiago Petrony]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=Portugal|pos=DF|name=[[Rui Coimbra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Datinha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Diogo Catarino]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Bruno Xavier (beach soccer)|Bruno Xavier]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Nelito Oliveira da Silva Júnior|Nelito Júnior]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=Portugal|pos=MF|name=[[Madjer]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=Portugal|pos=DF|name=[[Mário Duarte|Marinho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=Portugal|pos=FW|name=[[Duarte Vivo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Portugal|pos=MF|name=[[Ricardo Baptista (footballer)|Ricardinho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Portugal|pos=FW|name=[[David Cosmeli]]}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=Portugal|pos=MF|name=[[Eduardo Farinha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=Portugal|pos=MF|name=[[Lúcio Carmo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Brazil|pos=GK|name='''Mão''' (Jenílson Brito Rodrigues)}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=Portugal|pos=GK|name=[[João Vaz (footballer)|João Vaz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Portugal|pos=GK|name=[[David Pereira (footballer)|David Pereira]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Portugal|pos=DF|name=[[Rudy Viana]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Portugal|pos=FW|name=[[Bernardo Capelo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Portugal|pos=DF|name=[[André Cachopo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Portugal|pos=GK|name=[[Carlos Pedreiro]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Portugal|pos=MF|name=[[Mathew Santos]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Rodrigo Soares]]}}
{{fs end}}
'''Coach:''' {{flagicon|POR}} Mário Miguel
==Honours==
===International competitions===
* '''[[Mundialito de Clubes]]'''
:* ''Runners-up (1)'': [[2011 Mundialito de Clubes|2011]]
===National competitions===
* '''[[Circuito Nacional de Futebol de Praia]]'''
:* '''Winners (2)''': 2016, 2020
:* ''Runners-up (3)'': 2011, 2014, 2015
* '''[[Portuguese Beach Soccer League]]'''
:* ''Runners-up (2)'': 2005, 2006
[[File:Beach soccer pictogram.svg|100px]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100729002738/http://www.sporting.pt/Noticias/Futebol/Fut_Prof/notfutprof_futequipafutpraia_220710_63488.asp Sporting beach soccer official website]
* [http://www.zerozero.pt/equipa.php?id=21669 Sporting in zerozero.pt]
{{Sporting CP}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sporting Cp (Beach Soccer)}}
[[Category:Sporting CP sports]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Portugal]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2005]]
[[Category:Beach soccer clubs in Portugal]]
| 1,290,817,289
|
[{"title": "Sporting Clube de Portugal", "data": {"Full name": "Sporting Clube de Portugal", "Nickname(s)": "Le\u00f5es (Lions) \u00b7 Verde-e-Brancos (Green'n'Whites)", "Ground": "Praia de Carcavelos, Carcavelos", "Coach": "Bilro", "League": "Circuito Nacional de Futebol de Praia", "2010": "Circuito Nacional de Futebol de Praia, 1st", "\u00b7 Home colours": "\u00b7 Away colours \u00b7 \u00b7 Third colours"}}]
| false
|
# Alliance Sport Alsace
The Alliance Sport Alsace, simply known as ASA, is a French professional basketball club based in Souffelweyersheim and Gries. Founded in 2021, the team plays in the LNB Pro B.
## History
The club was formed in 2021 by the merger of five clubs: BC Gries-Oberhoffen, BC Souffelweyersheim, BC Nord Alsace, Weyersheim BB and Walbourg-Eschbach Basket.
## Players
### Roster
Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.
## Notable players
To appear in this section a player must have either:
- Set a club record or won an individual award as a professional player.
- Played at least one official international match for his senior national team at any time.
- Jimmy Djimrabaye
- Kyan Anderson
|
enwiki/68636190
|
enwiki
| 68,636,190
|
Alliance Sport Alsace
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Sport_Alsace
|
2024-01-25T21:34:05Z
|
en
|
Q108042980
| 70,938
|
{{Infobox basketball club
| name = ASA
| color1 = <!-- or | colour1 = -->
| color2 = <!-- or | colour2 = -->
| color3 = <!-- or | colour3 = -->
| logo = Alliance Sport Alsace logo.png
| nickname =
| league = [[LNB Pro B]]
| conference =
| division =
| founded = 2021
| dissolved = <!-- or | folded = -->
| history = '''Alliance Sport Alsace'''<br>2021–present
| arena = Espace Sport La Foret<br>Salle des Sept Arpents
| capacity =
| location =[[Souffelweyersheim]] and [[Gries, Bas-Rhin|Gries]], France
| colors = <!-- or | colours = -->
| current =
| sponsor =
| media =
| chairman =
| president = Romuald Roeckel <br> Éric Mittelhaeuser
| vice-presidents =
| manager =
| coach = Julien Espinosa
| captain =
| ownership =
| championships =
| conf_champs =
| div_champs =
| season =
| position =
| website =
| h_body=FFFFFF
|h_pattern_b=_orangesides
|h_shorts=FFFFFF
|h_pattern_s=_orangesides
| a_body=603
|a_pattern_b=_thinwhitesides
|a_shorts=603
|a_pattern_s=_whitesides
}}
The '''Alliance Sport Alsace''', simply known as '''ASA''', is a French professional [[basketball]] club based in [[Souffelweyersheim]] and [[Gries, Bas-Rhin|Gries]]. Founded in 2021, the team plays in the [[LNB Pro B]].
==History==
The club was formed in 2021 by the merger of five clubs: BC Gries-Oberhoffen, BC Souffelweyersheim, BC Nord Alsace, Weyersheim BB and Walbourg-Eschbach Basket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alsace : séisme dans le basket, Gries-Oberhoffen et Souffelweyersheim s'unissent en Pro B |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/grand-est/alsace-seisme-dans-le-basket-gries-oberhoffen-et-souffelweyersheim-s-unissent-en-pro-b-2065396.html |website=France 3 Grand Est |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
==Players==
=== Roster ===
{{Basketball roster nationality note}}
{{Basketball roster header|team=Alliance Sport Alsace
| color1 = black | bg1 = #F87217 | color2 = #603 | bg2 = white | ht = n | wt = n | age = n }}
<!-- list of players -->
{{player3 | num = 3 | nat = FRA | name = Nathan De Sousa | pos = PG }}
{{player3 | num = 7 | nat = FRA | name = Cyrille Eliezer-Vanerot | pos = SF }}
{{player3 | num = 9 | nat = FRA | name = Leopold Ca | pos = PF }}
{{player3 | num = 10 | nat = SER | name = Strahinja Gavrilovic | pos = F/C }}
{{player3 | num = 11 | nat = ESP | name = Tom Digbeu | pos = G }}
{{player3 | num = 12 | nat = SEN | name = Hassane Gueye | pos = PF }}
{{player3 | num = 13 | nat = FRA | name = Jerome Cazenobe | pos = F/C }}
{{player3 | num = 20 | nat = FRA | name = Sofiane Briki | pos = G }}
{{player3 | num = 29 | nat = LIT | name = Dovydas Redikas | pos = PG }}
{{player3 | num = 32 | nat = USA | name = Christian Nwogbo | pos = F }}
{{player3 | num = 77 | nat = FRA | name = Anthony Racine | pos = SG }}
{{player3 | num = 88 | nat = USA | name = Jamar Diggs | pos = PG }}
<!-- end list of players -->
{{Basketball roster footer
| head_coach =
{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Espinosa]]
| asst_coach =
{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Old Lo]]
| roster_url = https://www.asa-basket.fr/pages/lequipe
| accessdate = 14 January 2023}}
==Notable players==
{{see also|:Category:Alliance Sport Alsace players}}
:'''To appear in this section a player must have either:'''
- Set a club record or won an individual award as a professional player.<br>
- Played at least one official international match for his senior national team at any time.
*{{flagicon|CAF}} [[Jimmy Djimrabaye]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kyan Anderson]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.asa-basket.fr Official website] (in French)
{{LNB Pro B}}
{{France-basketball-team-stub}}
[[Category:Basketball teams in France]]
[[Category:Basketball teams established in 2021]]
[[Category:Sport in Bas-Rhin]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in France]]
| 1,199,070,407
|
[{"title": "ASA", "data": {"League": "LNB Pro B", "Founded": "2021", "History": "Alliance Sport Alsace \u00b7 2021\u2013present", "Arena": "Espace Sport La Foret \u00b7 Salle des Sept Arpents", "Location": "Souffelweyersheim and Gries, France", "President": "Romuald Roeckel \u00b7 \u00c9ric Mittelhaeuser", "Head coach": "Julien Espinosa", "Home": "Away"}}]
| false
|
# Charmaine Häusl
Charmaine Laurence Häusl (born 27 January 1996) is a Seychellois professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or centre-back for Regionalliga Nordost club Babelsberg and the Seychelles national team.
## International career
Born in the Seychelles to a German father and a Seychellois mother, Häusl is a youth international for Germany.
|
enwiki/51561797
|
enwiki
| 51,561,797
|
Charmaine Häusl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_H%C3%A4usl
|
2025-06-17T23:06:00Z
|
en
|
Q23928976
| 39,138
|
{{short description|Seychellois footballer (born 1996)}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Charmaine Häusl
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Charmaine Laurence Häusl<ref name=NFT>{{NFT player|pid=83765|access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|1|27}}
| birth_place = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles
| position = [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Defensive midfielder]], [[Centre-back]]
| height = 1.86 m
| currentclub = [[SV Babelsberg 03|Babelsberg]]
| clubnumber = 31
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = SC Olching
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[TSV 1860 Munich|1860 Munich]]
| youthyears3 =
| youthclubs3 = [[SC Fürstenfeldbruck]]
| youthyears4 =
| youthclubs4 = [[FC Augsburg]]
| youthyears5 = {{0|0000}}–2015
| youthclubs5 = [[1. FSV Mainz 05|Mainz 05]]
| years1 = 2015–2019
| clubs1 = [[1. FSV Mainz 05 II|Mainz 05 II]]
| caps1 = 82
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2019–2020
| clubs2 = [[SG Sonnenhof Großaspach|Sonnenhof Großaspach]]
| caps2 = 4
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2020–2022
| clubs3 = [[Berliner AK 07|Berliner AK]]
| caps3 = 17
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2022–2023
| clubs4 = [[VSG Altglienicke]]
| caps4 = 8
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2024
| clubs5 = [[SV Lichtenberg 47]]
| caps5 = 9
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2024–
| clubs6 = [[SV Babelsberg 03|Babelsberg]]
| caps6 = 15
| goals6 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2012–2013
| nationalteam1 = [[Germany national under-17 football team|Germany U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 5
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2019–
| nationalteam2 = [[Seychelles national football team|Seychelles]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| pcupdate = 1 January 2025
| ntupdate = 23 September 2024
}}
'''Charmaine Laurence Häusl''' (born 27 January 1996) is a Seychellois professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[defensive midfielder]] or [[centre-back]] for [[Regionalliga Nordost]] club [[SV Babelsberg 03|Babelsberg]] and the [[Seychelles national football team|Seychelles national team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/charmaine-haeusl/ |title=Charmaine Häusl |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref>
==International career==
Born in the [[Seychelles]] to a German father and a Seychellois mother, Häusl is a youth international for Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archive -Football |url=https://www.nation.sc/archive/245343/football |website=[[Seychelles Nation]] |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211123005748/https://www.nation.sc/archive/245343/football |archive-date=23 November 2021 |date=8 May 2015}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{WorldFootball.net|charmaine-haeusl}}
* {{Soccerway|charmaine-hausl/276426}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hausl, Charmaine}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Greater Victoria, Seychelles]]
[[Category:Seychellois men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Seychelles men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Seychellois people of German descent]]
[[Category:German men's footballers]]
[[Category:1. FSV Mainz 05 II players]]
[[Category:SG Sonnenhof Großaspach players]]
[[Category:Berliner AK 07 players]]
[[Category:VSG Altglienicke players]]
[[Category:SV Babelsberg 03 players]]
[[Category:3. Liga players]]
[[Category:Regionalliga players]]
[[Category:Germany men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:German people of Seychellois descent]]
[[Category:21st-century German sportsmen]]
{{Seychelles-footy-bio-stub}}
| 1,296,118,432
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[{"title": "Charmaine H\u00e4usl", "data": {"Full name": "Charmaine Laurence H\u00e4usl", "Date of birth": "27 January 1996", "Place of birth": "Victoria, Seychelles", "Height": "1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)", "Position(s)": "Defensive midfielder, Centre-back"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Babelsberg", "Number": "31"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"0000\u20132015": "Mainz 05"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2015\u20132019": "Mainz 05 II \u00b7 82 \u00b7 (3)", "2019\u20132020": "Sonnenhof Gro\u00dfaspach \u00b7 4 \u00b7 (0)", "2020\u20132022": "Berliner AK \u00b7 17 \u00b7 (0)", "2022\u20132023": "VSG Altglienicke \u00b7 8 \u00b7 (0)", "2024": "SV Lichtenberg 47 \u00b7 9 \u00b7 (0)", "2024\u2013": "Babelsberg \u00b7 15 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "International career\u2021", "data": {"2012\u20132013": "Germany U17 \u00b7 5 \u00b7 (1)", "2019\u2013": "Seychelles \u00b7 3 \u00b7 (0)"}}]
| false
|
# Thalun
Thalun (Burmese: သာလွန်မင်း, pronounced [θàlʊ̀ɰ̃]; 17 June 1584 – 27 August 1648) was the eighth king of Toungoo dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). During his 19-year reign, Thalun successfully rebuilt the war-torn country which had been under constant warfare for nearly a century since the 1530s. Thalun instituted many administrative reforms and rebuilt the economy of the kingdom.
In 1608, Anaukpetlun captured Prome and made Thalun the governor of Prome. In 1628, Anaukpetlun was murdered by his own son Minyedeippa who made himself king. Thalun was then on his campaigns against the Shans at Kengtung with his brother Minye Kyawswa II, the governor of Ava. However, the death of Anaukpetlun forced the two to return to Pegu to claim the throne from the unlawful king and to counter the opportunistic Arakanese invasions. Thalun became the center of rallying against Minyedaikpa and was proclaimed the crown prince.
In 1630, Thalun and Minye Kyawswa were able to take Pegu and executed Minyedeippa.: 218 At Pegu, there was an assassination attempt by a Mon on King Thalun, which resulted in the massacre of the Mons.
Thalun fought a three-year campaign against Lanna, finally subjugating them in 1632. In 1634, Thalun moved the capital to Ava and crowned himself king of Ava and made his brother Minye Kyawswa crown prince, Maha Uparaja. Thalun then concentrated on building pagodas and other works of merit.: 219
However, Minye Kyawswa died on 28 August 1648. Thalun then made his own son Pindale as the crown prince. The son of Minye Kyawswa who wanted the crown prince title for himself staged a rebellion. The palace was sacked and Thalun fled to Sagaing. However, the rebellion was soon put down and the conspirators were burnt alive. Thalun died on 19 October 1648, succeeded by his son Pindale.
## Family
Thalun had one chief-queen, one principal queen and ten junior queens who give birth children. Most of them a noble's daughter More than a royal family.
| Name | Mother | Brief |
| ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1. Minye Narathiha | Khin Thet Hnin (Sinthumala), the daughter of Sao Hla Hkam, the saopha of Mone the Chief queen with rank Myauk Gyi Kadaw | Son, died at age 7 years old |
| 2. Thakin Phyu | Khin Thet Hnin (Sinthumala), the daughter of Sao Hla Hkam, the saopha of Mone the Chief queen with rank Myauk Gyi Kadaw | Son |
| 3. Min Phyu | Khin Thet Hnin (Sinthumala), the daughter of Sao Hla Hkam, the saopha of Mone the Chief queen with rank Myauk Gyi Kadaw | Daughter |
| 4. Khin Ma (Shwe Sinthu) | Khin Thet Hnin (Sinthu Mala), the daughter of Sao Hla Hkam, the saopha of Mone the Chief queen with rank Myauk Gyi Kadaw | Daughter married to half-brother Ne Myo Ye Kyaw |
| 5. Hpone Wei Lu (Thila Dewi) | Khin Myo Sit, the principal queen with the rank Myauk Nge Kadaw | Daughter married to her full-brother Thakin Kyaw Pindale |
| 6. Thakin Kyaw Pindale | Khin Myo Sit, the principal queen with the rank Myauk Nge Kadaw | Son, Minye Nawrahta Gyi, Minye Nandameit become the King Pindale, married to full-sister Hpone Wei Lu (Thila Dewi) |
| 7. Khin Pan Phyu | Khin Myo Sit, the principal queen with the rank Myauk Nge Kadaw | Daughter married to half-brother Thakin Phyu |
| 8. Thakin Nyo | Khin Htwe Hla, the younger sister of Pyay Yannaing's queen, Wabo Kadaw | Son Governor of Tineta and Kanni married to Khin Phyu, the daughter of Minye Kyawswa of Sagu |
| 9. Thakin Ne Myo Dahta | Khin Htwe Hla, the younger sister of Pyay Yannaing's queen, Wabo Kadaw | Son Governor of Tineta married to Khin Ma Shwe Pa Chop, the daughter of Minye Kyawswa of Sagu |
| 10. Thakin Talote | Khin Hla San | Son Governor of Amyint married to half-sister Khin Ma Hsin In Pa Yoe |
| 11. Hpone Khaing Thit | Khin Hla San | Daughter died at age 22 years old |
| 12. Zeyawara (Shin Talout Naw) | Pinya Minthami, Khin Myat Hset | Son become the King Pye Min married to Khin Ma Lat, the daughter of Minye Mawrahta |
| 13. Khin Ma Hsin In Pa Yoe | Shin Hla Nyi, the elder sister of Upathitha Governor of Nyaung Pin Seik | Daughter married to half brother Thakin Talout |
| 14. Ne Myo Ye Kyaw (Minye Aung Din) | Dwantyawaddy, the daughter of Shin Yan Ngu (the nephew of Im Phyu Shin Baya Yanthameit the descendant from Pagan Kingdom) + his wife Min Lat | Son married with half-sister Shwe Sinthu and Khin Ma Min Sit, he died by shock from an overdose of marijuana, and get a nickname Siputtara Mingyi means King of Marijuana |
| 15. Narazeya | Dwantyawaddy, the daughter of Shin Yan Ngu (the nephew of Im Phyu Shin Baya Yanthameit the descendant from Pagan Kingdom) + his wife Min Lat | Son |
| 16. Thakin Pinya | A Htaing (Royal's friend) Nè Nyunt (Nai Rung) | Son, through the fourth level of practice dharma of Buddhist |
| 17. Khin Ma Min Sit | Toungoo Shwe Nan, Khin Ma Shwe Nan, the daughter of Thiri Dhamma Thawka Governor of Toungoo with the rank Toungoo Myo Thit and the son of King Nanda Bayin | Daughter married with half-brother Ne Myo Ye Kyaw |
| 18. Aggapatta | Ainnim Minthami (the royal princess) Min A-Nge daughter of Nawrahta Minsaw of Chiangmai with the title Thummana Dewi | Daughter died at age 10 years old |
| 19. Minye Kutha | Ainnim Minthami (the royal princess) Min A-Nge daughter of Nawrahta Minsaw of Chiangmai with the title Thummana Dewi | Son, |
| 20. Thakin Pu Phyu | Phyu Hnin Kalyar (Kaew Hnin Kalyar), the daughter of Binnya Than Lan (Phraya Sam Lan) | Son died at age 16 years old |
| 21. Sittaya Nyunt Lao | Nai Mauk the niece of Binnya Yaza (Maybe Phraya Racharithanon) the daughter of the saopha of Chiang Saen (Phraya Luang Thipphanet) | Daughter |
| 22.Khin Nè Ku | Yuang Kaew Mallika the daughter of Sao Ngam Möng the saopha of Möng Fang and his queen Nang Sam Phui the daughter of King Thammikarath King of Lan Xang | Daughter married to her half-brother King Pindale Min |
Among of his queens one of the notable junior queen were Sao Nang Su Thar, the daughter of Sao Hswe Hking the saopha of Ounbaunglay who didn't give birth children
And all he had 22 children (twelve sons and ten daughters): three sons and four daughters by principal queens, and eight sons and six daughters by junior queens. Two of the notable children by junior queens were: Ne Myo Ye Kyaw and Khin Ma Min Sit the couple who give birth King Minye Kyawhtin the King who have the fourth level direct pedigree from King Nanda Bayin
|
enwiki/17936590
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enwiki
| 17,936,590
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Thalun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalun
|
2025-06-27T18:20:36Z
|
en
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Q3056645
| 88,354
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{{Infobox royalty
| type = monarch
| name = Thado Dhammaraza Thalun <br>{{lang|my|သာလွန်}}
| title = King of Toungoo
| image = File:Statute of King Thalun.jpg
| caption = The statute of king Thalun in [[Mandalay Palace]]
| reign = 19 August 1630 – 27 August 1648
| coronation =
| succession = [[List of Burmese monarchs|King of Burma]]
| predecessor = [[Minyedeippa]]
| successor = [[Pindale Min|Pindale]]
| suc-type = Successor
| reg-type =
| regent =
| spouse = 13 queens <br> • Khin Myo Sit<ref name=hy-3-249-251>Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 249–251</ref> <br> • Khin Thet Hnin of Mone (Sinthumala the daughter of Sao Hla Hkam, the ''sawbwa'' of Mone) <br> • Khin Myat Hset of Pinya <br>
| issue = 12 sons and 9 daughters including: <br> • Ne Myo Ye Kyaw son<ref name=my-3-214>Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 214</ref> <br> • Khin Ma Min Sit daughter<ref name=my-3-214/>
| issue-link =
| full name = Birth name: Minye Theinkhathu <ref name=hy-3-143>Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 143</ref>
| house = [[Toungoo dynasty|Toungoo]]
| father = [[Nyaungyan Min|Nyaungyan]]
| mother = Khin Hpone Myat<ref name=hy-3-42>Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 42</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1584|6|17|df=y}} <br> Sunday, 5th waxing of Nayon 946 [[Burmese calendar|ME]]<ref name=hy-3-247>Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 247</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1648|8|27|1584|6|17|df=y}} <br> Thursday, 10th waning of Tawthalin 1010 ME
| death_place = [[Inwa|Ava]] (Inwa)
| date of burial = 29 August 1648
| place of burial = ''Inwa Palace''
| religion = [[Theravada Buddhism]]
| signature =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}
'''Thalun''' ({{langx|my|သာလွန်မင်း}}, {{IPA|my|θàlʊ̀ɰ̃|pron}}; 17 June 1584 – 27 August 1648) was the eighth king of [[Toungoo dynasty]] of [[Burma]] (Myanmar). During his 19-year reign, Thalun successfully rebuilt the war-torn country which had been under constant warfare for nearly a century since the 1530s. Thalun instituted many administrative reforms and rebuilt the economy of the kingdom.
In 1608, Anaukpetlun captured [[Prome]] and made Thalun the governor of Prome. In 1628, Anaukpetlun was murdered by his own son [[Minyedeippa]] who made himself king. Thalun was then on his campaigns against the Shans at Kengtung with his brother [[Minye Kyawswa II of Toungoo|Minye Kyawswa II]], the governor of Ava. However, the death of Anaukpetlun forced the two to return to Pegu to claim the throne from the unlawful king and to counter the opportunistic [[Arakanese people|Arakanese]] invasions. Thalun became the center of rallying against Minyedaikpa and was proclaimed the crown prince.
In 1630, Thalun and Minye Kyawswa were able to take [[Pegu]] and executed Minyedeippa.<ref name=Damrong>Rajanubhab, D., 2001, Our Wars With the Burmese, Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534584}}</ref>{{rp|218}} At Pegu, there was an assassination attempt by a [[Mon people|Mon]] on King Thalun, which resulted in the massacre of the Mons.
Thalun fought a three-year campaign against [[Lanna]], finally subjugating them in 1632. In 1634, Thalun moved the capital to Ava and crowned himself king of Ava and made his brother Minye Kyawswa crown prince, [[Maha Uparaja]]. Thalun then concentrated on building pagodas and other works of merit.<ref name=Damrong/>{{rp|219}}
However, Minye Kyawswa died on 28 August 1648. Thalun then made his own son [[Pindale Min|Pindale]] as the crown prince. The son of Minye Kyawswa who wanted the crown prince title for himself staged a rebellion. The palace was sacked and Thalun fled to [[Sagaing]]. However, the rebellion was soon put down and the conspirators were burnt alive. Thalun died on 19 October 1648, succeeded by his son Pindale.
==Family==
Thalun had one chief-queen, one principal queen and ten junior queens who give birth children. Most of them a noble's daughter More than a royal family.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF" | Name
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF" | Mother
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF" | Brief
|-
| 1. Minye Narathiha
| Khin Thet Hnin (''Sinthumala''), the daughter of ''Sao Hla Hkam'', the ''saopha'' of [[Mongnai State|Mone]] the Chief queen with rank ''Myauk Gyi Kadaw''
| Son, died at age 7 years old
|-
| 2. Thakin Phyu
| Khin Thet Hnin (''Sinthumala''), the daughter of ''Sao Hla Hkam'', the ''saopha'' of [[Mongnai State|Mone]] the Chief queen with rank ''Myauk Gyi Kadaw''
| Son
|-
| 3. Min Phyu
| Khin Thet Hnin (''Sinthumala''), the daughter of ''Sao Hla Hkam'', the ''saopha'' of [[Mongnai State|Mone]] the Chief queen with rank ''Myauk Gyi Kadaw''
| Daughter
|-
| 4. Khin Ma (Shwe Sinthu)
| Khin Thet Hnin (''Sinthu Mala''), the daughter of ''Sao Hla Hkam'', the ''saopha'' of [[Mongnai State|Mone]] the Chief queen with rank ''Myauk Gyi Kadaw''
| Daughter married to half-brother Ne Myo Ye Kyaw
|-
| 5. Hpone Wei Lu (Thila Dewi)
| Khin Myo Sit, the principal queen with the rank ''Myauk Nge Kadaw''
| Daughter married to her full-brother Thakin Kyaw [[Pindale Min|Pindale]]
|-
| 6. Thakin Kyaw [[Pindale Min|Pindale]]
| Khin Myo Sit, the principal queen with the rank ''Myauk Nge Kadaw''
| Son, Minye Nawrahta Gyi, Minye Nandameit become the King [[Pindale Min|Pindale]], married to full-sister Hpone Wei Lu (Thila Dewi)
|-
| 7. Khin Pan Phyu
| Khin Myo Sit, the principal queen with the rank ''Myauk Nge Kadaw''
| Daughter married to half-brother Thakin Phyu
|-
| 8. Thakin Nyo
| Khin Htwe Hla, the younger sister of [[Pyay]] Yannaing's queen, Wabo Kadaw
| Son Governor of Tineta and [[Kanni]] married to Khin Phyu, the daughter of Minye Kyawswa of Sagu
|-
| 9. Thakin Ne Myo Dahta
| Khin Htwe Hla, the younger sister of [[Pyay]] Yannaing's queen, Wabo Kadaw
| Son Governor of Tineta married to Khin Ma Shwe Pa Chop, the daughter of Minye Kyawswa of Sagu
|-
| 10. Thakin Talote
| Khin Hla San
| Son Governor of [[Amyint]] married to half-sister Khin Ma Hsin In Pa Yoe
|-
| 11. Hpone Khaing Thit
| Khin Hla San
| Daughter died at age 22 years old
|-
| 12. Zeyawara (Shin Talout Naw)
| [[Pinya]] Minthami, Khin Myat Hset
| Son become the King [[Pye Min]] married to Khin Ma Lat, the daughter of Minye Mawrahta
|-
| 13. Khin Ma Hsin In Pa Yoe
| Shin Hla Nyi, the elder sister of Upathitha Governor of [[Launglon Township|Nyaung Pin Seik]]
| Daughter married to half brother Thakin Talout
|-
| 14. Ne Myo Ye Kyaw (Minye Aung Din)
| Dwantyawaddy, the daughter of Shin Yan Ngu (the nephew of Im Phyu Shin Baya Yanthameit the descendant from [[Pagan Kingdom]]) + his wife Min Lat
| Son married with half-sister Shwe Sinthu and Khin Ma Min Sit, he died by shock from an overdose of marijuana, and get a nickname ''Siputtara Mingyi'' means King of [[Marijuana]]
|-
| 15. Narazeya
| Dwantyawaddy, the daughter of Shin Yan Ngu (the nephew of Im Phyu Shin Baya Yanthameit the descendant from [[Pagan Kingdom]]) + his wife Min Lat
| Son
|-
| 16. Thakin Pinya
| A Htaing (Royal's friend) Nè Nyunt (''Nai Rung'')
| Son, through the fourth level of practice dharma of [[Buddhist]]
|-
| 17. Khin Ma Min Sit
| [[Toungoo]] Shwe Nan, Khin Ma Shwe Nan, the daughter of Thiri Dhamma Thawka Governor of [[Toungoo]] with the rank [[Toungoo]] Myo Thit and the son of King [[Nanda Bayin]]
| Daughter married with half-brother Ne Myo Ye Kyaw
|-
| 18. Aggapatta
| Ainnim Minthami (the royal princess) Min A-Nge daughter of [[Nawrahta Minsaw]] of Chiangmai with the title Thummana Dewi
| Daughter died at age 10 years old
|-
| 19. Minye Kutha
| Ainnim Minthami (the royal princess) Min A-Nge daughter of [[Nawrahta Minsaw]] of Chiangmai with the title Thummana Dewi
| Son,
|-
| 20. Thakin Pu Phyu
| Phyu Hnin Kalyar (''Kaew Hnin Kalyar''), the daughter of Binnya Than Lan (''Phraya Sam Lan'')
| Son died at age 16 years old
|-
| 21. Sittaya Nyunt Lao
| ''Nai Mauk'' the niece of Binnya Yaza (Maybe Phraya Racharithanon) the daughter of the ''saopha'' of [[Chiang Saen]] (Phraya Luang Thipphanet)
| Daughter
|-
| 22.Khin Nè Ku
| ''Yuang Kaew Mallika'' the daughter of ''Sao Ngam Möng'' the ''saopha'' of Möng Fang and his queen ''Nang Sam Phui'' the daughter of King [[Voravongsa II|Thammikarath]] King of [[Lan Xang]]
| Daughter married to her half-brother King [[Pindale Min]]
|}
Among of his queens one of the notable junior queen were ''Sao Nang Su Thar'', the daughter of ''Sao Hswe Hking'' the ''saopha'' of [[Hsipaw|Ounbaunglay]] who didn't give birth children
And all he had 22 children (twelve sons and ten daughters): three sons and four daughters by principal queens, and eight sons and six daughters by junior queens. Two of the notable children by junior queens were: Ne Myo Ye Kyaw and Khin Ma Min Sit the couple who give birth King [[Minye Kyawhtin]] the King who have the fourth level direct pedigree from King [[Nanda Bayin]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* {{cite book | last=Harvey | first= G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | year = 1925| location = London}}
* {{cite book | title=Hmannan Yazawin | volume=1–3 | year=1829 | location=Yangon | language=Burmese | edition=2003 | publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}
* {{cite book | last=Lieberman | author-link=Victor Lieberman | first=Victor B. | title=Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760 | year=1984 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-05407-X}}
* {{cite journal | author=Than Tun | author-link=Than Tun | url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/myanmar/pdfs/TT0003J.pdf | title=Administration under King Thalun (1629-48) | journal=Journal of Burma Research Society | volume=51 | number=2 | date=1968}}
* {{cite book | author=Than Tun | author-link=Than Tun | title=The Royal Orders of Burma, A.D. 1598–1885 | year=1985 | volume=2 | publisher=Kyoto University | hdl=2433/173789 }}
* {{cite book | last=Kala | first=U | title=Maha Yazawin | title-link=Maha Yazawin | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | year=1724 | edition=2006, 4th printing | language=Burmese | volume=1–3}}
==External links==
*{{cite web|url= http://www.lib.washington.edu/asp/myanmar/pdfs/TT0023J.pdf |title=Thalun Mint Let-Htet Ote-Chote-Yay }} {{small|(1444 KB)}}.
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Toungoo Dynasty]]|17 June|1584|27 August|1648}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Minyedeippa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Burmese monarchs|King of Burma]]|years=19 August 1629 – 27 August 1648}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pindale Min|Pindale]]}}
{{s-roy}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anaukpetlun]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of heirs to the Burmese thrones|Heir to the Burmese Throne]]|years=3 March 1606 – 9 July 1628}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Minye Kyawswa II of Toungoo|Minye Kyawswa II]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yan Naing of Prome|Yan Naing]] <br> as King of Prome}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Prome|Viceroy of Prome]]|years=2 November 1620 – 9 July 1628}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Udein Kyawhtin]] <br> as Governor of Prome}}
{{s-end}}
{{Burmese monarchs}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Rulers of Toungoo]]
[[Category:1584 births]]
[[Category:1648 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Burmese monarchs]]
{{Burma-royal-stub}}
| 1,297,667,971
|
[{"title": "King of Burma", "data": {"Reign": "19 August 1630 \u2013 27 August 1648", "Predecessor": "Minyedeippa", "Successor": "Pindale"}}]
| false
|
# I Won't Let You Down (Ph.D. song)
"I Won't Let You Down" is a song by British band Ph.D., released as the second single from their eponymous debut studio album (1981). It entered the Australian charts in October 1981 and reached number five; it entered the UK Singles Chart in April 1982 at number 34, peaked at number three the following month. It went on to become the 23rd best-selling single of 1982 in the UK.
It was the band's biggest selling single and became one of lead singer Jim Diamond's signature songs (the song is often incorrectly credited to Diamond himself). Diamond re-recorded the song on his eponymous 1993 album Jim Diamond with a slightly different arrangement, and it remained a staple of his live shows up until his death in 2015.
## Music video
The original music video for the song was set in and around the Queensway area of West London. As with the band's previous single "Little Suzi's on the Up", the video is shot in a slapstick comedy style and features Jim Diamond as a well-dressed man trying to win back the affections of his lover (played by Nina Carter) (thus mirroring the theme of the song) using presents and taking her to upmarket bars and restaurants. Tony Hymas appears as the video's antagonist; in various scenes dressed in various disguises he makes unsuccessful attempts to assassinate, or maim Diamond's character in order to win the affections of the woman. He is finally successful when, posing as a car dealer, he lures Diamond into a second hand car, which is revealed to be on the end of a crane in a scrapyard being lifted up, whilst Hymas walks away with the girl as the camera zooms out and fades to black.
## Charts
| Chart (1982) | Peak position |
| --------------------------------- | ------------- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 5 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 1 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 3 |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 2 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 1 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 1 |
| South Africa (Springbok Radio) | 6 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 2 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 3 |
| West Germany (GfK) | 14 |
| Chart (1982) | Position |
| ------------------------------------- | -------- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 37 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 2 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 2 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 9 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 17 |
| UK Singles (BMRB) | 24 |
| West Germany (Official German Charts) | 28 |
## Certifications
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| ------------------------------------------------- | ------------- | --------------------- |
| Netherlands (NVPI) | Gold | 100,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 250,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. | | |
## Cover versions
- In 1992, the song was covered by '2 Boys', which was then released in 1993, produced by Pascal Blach, Samy Deep and Bobby Luccini. The song hit the Dutch and Belgian Charts in 1993, and stayed there for 9 weeks in the Netherlands, peaking on the 20th position, and it stayed for 14 weeks in the Belgian Charts, with a 6th position peak.[23]
- In 1999, Australian singer Kate Ceberano recorded a cover version of "I Won't Let You Down", which was released in July 1999 as the first single for her first compilation album, True Romantic. She performed the song on Hey Hey It's Saturday.[24] The single reached position 50 on the Australian charts.[25]
- An Italian version of the song by Zucchero, titled Tutti i colori della mia vita ("All the Colours of My Life"), was released in 2008. It reached position 7 on the Italian charts.[26]
- American DJ Armand van Helden covered the song under the title Wings (I Won't Let You Down) in 2022, featuring singer Karen Harding.[27]
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I Won't Let You Down (Ph.D. song)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Won%27t_Let_You_Down_(Ph.D._song)
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{{Short description|1981 single by Ph.D.}}
{{Infobox song
| name = I Won't Let You Down
| cover = phd004.jpg
| alt =
| caption = UK 7-inch single cover
| type = single
| artist = [[Ph.D. (band)|Ph.D.]]
| album = [[Ph.D. (Ph.D. album)|Ph.D.]]
| B-side = Hideaway
| released = 17 April 1981<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Releases|magazine=[[Record Mirror]]|date=25 April 1981|page=26|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/57779449@N02/49961180932/in/album-72157714542635617/|via=[[Flickr]]|access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
| recorded =
| studio = [[Ramport Studios|Ramport]] (London)
| genre = [[Synth-pop]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sweeting |first1=Adam |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/11/jim-diamond |title=Jim Diamond obituary |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| length = 4:10
| label = [[Warner Music Group|WEA]]
| writer = * [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]]
* [[Tony Hymas]]
| producer = Ph.D.
| prev_title = [[Little Suzi's on the Up]]
| prev_year = 1981
| next_title = There's No Answer to It
| next_year = 1982
}}
"'''I Won't Let You Down'''" is a song by British band [[Ph.D. (band)|Ph.D.]], released as the second single from their [[Ph.D. (Ph.D. album)|eponymous debut studio album]] (1981). It entered the Australian charts in October 1981 and reached number five;<ref name="Kent"/> it entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] in April 1982 at number 34, peaked at number three the following month. It went on to become the 23rd best-selling single of 1982 in the UK.
It was the band's biggest selling single and became one of lead singer [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]]'s signature songs (the song is often incorrectly credited to Diamond himself). Diamond re-recorded the song on his eponymous 1993 album ''[[Jim Diamond (1993 album)|Jim Diamond]]'' with a slightly different arrangement, and it remained a staple of his live shows up until his death in 2015.
==Music video==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
The original music video for the song was set in and around the [[Queensway, London|Queensway]] area of West London. As with the band's previous single "Little Suzi's on the Up", the video is shot in a [[slapstick]] comedy style and features Jim Diamond as a well-dressed man trying to win back the affections of his lover (played by [[Nina Carter]]) (thus mirroring the theme of the song) using presents and taking her to upmarket bars and restaurants. Tony Hymas appears as the video's antagonist; in various scenes dressed in various disguises he makes unsuccessful attempts to assassinate, or maim Diamond's character in order to win the affections of the woman. He is finally successful when, posing as a car dealer, he lures Diamond into a second hand car, which is revealed to be on the end of a crane in a scrapyard being lifted up, whilst Hymas walks away with the girl as the camera zooms out and fades to black.
==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "I Won't Let You Down"
! scope="col"| Chart (1982)
! scope="col"| Peak<br>position
|-
! scope="row"| Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])<ref name="Kent">{{cite book |last=Kent |first=David |author-link=David Kent (historian) |title=Australian Top 20 Book 1940–2006 |location=Turramurra, N.S.W. |publisher=Australian Chart Book |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-646-47665-0}}</ref><ref name="aus81">{{cite web|title= National Top 100 Singles for 1981 |publisher= [[Kent Music Report]] |issue= 393 |page= 7 |via= [[Imgur]] |date= 4 January 1982 |access-date= 11 January 2022 |url= https://i.imgur.com/RgsDOOc.jpg}}</ref>
| 5
|-
{{single chart|Flanders|1|artist=Ph.D.|song=I Won't Let You Down|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|3|artist=PHD|rowheader=true|access-date=23 September 2019}}
|-
! scope="row"| Italy (''[[Musica e dischi]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php |title=Classifiche |work=[[Musica e dischi]] |language=it |access-date=8 June 2022}} ''Select "Singoli" in the "Tipo" field, type "I Won't Let You Down" in the "Titolo" field and press "cerca".''</ref>
| 2
|-
{{single chart|Dutch40|1|artist=PH-D|rowheader=true|access-date=23 September 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch100|1|artist=Ph.D.|song=I Won't Let You Down|rowheader=true|access-date=23 September 2019}}
|-
! scope="row"| South Africa ([[Springbok Radio]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(P).html |title=SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Acts P |website=The South African Rock Encyclopedia |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925122358/http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(P).html |archive-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
| 6
|-
{{single chart|Switzerland|2|artist=Ph.D.|song=I Won't Let You Down|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{single chart|UKsinglesbyname|3|artist=P-H-D|artistid=19510|rowheader=true|access-date=23 September 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|West Germany|14|songid=823|artist=Ph.D.|song=I Won't Let You Down|rowheader=true|access-date=23 September 2019}}
|}
{{col-2}}
===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Year-end chart performance for "I Won't Let You Down"
! scope="col"| Chart (1982)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])<ref name="aus81"/>
| 37
|-
! scope="row"| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1982&cat=s |title=Jaaroverzichten 1982 – Singles |language=nl |publisher=Ultratop |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| 2
|-
! scope="row"| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1982 |title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1982 |language=nl |publisher=Dutch Top 40 |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| 2
|-
! scope="row"| Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1982&cat=s |title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 1982 |language=nl |publisher=[[Dutch Charts]] |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| 9
|-
! scope="row"| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1982 |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1982 |website=hitparade.ch |language=de |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| 17
|-
! scope="row"| UK Singles ([[British Market Research Bureau Limited|BMRB]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rees |first1=Dafydd |last2=Lazell |first2=Barry |last3=Jones |first3=Alan |chapter=The Top 100 UK Singles |title=Chart File Volume 2 |location=London |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |year=1983 |pages=80–81 |isbn=0-907080-73-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Copsey |first=Rob |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-50-best-selling-songs-of-1982__32665/ |title=The Official Top 50 best-selling songs of 1982 |publisher=Official Charts Company |date=12 March 2021 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>
| 24
|-
! scope="row"| West Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1982 |title=Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 1982 |language=de |publisher=GfK Entertainment |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| 28
|}
{{col-end}}
==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for "I Won't Let You Down"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Netherlands|artist=Ph. D.|title=I Won't Let You Down|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=1981|certyear=1981|access-date=July 16, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Ph D|title=I Won't Let You Down|award=Silver|type=single|relyear=1981|certyear=1981|id=3173-1152-1|date=1 May 1982|access-date=8 June 2022}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=yes}}
==Cover versions==
* In 1992, the song was covered by '2 Boys', which was then released in 1993, produced by Pascal Blach, Samy Deep and Bobby Luccini. The song hit the Dutch and Belgian Charts in 1993, and stayed there for 9 weeks in the Netherlands, peaking on the 20th position, and it stayed for 14 weeks in the Belgian Charts, with a 6th position peak.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=2+Boys&titel=I+Won%27t+Let+You+Down&cat=s | title=Dutch Charts - dutchcharts.nl }}</ref>
* In 1999, Australian singer [[Kate Ceberano]] recorded a cover version of "I Won't Let You Down", which was released in July 1999 as the first single for her first compilation album, ''[[True Romantic]]''. She performed the song on ''[[Hey Hey It's Saturday]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44mtckKihDM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/44mtckKihDM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Kate Ceberano - I Won't Let You Down - Hey Hey It's Saturday 1999|date=9 May 2010 |via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=23 April 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The single reached position 50 on the Australian charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=australian-charts.com - Kate Ceberano - I Won't Let You Down |url=https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kate+Ceberano&titel=I+Won%27t+Let+You+Down |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=australian-charts.com}}</ref>
* An Italian version of the song by [[Zucchero]], titled ''Tutti i colori della mia vita'' ("All the Colours of My Life"), was released in 2008. It reached position 7 on the Italian charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=italiancharts.com - Zucchero Sugar Fornaciari - Tutti i colori della mia vita |url=https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Zucchero+Sugar+Fornaciari&titel=Tutti+i+colori+della+mia+vita |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=italiancharts.com}}</ref>
* American DJ [[Armand van Helden]] covered the song under the title ''Wings (I Won't Let You Down)'' in 2022, featuring singer [[Karen Harding]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major |first=Michael |title=Armand Van Helden Enlists Karen Harding For Rework of 'Wings (I Won't Let You Down)' |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Armand-Van-Helden-Enlists-Karen-Harding-For-Rework-of-Wings-I-Wont-Let-You-Down-20221220 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kate Ceberano}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:1981 songs]]
[[Category:1981 singles]]
[[Category:1982 singles]]
[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:Ph.D. (band) songs]]
[[Category:Kate Ceberano songs]]
[[Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jim Diamond (singer)]]
[[Category:Festival Records singles]]
[[Category:Warner Music Group singles]]
| 1,296,092,189
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[{"title": "from the album Ph.D.", "data": {"B-side": "\"Hideaway\"", "Released": "17 April 1981", "Studio": "Ramport (London)", "Genre": "Synth-pop", "Length": "4:10", "Label": "WEA", "Songwriter(s)": "Jim Diamond Tony Hymas", "Producer(s)": "Ph.D."}}, {"title": "Ph.D. singles chronology", "data": {"\"Little Suzi's on the Up\" \u00b7 (1981)": "\"I Won't Let You Down\" \u00b7 (1981) \u00b7 \"There's No Answer to It\" \u00b7 (1982)"}}, {"title": "Kate Ceberano", "data": {"Studio albums": "Brave Like Now Think About It! Blue Box Pash The Girl Can Help It 19 Days in New York Nine Lime Avenue So Much Beauty Bittersweet Dallas et Kate Merry Christmas Kensal Road Lullaby Tryst The Dangerous Age Sweet Inspiration My Life Is a Symphony", "Live albums": "Kate Ceberano and Her Septet Kate Ceberano and Friends Kate Ceberano Live with the WASO The Monash Sessions", "Soundtracks": "You've Always Got the Blues Jesus Christ Superstar", "Compilations": "True Romantic Anthology", "Notable singles": "\" Love Don't Live Here Anymore \" \" I'm Beginning to See the Light \" \" Bedroom Eyes \" \" Love Dimension \" \" Young Boys Are My Weakness\"/\"Brave \" \" That's What I Call Love \" \" Nature Boy \" \" Every Little Thing \" \" Everything's Alright \" \" I Don't Know How to Love Him \" \" Love and Affection \" \" Pash \" \" I Won't Let You Down \"", "Related artists": "Tino Ceberano Models Out of Mind, Out of Sight I'm Talking Bear Witness"}}]
| false
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# Alfred P. Thorne
Alfred Palmerston Thorne (May 4, 1913 – August 12, 2012) was a development economist, international consultant and educator. He was a featured university lecturer at a number of international campuses including Oxford University. Authoring many articles on the economic development experience of developing countries, his scholarly works were published by Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oxford Economic Papers, University of Puerto Rico, and University of the West Indies. Among other works, Dr. Thorne authored the Size, Structure and Growth of the Economy of Jamaica: A National Economic Accounts Study. The monograph traces the flow of national income throughout the country's economic sectors. It was very well received and has been collected by and taught at institutions and libraries across the globe. Thorne was also a contributor to Development Without Aid by Leopold Kohr in which he wrote an introduction and rebuttal to the book's major premise.
Alfred P. Thorne received his PhD in Economics and Masters in Business Administration from Columbia University, and received a BComm Honors from the London School of Economics. He became a consultant to the Puerto Rico Planning Board and Department of Commerce, the United Nations, USAID, CIDES and several nations. He witnessed the regime change against Professor Juan Bosch in the Dominican Republic and was an active member of the Instituto de Estudios del Caribe (IEC), the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth. He corresponded with Noam Chomsky and Jan Tinbergen, and Ernst Schumacher asked to meet with him when Schumacher visited Puerto Rico.
## Personal life
Alfred P. Thorne was the first child of Alfred Athiel Thorne (A. A. Thorne) and Violet Janet Ashurst.
### Early life and education
Alfred P. Thorne was born in Georgetown, British Guiana on May 4, 1913, to a prominent family. His father was Alfred Athiel Thorne, a highly popular and influential statesman, served as mayor of British Guiana's capital city Georgetown, founded and led the British Guiana Worker's League in 1931 (one of the first human rights and labor rights organizations in the Western Hemisphere), and educator who established one of the first free co-educational private secondary schools in the world to admit students based on merit regardless of gender, ethnicity, color, religion, or socioeconomic status. Alfred P. Thorne's mother was Violet Janet Thorne (née Ashurst), an educator, artist, and mother of four sons and a daughter.
Alfred P. Thorne was an outstanding scholar who excelled in the British education system. He passed the Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board in 1929. He was fluent in English, Spanish, French, Latin and also proficient at reading and writing classical Greek and Latin to Oxford/Cambridge standards. During World War II, he completed his extramural studies and earned a B.Com. (Honors) from the London School of Economics at the University of London in 1941.
In 1950 he earned a master's degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Business. In May, 1958 he received official notification from the Columbia University Department of Economics that his doctoral thesis had been accepted and was awarded a PhD in economics.
### Marriage and Family
Alfred P. Thorne married Edith Vivienne Thorne (née Campbell) in Georgetown, British Guiana on January 5, 1946, at St. Sidwell's Church Lodge. Vivienne was the second daughter of Mr. Charles A. Campbell. She had been a child prodigy at the piano and later went on to earn a master's degree in economics. Together with his wife, Thorne raised two children: Hugh C. Thorne and Alfred Thorne Jr.
Thorne took early retirement from the University of Puerto Rico in 1977 to care for his youngest son, Alfred Jr., who had been diagnosed with a terminal illness years earlier. Thorne moved to New York in 1982 to resume his research work, which culminated in a book titled Poor By Design, published in 2012. The book was completed with one of his granddaughters, Malaika Thorne, and chronicled on the blog Unraveling Poverty.
## Career
### British Guiana
Dr. Thorne's career as an economist began in 1945 when he was recruited by Sir Winston Churchill's cousin, Oscar A. Spencer, first economic adviser to the Governor of British Guiana, to assist with the country's first economic development plan. Alfred P. Thorne was tasked with forecasting the gross domestic product and national income for policy-making and planning.
### New York City
In 1950, Columbia University Professor Carl S. Schoup, Alfred Thorne's former professor, recruited Thorne to join a team of leading economists to diagnose and analyze the financial problems of New York City. The team's work was published under the title The Financial Problems of the City of New York in 1952.
### Innovative View of Development in Jamaica
He was invited to join the research staff of the University of the West Indies in December of 1953. During his time there, he conducted a study that was published as a national income study of the economy of Jamaica, funded by the university, the British Government and the Government of Jamaica. It was the first disciplined and thorough look at the developing economy of Jamaican. Thorne's approach to the study was an innovation that used accounting as a framework to trace the flow of income from one economic sector to the next. The report of this study was published as the monograph in 1955. The monograph was praised for its innovations in national income accounting and use in economic planning and forecasting in a review by Professor Ursula Hicks of Oxford University. The February, 1957 review referred to as "...sufficient to demonstrate to any developing country the great value of such knowledge for the successful planning of the development process." The monograph also became required reading at some of the leading universities. The research published in that study has been widely utilized by economists.
### Global Work
From 1955 to 1965 Alfred P. Thorne joined the faculty of the newly created University of Puerto Rico Graduate School Economics. Two years later he was invited to be a consultant on Planning Board of the Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico. He was editor and published in Caribbean Studies, the premier publication of The Institute of Caribbean Studies, established in 1958 as part of the Faculty of Social Sciences. It is the first interdisciplinary research center in the region with the "Greater Caribbean" as its field of inquiry. Its mission is to conduct, support and divulge academic research of the region in the disciplines of Social Sciences and the Humanities. It includes original works and book reviews in English, Spanish and French.
In June of 1959, he was invited to present a paper at First Latin American Regional Conference organized by the United Nations and International Association for Research In Income and Wealth, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An English version of the paper was published in Harvard University's The Review of Economics and Statistics, November, 1962, titled "Sector Income Accounting and Analysis for Latin American and Caribbean Economies—More Appropriate Equations".
From 1961 to 1962 he was a guest lecturer at Oxford University for Professors Frankel and Ursula Hicks. He was offered a full-time post at the university, but for family reasons could not accept. During the 1960s he also served as a council member of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth and was invited to be a non-resident member at Queen Elizabeth House.
Between June 23-38, 1963, he presented a paper titled "A Critical Analysis of the Statistical and Economic Factors in the Growth Rates of Puerto Rico and Jamaica, 1950-59" at the 1963 conference of the International Association for the Research in Income and Wealth held in Corfu, Greece.
He returned to the University of Puerto Rico and became a consultant to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) the following year. Through his work as a consultant, he visited various Caribbean countries and formally proposed development plans to the U. S. government regarding economic development in these countries.
In the summer of 1964 he was a U.S.-sponsored visiting professor Universidad Mayor de San Francisco Xavier and Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz, Bolivia. From January through June of the following year, he was a visiting professor at Rutgers University. He became a professor at the newly formed Graduate School of Planning, University of Puerto Rico in August 1965. He also taught courses at the Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo.
### Research
During the 1969–70 academic year, Dr. Thorne took a sabbatical during which he traveled around the world to conduct research on what became his last book. His travels included visiting the London—British Library, where he focused economic policies in the former British colonies. He also visited Paris—Les Archives, to study material related to what had been the French colonies. During that visit, he met with Dr. Bernard Gazes, France's chief economist and learned about France's approaches to making its economic policies. During his visit to the Netherlands he had a comparable interview with Professor Jan Tinbergen, who had just won the Nobel Prize for Economics, regarding similar matters on economic policy formation in the Netherlands.
During the same trip, he interviewed Norway and Sweden's chief economists and with Malta's Minister of Finance. Dr. Thorne also visited Senegal, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia and interviewed both government officials and with non-government persons. He also obtained relevant economic policy information for Pakistan and India, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan through relevant officials in those countries. He also stopped in Tokyo briefly before returning to Puerto Rico.
Alfred P. Thorne warned the Puerto Rican government of the unsustainable trajectory that the country was traveling on in an OpEd published in the San Juan Star in 1972.
He retired from the University of Puerto Rico in 1977. His work has been collected by universities, banks and other institutions of higher learning around the globe.
His last book is the culmination of his experiences and years of research. It explains why some underdeveloped countries remain so after many decades of economic stagnation for their poorest inhabitants.
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[[File:Photograph of Alfred P. Thorne.jpg|thumbnail|Photograph of Alfred P. Thorne]]
'''Alfred Palmerston Thorne''' (May 4, 1913 – August 12, 2012) was a development economist, international consultant and educator. He was a featured university lecturer at a number of international campuses including [[Oxford University]]. Authoring many articles on the economic development experience of developing countries, his scholarly works were published by [[Harvard University]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]],<ref name="SectorIncome">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926664 | jstor=1926664 | doi=10.2307/1926664 | title=Sector Income Accounting and Analysis for Latin American and Caribbean Economies--More Appropriate Equations | last1=Thorne | first1=Alfred P. | journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics | date=1962 | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages=466–472 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Oxford Economic Papers]], [[University of Puerto Rico]], and University of the West Indies.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27853564 | jstor=27853564 | title=Revisions, and Suggestions for Deflating the Gross Product Estimates for Jamaican-type Economies | last1=Thorne | first1=Alfred P. | journal=Social and Economic Studies | date=1960 | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=41–56 }}</ref> Among other works, Dr. Thorne authored the Size, Structure and Growth of the Economy of Jamaica: A National Economic Accounts Study.<ref name="SizeStructure">{{Cite book |last=Thorne |first=Alfred P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wh92QgAACAAJ |title=Size, Structure and Growth of the Economy of Jamaica: A National Economic Accounts Study |date=1955}}</ref> The monograph traces the flow of national income throughout the country's economic sectors. It was very well received<ref name="OxfordEcon">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2662017 | jstor=2662017 | title=Learning about Economic Development | last1=Hicks | first1=Ursula K. | journal=Oxford Economic Papers | date=1957 | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=1–13 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a042268 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1812310 | jstor=1812310 | last1=Murad | first1=Anatol | title=Reviewed work: Size, Structure and Growth of the Economy of Jamaica: A National Economic Accounts Study, Alfred P. Thorne | journal=The American Economic Review | date=1957 | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=186–189 }}</ref> and has been collected by and taught at institutions and libraries across the globe.<ref name="ScottishJournal">{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1958.tb00348.x/abstract | doi=10.1111/j.1467-9485.1958.tb00348.x | title=The Practical Uses of Input-Loutput Analysis | date=1958 | last1=Stewart | first1=I. G. | journal=Scottish Journal of Political Economy | volume=5 | pages=50–59 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27851041 | jstor=27851041 | title=Size, Structure and Growth of the Economy of Jamaica: A National Economic Accounts Study | last1=Thorne | first1=Alfred P. | journal=Social and Economic Studies | date=1955 | volume=4 | issue=4 }}</ref><ref name="BWI">List of books and serials on the British West Indies held in the Bobst Library circulating collections, [http://nyu.libguides.com/content.php?pid=41653&sid=360736 Research Institute for the Study of Man (RISM) Collections at New York University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222063014/http://nyu.libguides.com/content.php?pid=41653&sid=360736 |date=2014-02-22 }}. Retrieved on Monday, November 26, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ugbclibrary.uog.edu.gy/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%20%20Thorne%2C%20Alfred%20P |title=University of Guyana Library |access-date=2012-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030439/http://ugbclibrary.uog.edu.gy/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%20%20Thorne%2C%20Alfred%20P |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CIFAS">Comitas Institute for Anthropological Study (CIFAS). "[http://www.cifas.us/page/chapter-41-general-economics Chapter 41: General Economics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230423/http://www.cifas.us/page/chapter-41-general-economics |date=2014-02-21 }}", Section VII: Socioeconomic Activities and Institutions (41-52).</ref><ref>[http://www.abebooks.com/Size-Structure-Growth-Economy-Jamaica-Thorne/1420830848/bd Size, Structure and Growth of the Economy of Jamaica on AbeBooks.com].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aronson |first=Robert L. |date=1961 |title=Labour Commitment Among Jamaican Bauxite Workers: A CASE STUDY |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27853622 |journal=Social and Economic Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=156–182|jstor=27853622 }}</ref><ref>McBain, Helen, "[http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/integracion_comercio/i_INTAL_IYT_15_2001_McBain.Pdf Income Inequality in the Caribbean: Case Study of Jamaica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223030912/http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/integracion_comercio/i_INTAL_IYT_15_2001_McBain.Pdf |date=2014-02-23 }}" in Integration & Trade, [Inter-American Development Bank], Volume 5 (September–December) 2001. Retrieved on Monday, November 26, 2012.</ref><ref>Don Mitchell QBE QC [http://www.books.ai/11th/Tho.htm Mitchell's West Indian Bibliography], 11th Ed. Retrieved on Monday, November 26, 2012.</ref><ref>Worldcat list of libraries holding Size, Structure and Growth of the Economy of Jamaica. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3971549]. Retrieved on March 12, 2013.</ref><ref>Social and Economic Studies, Vol 37, No.s 1 & 2. [http://www.richardbernal.net/The_Great_Depression_Colonial_Policy_and_Industrialization_in_Jamaica.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301190158/http://www.richardbernal.net/The_Great_Depression_Colonial_Policy_and_Industrialization_in_Jamaica.pdf|date=2014-03-01}}. Retrieved on February 15, 2014.</ref> Thorne was also a contributor to Development Without Aid by [[Leopold Kohr]]<ref name="DevWithoutAid">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0e6AAAAIAAJ |isbn=0805237097 |title=Development Without Aid: The Translucent Society |last1=Kohr |first1=Leopold |date=1979 |publisher=Schocken Books }}</ref> in which he wrote an introduction and rebuttal to the book's major premise.
Alfred P. Thorne received his PhD in Economics and Masters in Business Administration from [[Columbia University]], and received a BComm Honors from the [[London School of Economics]]. He became a consultant to the Puerto Rico Planning Board and Department of Commerce, the [[United Nations]], [[USAID]], [[CIDES]] and several nations. He witnessed the regime change against Professor [[Juan Bosch (politician)|Juan Bosch]] in the [[Dominican Republic]] and was an active member of the Instituto de Estudios del Caribe (IEC), the [https://iariw.org/about/purpose-function/ International Association for Research in Income and Wealth]. He corresponded with [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Jan Tinbergen]], and [[E. F. Schumacher|Ernst Schumacher]] asked to meet with him when Schumacher visited Puerto Rico.
==Personal life==
Alfred P. Thorne was the first child of [[Alfred A. Thorne|Alfred Athiel Thorne]] ([[Alfred A. Thorne|A. A. Thorne]]) and Violet Janet Ashurst.
===Early life and education===
Alfred P. Thorne was born in Georgetown, [[British Guiana]] on May 4, 1913, to a prominent family. His father was [[Alfred A. Thorne|Alfred Athiel Thorne]], a highly popular and influential statesman, served as mayor of British Guiana's capital city Georgetown, founded and led the British Guiana Worker's League in 1931 (one of the first human rights and labor rights organizations in the Western Hemisphere), and educator who established one of the first free co-educational private secondary schools in the world to admit students based on merit regardless of gender, ethnicity, color, religion, or socioeconomic status.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2492&dat=19970209&id=xrc1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=NSgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1028,1426027 "History Today: Alfred Athiel Thorne"], [[Stabroek News]], Guyana, Monday, Feb. 10, 1997. Retrieved on Monday, November 26, 2012.</ref> Alfred P. Thorne's mother was Violet Janet Thorne (née Ashurst), an educator, artist, and mother of four sons and a daughter.
Alfred P. Thorne was an outstanding scholar who excelled in the British education system. He passed the [[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board]] in 1929. He was fluent in English, Spanish, French, Latin and also proficient at reading and writing [[Ancient Greek|classical Greek]] and Latin to Oxford/Cambridge standards. During World War II, he completed his extramural studies and earned a B.Com. (Honors) from the [[London School of Economics]] at the [[University of London]] in 1941.
In 1950 he earned a master's degree from [[Columbia University]] Graduate School of Business. In May, 1958 he received official notification from the Columbia University Department of Economics that his doctoral thesis<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/044769563 The Jamaican economy and its portrayal and analysis through appropriate systems of sector and national accounts.] Thesis--Columbia University.</ref> had been accepted and was awarded a PhD in economics.
===Marriage and Family===
Alfred P. Thorne married Edith Vivienne Thorne (née Campbell) in Georgetown, British Guiana on January 5, 1946, at St. Sidwell's Church Lodge.<ref>The Daily Argosy, January 13, 1946: page 2. As recorded on http://guygenbiosociety.blogspot.com/2010_01_01_archive.html, accessed December 19, 2012.</ref> Vivienne was the second daughter of Mr. Charles A. Campbell. She had been a child prodigy at the piano and later went on to earn a master's degree in economics. Together with his wife, Thorne raised two children: Hugh C. Thorne and Alfred Thorne Jr.
Thorne took early retirement from the [[University of Puerto Rico]] in 1977 to care for his youngest son, Alfred Jr., who had been diagnosed with a terminal illness years earlier. Thorne moved to New York in 1982 to resume his research work, which culminated in a book titled <u>Poor By Design</u>,<ref>Thorne, Alfred P. [http://www.poorbydesignbook.com/ Poor By Design]. Terracentric Press. 2012.</ref> published in 2012. The book was completed with one of his granddaughters, Malaika Thorne, and chronicled on the blog [http://terracentricpress.com/words Unraveling Poverty].
==Career==
===British Guiana===
Dr. Thorne's career as an economist began in 1945 when he was recruited by Sir [[Winston Churchill]]'s cousin, Oscar A. Spencer, first economic adviser to the Governor of British Guiana, to assist with the country's first economic development plan. Alfred P. Thorne was tasked with forecasting the gross domestic product and national income for policy-making and planning.
===New York City===
In 1950, Columbia University Professor [[Carl Shoup|Carl S. Schoup]], Alfred Thorne's former professor, recruited Thorne to join a team of leading economists to diagnose and analyze the financial problems of New York City. The team's work was published under the title The Financial Problems of the City of New York in 1952.<ref name="FinProbNY">Schoup, Carl S. et al. "[https://www.amazon.com/The-Financial-Problem-City-York/dp/B000KYNF7G The Financial Problem of The City of New York: A Report to the Mayor's Committee on Management Survey]". Finance Project. June, 1952.</ref>
===Innovative View of Development in Jamaica===
He was invited to join the research staff of the [[University of the West Indies]] in December of 1953. During his time there, he conducted a study that was published as a national income study of the economy of Jamaica, funded by the university, the British Government and the Government of Jamaica. It was the first disciplined and thorough look at the developing economy of Jamaican. Thorne's approach to the study was an innovation that used accounting as a framework to trace the flow of income from one economic sector to the next. The report of this study was published as the monograph<ref name="SizeStructure" /> in 1955. The monograph was praised for its innovations in national income accounting and use in economic planning and forecasting in a review by Professor [[Lady Ursula Hicks|Ursula Hicks]] of Oxford University.<ref name="OxfordEcon" /> The February, 1957 review referred to as "...sufficient to demonstrate to any developing country the great value of such knowledge for the successful planning of the development process." The monograph also became required reading at some of the leading universities. The research published in that study has been widely utilized by economists.<ref>Gene M, Tidrick. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032429/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAA009.pdf WAGE SPILLOVER AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN A WAGE GAP ECONOMY: THE JAMAICAN CASE]. Research Memorandum No. 4+7, [[Center for Development Economics]] Williams College, Wiliamstown, Massachusetts, June 1972. Hosted on usaid.gov, accessed December 19, 2012.</ref>
===Global Work===
From 1955 to 1965 Alfred P. Thorne joined the faculty of the newly created University of Puerto Rico Graduate School Economics. Two years later he was invited to be a consultant on Planning Board of the Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico. He was editor and published in ''Caribbean Studies'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search results {{!}} JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?scope=eyJwYWdlTmFtZSI6ICJDYXJpYmJlYW4gU3R1ZGllcyIsICJwYWdlVXJsIjogIi9qb3VybmFsL2NhcmlzdHVkIiwgInR5cGUiOiAiam91cm5hbCIsICJqY29kZXMiOiAiY2FyaXN0dWQifQ==&Query=Thorne&so=rel |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.jstor.org}}</ref> the premier publication of The Institute of Caribbean Studies, established in 1958 as part of the Faculty of Social Sciences. It is the first interdisciplinary research center in the region with the "Greater Caribbean" as its field of inquiry. Its mission is to conduct, support and divulge academic research of the region in the disciplines of Social Sciences and the Humanities. It includes original works and book reviews in English, Spanish and French.
In June of 1959, he was invited to present a paper at First Latin American Regional Conference organized by the [[United Nations]] and [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2012.00529.x/abstract International Association for Research In Income and Wealth], in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An English version of the paper was published in Harvard University's [[The Review of Economics and Statistics]], November, 1962, titled "[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1926664?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101482904387 Sector Income Accounting and Analysis for Latin American and Caribbean Economies—More Appropriate Equations]".
From 1961 to 1962 he was a guest lecturer at Oxford University for Professors Frankel and Ursula Hicks. He was offered a full-time post at the university, but for family reasons could not accept. During the 1960s he also served as a council member of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth and was invited to be a non-resident member at Queen Elizabeth House.
Between June 23-38, 1963, he presented a paper titled "[http://www.roiw.org/11/8.pdf A Critical Analysis of the Statistical and Economic Factors in the Growth Rates of Puerto Rico and Jamaica, 1950-59]" at the 1963 conference of the International Association for the Research in Income and Wealth held in Corfu, Greece.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studies in short-term national accounts and long-term economic growth. Income and Wealth, Series XI - 1965 |url=http://www.roiw.org/1965.asp |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.roiw.org}}</ref>
He returned to the University of Puerto Rico and became a consultant to the [[United States Agency for International Development]] ([[USAID]]) the following year. Through his work as a consultant, he visited various Caribbean countries and formally proposed development plans to the U. S. government regarding economic development in these countries.
In the summer of 1964 he was a U.S.-sponsored visiting professor Universidad Mayor de San Francisco Xavier and Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz, Bolivia. From January through June of the following year, he was a visiting professor at Rutgers University. He became a professor at the newly formed Graduate School of Planning, University of Puerto Rico in August 1965. He also taught courses at the Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo.
===Research===
During the 1969–70 academic year, Dr. Thorne took a sabbatical during which he traveled around the world to conduct research on what became his last book. His travels included visiting the London—British Library, where he focused economic policies in the former British colonies. He also visited Paris—Les Archives, to study material related to what had been the French colonies. During that visit, he met with Dr. Bernard Gazes, France's chief economist and learned about France's approaches to making its economic policies. During his visit to the Netherlands he had a comparable interview with Professor [[Jan Tinbergen]], who had just won the [[Nobel Prize for Economics]], regarding similar matters on economic policy formation in the Netherlands.
During the same trip, he interviewed Norway and Sweden's chief economists and with Malta's Minister of Finance. Dr. Thorne also visited Senegal, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia and interviewed both government officials and with non-government persons. He also obtained relevant economic policy information for Pakistan and India, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan through relevant officials in those countries. He also stopped in Tokyo briefly before returning to Puerto Rico.
Alfred P. Thorne warned the Puerto Rican government of the unsustainable trajectory that the country was traveling on in an OpEd published in the [[San Juan Star]] in 1972.<ref name="SanJuanStarOpEd">Thorne, Alfred P. "Updating Economic Planning Here," The San Juan Star. April 11, 1972, Focus/Forum, 20.</ref>
He retired from the University of Puerto Rico in 1977. His work has been collected by universities, banks and other institutions of higher learning around the globe.<ref name="SectorIncome" /><ref name="OxfordEcon" /><ref name="ScottishJournal" /><ref name="BWI" /><ref name="CIFAS" /><ref>[https://archive.today/20130419025543/http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/greenstone/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0index08--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0gbk-00&a=d&cl=CL1.20 Caribbean Journal Index], Digital Library of Trinidad and Tobago.</ref><ref>Thorne, Alfred P., [http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/136580/2/fris-1960-01-02-460.pdf Revisions, and Suggestions for Deflating Gross Product Estimates], Social and Economic Studies. INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH, University College of the West Indies, Jamaica, W.I. Hosted via [http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/ Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics], [[University of Minnesota]].</ref>
His last book is the culmination of his experiences and years of research. It explains why some underdeveloped countries remain so after many decades of economic stagnation for their poorest inhabitants.
==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorne, Alfred}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:American economists]]
[[Category:Columbia Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Development economists]]
[[Category:Guyanese academics]]
[[Category:Guyanese people of World War II]]
[[Category:University of Puerto Rico faculty]]
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